0.57 Cubic feet (consisting of 1 box, 1 folder, 3 oversize folders, 2 map case folders.)
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Business ephemera
Ephemera
Date:
1857-1961
Summary:
A New York bookseller, Warshaw assembled this collection over nearly fifty years. The Warshaw Collection of Business Americana: Fairs forms part of the Warshaw Collection of Business Americana, Subseries 1.1: Subject Categories. The Subject Categories subseries is divided into 470 subject categories based on those created by Mr. Warshaw. These subject categories include topical subjects, types or forms of material, people, organizations, historical events, and other categories. An overview to the entire Warshaw collection is available here: Warshaw Collection of Business Americana
Scope and Contents:
This material consists primarily of catalogues, brochures, programs, guides, scattered correspondence on letterhead stationery, printed advertisements, advertising cards, tickets, postcards, invitations and lithographs. The different types of fairs included health, agricultural, industrial trades, international, annual city and state and traveler's health exhibitions. A number of the fairs were to benefit the United States Sanitary Commission. Many of these fairs and exhibitions included musical selections from bands. Most of the fairs were held in the United States but there are a number in various places including Germany, Belgium, France, Canada and England.
The material dates from 1857-1961, but the bulk is 1860-1900. The material is arranged alphabetically by the geographical location of the event. There is one folder of miscellaneous exhibition stamps.
Materials in the Archives Center:
Archives Center Collection of Business Americana (AC0404)
Forms Part Of:
Forms part of the Warshaw Collection of Business Americana.
Missing Title
Series 1: Business Ephemera
Series 2: Other Collection Divisions
Series 3: Isadore Warshaw Personal Papers
Series 4: Photographic Reference Material
Provenance:
Fairs is a portion of the Business Ephemera Series of the Warshaw Collection of Business Americana, Accession AC0060 purchased from Isadore Warshaw in 1967. Warshaw continued to accumulate similar material until his death, which was donated in 1971 by his widow, Augusta. For a period after acquisition, related materials from other sources (of mixed provenance) were added to the collection so there may be content produced or published after Warshaw's death in 1969. This practice has since ceased.
Restrictions:
Collection is open for research. Some items may be restricted due to fragile condition.
Rights:
Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning copyright restrictions. Other intellectual property rights may apply. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.
Warshaw Collection of Business Americana Subject Categories: Fairs, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution
Sponsor:
Funding for partial processing of the collection was supported by a grant from the Smithsonian Institution's Collections Care and Preservation Fund (CCPF).
Freedmen's Bureau Digital Collection, 1865–1872, is a product of and owned by the National Museum of African American History and Culture, Smithsonian Institution. Copyright for digital images is retained by the donor, FamilySearch International; permission for commercial use of the digital images may be requested from FamilySearch International, Intellectual Property Office, at: cor-intellectualproperty@ldschurch.org.
Collection Citation:
Courtesy of the U. S. National Archives and Records Administration, FamilySearch International, and the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture.
Use of original papers requires and appointment and is limited to the Archives' Washington, D.C., Research Center.
Collection Rights:
The Archives of American Art makes its archival collections available for non-commercial, educational and personal use unless restricted by copyright and/or donor restrictions, including but not limited to access and publication restrictions. AAA makes no representations concerning such rights and restrictions and it is the user's responsibility to determine whether rights or restrictions exist and to obtain any necessary permission to access, use, reproduce and publish the collections. Please refer to the Smithsonian's Terms of Use for additional information.
Collection Citation:
Jervis McEntee papers, 1796, 1848-1905. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
Freedmen's Bureau Digital Collection, 1865–1872, is a product of and owned by the National Museum of African American History and Culture, Smithsonian Institution. Copyright for digital images is retained by the donor, FamilySearch International; permission for commercial use of the digital images may be requested from FamilySearch International, Intellectual Property Office, at: cor-intellectualproperty@ldschurch.org.
Collection Citation:
Courtesy of the U. S. National Archives and Records Administration, FamilySearch International, and the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture.
Records of the Superintendent of Education include a series of letters and telegrams received, March 28, 1864-August 30, 1868, with most of the correspondence dated before 1866. Arranged chronologically, the series includes receipts for school supplies, requests for school accommodations, general statements of school conditions or public opinion concerning schools, and reports of damage done to schools by vandals or anti-Bureau groups. A name index to this correspondence, prepared by NARA staff is arranged alphabetically by correspondent's surname.
Collection Restrictions:
Freedmen's Bureau Digital Collection, 1865–1872, is a product of and owned by the National Museum of African American History and Culture, Smithsonian Institution. Copyright for digital images is retained by the donor, FamilySearch International; permission for commercial use of the digital images may be requested from FamilySearch International, Intellectual Property Office, at: cor-intellectualproperty@ldschurch.org.
Collection Citation:
Courtesy of the U. S. National Archives and Records Administration, FamilySearch International, and the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture.
Selected Sartain family papers from the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, and the Moore College of Art, including correspondence, printed material, photographs, sketchbooks, writings, minutes of meetings and other organizational records, and memorabilia.
REEL 2727: Correspondence, mostly among the Sartain family: Emily writes to her father of her European travels with Mary Cassatt; letters from Elliott Dangerfield; correspondence of John Sartain, including letters from the poet Thomas Chivers; correspondence of William, Henry, Samuel, Harriet Judd, and Paul Sartain; receipts of John and Samuel, and undated genealogical notes.
REEL 4235: Photographs; scrapbooks; unpublished manuscripts; and correspondence of John, Emily, William, Samuel, and 12 letters from family friend and fellow artist, Thomas Eakins.
REEL P28 (fr. 337-581): Rembrandt Peale's manuscript "Notes of the Painting Room," subtitled "Art is Long and Life is Short." 215 p. + 24 p. index.
REELS 4562-4565 [filmed previously on reels P19-P20, P24, and P27-P28]: Included are: Emily Sartain correspondence and miscellaneous items, 1895-1923; Harriet Judd Sartain correspondence and biographical sketch, 1854-1887; Henry Sartain letters, 1862-1863; Samuel Sartain correspondence, 1850-1872, including letters to John Sartain while in London on business for his father, printed matter, copyrights and certificates and records of the Art-Union of Philadelphia (AUP), 1852-1885, including catalogs of prizes, an inventory of the AUP property, 1855, and printed reports; obituary for Susanna Swaine (John Sartain's mother); John Swaine's letterbook, 1834-1837; William Sartain letters, 1862-1919, n.d., many written while living in Paris, printed matter, photographs, and sketchbook; John Sartain genealogical information, letterpress books, 1869-1871 and 1887, concerning his Philadelphia and London exhibitions, work and business, correspondence, 1845-189?, financial information, lists of works of art, memberships and certificates, lectures and writings, a sketchbook, and printed material.
Also included are manuscript material and printed matter; scrapbooks containing clippings and a few letters; untitled commonplace books which were probably compiled by Harriet or Emily Sartain; John Sartain's records pertaining to the Artists' Fund Society, 1838-1846; Great Sanitary Fair, 1864; Centennial Exposition, 1876, including the Report of the Art Department, and memorabilia; the American Exhibition, London England, 1887; Sartain's Magazine expense book, 1849-1855; minutes of the Graphic Association of Philadelphia, 1849-1855; minutes of the Philadelphia Union of Associationists, 1847-1855; proceedings of the National Art Association second annual convention, held at the Smithsonian Institution, Jan. 11-14, 1859; and minutes of the meeting of the subscribers of the [Christian] Schussele picture fund.
Biographical / Historical:
Family of engravers and painters; Philadelphia, Pa. John Sartain came to U.S. from England in 1830 and established himself firmly in the Philadelphia artistic community. He was director of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts for 23 years and served as chief of the art dept. for the 1876 Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia and the 1887 American Exhibition in London. Four of his eight children became artists, William, Emily, Samuel and Harriet.
Provenance:
Material on reel 2727 lent for microfilming 1982 by the Moore College of Art. Material on reel 4235 lent for filming in 1989 by the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, which had received the papers from the Harriet Sartain estate and through descendants of the Sartain family, 1959 and 1988. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania lent the material on reels 4562-4565 in 1991. These papers had been previously microfilmed in 1955 on reels P19-P20, P24 and P27-P28 but were reprocessed for microfilming. A few items filmed in 1955 were missing in 1991. Items not microfilmed in 1991 include manuscript notes for John Sartains's "Reminiscences," and some lecture notes which were unfilmable; 0.3 linear ft. of mss. for articles by various authors appearing in Sartain's magazine; and Samuel Sartain's minute book of the Republican Convention. Rembrandt Peale's "Notes of the Painting Room" was not refilmed in 1991, and is only available on reel P28.
Restrictions:
The Archives of American art does not own the original papers. Use is limited to the microfilm copy.
Rights:
The Archives of American Art makes its archival collections available for non-commercial, educational and personal use unless restricted by copyright and/or donor restrictions, including but not limited to access and publication restrictions. AAA makes no representations concerning such rights and restrictions and it is the user's responsibility to determine whether rights or restrictions exist and to obtain any necessary permission to access, use, reproduce and publish the collections. Please refer to the Smithsonian's Terms of Use for additional information.
Reel 2727: Authorization to publish, quote or reproduce requires written permission from Librarian, Moore College of Art. Reels 4562-4565: Authorization to publish, quote or reproduce requires written permission from Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Contact Reference Services for more information.
Occupation:
Engravers -- Pennsylvania -- Philadelphia Search this
Painters -- Pennsylvania -- Philadelphia Search this
Topic:
Engraving -- Printing -- Pennsylvania -- Philadelphia Search this
Painting, American -- Pennsylvania -- Philadelphia Search this
Photographs of 19th century artists, including Thomas Sully, Rembrandt Peale, Frederick de Bourg Richards, Edward Moran, John Moran, William Trost Richards, Edmund Darch Lewis, George Bacon Wood, Isaac Williams, James Reid Lambdin, Samuel Bell Waugh, Peter Frederick Rothermel, the Sartain family, the Sartain home, John Sartain, Samuel Sartain, William Sartain, Emily Sartain, Thomas Buchanan Read, Thomas Eakins's motion studies, the Pennsylvania State Capitol, group portraits of women from the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, the Artists Fund Society, James S. Earle and Son, and the Fine Art Gallery at the Great Sanitary Fair.
Biographical / Historical:
Archive repository; Philadelphia, Pa.
Provenance:
Microfilmed in 1986 as part of AAA's Philadelphia Arts Documentation Project. Photographs were compiled from various collections of the Print Dept. of the Library Company of Philadelphia.
Restrictions:
The Archives of American art does not own the original papers. Use is limited to the microfilm copy.
Topic:
Photograph collections -- Pennsylvania -- Philadelphia -- Photographs Search this
Photography -- Early works to 1900 -- Pennsylvania -- Philadelphia -- Photographs Search this
Artists -- Pennsylvania -- Philadelphia -- Photographs Search this
Records of the Field Offices for the State of Louisiana, Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, 1863–1872
Extent:
111 Reels
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Reels
Date:
1863–1872
Summary:
The collection is comprised of digital surrogates previously available on the 111 rolls of microfilm described in the NARA publication M1905. These digital surrogates reproduced the records of the staff officers of the Assistant Commissioner and the subordinate field offices of the Louisiana headquarters of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned
Lands, 1863–1872. These records consist of bound volumes and unbound records containing materials that include letters sent and received, monthly reports, registers of complaints, labor contracts, and other records relating to freedmen's claims and bounty payments.
Records Description:
These records consist of volumes and unbound records. The volumes reproduced in this microfilm publication were originally arranged by type of record and thereunder by volume number. All volumes were assigned numbers by the Adjutant General's Office (AGO) of the War Department after the records came into its custody. In this microfilm publication, AGO numbers are shown in parentheses to aid in identifying the volumes. The National Archives assigned the volume numbers that are not in parentheses. No numbers were assigned to series consisting of single volumes. In some volumes, particularly in indexes and alphabetical headings of registers, there are blank numbered pages that have not been filmed.
The volumes consist of letters and endorsements sent and received, press copies of letters sent, registers of letters received, letters and orders received, registers of freedmen court cases, special orders and circulars issued, registers of claimants, registers of complaints, marriage certificates, and monthly reports forwarded to the Assistant Commissioner. The unbound documents consist of letters and orders received, unregistered letters and narrative reports received, special orders and circulars issued, and general orders and circulars received. The unbound records also contain monthly reports, labor contracts, marriage certificates, and records relating to claims.
Some of the volumes contain more than one type of record, reflecting a common recording practice of clerks and staff officers of that period. On Roll 67, for example, the volume of applications for laborers for Bragg Home Colony also contains a register of complaints. Some other examples of additional series within volumes can be found in records on Rolls 72, 78, and others. Researchers should read carefully the records descriptions and arrangements in the table of contents to make full use of these documents.
Historical Note:
[The following is reproduced from the original NARA descriptive pamphlet for M1905.]
HISTORY AND ORGANIZATION
The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, also known as the Freedmen's Bureau, was established in the War Department by an act of Congress on March 3, 1865 (13 Stat. 507). The life of the Bureau was extended twice by acts of July 16, 1866 (14 Stat. 173), and July 6, 1868 (15 Stat. 83). The Bureau was responsible for the supervision and management of all matters relating to refugees and freedmen, and of lands abandoned or seized during the Civil War. In May 1865, President Andrew Johnson appointed Maj. Gen. Oliver Otis Howard as Commissioner of the Bureau, and Howard served in that position until June 30, 1872, when activities of the Bureau were terminated in accordance with an act of June 10, 1872 (17 Stat. 366). While a major part of the Bureau's early activities involved the supervision of abandoned and confiscated property, its mission was to provide relief and help freedmen become self–sufficient. Bureau officials issued rations and clothing, operated hospitals and refugee camps, and supervised labor contracts. In addition, the Bureau managed apprenticeship disputes and complaints, assisted benevolent societies in the establishment of schools, helped freedmen in legalizing marriages entered into during slavery, and provided transportation to refugees and freedmen who were attempting to reunite with their family or relocate to other parts of the country. The Bureau also helped black soldiers, sailors, and their heirs collect bounty claims, pensions, and back pay.
The act of March 3, 1865, authorized the appointment of Assistant Commissioners to aid the Commissioner in supervising the work of the Bureau in the former Confederate states, the border states, and the District of Columbia. While the work performed by Assistant Commissioners in each state was similar, the organizational structure of staff officers varied from state to state. At various times, the staff could consist of a superintendent of education, an assistant adjutant general, an assistant inspector general, a disbursing officer, a chief medical officer, a chief quartermaster, and a commissary of subsistence. Subordinate to these officers were the assistant superintendents, or subassistant commissioners as they later became known, who commanded the subdistricts.
The Assistant Commissioner corresponded extensively with both his superior in the Washington Bureau headquarters and his subordinate officers in the subdistricts. Based upon reports submitted to him by the subassistant commissioners and other subordinate staff officers, he prepared reports that he sent to the Commissioner concerning Bureau activities in areas under his jurisdiction. The Assistant Commissioner also received letters from freedmen, local white citizens, state officials, and other non-Bureau personnel. These letters varied in nature from complaints to applications for jobs in the Bureau. Because the assistant adjutant general handled much of the mail for the Assistant Commissioner's office, it was often addressed to him instead of to the Assistant Commissioner.
In a circular issued by Commissioner Howard in July 1865, the Assistant Commissioners were instructed to designate one officer in each state to serve as "General Superintendents of Schools." These officials were to "take cognizance of all that is being done to educate refugees and freedmen, secure proper protection to schools and teachers, promote method and efficiency, correspond with the benevolent agencies which are supplying his field, and aid the Assistant Commissioner in making his required reports." In October 1865, a degree of centralized control was established over Bureau educational activities in the states when Rev. John W. Alvord was appointed Inspector of Finances and Schools. In January 1867, Alvord was divested of his financial responsibilities, and he was appointed General Superintendent of Education.
An act of Congress, approved July 25, 1868 (15 Stat. 193), ordered that the Commissioner of the Bureau "shall, on the first day of January next, cause the said bureau to be withdrawn from the several States within which said bureau has acted and its operation shall be discontinued." Consequently, in early 1869, with the exception of the superintendents of education and the claims agents, the Assistant Commissioners and their subordinate officers were withdrawn from the states.
For the next year and a half the Bureau continued to pursue its education work and to process claims. In the summer of 1870, the superintendents of education were withdrawn from the states, and the headquarters staff was greatly reduced. From that time until the Bureau was abolished by an act of Congress approved June 10, 1872 (17 Stat. 366), effective June 30, 1872, the Bureau's functions related almost exclusively to the disposition of claims. The Bureau's records and remaining functions were then transferred to the Freedmen's Branch in the office of the Adjutant General. The records of this branch are among the Bureau's files.
THE FREEDMEN'S BUREAU IN LOUISIANA
ORGANIZATION
On June 13, 1865, Commissioner Oliver Otis Howard appointed Chaplain Thomas W. Conway as the Assistant Commissioner for Louisiana. At the time of his appointment, Conway headed the military's Louisiana Bureau of Free Labor, which managed the affairs of freedmen employed on "Abandoned" plantations. Conway transferred the Bureau of Free Labor to the newly established Freedmen's Bureau Louisiana headquarters at New Orleans. The parishes of Madison, Carroll, Concordia, and Tenasas in northeastern Louisiana were reassigned in January 1866 from the jurisdiction of the Assistant Commissioner for Mississippi to that of the Assistant Commissioner for Louisiana. The other Assistant Commissioners or Acting Assistant Commissioners in Louisiana and their terms of office were Gen. James S. Fullerton, October 4 – 18, 1865; Gen. Absalom Baird, October 19, 1865–September 1866; Gen. Philip H. Sheridan, October 5–November 27, 1866; Gen. Joseph A. Mower, November 28, 1866–December 4, 1867; Lt. Col. William H. Wood, December 5, 1867–January 2, 1868; Gen. R. C. Buchanan, January 3–August 24, 1868; and Gen. Edward Hatch, August 25, 1868–January 1, 1869.
When Conway took over as Assistant Commissioner, the state was divided into districts that were composed of one to three parishes and commanded by either an agent or superintendent. In April 1867, the state was reorganized into seven subdistricts headed by subassistant commissioners. Subassistant commissioners were required to file monthly inspection reports of their respective jurisdictions with the Assistant Commissioner. Agents or assistant subassistant commissioners, who were responsible for one to two parishes, received their instructions from and reported to subassistant commissioners. The major subordinate field offices for the Bureau in Louisiana included those with headquarters at Baton Rouge, Franklin, Monroe, Natchitoches, New Orleans, Shreveport, and Vidalia. For a list of known Louisiana subordinate field office personnel and their dates of service, see the appendix.
ACTIVITIES
The major activities of the Freedmen's Bureau field office in Louisiana generally resembled those conducted in other states. The Bureau provided various forms of relief to both freedmen and white refugees, supervised labor contracts, assisted freedmen in the establishment of schools, administered justice, helped freedmen locate land, and assisted blacks with military claims for back pay, bounty payments, and pensions.
Between June and September 1865, the Bureau in Louisiana issued some 455,290 rations to destitute freedmen and 157,691 to white refugees. With no appropriated funds from Congress, the Bureau relied on several sources to carry out these activities: income from confiscated property, requisitioned supplies from the army, aid from benevolent societies, and a three–dollar tax on black adult laborers. Despite the Bureau's efforts, however, tens of thousands of freedmen and refugees remained in dire straits throughout the state. The lack of available funds, continuous flooding, crop failures, and disease severely hampered the Bureau's relief programs. On March 30, 1867, Congress appropriated monies for a "Special Relief Fund" (15 Stat. 28). The fund authorized the Secretary of War, through the Freedmen's Bureau, to issue provisions and rations to destitute persons in Southern states, including Louisiana.
In response to the act, Commissioner Howard issued a circular on April 3, 1867 (Circular Number 11), that set aside $500,000 for the purpose.1 The agency maintained homes for refugees and orphans. Hundreds of refugees were housed in two hotels in New Orleans (the Commercial and the Western Verandah) and later the Marine Hospital. While most of the residents were from Louisiana, some were from Texas, Florida, Kentucky, Mississippi, Alabama, and Tennessee. Beginning in 1865, the Bureau provided assistance to several privately run orphan asylums in New Orleans and other areas of the state until its work for orphans was discontinued in September 1865. The Bureau also provided medical aid to freedmen and white refugees. In 1866, to help combat such diseases as cholera, yellow fever, and smallpox, seven doctors, on average, served under the Bureau in Louisiana: five at the New Orleans hospital and one at both the Shreveport hospital and the Rost Home Colony. The Bureau also maintained numerous dispensaries throughout the state. In spite of the closure of the Rost Home Colony hospital and most of the Bureau's dispensaries by the end of 1867, the agency in 1868 treated more than 8,500 freedmen for various infectious diseases. At the Rost Home Colony—one of the most successful of the four "Home Colonies" established in Louisiana—Bureau officials also issued rations and clothing, established a school, provided employment, and compiled a variety of personal data about individuals who arrived and departed from the Colony. Both the New Orleans and the Shreveport hospitals maintained registers of patients and the sick and wounded.2
The regulation of written labor agreements between planters and freedmen was a major concern of the Freedmen's Bureau. In a circular issued on December 4, 1865 (Circular Number 29), Bureau officials in Louisiana outlined the rules governing the free labor system in the state. Freedmen could choose their employers, and all contracts were to be approved by a Bureau agent. Wages were not set, but the circular declared that it was the freedmen's "Duty" to "obtain the best terms they can for their labor." Freedmen were required to work 26 days per month, consisting of 10–hour days in the summer and 9–hour days in the winter. Any work time exceeding 6 hours beyond the normal workday would constitute an additional day's work. In addition to wages, freedmen were also entitled to receive rations, clothing, "Comfortable" living quarters, and medical attention, and each family was to receive a half–acre plot to maintain a garden. Five percent of the freedman's monthly wages was to be retained by the employer for the purpose of sustaining schools for the freedman's children. In cases where freedmen desired to work for a share of the crop, employers were required to have sufficient amounts of provisions available for freedmen and their families each month. Also, employers who entered into share agreements were obligated to pay Bureau agents 1/20 of the amount of the freedmen's share of the crop each month for the benefit of freedmen schools.3
In the two years following the April 1862 occupation of New Orleans by Union troops, various civilian and military organizations established schools to educate freedmen in Louisiana. Gen. Nathaniel Banks's order of March 22, 1864 (Department of the Gulf General Order 38), established a board of education to govern the organization of freedmen's schools. B. Rush Plumly was appointed head of the board, and Lt. Edwin M. Wheelock became supervisor. Schools under the board's jurisdiction were supported mainly by a tax on citizens recently disloyal to the Union. On June 29, 1865, Assistant Commissioner Conway took charge of the schools, and on July 5, 1865, replaced Plumly and Wheelock with Capt. H. R. Pease as superintendent of education. Pease's successors included Bvt. Maj. A. G. Studer, Lt. F. R. Chase, J. M. Lee, L. O. Parker, H. H. Pierce, and E. W. Mason.
Pease divided the state into seven school districts, placing military and civilian personnel in charge. Under these officers were school directors responsible for each parish and "Canvassers" who collected the school tax for each district. At the time of his arrival, there were some 126 freedmen schools, with 230 teachers and approximately 19,000 students. However, with limited funds and intense opposition to the school tax, Circular Number 34, dated December 27, 1865, directed that all schools be "suspended until such time as it may be found practicable to re-establish them on a permanent and self–supporting basis."4
In February 1866, then–Assistant Commissioner Baird sought to make schools self–supporting through a tuition plan. Despite Baird's new plan and congressional appropriations of 1866 and 1867 for freedmen education in the South, the Freedmen's Bureau's educational programs in Louisiana continued to face financial difficulties. In June 1868, Congress authorized the Bureau to sell school buildings to private groups that were willing to maintain freedmen schools, and the Bureau entered into cooperative agreements with such groups as the American Missionary Society, the Methodist Freedmen's Aid Society, and the Free Mission Baptists. Under the agreements, the Bureau provided monies for construction of the school buildings, and the religious organizations maintained the schools. In 1870, the cooperation between the Bureau and religious groups led to significant progress in the establishment of numerous freedmen schools in Louisiana. Despite their efforts however, freedmen schools continued to suffer from the effects of limited resources, lack of competent teachers, and a segregated school system.5
Safeguarding rights and securing justice for freedmen was of paramount concern to the Freedmen's Bureau. Following the Civil War, several Southern states enacted a series of laws, commonly known as "Black Codes," that restricted the rights and legal status of freedmen. Freedmen were often given harsh sentences for petty crimes, and in some instances were unable to get their cases heard in state courts. Assistant Commissioners were directed to "adjudicate, either themselves or through officers of their appointment, all difficulties arising between Negroes themselves, or between Negroes and whites or Indians."6 Assistant Commissioner Conway issued Circular Number 15 (September 15, 1865), authorizing his subordinates to establish freedmen courts in cases where freedmen were not receiving just treatment. Conway's successors—Fullerton, Baird, and Sheridan—believed that civil officers in most parishes administered justice impartially in freedmen cases, and so abolished the special tribunals as unnecessary. Nevertheless, Bureau officers were still required to represent freedmen in court cases and refer the most extreme cases of injustice to United States courts. In the latter part of 1866, fearing that freedmen's rights were not being adequately protected, Assistant Commissioner Joseph Mower re–instituted some Bureau judicial functions that had been previously suspended by his predecessors. William H. Wood, who succeeded Mower, told Bureau agents during his tenure that only in cases where the evidence clearly showed the civil court's failure to administer justice, were they to become involved. Wood's replacement, Gen. Robert C. Buchanan, like Fullerton, Baird, and Sheridan, continued the policy of leaving matters of justice to civil authorities. By the time Gen. Edward Hatch assumed office as Assistant Commissioner in 1868, Louisiana had restored its constitutional relations with the Federal Government, and matters concerning justice were returned to the state.7
The Southern Homestead Act (14 Stat. 66), approved by Congress on June 21, 1866, made available for public settlement 46 million acres of public lands in Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Louisiana, and Mississippi. Six million acres of this Federal land was located in Louisiana. The act specifically prohibited discrimination against applicants due to race, and thus offered Louisiana freedmen and others an opportunity to become landowners. Only persons who headed households or were former United States soldiers were eligible to apply. A five–dollar application fee was required of all applicants, which allowed them to settle on an 80–acre tract and gain permanent possession after five years of cultivation. Generally, the Freedmen's Bureau, through "Locating Agents," assisted interested freedmen in finding plots, and provided them with one-month subsistence, free transportation to their prospective tracts of land, and seeds for initial planting. By January 1867, J. J. Saville, as locating agent, found homesteads for 87 freedmen, 73 whites, and 14 soldiers. However, because the New Orleans land office was closed, only 7 were able to file applications. While limited resources and the lack of suitable lands for settlement hindered freedmen in their effort to acquire land, freedmen also faced intense opposition from whites who opposed black land ownership. Freedmen were thus encouraged by Bureau officials in Louisiana to settle on land in large numbers in order to protect themselves from intense opposition by whites.8
An act of Congress on June 14, 1864, authorized the payment of bounties, not to exceed $100, to black soldiers who had entered the military after June 15, 1864, and who were free on April 19, 1861 (14 Stat. 126). Amendments in 1866 dropped the requirement of freedom at enlistment and offered additional bounties of $100 for those blacks who had signed on for three years, and $50 for individuals who enlisted for two years. To assist black soldiers and their heirs in filing bounty and other military claims against the Federal Government, a claims agency was initially established in the United States Sanitary Commission. On July 14, 1865, Commissioner Howard authorized Freedmen's Bureau officials to act as agents of the Commission and to assist it in filing for black military claims. However, freedmen often rejected the free services of the agency and paid fees to private claims agents, believing that they would receive their money quicker. In 1867, concerned about abuse and fraud in the settlement of black military claims, Congress passed a law making the Freedmen's Bureau the sole agent for payment of claims of black veterans (15 Stat. 26). From October 31, 1866, through September 30, 1867, the Bureau in Louisiana settled claims amounting to just $1,489.73. However, one year later, 240 veterans' claims amounting to $52,058 were settled, with 484 remaining to be resolved.9
ENDNOTES
1 Howard A. White, The Freedmen's Bureau in Louisiana (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1970), 64 – 76.
2 Ibid., 76 – 85; For a discussion of the establishment and activities at Rost Home Colony, see Michael F. Knight, "The Rost Home Colony: St. Charles Parish, Louisiana," Prologue 33, No. 1 (Fall 2001): 214 – 220; Records relating to the Freedmen's hospital at New Orleans have been reproduced on Records of the New Orleans Field Offices, Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, 1865–1869 (National Archives Microfilm Publication M1483, Rolls 1 – 7); For Shreveport hospital records, see Roll 101 in this publication.
3 House Ex. Doc. 70, 39th Cong., 1st Sess. Serial Vol. 1256, pp. 30 – 33.
4 White, The Freedmen's Bureau in Louisiana, pp. 166 – 175; See also House Ex. Doc. 70, 39th Cong., 1st Sess., Serial Vol. 1256, pp. 35 – 36.
5 White, The Freedmen's Bureau in Louisiana, 176 – 200.
6 House Ex. Doc. 11, 39th Cong., 1st Sess., Serial Vol. 1255, pp. 45 – 46.
7 White, The Freedmen's Bureau in Louisiana, 134 – 165.
8 Ibid., 59 – 63.
9 Howard A. White, The Freedmen's Bureau in Louisiana, pp. 160 – 162; See also, Annual Reports of the Assistant Commissioners, Louisiana, October 5, 1868 [pp. 19 – 20], Records of the Office of the Commissioner, Record Group 105, National Archives Building, Washington, DC.
Freedmen's Bureau Personnel in Louisiana:
This list provides the names and dates of service of known Freedmen's Bureau personnel at the Plantation Department and selected subordinate field offices in Louisiana. Where noted, officers served at two locations. Additional information regarding persons assigned to various field offices might be found among the Bureau's Washington headquarters station books and rosters of military officers and civilians on duty in the states and other appointment–related records.
PLANTATION DEPARTMENT
July 1865–May 1866 -- Superintendent Capt. Frank Bagley
May–Sept. 1866 -- Superintendent C. R. Stickney
Oct. 1866–June 1867 -- Assistant Quartermaster W. B. Armstrong
ABBEVILLE
Apr. 1867–June 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner A. N. Murtagh
ALEXANDRIA
June 1866–Apr. 1867 -- Assistant Superintendent S. G. Williams
May–Nov. 1867 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner S. G. Williams
Nov. 1867–June 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner George Buttrick
June–Dec. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner H. P. Hathaway
ALGIERS
May 1865–Apr. 1866 -- Provost Marshal of Freedmen William E. Dougherty
May 1866–Apr. 1867 -- Agent Richard Folles
Apr. 1867–Oct. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Richard Folles
Oct.–Dec. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Isaac Stathem
AMITE
Sept.–Dec. 1865 -- Assistant Superintendent H. H. Rouse
Dec. 1865–Feb. 1866 -- Assistant Superintendent Edward Ehrlich
Feb.–Apr. 1866 -- Assistant Superintendent W. K. Tillotson
Apr.–Nov. 1866 -- Assistant Superintendent James Hough
Nov. 1866–May 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner James Hough
May–Nov. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner George F. Austin
Nov.–Dec. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Joseph D. Buckley
BATON ROUGE
May–June 1867 -- Subassistant Commissioner of the 2nd Subdistrict George F. Schager
July 1867–Jan. 1868 -- Subassistant Commissioner of the 2nd Subdistrict William H. Webster
Jan.–June 1868 -- Subassistant Commissioner of the 2nd Subdistrict Frank D. Garretty
July–Dec. 1868 -- Subassistant Commissioner of the 2nd Subdistrict Charles Hill
Feb.–Apr. 1866 -- Agent M. J. Sheridan
July 1866 -- Agent E. C. Phetteplace
Oct. 1866 -- Agent Abner Doane
Jan.–May 1867 -- Agent William H. Webster
July 1867-Jan.1869 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner William H. Webster
Feb.–June 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner George Inness
June–July 1968 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Charles Hill
Dec. 1867–Jan. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Edward S. Wilson
Jan.–Aug. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner E. H. Hosner
LAKE PROVIDENCE
Jan. 1866–May 1867 -- Agent George W. Rollins
May–Oct. 1867 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner George W. Rollins
Oct. 1867–Jan. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Thomas H. Hannon
Jan.–Dec. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner E. H. Masters
MADISONVILLE
Oct. 1866 -- Agent A. J. Rose
Nov. 1866–May 1867 -- Agent W. H. R. Hangen
May 1867–Sept. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner W. H. R. Hangen
Sept.–Nov. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner W. H. R. Hangen (also Covington)
Nov.–Dec. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Thomas H. Jenks, Jr. (also Covington)
MANSFIELD
Mar. 1867–May 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner J. J. Walsh
May–Aug. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Michael Cary
Aug.–Dec. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Edward Henderson
MARKSVILLE
Mar–Aug. 1866 -- Agent Amos S. Collins (also Evergreen)
Aug. 1866–May 1867 -- Agent Amos S. Collins (also Marksville)
May 1867–May 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Amos S. Collins
May–Dec. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Cyrus H. Ross
MILLIKEN BEND
May 1864 -- Assistant Provost Marshal D. McCall
Nov.–Dec. 1864 -- Provost Marshal Benjamin F. Cheney
May–Sept. 1867 -- Assistant Subasistant Commissioner C. P. Varney
Sept.–Dec. 1867 -- Assistant Subasistant Commissioner T. F. Cummins
Jan.–Feb. 1868 -- Assistant Subasistant Commissioner A. J. Baby
Feb.–Dec. 1868 -- Assistant Subasistant Commissioner John S. Shaw
MONROE
Mar. 1867–Aug. 1868 -- Subassistant Commissioner of 5th Subdistrict Samuel C. Gold
Mar. 1867–Aug. 1868 -- Subassistant Commissioner of 5th Subdistrict W. W. Webb
Aug.–Nov. 1868 -- Subassistant Commissioner of 5th Subdistrict John H. Bowen
Sept.–Oct 1865 -- Assistant Superintendent Frank Morey
Feb.–Mar. 1866 -- Agent J. H. Wisner
Apr. 1866 -- Agent H. A. Pease
May 1866–Jan. 1867 -- Agent Joseph Burns
Feb.–June 1867 -- Agent Frank Morey
June–Nov. 1867 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Charles C. Swenson
Nov. 1867–Apr. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner W. R. Wheyland
Apr.–Aug. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Edward K. Russ
Aug.–Oct. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Edward K. Russ (also Trenton)
Oct.–Dec. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner H. L. Irwin (also Trenton)
MONTGOMERY
June 1867–Sept. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner D. W. White
NAPOLEONVILLE
May–Nov. 1865 -- Provost Marshal J. W. Greene
Dec. 1865–Feb. 1866 -- Agent Francis S. Dodge
Feb. 1866–May 1867 -- Agent A. C. Ellis
May–Oct. 1867 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner O. H. Hempstead, Jr.
Nov. 1867–May 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner John W. Sword
May–Dec. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Julius Lovell
NATCHITOCHES
June 1867–May 1868 -- Subassistant Commissioner of the 4th Subdistrict James Cromie
May–July 1868 -- Subassistant Commissioner of the 4th Subdistrict Isaac N. Walter
July 1868 -- Subassistant Commissioner of the 4th Subdistrict N. B. McLaughlin
July–Nov. 1868 -- Subassistant Commissioner of the 4th Subdistrict G. A. Hewlett
Nov.–Dec. 1868 -- Subassistant Commissioner of the 4th Subdistrict Theodore W. De Klyne
Feb.–Apr. 1866 -- Agent W. H. Henderson
May 1866–May 1867 -- Agent James Comie
May 1867–Sept. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Charles Miller
Aug.–Dec. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner E. H. Hosner
NEW IBERIA
Dec. 1865–Jan. 1866 -- Agent Edmund C. Burt (also St. Martinsville)
Jan. 1866–Apr. 1867 -- Agent William H. Cornelius (also St. Martinsville)
Apr.–July 1867 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner William H. Cornelius (also St. Martinsville)
Aug. 1867 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner I. W. Keller (and A. A. C. Leblanc, Clerk, St. Martinsville)
Sept.–Oct. 1867 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner L. Jolissaint
Nov. 1867–Dec. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner John T. White
NEW ORLEANS
May 1867 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner for Orleans Parish Left Bank A. N. Murtagh
June–Aug. 1867 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner for Orleans Parish Left Bank L. Jolissaint
Sept. 1867 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner for Orleans Parish Left Bank W. H. Cornelius
Oct. 1867 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner for Orleans Parish Left Bank John T. White
Nov. 1867–Dec. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner for Orleans Parish Left Bank L. Jolissaint
Apr.–Dec. 1867 -- Assistant Subassistant Comissioner for St. Bernard and Plaquemine Parishes Ira D. M. McClary (also Kenilworth Plantation)
Jan. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Comissioner for St. Bernard and Plaquemine Parishes Oscare A. Rice (also Chofield Plantation)
Jan.–June 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Comissioner for St. Bernard and Plaquemine Parishes P. J. Smalley (also Chofield Plantation and P. O. Lock Box 841)
June–Dec. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Comissioner for St. Bernard and Plaquemine Parishes H. M. Whittmore (also Merritts Plantation)
NEW ROADS
Mar. 1866 -- Agent Thomas H. Hopwood (see Labatuts Landing)
Apr.–July 1866 -- Agent Thomas H. Hopwood
July 1866–Apr. 1867 -- Agent H. F. Wallace
Apr.–Nov. 1867 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner H. F. Wallace
Nov. 1867–Feb. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner M. Basso (also Point Coupee)
Feb.–Apr. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner C. J. Lorigan (also Waterloo)
Apr.–June 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner C. J. Lorigan (also New Roads and Waterloo)
July–Oct. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Victor Benthien
PLAQUEMINE
Jan. 1865 -- Provost Marshal M. Masicot
Feb.–Oct. 1865 -- Provost Marshal Nelson Kenyon
Oct. 1865 -- Provost Marshal James M. Eddy
Dec. 1865 -- Agent A. R. Houston
Feb.–Apr. 1866 -- Agent J. C. Stimmell
May 1866–Apr. 1867 -- Agent F. A. Osbourn
Apr.–Dec. 1867 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner F. A. Osbourn
Jan.–Dec. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner E. Charles Merrill
ST. JOSEPH
Aug.–Oct. 1865 -- Agent David L. Jones
Nov. 1865 -- Agent A. Roberts
Nov.–Dec. 1865 -- Agent A. Hemingway
Jan.–Feb. 1866 -- Agent R. D. Mitchell
Feb. 1866–Apr. 1867 -- Agent J. H. Hastings
Apr.–May 1867 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner J. H. Hastings
May 1867–Aug. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Edward Henderson
SHREVEPORT
May 1867–July 1868 -- Subassistant Commissioner of the 7th Subdistrict Martin Flood
Aug. 1868 -- Subassistant Commissioner of the 7th Subdistrict Frank D. Garretty
Oct.–Dec. 1865 -- Assistant Superintendent D. H. Reese
Dec. 1865–Apr. 1866 -- Assistant Superintendent L. Horrigan
May–June 1866 -- Agent E. E. Williams
June 1866 -- Assistant Superintendent William P. Hagardon
June 1866–May 1867 -- Assistant Superintendent Martin Flood
May 1867–Dec. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Thomas F. Monroe
Sept. 1869–Sept. 1870 -- Superintendent of Education James McCleery
SPARTA
Dec. 1866–Feb. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner E. W. Dewees
Feb.–June 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner George Schayer
June–Dec. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Edward Newell Bean
THIBODEAUX
Aug. 1866 -- Agent C. P. M. Taggart
Feb.–Mar. 1867 -- Agent S. A. Kohly
Mar.–Apr. 1867 -- Agent J. D. Rich
May–June 1867 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner J. D. Rich
June–Nov. 1867 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner J. A. A. Robinson
Nov. 1867–Apr. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Francis Sternberg
Apr.–Sept. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Nelson Bronson
Sept.–Oct. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner I. H. Van Antwerp
Oct.–Nov. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner William S. MacKenzie
Nov.–Dec. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner William Hollenback
TRINITY
May 1867–July 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner M. Johnson Lemmon (also Prairie Landing)
Aug. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner J. H. H. Camp (also Mossy Farm Plantation)
Sept.–Nov. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner J. H. H. Camp (also Trinity)
Nov.–Dec. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Van R. K. Hilliard
VERMILLIONVILLE
Jan. 1866–Apr. 1867 -- Agent S. W. Purchase
May 1867 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner S. W. Purchase
May 1867–Jan. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Edward Lindemann
Jan.–Dec. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Oscar A. Rice
VERNON
May 1867–Sept. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner W. Bishop
VIDALIA
May–June 1867 -- Subassistant Commissioner of the 6th Subdistrict J. H. Hastings (also St. Joseph)
June–Oct. 1867 -- Subassistant Commissioner of the 6th Subdistrict J. H. Hastings (also Vidalia)
Nov. 1867–July 1868 -- Subassistant Commissioner of the 6th Subdistrict George W. Rollins
July–Aug 1868 -- Subassistant Commissioner of the 6th Subdistrict Frank D. Garretty
Aug.–Dec. 1868 -- Subassistant Commissioner of the 6th Subdistrict George W. Rollins
Aug.–Sept. 1865 -- Agent J. H. West
Feb. 1868–Apr. 1867 -- Agent B. B. Brown
Apr.–June 1867 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner B. B. Brown
June–Oct. 1867 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner George H. Dunford
Sept. 1867–July 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Christian Rush
July–Dec. 1868 -- Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Alexander Hamilton
Related Materials:
See also Freedmen's Bureau Digital Collection
Provenance:
Acquired from FamilySearch International in 2015.
Restrictions:
Freedmen's Bureau Digital Collection, 1865–1872, is a product of and owned by the National Museum of African American History and Culture, Smithsonian Institution. Copyright for digital images is retained by the donor, FamilySearch International; permission for commercial use of the digital images may be requested from FamilySearch International, Intellectual Property Office, at: cor-intellectualproperty@ldschurch.org.
Courtesy of the U. S. National Archives and Records Administration, FamilySearch International, and the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture.
Registered Letters Received, (B – Z and A – W)
Type:
Archival materials
Date:
1865 and 1866
Collection Restrictions:
Freedmen's Bureau Digital Collection, 1865–1872, is a product of and owned by the National Museum of African American History and Culture, Smithsonian Institution. Copyright for digital images is retained by the donor, FamilySearch International; permission for commercial use of the digital images may be requested from FamilySearch International, Intellectual Property Office, at: cor-intellectualproperty@ldschurch.org.
Collection Citation:
Courtesy of the U. S. National Archives and Records Administration, FamilySearch International, and the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture.
Brochure (one piece, folded) for Metroplitan Fair for the U.S. Sanitary Commission, New York, 1864. Illustration (engraving?) shows soldiers bringing a soldier on a stretcher into a tent, with two women in attendance. The brochure text explains that the Metropolitan Fair is being held for the Sanitary Commission's benefit.
Local Numbers:
AC0060-0001210a (AC Scan No.: front and blank back of brochure)
AC0060-0001210b (AC Scan No.: inside pages)
General:
In Civil War series, Box 1, Folder 30.
Civil War Selections from the Archives Center
Related Materials:
Civil War series, Warshaw Collection of Business Americana
Series Restrictions:
Collection is open for research. Some items may be restricted due to fragile condition.
Series Rights:
Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning copyright restrictions. Other intellectual property rights may apply. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.
Warshaw Collection of Business Americana, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution
Sponsor:
Funding for partial processing of the collection was supported by a grant from the Smithsonian Institution's Collections Care and Preservation Fund (CCPF).
Ceremony\festival\Sanitary Commission Fair Search this
Credit Line:
Smithsonian American Art Museum, Museum purchase from the Charles Isaacs Collection made possible in part by the Luisita L. and Franz H. Denghausen Endowment
