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Pittsburgh Consolidation Coal Company photographs and other materials

Donor:
Bethlehem Steel Corporation  Search this
Manufacturer:
Consolidation Coal Company  Search this
Pittsburgh Consolidation Coal Company  Search this
Extent:
23 Cubic feet (99 boxes)
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Photographs
Photograph albums
Window displays
Date:
1885-1940s
Summary:
The collection documents the building, operation and daily life of coal mining communities in Kentucky, West Virginia, and Ohio between 1911 and 1946. The collection is a valuable for the study of mining technology and the social conditions of the time period and regions.
Scope and Contents:
The collection consists mostly of photographs depicting Pittsburgh Consolidation Coal Company mines and mining towns in Maryland, Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia. Subjects include worker housing, schools for miners' children, gardens, churches, recreational facilities, health services, company stores, safety, mining machinery, construction of mines and related structures, and the interiors of mines.
Arrangement:
The collection is arranged into two series.

Series 1: Background Materials, 1904-1933

Series 2: Photographs, 1885-1940s

Subseries 2.1: Photograph Albums, 1885-1932

Subseries 2.2: West Virginia Division, 19091-1917

Subseries 2.3: Glass Plate and Film Negatives, 1911-1940s

Subseries 2.4: Numbered Photographs, 1911-1930

Subseries 2.5: Miscellaneous, 1913, 1916
Historical Note:
The Consolidation Coal Company was started in 1864 to mine bituminous coal deposits in Maryland's Cumberland region. it expanded by acquiring other mine companies as well as rail and other transportation companies. It went into receivership in 1932. The Pittsburgh Coal Company, founded in 1900, took over the firm in 1945 and formed the Pittsburgh Consolidation Coal Company.

The Consolidation Coal Company (Maryland)

The Consolidation Coal Company was incorporated in Maryland on March 8, 1860, for the purpose of effecting a merger of a number of coal operators mining the Georges Creek basin in Allegany County, Maryland. Because of the Civil War, during which Confederate armies frequently blocked the region's only outlet to market, the company was not actually organized until April 19, 1864. Starting life as the dominant operator in this small but significant coal field, "Consol" rose to become the nation's top producer of bituminous coal.

The Georges Creek or Cumberland Coal Field, occupying part of the triangle of western Maryland, contained a high-quality, low-volatile bituminous steam coal which was also, thanks to the Potomac River, the coal of this type most accessible to Eastern markets. Coal had been mined in the region beginning in the 1700s, and the first coal company, the Maryland Mining Company, had been incorporated in 1828. However, large-scale development could not occur until the mid-1840s, after the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad reached Cumberland and provided reliable transportation. This also coincided with the development of ocean steam navigation and a rapid growth in the number of railroad locomotives and stationary steam engines. Cumberland coal was ideal for ship bunkering, and much of the output was shipped to New York Harbor. Naturally, New York capitalists and manufacturers played a leading role in developing the field. Lewis Howell's Maryland and New York Iron and Coal Company rolled the first solid U.S. railroad rail at its Mount Savage mill in 1844. The Consolidation Coal merger was put together by New Yorkers such as William H. Aspinwall, Erastus Corning, the Delanos and Roosevelts, and the Boston financier John Murray Forbes, who already had substantial investments in the region.

Upon its formation, the Consolidation Coal Company acquired the properties of the Ocean Steam Coal Company, the Frostburg Coal Company, and the Mount Savage Iron Company totaling about 11,000 acres. The last named company brought with it control of the Cumberland and Pennsylvania Railroad, which connected the mines to the Baltimore & Ohio and later the Pennsylvania and Western Maryland railroads. In 1870, Consol absorbed the Cumberland Coal and Iron Company of 1840, the next largest operator in the field, and gained an additional 7,000 acres. Further purchases from the Delano interests gave it over 80 percent of the entire Cumberland Field.

Soon after its hated rival, the Pennsylvania Railroad, gained access to the Cumberland Coal Field, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad began purchasing large blocks of Consolidation Coal stock to protect its traffic base in 1875, eventually gaining a 52 percent interest. A B&O slate of directors was elected in February 1877, with Charles F. Mayer of Baltimore as president, and the company offices were moved from New York to Baltimore.

Until the turn of the century, Consolidation Coal's mining operations were confined to the small soft coal region of western Maryland. The company purchased the 12,000 acre Millholland coal tract near Morgantown, W.Va. in 1902 and acquired controlling interests in the Fairmont Coal Company of West Virginia and the Somerset Coal Company of Pennsylvania the following year. These acquisitions boosted Consolidation's annual production more than six-fold in only three years. The company purchased the 25,000 acre Stony Creek tract in Somerset County, Pa., in 1904. The Fairmont Coal Company purchase included a joint interest in the North Western Fuel Company, which owned and operated docks and coal distribution facilities in Wisconsin and Minnesota.

In 1906, the Interstate Commerce Commission held a formal investigation of rail ownership of coal companies, which resulted in the passage of the Hepburn Act and its "Commodities Clause," which prohibited railroads from dealing in the commodities they hauled. In anticipation of the new regulations, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad sold its entire holdings of Consolidation stock to a Baltimore syndicate headed by Consol president Clarence W. Watson, J. H. Wheelwright and H. Crawford on April 26, 1906. At the time of the B&O's divestiture, the aggregate annual output of Consolidation's mines totaled more than 10 million tons and the company controlled more than 200,000 acres. The John D. Rockefeller interests began purchasing Consol securities in 1915, eventually securing a controlling interest. The company's offices were returned to New York City in May 1921.

After the B&O divestiture, Consol began expanding into the Southern Appalachian coal fields, which were just being opened by railroads on a large scale. The mines in this region yielded a low volatile coal that provided an ideal fuel source for stationary steam engines, ships, and locomotives. Of equal importance, operators in the remote mountains had been able to resist unionization and thus achieve lower operating costs, while all of Consol's previous holdings had been in the so-called "Central Competitive Field" to the north, which had been unionized in the 1890s. Consolidation Coal purchased 30,000 acres in the Millers Creek Field of Eastern Kentucky in 1909 and 100,000 acres in the Elkhorn Field the next year. In February 1922, Consol secured a long term lease and option on the Carter Coal Company, whose 37,000 acres straddled the borders of Virginia, West Virginia and Kentucky. In 1925, Consol became the nation's largest producer of bituminous coal, excluding the captive mines of the steel companies.

During the Great Depression, Consolidation Coal experienced serious financial difficulties and was forced into receivership on June 2, 1932. The Rockefellers liquidated their holdings at a loss, and the Carter Coal Company was returned to the Carter heirs in 1933. Consol was reorganized and reincorporated in Delaware as the Consolidation Coal Company, Inc. on November 1, 1935, and was able to retain its position as one of the nation's top coal producers. Eventually, stock control passed into the hands of the M.A. Hanna Company group of Cleveland, dealers in coal and iron ore. Although production reached record levels during the Second World War, management feared a recurrence of the collapse that had followed World War I. It also faced the prospect of increased competition from oil and natural gas and the loss of traditional markets such as home heating and locomotive fuel. As a result Consol opened negotiations with another large producer, the Pittsburgh Coal Company, which was the dominant operator in the Pittsburgh District.

The Pittsburgh Coal Company

The Pittsburgh Coal Company was a product of the great industrial merger movement of the late 1890s. In 1899, two large mergers were effected in the Pittsburgh District.

The Monongahela River Consolidated Coal and Coke Company was incorporated in Pennsylvania on October 1, 1899 to merge the properties of over 90 small firms operating mines along the Monongahela River south of Pittsburgh. Some of these operations dated to the early 1800s, and all of them shipped coal down the Ohio-Mississippi River system by barge from close to the mine mouth, or later by the railroads built along the river banks. The combination controlled 40,000 acres of coal land, 100 steam towboats, 4,000 barges, and facilities for handling coal at Cincinnati, Louisville, Vicksburg, Memphis, Baton Rouge and New Orleans.

The Pittsburgh Coal Company was incorporated in New Jersey as a holding company on September 1, 1899 and acquired the properties of over 80 operators located in the areas back from the river on both sides of the Monongahela south of Pittsburgh. The combination was engineered by some of the most prominent Pittsburgh industrialists, including Andrew W. Mellon, Henry W. Oliver, and Henry Clay Frick. It controlled over 80,000 acres and six collector railroads, the longest of which was the Montour Railroad. Most of its output was shipped by rail, with a large share being transferred to ships on the Great Lakes for distribution throughout the industrial Midwest. The company owned coal docks and yards at Chicago, Cleveland, Duluth, West Superior, Sault Ste. Marie, Ashtabula, Fairport and Thornburg. Subsequently, the company expanded in southwestern Pennsylvania and the Hocking Valley of Ohio through the lease of the Shaw Coal Company in 1901 and the purchase of the Midland Coal Company in 1903. Most of the properties were vested in a separate Pittsburgh Coal Company, an operating company incorporated in Pennsylvania.

Unlike the Consolidation Coal Company, which had grown by gradual accretion, the Pittsburgh Coal Company had been created in a single stroke. As with many mergers of the period, its capitalization probably contained a high percentage of "water" in anticipation of profits from future growth. Unfortunately, the years after the merger saw explosive growth in the coal fields of Southern Appalachia instead. Although farther from major consuming centers, they enjoyed several advantages. The coal itself was superior, low-volatile with higher BTU content and altogether cleaner than the high-volatile coals of Ohio and the Pittsburgh District. As already noted, the southern mines were also non-union. With the inroads of Southern Appalachian coal, the Pittsburgh Coal Company continuously lost ground in the crucial Lake and western markets from 1900 to 1915. The company's capitalization proved unwieldy in the unsettled economic conditions following the Panic of 1907. A reorganization plan was devised under which a new Pittsburgh Coal Company was incorporated in Pennsylvania on January 12, 1916 by merging the old Pittsburgh Coal Company of Pennsylvania and the Monongahela River Consolidated Coal and Coke Company. The old holding company was then liquidated and the stock of the new operating company distributed to its stockholders. Dissension between the common and preferred stockholders delayed consummation of the plan until July 16, 1917.

The Pittsburgh Coal Company, which had all its operations in the Central Competitive Field, had a much more difficult time than Consolidation in breaking the 1923 Jacksonville Agreement with the United Mine Workers in 1925-1927 and reverting to non-union status. The three-year struggle ended the company's ability to pay dividends. Pittsburgh Coal survived the Depression without receivership but with ever-increasing arrearages on its preferred stock. By the end of World War II, its managers were just as eager as those at Consol to attempt greater economies through merger. The Pittsburgh Coal Company and the Consolidation Coal Company merged on November 23, 1945, with exchange ratios of 65 to 35 percent. Pittsburgh Coal Company, the surviving partner, changed its name to the Pittsburgh Consolidation Coal Company.

The Pittsburgh Consolidation Coal Company

After the merger, the M.A. Hanna Company interests of Cleveland became the dominant factor in Pitt-Consol's affairs. Hanna had transferred its pre-merger Consol stock to its subsidiary Bessemer Coal & Coke Corporation in 1943. This led to a restructuring whereby Pitt-Consol acquired Hanna's share of the North Western-Hanna Fuel Company in April 1946 and the Hanna coal properties in eastern Ohio on June 16, 1946 These included large reserves of strippable coal that accounted for about 20 percent of the state's production. Pitt-Consol later acquired Hanna's holdings of coal land in Harrison, Belmont and Jefferson Counties, Ohio, on December 30, 1949. It purchased the New York Central Railroad's 51 percent interest in the Jefferson Coal Company, giving it full control, in 1952 and merged it into the Hanna Coal Company Division.

Pitt-Consol sold its last major railroads, the Montour Railroad and the Youngstown & Southern Railway to the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Pittsburgh & Lake Erie Railroad on December 31, 1946. The Northwestern Coal Railway had been sold to the Great Northern system, and the Cumberland & Pennsylvania Railroad had been sold to the Western Maryland Railway in May 1944.

In addition, a new Research and Development Division was created to fund projects aimed at developing more efficient production methods, new outlets for coal consumption, coal-based synthetic fuels and chemical byproducts. A new coal gasification plant opened at Library, Pa., in November 1948, and the company began the manufacture of a smokeless fuel briquette under the trademark "Disco" at Imperial, Pa., in 1949. An experimental coal slurry pipeline was built in Ohio in 1952.

During the 1950s and early 1960s, Pitt-Consol made many changes in its coal holdings, selling high-cost or less desirable properties, diversifying its reserves across many different coal fields, rationalizing property lines to permit large mechanized underground or strip mines and forming joint ventures with steel companies to secure guaranteed customers. Pitt-Consol acquired the Jamison Coal and Coke Company in 1954 and the Pocahontas Fuel Company, Incorporated, a large producer of low-volatile Southern Appalachian coal, in 1956. In the latter year, it sold its Elkhorn Field properties to the Bethlehem Steel Corporation. As Pittsburgh District operations became less central, the corporate name was changed back to Consolidation Coal Company in April 1958.

The Consolidation Coal Company, CONOCO and CONSOL Energy, Inc.:

Consol continued to expand into the early 1960s. On April 30, 1962, it absorbed the Truax-Traer Coal Company of Illinois. Truax-Traer also mined lignite in North Dakota, a low-grade but low-sulfur coal that was taking a greater share of the power generation market as environmental laws placed greater restrictions on high-sulfur coal from the Central Competitive Field. The following year Consol acquired the Crozer Coal and Land Company and the Page Coal and Coke Company, owners of additional reserves of low-volatile, low-sulfur steam coal in southern West Virginia.

In 1966, just two years after the company marked its centennial, Consolidation Coal was acquired by the Continental Oil Company (Conoco). This was part of a general trend whereby U.S. oil companies extended their reach by acquiring coal reserves and large coal producers. In turn, Conoco was acquired by E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company in 1981. This purchase was motivated by DuPont's desire to obtain better control of chemical feedstocks in an era of high oil prices. Consolidation Coal was not a major factor in the Conoco acquisition and did not really fit into DuPont's strategy, especially after coal and oil prices declined. As a result, it was quickly sold off when DuPont was restructured a decade later. In 1991, a new holding company CONSOL Engery, Inc. was incorporated as a joint venture of DuPont Energy Company and the German energy conglomerate Rheinisch-Westfalisches Elektrizitatswerk A.G., through its wholly owned subsidiaries Rheinbraun A.G. and Rheinbraun U.S.A. GmbH. Consolidation Coal Company became a wholly-owned subsidiary of CONSOL Energy, Inc. DuPont eventually sold most of its half interest, so that by 1998, Rheinbraun affiliates owned 94% of CONSOL Energy stock, while DuPont Energy retained only 6%. CONSOL Energy purchased the entire stock of the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal Company on September 22, 1998. CONSOL Energy stock began trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "CNX" in 1999, with an initial public offering of more than 20 million shares.

CONSOL Energy produced more than 74 million tons of coal in 1999, accounting for approximately 7% of domestic production. The company currently operates 22 mining complexes, primarily east of the Mississippi River.

Source

Historical note from the Consolidation Coal Company Records, Archives Service Center, University of Pittsburgh
Related Materials:
Materials in the Archives Center

The Archives Center holds a number of collections that document coal.

Coal and Gas Trust Investigation Collection (NMAH.AC.1049)

Hammond Coal Company Records (NMAH.AC.1003)

Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company Records (NMAH.AC.0071)

Lehigh Valley Coal Company Records (NMAH.AC.1106)

Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company Records (NMAH.AC.0282)

Materials in Other Organizations

Archives Service Center, University of Pittsburgh

CONSOL Energy, Inc. Mine Maps and Records Collection, 1857-2002

AIS.1991.16

The CONSOL Energy Inc. collection contains coal mine maps, related documents and topographical information, as well as surface maps and detailed information on mine accidents. Additionally, there are technical drawings, outside notes on multiple mines, traverse and survey books, information on companies and railroads with which CONSOL conducted business, and a variety of non-print materials including photographs, negatives and aperture cards. Digital reproductions of selected material are available online.

CONSOL Energy Inc. West Virginia and Eastern Ohio Mine Maps and Records Collection, 1880-1994

AIS.2004.22

The CONSOL Energy Inc. West Virginia and Eastern Ohio Mine Maps and Records Collection contains coal mine maps as well as surface maps and detailed information on mine accidents in West Virginia and Eastern Ohio. Additionally, there are technical drawings, related documents, traverse and survey books, publications and photographs.

Consolidation Coal Company Records, 1854-1971, bulk 1864-1964

AIS.2011.03

The Consolidation Coal Company (Consol) was created by the merger of several small operators mining the Georges Creek coal basin in Allegany County, Maryland. The company expanded rapidly in the early twentieth century through the purchase of substantial tracts in the coal fields of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Kentucky as well as docks and distribution facilities in the Great Lakes region. By 1927, Consol was the nation's largest producer of bituminous coal. Following a merger with the Pittsburgh Coal Company in 1945, the company pursued a policy of acquiring companies which afforded opportunities for greater diversification while selling off unprofitable lines. In addition, a new research and development division was created to fund projects aimed at developing more efficient production methods and new outlets for coal consumption. The records of the Consolidation Coal Company and its affiliated companies are arranged in seven series. Minute books and contract files provide the most comprehensive documentation in this collection.
Provenance:
Donated to the National Museum of American History in 1987 by Bethlehem Steel Corporation.
Restrictions:
Collection is open for research but is stored off-site and special arrangements must be made to work with it. Contact the Archives Center for information at archivescenter@si.edu or 202-633-3270.
Rights:
Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning intellectual property rights. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.
Topic:
Accidents  Search this
Children -- 20th century  Search this
Coal miners  Search this
Company towns  Search this
Churches  Search this
Coal mines and mining -- Safety measures  Search this
Construction  Search this
Dams  Search this
Gardens  Search this
General stores  Search this
Hospitals  Search this
Housing  Search this
Kindergarten  Search this
May Day  Search this
Mine safety  Search this
Mines -- Kentucky  Search this
Mines -- Maryland  Search this
Mines -- Pennsylvania  Search this
Mines -- West Virginia  Search this
Mining corporations  Search this
Mining equipment  Search this
Mining -- Kentucky  Search this
Mining -- Maryland  Search this
Mining and minerals industry  Search this
Mining -- Pennsylvania  Search this
Mining -- West Virginia  Search this
Railroads -- 20th century -- United States  Search this
Schools -- school houses -- Classrooms  Search this
Genre/Form:
Photographs -- Black-and-white negatives -- 20th century
Photographs -- 20th century
Photograph albums -- 20th century
Window displays
Citation:
Pittsburgh Consolidation Coal Company photographs and other materials, Archives Center, National Museum of American History
Identifier:
NMAH.AC.1007
See more items in:
Pittsburgh Consolidation Coal Company photographs and other materials
Archival Repository:
Archives Center, National Museum of American History
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep86027ae9f-9a84-4277-adcf-d0b5e919ac6a
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-nmah-ac-1007
Online Media:

Orconectes virilis

Collector:
L. C. Hubbs  Search this
Preparation:
Alcohol (Ethanol)
Place:
South Bridge of Truax Creek, Michigan, United States
Collection Date:
23 Aug 1925
Published Name:
Orconectes virilis (Hagen, 1870)
USNM Number:
100189
See more items in:
Invertebrate Zoology
Arthropoda
Data Source:
NMNH - Invertebrate Zoology Dept.
GUID:
http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/3309f6e23-603d-4f2a-8853-2b7358a645bc
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:nmnhinvertebratezoology_76632

Bioavailability of Macro and Micronutrients Across Global Topsoils: Main Drivers and Global Change Impacts

Author:
Ochoa-Hueso, Raul  Search this
Delgado-Baquerizo, Manuel  Search this
Risch, Anita C.  Search this
Ashton, Louise  Search this
Augustine, David  Search this
Belanger, Nicolas  Search this
Bridgham, Scott  Search this
Britton, Andrea J.  Search this
Bruckman, Viktor J.  Search this
Camarero, J. Julio  Search this
Cornelissen, Gerard  Search this
Crawford, John A.  Search this
Dijkstra, Feike A.  Search this
Diochon, Amanda  Search this
Earl, Stevan  Search this
Edgerley, James  Search this
Epstein, Howard  Search this
Felton, Andrew  Search this
Fortier, Julien  Search this
Gagnon, Daniel  Search this
Greer, Ken  Search this
Griffiths, Hannah M.  Search this
Halde, Caroline  Search this
Hanslin, Hans Martin  Search this
Harris, Lorna I.  Search this
Hartsock, Jeremy A.  Search this
Hendrickson, Paul  Search this
Hovstad, Knut Anders  Search this
Hu, Jia  Search this
Jani, Arun D.  Search this
Kent, Kelcy  Search this
Kerdraon-Byrne, Deirdre  Search this
Khalsa, Sat Darshan S.  Search this
Lai, Derrick Y. F.  Search this
Lambert, France  Search this
LaMontagne, Jalene M.  Search this
Lavergne, Stephanie  Search this
Lawrence, Beth A.  Search this
Littke, Kim  Search this
Leeper, Abigail C.  Search this
Licht, Mark A.  Search this
Liebig, Mark A.  Search this
Lynn, Joshua S.  Search this
Maclean, Janet E.  Search this
Martinsen, Vegard  Search this
McDaniel, Marshall D.  Search this
McIntosh, Anne C. S.  Search this
Miesel, Jessica R.  Search this
Miller, Jim  Search this
Mulvaney, Michael J.  Search this
Moreno, Gerardo  Search this
Newstead, Laura  Search this
Pakeman, Robin J.  Search this
Pergl, Jan  Search this
Pinno, Bradley D.  Search this
Pineiro, Juan  Search this
Quigley, Kathleen  Search this
Radtke, Troy M.  Search this
Reed, Paul  Search this
Rolo, Victor  Search this
Rudgers, Jennifer  Search this
Rutherford, P. Michael  Search this
Sayer, Emma J.  Search this
Serrano-Grijalva, Lilia  Search this
Strack, Maria  Search this
Sukdeo, Nicole  Search this
Taylor, Andy F. S.  Search this
Truax, Benoit  Search this
Tsuji, Leonard J. S.  Search this
van Gestel, Natasja  Search this
Vaness, Brenda M.  Search this
Van Sundert, Kevin  Search this
Vitkova, Michaela  Search this
Weigel, Robert  Search this
Wilton, Meaghan J.  Search this
Yano, Yuriko  Search this
Teen, Ewing  Search this
Bremer, Eric  Search this
Object Type:
Smithsonian staff publication
Year:
2023
Citation:
Ochoa-Hueso, Raul, Delgado-Baquerizo, Manuel, Risch, Anita C., Ashton, Louise, Augustine, David, Belanger, Nicolas, Bridgham, Scott, Britton, Andrea J., Bruckman, Viktor J., Camarero, J. Julio, Cornelissen, Gerard, Crawford, John A., Dijkstra, Feike A., Diochon, Amanda, Earl, Stevan, Edgerley, James, Epstein, Howard, Felton, Andrew, Fortier, Julien, Gagnon, Daniel, Greer, Ken, Griffiths, Hannah M., Halde, Caroline, Hanslin, Hans Martin, Harris, Lorna I. et al. 2023. "Bioavailability of Macro and Micronutrients Across Global Topsoils: Main Drivers and Global Change Impacts." Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 37, (6). https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GB007680.
Identifier:
171768
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GB007680
ISSN:
0886-6236
Data source:
Smithsonian Libraries and Archives
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:slasro_171768

Artemisia lindleyana Besser

Biogeographical Region:
73 - Northwestern U.S.A.  Search this
Collector:
Arthur John Cronquist  Search this
Sherman J. Preece  Search this
Place:
Whitman Co.: Sand and boulder shore of Snake River between Wawawai and Truax, Twp. 13 N., R. 43 E., Whitman, Washington, United States, North America
Collection Date:
8 Oct 1950
Taxonomy:
Plantae Dicotyledonae Asterales Asteraceae Asteroideae
Published Name:
Artemisia lindleyana Besser
Barcode:
01815927
USNM Number:
2069541
See more items in:
Botany
Flowering plants and ferns
Data Source:
NMNH - Botany Dept.
GUID:
http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/3048621db-e276-4065-a730-75743d010a89
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:nmnhbotany_12870039

Aldie -- Stoke

Former owner:
Harris, Eleanor Truax, 1868-1937  Search this
Harris, Floyd  Search this
Provenance:
Fauquier and Loudoun Garden Club  Search this
Collection Creator:
Garden Club of America  Search this
Type:
Archival materials
Place:
Stoke (Aldie, Virginia)
United States of America -- Virginia -- Loudoun County -- Aldie
Scope and Contents:
The folder includes worksheets and a brief description of the gardens from 1921.
General:
The garden has a broad lawn leading to the Mediterranean style house, alongside of which is an arcade of pillars with trellises, fronted by a flower border. There are flagstone and brick walkways and a balustrade wall. A formal flower garden is planted in bordered beds with a hedge surrounding it.
The property was purchased by Colonel Floyd Harris, a wealthy sportsman, in 1907. His wife, Eleanor Truax Harris was the first president of the Aldie Horticultural Society, founded in 1923. She developed a daffodil variety named "Stoke" after her home. The Garden Club of Virginia established a perpetual award in her honor in 1937, named the Eleanor Truax Harris Challenge Cups, which are awarded annually in three categories (Daffodil, Rose or Lily).
Persons associated with the garden include Colonel Floyd Harris and Eleanor Truax Harris (former owners, 1907-1937).
Related Materials:
Stoke related holdings consist of 1 folder (7 3 x 4 in. glass lantern slides)
Collection Restrictions:
Access to original archival materials by appointment only. Researcher must submit request for appointment in writing. Certain items may be restricted and not available to researchers. Please direct reference inquiries to the Archives of American Gardens: aag@si.edu.
Collection Rights:
Archives of American Gardens encourages the use of its archival materials for non-commercial, educational and personal use under the fair use provision of U.S. copyright law. Use or copyright restrictions may exist. It is incumbent upon the researcher to ascertain copyright status and assume responsibility for usage. All requests for duplication and use must be submitted in writing and approved by Archives of American Gardens. Please direct reference inquiries to the Archives of American Gardens: aag@si.edu.
Topic:
Gardens -- Virginia -- Aldie  Search this
Collection Citation:
Smithsonian Institution, Archives of American Gardens, The Garden Club of America collection.
Identifier:
AAG.GCA, File VA034
See more items in:
The Garden Club of America collection
The Garden Club of America collection / Series 1: United States Garden Images / Virginia
Archival Repository:
Archives of American Gardens
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/kb6c90ee390-8873-469d-aee5-f93f43ed8639
EDAN-URL:
ead_component:sova-aag-gca-ref18785

Truax, Charles H.

Collection Creator:
Carnegie Institute, Museum of Art  Search this
Container:
Box 137, Folder 89
Type:
Archival materials
Date:
1910
Collection Restrictions:
Use of original papers requires an appointment.
Collection Rights:
The Archives of American Art makes its archival collections available for non-commercial, educational and personal use unless restricted by copyright and/or donor restrictions, including but not limited to access and publication restrictions. AAA makes no representations concerning such rights and restrictions and it is the user's responsibility to determine whether rights or restrictions exist and to obtain any necessary permission to access, use, reproduce and publish the collections. Please refer to the Smithsonian's Terms of Use for additional information.
Collection Citation:
Carnegie Institute, Museum of Art records, 1883-1962, bulk 1885-1940. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
See more items in:
Carnegie Institute, Museum of Art records
Carnegie Institute, Museum of Art records / Series 1: Correspondence
Archival Repository:
Archives of American Art
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/mw99c8eb41e-758a-456f-8145-8262fdd621ee
EDAN-URL:
ead_component:sova-aaa-carninst-ref8146

Ophthalmoscope

Maker:
Chas. Truax, Greene & Co.  Search this
Physical Description:
metal (overall material)
wood (overall material)
glass (overall material)
leather (overall material)
felt (overall material)
Measurements:
overall: 3/4 in x 5 in x 2 5/8 in; 1.905 cm x 12.7 cm x 6.6675 cm
Object Name:
ophthalmoscopes
ophthalmoscope
Other Terms:
Medicine
Place made:
United States: Illinois, Chicago
Associated subject:
Ophthalmology  Search this
ID Number:
1978.0235.012
Accession number:
1978.0235
Catalog number:
1978.0235.12
See more items in:
Medicine and Science: Medicine
Health & Medicine
Data Source:
National Museum of American History
GUID:
http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ng49ca746a5-5460-704b-e053-15f76fa0b4fa
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:nmah_735220
Online Media:

Wolffia brasiliensis Wedd.

Biogeographical Region:
73 - Northwestern U.S.A.  Search this
Collector:
Dr. Richard R. Halse  Search this
Min. Elevation:
59.5  Search this
Place:
Oegon. Linn Co: Traux Slough, off of Riverside Drive, about 4 ½ airline miles east of Corvallis; east end of Truax Islands. T11S R4W SDLC80., Linn, Oregon, United States, North America
Collection Date:
15 Sep 1995
Taxonomy:
Plantae Monocotyledonae Arales Araceae Lemnoideae
Published Name:
Wolffia brasiliensis Wedd.
Barcode:
03818002
USNM Number:
3653868
See more items in:
Botany
Flowering plants and ferns
Data Source:
NMNH - Botany Dept.
GUID:
http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/35a332da3-3f05-4748-bea1-43f961fd295b
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:nmnhbotany_15474843

Highgate Bridge, Truax, Staunton, Vermont

Collection Creator:
Vogel, Robert M.  Search this
Shayt, David H.  Search this
Worthington, Bill  Search this
Extent:
1 Photograph (10 in x 12 in )
Container:
Box 113, Folder 6
Type:
Archival materials
Photographs
Photographs
Scope and Contents:
See associated museum accession number 1982.0743.01.
Collection Restrictions:
Collection is open for research but is stored off-site and special arrangements must be made to work with it. Contact the Archives Center for information at archivescenter@si.edu or 202-633-3270.
Collection Rights:
Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning copyright restrictions. Other intellectual property rights may apply. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.
Collection Citation:
Division of Mechanical and Civil Engineering Bridges Reference Collection, Archives Center, National Museum of American History
See more items in:
Division of Mechanical and Civil Engineering Bridges Reference Collection
Division of Mechanical and Civil Engineering Bridges Reference Collection / Series 1: Bridges
Archival Repository:
Archives Center, National Museum of American History
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep82bb4b2a0-2d3f-43c1-baa0-0c845912bd83
EDAN-URL:
ead_component:sova-nmah-ac-1577-ref1661

Truax, Homer

Collection Creator:
National Air and Space Museum. Archives Division.  Search this
Type:
Archival materials
Collection Restrictions:
The majority of the Archives Department's public reference requests can be answered using material in these files, which may be accessed through the Reading Room at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia. More specific information can be requested by contacting the Archives Research Request.
See more items in:
National Air and Space Museum Technical Reference Files: Biographies
National Air and Space Museum Technical Reference Files: Biographies / Series C: Biographies: Individuals / Biographies T
Archival Repository:
National Air and Space Museum Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/pg2de72b7d5-bbe7-4c8f-a382-6a10937e551a
EDAN-URL:
ead_component:sova-nasm-xxxx-1183-c-ref67350

Truax, Homer [Documents]

Collection Creator:
National Air and Space Museum. Archives Division.  Search this
Type:
Archival materials
Collection Restrictions:
The majority of the Archives Department's public reference requests can be answered using material in these files, which may be accessed through the Reading Room at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia. More specific information can be requested by contacting the Archives Research Request.
Identifier:
NASM.XXXX.1183.C, File CT-493000-01
See more items in:
National Air and Space Museum Technical Reference Files: Biographies
National Air and Space Museum Technical Reference Files: Biographies / Series C: Biographies: Individuals / Biographies T / Truax, Homer
Archival Repository:
National Air and Space Museum Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/pg288072fce-ef93-4dbd-8652-e8322dd793e9
EDAN-URL:
ead_component:sova-nasm-xxxx-1183-c-ref67351

Truax, Robert Collins

Collection Creator:
National Air and Space Museum. Archives Division.  Search this
Type:
Archival materials
Collection Restrictions:
The majority of the Archives Department's public reference requests can be answered using material in these files, which may be accessed through the Reading Room at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia. More specific information can be requested by contacting the Archives Research Request.
See more items in:
National Air and Space Museum Technical Reference Files: Biographies
National Air and Space Museum Technical Reference Files: Biographies / Series C: Biographies: Individuals / Biographies T
Archival Repository:
National Air and Space Museum Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/pg2e45d00fb-141e-499e-96e3-ae99e482feee
EDAN-URL:
ead_component:sova-nasm-xxxx-1183-c-ref67354

Truax, Robert Collins [Documents]

Collection Creator:
National Air and Space Museum. Archives Division.  Search this
Type:
Archival materials
Collection Restrictions:
The majority of the Archives Department's public reference requests can be answered using material in these files, which may be accessed through the Reading Room at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia. More specific information can be requested by contacting the Archives Research Request.
Identifier:
NASM.XXXX.1183.C, File CT-494000-01
See more items in:
National Air and Space Museum Technical Reference Files: Biographies
National Air and Space Museum Technical Reference Files: Biographies / Series C: Biographies: Individuals / Biographies T / Truax, Robert Collins
Archival Repository:
National Air and Space Museum Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/pg228e75418-53e0-4c10-93e8-4d3e6362a088
EDAN-URL:
ead_component:sova-nasm-xxxx-1183-c-ref67355

Truax, Robert Collins [Documents]

Collection Creator:
National Air and Space Museum. Archives Division.  Search this
Type:
Archival materials
Collection Restrictions:
The majority of the Archives Department's public reference requests can be answered using material in these files, which may be accessed through the Reading Room at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia. More specific information can be requested by contacting the Archives Research Request.
Identifier:
NASM.XXXX.1183.C, File CT-494000-02
See more items in:
National Air and Space Museum Technical Reference Files: Biographies
National Air and Space Museum Technical Reference Files: Biographies / Series C: Biographies: Individuals / Biographies T / Truax, Robert Collins
Archival Repository:
National Air and Space Museum Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/pg25939e06d-feb8-4e35-9eb8-76d974490b8f
EDAN-URL:
ead_component:sova-nasm-xxxx-1183-c-ref67358

Truax, Robert Collins [Photos]

Collection Creator:
National Air and Space Museum. Archives Division.  Search this
Type:
Archival materials
Collection Restrictions:
The majority of the Archives Department's public reference requests can be answered using material in these files, which may be accessed through the Reading Room at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia. More specific information can be requested by contacting the Archives Research Request.
Identifier:
NASM.XXXX.1183.C, File CT-494000-80
See more items in:
National Air and Space Museum Technical Reference Files: Biographies
National Air and Space Museum Technical Reference Files: Biographies / Series C: Biographies: Individuals / Biographies T / Truax, Robert Collins
Archival Repository:
National Air and Space Museum Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/pg2427bd3a9-f277-4e9e-926f-f9b89fa10d42
EDAN-URL:
ead_component:sova-nasm-xxxx-1183-c-ref67361

Mathew Brady's Gallery on Pennsylvania Ave., Washington, D.C.

Artist:
Unidentified Artist  Search this
Associated Institution:
Mathew Brady Studio, active 1844 - 1894  Search this
Medium:
Albumen silver print
Dimensions:
Image/Sheet (each): 8 × 7.8 cm (3 1/8 × 3 1/16")
Mount: 8.7 × 17.6 cm (3 7/16 × 6 15/16")
Type:
Photograph
Place:
United States\District of Columbia\Washington
Date:
c. 1865
Topic:
Nature & Environment\Plant\Tree  Search this
Architecture\Window  Search this
Architecture\Column  Search this
Architecture\Building  Search this
Railroad  Search this
Exterior\Cityscape  Search this
Photographic format\Stereograph  Search this
Credit Line:
National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; gift of Robert A. Truax
Object number:
AD/NPG.86.1
Restrictions & Rights:
CC0
See more items in:
National Portrait Gallery Collection
Location:
Currently not on view
Data Source:
National Portrait Gallery
GUID:
http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/sm49efeaf1c-20c5-4e54-a083-864d8e87d746
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:npg_AD_NPG.86.1

Letter to "L.C. Handy, Esq." from William H. Slocum

Addressee:
Levin Coburn Handy, 10 Aug 1855 - 26 Mar 1932  Search this
Author:
William H. Slocum  Search this
Associated Person:
Mathew B. Brady, 1823? - 15 Jan 1896  Search this
Associated Institution:
Truax & Crandall  Search this
Medium:
Ink on paper
Dimensions:
Sheet: 27.8 × 21.4 cm (10 15/16 × 8 7/16")
Type:
Document
Place:
United States\New York\Kings\New York
Date:
September 20, 1895
Topic:
Document\Letter  Search this
Credit Line:
National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; gift of Claire Kaland
Object number:
AD/NPG.86.12
Restrictions & Rights:
CC0
See more items in:
National Portrait Gallery Collection
Location:
Currently not on view
Data Source:
National Portrait Gallery
GUID:
http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/sm4ed09906f-df7a-4989-b920-6178e6b9ba28
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:npg_AD_NPG.86.12
Online Media:

Uterine Dilator

Physical Description:
metal, steel (overall material)
Measurements:
average spatial: 33 cm x 10.5 cm x 6 cm; 13 in x 4 1/8 in x 2 3/8 in
overall: 2 1/4 in x 13 1/4 in x 4 1/2 in; 5.715 cm x 33.655 cm x 11.43 cm
Object Name:
Dilator
dilator, uterine
Subject:
Women's Health  Search this
Credit Line:
Gift of The Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of the State of Maryland
ID Number:
MG.302606.305
Accession number:
302606
Catalog number:
302606.305
See more items in:
Medicine and Science: Medicine
Data Source:
National Museum of American History
GUID:
http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ng49ca746a9-78a5-704b-e053-15f76fa0b4fa
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:nmah_1100911
Online Media:

Speculum

Physical Description:
plastic, bakelite (overall material)
black (overall color)
Measurements:
average spatial: 14 cm x 5.3 cm; 5 1/2 in x 2 1/16 in
Object Name:
Speculum
Subject:
Women's Health  Search this
Credit Line:
The Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of the State of Maryland
ID Number:
MG.302606.259
Accession number:
302606
Catalog number:
302606.259
See more items in:
Medicine and Science: Medicine
Data Source:
National Museum of American History
GUID:
http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ng49ca746a9-62da-704b-e053-15f76fa0b4fa
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:nmah_1101885

Speculum

Physical Description:
glass (overall material)
paint (overall material)
black (overall color)
Measurements:
average spatial: 16 cm x 5.8 cm; 6 5/16 in x 2 5/16 in
Object Name:
Speculum
Subject:
Women's Health  Search this
Credit Line:
Gift of The Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of the State of Maryland
ID Number:
MG.302606.174
Accession number:
302606
Catalog number:
302606.174
See more items in:
Medicine and Science: Medicine
Data Source:
National Museum of American History
GUID:
http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ng49ca746a9-62c3-704b-e053-15f76fa0b4fa
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:nmah_1101900

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