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Creator:

Smithsonian Magazine  Search this

Type:

Blog posts

Smithsonian staff publications

Conversations and talks

Blog posts

Published Date:

Fri, 05 Mar 2021 15:31:32 +0000

Topic:

Custom RSS  Search this

See more posts:

Smithsonian Article Database

Data Source:

Smithsonian Magazine

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:posts_cd7a832a87dfef8e846824bee7974d73

Creator:

Shinn, Earl, 1838-1886  Search this

Subject:

Eakins, Thomas  Search this

Topic:

Art, American -- Pennsylvania -- Philadelphia  Search this

Record number:

(DSI-AAA_CollID)13443

(DSI-AAA_SIRISBib)211940

AAA_collcode_shinearl

Theme:

Diaries

Art Theory and Historiography

Data Source:

Archives of American Art

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:AAADCD_coll_211940

Creator:

Kanemitsu, Matsumi, 1922-1992  Search this

Topic:

Abstract expressionism  Search this

Asian American art  Search this

Asian American artists  Search this

Japanese American art  Search this

Japanese American artists  Search this

Asian American painters  Search this

Japanese American painters  Search this

Record number:

(DSI-AAA_CollID)6482

(DSI-AAA_SIRISBib)215669

AAA_collcode_kanemats

Theme:

Asian American

Lives of American Artists

Data Source:

Archives of American Art

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:AAADCD_coll_215669

Creator:

Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden.  Search this

Subject:

Eakins, Thomas  Search this

Murray, Samuel  Search this

Record number:

(DSI-AAA_CollID)9949

(DSI-AAA_SIRISBib)212501

AAA_collcode_hirsmuse

Theme:

Communities, Organizations, Museums

Data Source:

Archives of American Art

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:AAADCD_coll_212501

Maker:

Hilger, Adam  Search this

Measurements:

overall: 55 in x 32 in x 42 in; 139.7 cm x 81.28 cm x 106.68 cm

Object Name:

spectroscope

Place made:

United Kingdom: England, London, City of London

Credit Line:

Wesleyan University

ID Number:

1989.0013.02

Catalog number:

1989.0013.02

Accession number:

1989.0013

See more items in:

Medicine and Science: Physical Sciences

Data Source:

National Museum of American History

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ng49ca746b3-f58a-704b-e053-15f76fa0b4fa

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmah_1876797

Maker:

Warner & Swasey Company  Search this

Physical Description:

brass (overall material)

iron (overall material)

Object Name:

Transit, Astronomical

Place made:

United States: Ohio, Cleveland

ID Number:

1986.0667.01

Catalog number:

86.667.1

Accession number:

1986.0667

See more items in:

Medicine and Science: Physical Sciences

Data Source:

National Museum of American History

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ng49ca746aa-2a29-704b-e053-15f76fa0b4fa

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmah_1183745

Maker:

Strong, John  Search this

Measurements:

overall: 6 in x 4 in; 15.24 cm x 10.16 cm

Object Name:

Prism, Kbr Crystal

ID Number:

1985.0521.02

Accession number:

1985.0521

Catalog number:

1985.0521.02

See more items in:

Medicine and Science: Physical Sciences

Data Source:

National Museum of American History

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ng49ca746aa-487d-704b-e053-15f76fa0b4fa

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmah_1184323

Measurements:

overall in case: 5 3/4 in x 48 3/4 in x 8 1/2 in; 14.605 cm x 123.825 cm x 21.59 cm

Object Name:

telescope (refracting)

ID Number:

1985.0386.005

Catalog number:

1985.0386.005

Accession number:

1985.0386

See more items in:

Medicine and Science: Physical Sciences

Science & Mathematics

Data Source:

National Museum of American History

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ng49ca746aa-0d51-704b-e053-15f76fa0b4fa

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmah_1167317

Maker:

Browning, John  Search this

Measurements:

overall: 30 cm x 50 cm x 45 cm; 11 13/16 in x 19 11/16 in x 17 11/16 in

Object Name:

spectroscope

Place made:

United Kingdom: England, London

Date made:

ca 1870-1890

Subject:

Science & Scientific Instruments  Search this

Credit Line:

Baldwin-Wallace College

ID Number:

1985.0386.04

Accession number:

1985.0386

Catalog number:

85.386.4

See more items in:

Medicine and Science: Physical Sciences

Science & Mathematics

Optics

Data Source:

National Museum of American History

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ng49ca746ad-e024-704b-e053-15f76fa0b4fa

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmah_694628

Artist:

Georgette Seabrooke Powell  Search this

Medium:

Wax crayon and felt-tip pen on paper

Dimensions:

35 15/16 × 24 in. (91.3 × 61 cm)

Type:

drawing

Date:

February 24, 1995

Accession Number:

1995.0007.0001

Restrictions & Rights:

Usage conditions apply

See more items in:

Anacostia Community Museum Collection

Data Source:

Anacostia Community Museum

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/dl8bfa14578-b7d4-469c-b0e0-ce1bd135c2e2

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:acm_1995.0007.0001

Artist:

Eric Marlow  Search this

Medium:

lithographic print on paper

Dimensions:

11 × 8 7/16 in. (27.9 × 21.5 cm)

Type:

flyer

Date:

late 20th Century

Cite As:

Anacostia Community Museum, Smithsonian Institution.

Accession Number:

2017.8.13

Restrictions & Rights:

Usage conditions apply

See more items in:

Anacostia Community Museum Collection

Data Source:

Anacostia Community Museum

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/dl862e7b2a3-bd4e-43a7-abbf-d3ecc09dd6dc

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:acm_2017.8.13

Artist:

Percy Martin  Search this

Medium:

etching on paper

Dimensions:

11 3/4 × 14 3/4 in. (29.8 × 37.5 cm)

Type:

print

Date:

late 20th Century

Cite As:

Anacostia Community Museum, Smithsonian Institution.

Accession Number:

2017.8.16

Restrictions & Rights:

Usage conditions apply

See more items in:

Anacostia Community Museum Collection

Data Source:

Anacostia Community Museum

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/dl8c0d44b89-5655-4e4c-a98a-ae2a30ced9bd

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:acm_2017.8.16

Artist:

Eric Marlow  Search this

Medium:

oil on canvas

Dimensions:

32 7/8 × 25 1/16 × 1 3/16 in. (83.5 × 63.6 × 3 cm)

Type:

painting

Date:

c. 1967

Cite As:

Anacostia Community Museum, Smithsonian Institution.

Accession Number:

2017.8.18

Restrictions & Rights:

Usage conditions apply

See more items in:

Anacostia Community Museum Collection

Data Source:

Anacostia Community Museum

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/dl84a5d26d9-0d73-46e4-83a3-90b457925b31

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:acm_2017.8.18

Artist:

Phillip Ratner  Search this

Subject:

Mildred Bradford  Search this

Medium:

graphite on paper

Dimensions:

Frame: 18 5/16 × 15 1/4 × 1 in. (46.5 × 38.8 × 2.5 cm)

Type:

drawing

Date:

c. 1977

Accession Number:

2014.0028.0008

Restrictions & Rights:

Usage conditions apply

See more items in:

Anacostia Community Museum Collection

Data Source:

Anacostia Community Museum

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/dl8776b092e-f670-4701-aa75-4ec740ba8279

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:acm_2014.0028.0008

Artist:

Phillip Ratner  Search this

Subject:

Alice Finlayson  Search this

Medium:

graphite on paper

Dimensions:

Frame: 15 1/4 × 18 5/16 × 1 in. (38.8 × 46.5 × 2.6 cm)

Type:

drawing

Date:

c. 1977

Accession Number:

2014.0028.0012

Restrictions & Rights:

Usage conditions apply

See more items in:

Anacostia Community Museum Collection

Data Source:

Anacostia Community Museum

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/dl842a7434f-68cb-4f77-a2bb-ceb73f1d413c

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:acm_2014.0028.0012

Artist:

Georgette Seabrooke Powell  Search this

Medium:

Wax crayon and felt-tip pen on paper

Dimensions:

35 15/16 × 24 in. (91.3 × 61 cm)

Type:

drawing

Date:

February 27, 1995

Accession Number:

1995.0007.0002

Restrictions & Rights:

Usage conditions apply

See more items in:

Anacostia Community Museum Collection

Data Source:

Anacostia Community Museum

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/dl892c9a4a2-d3d2-41d8-855b-12c4cd19f430

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:acm_1995.0007.0002

Creator:

Stokes, Frank Wilbert, 1858-1955  Search this

Extent:

12 Items (portraits , charcoal, pencil and/or crayon)

11 Paintings (oil on canvas)

Culture:

Inuit  Search this

Indians of North America -- Subarctic  Search this

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Paintings

Landscapes (representations)

Portraits

Place:

Antarctica

Arctic regions

Greenland

Polar regions

Date:

circa 1858-1955

Scope and Contents:

The Frank W. Stokes artwork collection, which dates from circa 1893-1902, is comprised of 3 oil paintings of Inuit subjects, 8 small studies in oil of Arctic and Antarctic scenery, and 12 charcoal/pencil/crayon portraits of Polar Eskimos in Northern Greenland.

Biographical / Historical:

Frank Wilbert Stokes (1858-1955) was an American artist best known for his paintings of the polar regions. Stokes began his studies under Thomas Eakins at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts in Philadelphia, followed by five years in France as a student at the Ecole des Beaux-Art, the Academie Colarossi and Academie Julian. He accompanied the Peary Relief Expedition to Greenland in 1892 and returned a year later as part of the North Greenland Expedition of 1893-1894. In 1902 he joined the Swedish Antarctic Expedition under Otto Nordenskjöld.

Local Numbers:

NAA MS 1999-13

Topic:

Eskimo ?  Search this

Eskimo ?  Search this

Genre/Form:

Landscapes (representations)

Portraits

Citation:

Manuscript 1999-13, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution.

Identifier:

NAA.MS1999-13

Archival Repository:

National Anthropological Archives

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-naa-ms1999-13

Correspondent:

Mead, Margaret, 1901-1978  Search this

Boas, Franz, 1858-1942  Search this

Wallis, Ruth Sawtell, 1895-1978  Search this

Wagley, Charles, 1913-1991  Search this

Lopez, Salvador  Search this

Little, Kenneth  Search this

Wilson, Maggie  Search this

Whitecloud, Thomas St. Germain  Search this

Henry, Jules, 1904-1969  Search this

Hellman, Ellen  Search this

Haugen, Einar  Search this

Gough, Kathleen  Search this

Lewis, Oscar  Search this

Kaberry, Phyllis Mary, 1910-  Search this

Imes, Elmer Samuel, 1883-1941  Search this

Strong, William Duncan, 1899-1962  Search this

Steyn, Anna F.  Search this

Spier, Leslie, 1893-1961  Search this

Stefansson, Vilhjalmur, 1879-1962  Search this

Solecki, Ralph S.  Search this

Sparta, Francisco  Search this

Rubin, Joan  Search this

Rubin, Vera  Search this

Rodnick, David  Search this

Rogers, Edward S.  Search this

Ritzenthaler, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1911-1980  Search this

Roberts, Robert W.  Search this

Ramo, Arthur  Search this

Richards, Audrey  Search this

Preston, Richard J.  Search this

Verger, Pierre  Search this

Vennum, Thomas  Search this

Topash, Mary  Search this

Topash, Joe  Search this

Teskey, Lynn  Search this

Taylor, Beryl  Search this

Tanner, Helen Hornbeck  Search this

Densmore, Frances, 1867-1957  Search this

Quain, Buell H. (Buell Halvor), 1912-1939  Search this

Dunning, William  Search this

Douglas, William A.  Search this

Eggan, Fred, 1906-1991  Search this

Edmondson, Munro S.  Search this

Black, Mary B.  Search this

Benedict, Ruth, 1887-1948  Search this

Domengeaux, James  Search this

Feldman, Albert G.  Search this

Feder, Norman  Search this

Gacs, Ute  Search this

Franklin, John Hope  Search this

Ewers, John C. (John Canfield), 1909-1997  Search this

Erickson, Vincent O.  Search this

Falk, Minna R.  Search this

Faitlovitch, V.  Search this

Alberto Torres, Heloisa  Search this

Buck, Pearl  Search this

Bruce, Harold E.  Search this

Borri, Rina  Search this

Boggs, Stephen Taylor  Search this

Arensberg, Conrad M. (Conrad Maynadier), 1910-1997  Search this

Baldus, Herbert  Search this

Barnouw, Victor  Search this

Bateson, Mary Catherine  Search this

Lurie, Nancy Oestreich  Search this

Malherbe, E.G.  Search this

Marks, Eli S.  Search this

Masha, Louise  Search this

Maslow, Will  Search this

Masquat, Joseph M.  Search this

Mayer, Kurt B.  Search this

McWilliams, Carey  Search this

Bunche, Ralph J.  Search this

Carneiro, Edison  Search this

Chilver, E. M.  Search this

Chilver, Richard  Search this

Clifton, James A.  Search this

Colson, Elizabeth F.  Search this

Daveron, Alexander  Search this

Lowenfeld, Margaret, 1890-1973  Search this

Officer, James E.  Search this

Odum, Howard W.  Search this

Park, Alice  Search this

Paredes, Anthony  Search this

Paton, Alan, 1903-1988  Search this

Park, George  Search this

Prado, Idabel do  Search this

Peschel, Keewaydinoquay M.  Search this

Merwe, Hendrik W. van der  Search this

Murphy, Robert Francis  Search this

Messing, Simon D.  Search this

Neumann, Anita  Search this

Nef, Evelyn Stefansson  Search this

Nocktonick, Louise  Search this

Neumann, Walter  Search this

Creator:

Landes, Ruth, 1908-1991  Search this

Names:

Columbia University Research in Contemporary Cultures  Search this

Committee on Fair Employment Practices  Search this

Fisk University  Search this

Johnson, Charles S.  Search this

Landes, Ruth, 1908-1991  Search this

Park, Robert E.  Search this

Extent:

26.5 Linear feet ((63 document boxes and 1 oversized box))

Culture:

Anishinaabe (Chippewa/Ojibwa)  Search this

African American  Search this

Dakota (Eastern Sioux)  Search this

African  Search this

Acadians  Search this

Indians of North America -- Great Plains  Search this

Indians of North America -- Northeast  Search this

Jews -- American  Search this

Latinos -- California  Search this

Brazilians  Search this

Basques  Search this

American Indians  Search this

Afro-Brazilians  Search this

Africans  Search this

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Place:

Quebec -- Bilingualism

United Kingdom -- colored immigration

South Africa

Date:

1928-1992

Summary:

Most of Ruth Landes's papers relate directly or indirectly to Landes's American Indian research, her work in Brazil, and her study of bilingualism. There is also a considerable amount of material that relates to her experiences (sometimes fictionalized) at Fisk University. There is only small amount of material related to her other interests. Her collection also has material of and relating to the Brazilian folklorist and journalist Edison Carneiro. There is also noteworthy material concerning Herbert Baldus, Ruth Benedict, Elmer C. Imes, Charles S. Johnson, and Robert E. Park. There is a large amount of printed and processed materials in the collection, mainly in the form of newspaper clippings and a collection of scholarly papers.

Scope and Contents:

This collection is mainly comprised of the professional papers of Ruth Schlossberg Landes. Included are correspondence, journals, published and unpublished manuscripts of writings, research materials including field notes and reading notes, photographs, drawings, scholarly papers and publications by other scholars, and clippings from newspapers and periodicals.

Landes's field research on Candomblé in Brazil is well-represented in this collection, consisting of her field journals, writings, and photographs. Also present are Maggie Wilson's stories that were the basis for Landes's The Ojibwa Woman. Unfortunately, Landes was unable to locate her journals for her early research with the Ojibwa/Chippewa, Potawatomi, and Dakota. There are, however, field photographs of the Ojibwa/Chippewa and Potawatomi in the collection. There is also a great deal of her research on groups, especially minorities, in multilingual states with particular focus on the French of Quebec, Basques of Spain and the United States, Boers and Blacks of South Africa, the several socio-linguistic groups of Switzerland, and Acadians (Cajuns) of Louisiana. In the collection are several drafts of her unpublished manuscript on bilingualism, "Tongues that Defy the State." There is also a small amount of material about Black Jews of New York and considerable material about Landes's experience among African Americans when she taught briefly at Fisk University, including her unpublished manuscript "Now, at Athens," containing fictional and autobiographical accounts of her time at Fisk.

Reflections of other facets of Landes's professional activities are also included. Some materials concern her teaching activities, and there is also documentation of her work with the Fair Employment Practices Commission (a federal government agency during the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt) and a similar private organization which immediately succeeded the FEPA; Gunnar Myrdal's research into the plight of African Americans ("The Negro in America"); the Research in Contemporary Cultures project at Columbia University; and the American Jewish Congress.

Among Landes's correspondents are Ruth Benedict, Franz Boas, Margaret Mead, Ralph Bunche, Herbert Baldus, Edison Carneiro, Sally Chilver, Frances Densmore, Sol Tax, Elmer S. Imes, Charles S. Johnson, Robert E. Park, and Hendrik W. van der Merwe.

Arrangement:

The collection is organized into 6 series: (1) Correspondence, 1931-1991; (2) Research Materials, circa 1930s-1990; (3) Writings, circa 1930s-1990; (4) Teaching Materials, 1935-1975, undated; (5) Biographical and Personal Files, 1928-1988; (6) Graphic Materials, 1933-1978, undated

Biographical Note:

Ruth Schlossberg Landes was born on October 8, 1908 in New York City. Her father was Joseph Schlossberg, an activist in the Yiddish labor socialist community and one of the founders of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America. She studied sociology at New York University (B.A. 1928) and social work at the New York School of Social Work, Columbia University (M.S.W. 1929). While in graduate school, Landes studied Black Jews in Harlem for her master's thesis, a topic that developed her interests in anthropology.

After graduating in 1929, she worked as a social worker in Harlem and married Victor Landes, a medical student and son of family friends. Their marriage ended after two years when she enrolled in the doctoral program in anthropology at Columbia against her husband's wishes. She kept his surname due to the stigma of being a divorced woman.

At Columbia, Landes studied under Franz Boas and Ruth Benedict, her main advisor. Under the guidance of Benedict, Landes moved away from further study of African Americans to focus on Native American communities. Upon Benedict's suggestion, Landes studied the social organization of the Ojibwa in Manitou Rapids in Ontario from 1932 to 1936 for her Ph.D. fieldwork. Her dissertation, Ojibwa Sociology, was published in 1937. Landes also contributed "The Ojibwa of Canada" in Cooperation and Competition among Primitive Peoples (1937), a volume edited by Margaret Mead. In 1938, Landes published Ojibwa Women (1938), a book written in collaboration with Maggie Wilson, an Ojibwa interpreter and informant.

In addition to studying the Ojibwa in Ontario, Landes also conducted fieldwork with the Chippewa of Red Lake, Minnesota in 1933, working closely with shaman or midé Will Rogers. Her book, Ojibwa Religion and the Midéwiwin (1968) was based largely on her research with Rogers and Maggie Wilson. In 1935 and 1936, she undertook fieldwork with the Santee Dakota in Minnesota and the Potawatomi in Kansas. Like Ojibwa Religion and the Midéwiwin, her books on the Santee Dakota and Potawatomi were not published until several years later—The Mystic Lake Sioux: Sociology of the Mdewakantonwan Sioux was published in 1968 while The Prairie Potawatomi was published in 1970. In between her field research in the 1930s and the publication of The Prairie Potawatomi, Landes returned to Kansas to study the Potawatomi in the 1950s and 1960s.

Landes's plan to continue her studies with the Potawatomi in 1937 changed when Benedict invited her to join a team of researchers from Columbia University in Brazil. Landes was to conduct research on Afro-Brazilians in Bahia, Brazil, while Walter Lipkind, Buell Quain, and Charles Wagley studied indigenous people in the Amazons. To prepare for her research, Landes was at Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee in 1937 and 1938 to consult with Robert Park and Donald Pierson and to use the university's library collections of African and African American materials. During that time, Landes also held a teaching position at Fisk and lived in the non-segregated women's residence on campus. Landes later wrote "Now, at Athens," an unpublished memoir containing fictional and true accounts of her experiences at Fisk.

From 1938 to 1939, Landes conducted fieldwork on the role of Afro-Brazilian women and homosexuals in the Candomblé religion in Bahia, Brazil. Unable to move freely by herself in Brazil as a single woman, Landes was accompanied by Edison Carneiro, a Bahian journalist and folklorist. With Carneiro as her companion, Landes was allowed access to rituals and people that would have been closed off to her otherwise. Due to her association with Carneiro, a member of the Brazilian Communist Party, Landes was suspected of being a communist and was forced to leave Bahia early. Publications from her research in Brazil include "A Cult Matriarchate and Male Homosexuality" (1940) and City of Women (1947). She returned to Brazil in 1966 to study the effects of urban development in Rio de Janeiro. In 1967, a Portuguese translation of City of Women was published, a project that Carneiro had commissioned as the first director of the Ministry of Education and Culture's Special National Agency for the Protection of Folklore.

Landes returned to New York in 1939, working briefly as a researcher for Gunnar Myrdal's study of African Americans. Unable to obtain a permanent position at a university, she worked in several other short term positions throughout most of her career. During World War II, Landes was a research director for the Office of the Coordinator for Inter-American Affairs (1941) and consultant for President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Fair Employment Practices Committee on African American and Mexican American cases (1941-44). In 1945, Landes directed a program created by Pearl S. Buck and a group of interdenominational clergy to analyze pending New York anti-discrimination legislation. She moved to California the following year to work for the Los Angeles Metropolitan Welfare Council on a study of race and youth gangs. After her contract ended, she moved back to New York and was hired as a contract researcher for the American Jewish Congress (1948-50). She also participated in Columbia University's Research in Contemporary Cultures (1949-51), studying Jewish families. She coauthored with Mark Zborowski, "Hypothesis concerning the Eastern European Jewish Family." From 1951 to 1952, Landes spent a year in London, funded by a Fulbright fellowship to study colored colonial immigrants and race relations in Great Britain.

After her fellowship ended, Landes returned to the United States and held short term appointments at several universities. She taught at the William Alanson White Psychiatric Institution in New York (1953-54), the New School for Social Research in New York (1953-55), University of Kansas (1957, 1964), University of Southern California (1957-62), Columbia University (1963), Los Angeles State College (1963), and Tulane University (1964). At Claremont Graduate School, Landes helped to develop and direct the Claremont Anthropology and Education Program (1959-62).

It was not until 1965 that Landes obtained a permanent faculty position at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario; she was recruited for the position by Richard Slobodin. Due to Ontario's age retirement law, Landes was forced to retire in 1973 at the age of 65. She continued to teach part-time until 1977, when she became professor emerita.

Landes passed away at the age of 82 on February 11, 1991.

Sources Consulted

Cole, Sally. 2003. Ruth Landes: A Life in Anthropology. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.

Chronology

1908 October 8 -- Born Ruth Schlossberg in New York City

1928 -- B.A. in sociology, New York University

1929 -- M.S.W., New York School of Social Work, Columbia University

1929-1931 -- Social worker in Harlem Married to Victor Landes

1929-1934 -- Studied Black Jews in Harlem

1931 -- Began graduate work in anthropology at Columbia University

1932-1936 -- Studied the Ojibwa in Ontario and Minnesota (in field periodically)

1933-1940 -- Research Fellow, Columbia University

1935 Summer-Fall -- Studied the Santee Sioux (Dakota) in Minnesota

1935-1936 -- Studied the Potawatomi in Kansas

1935 -- Ph.D., Columbia University

1937 -- Instructor, Brooklyn College

1937-1938 -- Instructor, Fisk University

1938-1939 -- Studied Afro-Brazilians and Candomblé in Brazil, especially at Bahia

1939 -- Researcher on Gunnar Myrdal's study, "The Negro in America"

1941 -- Research Director, Office of Inter American Affairs, Washington, D.C.

1941-1945 -- Representative for Negro and Mexican American Affairs, Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC), President Franklin D. Roosevelt Administration

1944 -- Interim Director, Committee Against Racial Discrimination, New York

1946-1947 -- Researcher, study of Mexican American youth, gangs, and families, Los Angeles Metropolitan Council

1948-1951 -- Researcher, American Jewish Congress, New York

1949-1951 -- Research consultant, study on Jewish families in New York for Research in Contemporary Cultures Project, Columbia University

1951-1952 -- Fulbright Scholar, to study colored colonial immigration into Great Britain

1953-1954 -- Lecturer, William Alanson White Psychiatric Institution, New York

1953-1955 -- Lecturer, New School for Social Research, New York

1956-1957 -- Married to Ignacio Lutero Lopez

1957 Summer -- Visiting Professor, University of Kansas

1957-1958 -- Visiting Professor, University of Southern California

1957-1965 -- Consultant, California agencies (Department of Social Work, Bureau of Mental Hygiene, Department of Education, Public Health Department) and San Francisco Police Department

1958-1959 -- Director, Geriatrics Program, Los Angeles City Health Department

1959-1962 -- Visiting Professor and Director of Anthropology and Education Program, Claremont Graduate School

1962 -- Extension Lecturer, University of California, Los Angeles and University of California, Berkeley

1963 -- Extension Lecturer, Columbia University Extension Lecturer, Los Angeles State College

1963-1965 -- Consultant, International Business Machines (IBM)

1964 January-June -- Visiting Professor, Tulane University

1964 Summer -- Field work with Potawatomi in Kansas Professor, University of Kansas

1965-1975 -- Professor at McMaster University

1966 -- Studied urban development in Rio de Janeiro

1968-1975 -- Studied bilingualism and biculturalism in Spain, Switzerland, South Africa, United States, and Canada (in Spain and the United States concentrated on Basques)

1975 -- Became part-time faculty member at McMaster University

1977 -- Professor Emerita, McMaster University

1978 -- Award of Merit from the University of Wisconsin, Green Bay

1991 February 11 -- Died in Hamilton, Ontario

1991 -- Establishment of the Ruth Landes Memorial Research Fund at Research Institute for the Study of Man (RISM)

Related Materials:

Correspondence from Ruth Landes can be found in the William Duncan Strong Papers, the Leonard Bloomfield Papers, and MS 7369. The Ruth Bunzel Papers contains a copy of a grant application by Landes.

Provenance:

These papers were donated to the National Anthropological Archives by Ruth Landes in 1991.

Restrictions:

The Ruth Landes papers are open for research. The nitrate negatives in this collection have been separated from the collection and stored offsite. Access to nitrate negatives is restricted due to preservation concerns.

Access to the Ruth Landes papers requires an appointment.

Rights:

Contact the repository for terms of use.

Topic:

Language and languages -- Documentation  Search this

Midéwiwin  Search this

Bilingualism  Search this

Aging  Search this

Candomblé (Religion)  Search this

Citation:

Ruth Landes papers, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution

Sponsor:

The revision of this finding aid and digitization of portions of the collection were made possible through the financial support of the Ruth Landes Memorial Research Fund.

Identifier:

NAA.1991-04

See more items in:

Ruth Landes papers

Archival Repository:

National Anthropological Archives

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-naa-1991-04

Creator:

Smith, C. Earle (Claude Earle), 1922-1987  Search this

Names:

University of Alabama  Search this

Extent:

7.72 Linear feet (20 document boxes and 1 restricted box)

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Place:

Guilá Naquitz Cave (Mexico)

Oaxaca (Mexico : State)

Tehuacán (Mexico)

Peru

Date:

1942-1998

bulk 1960-1987

Summary:

C. Earle Smith Jr. (1922-1987) was one of the founders of the modern field of paleobotany. This collection documents his research and professional activities through correspondence, research notes, data, manuscripts, publications, and photographs. Represented in the collection is his fieldwork in Mexico, Peru, Venezuela, and Costa Rica.

Scope and Contents:

This collection documents the research and professional activities of C. Earle Smith Jr. through correspondence, research notes, data, manuscripts, publications, and photographs. Represented in the collection is his fieldwork in Mexico, Peru, Venezuela, and Costa Rica. The only materials pertaining to his early work in Bat Cave are a few pages of notes and articles about his discovery of early corn remains. Most of the collection dates from the 1960s up to his death in 1987. There is, however, some correspondence dated after his death regarding the return of specimens that he had been analyzing for others. The collection also contains his files as a professor at the University of Alabama; papers he presented; talks that he gave; and photographs of plant remains. His correspondence makes up the bulk of collection and can be found throughout the series. He corresponded with eminent figures in the fields of anthropology and botany, including Kent V. Flannery, Richard MacNeish, Paul Mangelsdorf, and other colleagues.

Please note that the contents of the collection and the language and terminology used reflect the context and culture of the time of its creation. As an historical document, its contents may be at odds with contemporary views and terminology and considered offensive today. The information within this collection does not reflect the views of the Smithsonian Institution or National Anthropological Archives, but is available in its original form to facilitate research.

Arrangement:

This collection is arranged in 8 series: (1) Correspondence, 1962-1998; (2) Research, 1942-1991; (3) Writings, 1956-1987; (4) Professional Activities, 1971-1987; (5) University of Alabama, 1964-1987; (6) Writings by Others, 1960-1984; (7) Personal Files, 1950-1953, 1964-1987; (8) Photographs, circa 1960s-1982

Biographical Note:

Claude Earle Smith Jr. was one of the founders of the modern field of archaeobotany. Known as "Smitty" to his friends, he was born on March 8, 1922, in Boston, Massachusetts, and raised in Orlando, Florida. He was trained as an economic botanist at Harvard University, where he earned his bachelor's (1949), master's (1951), and doctorate (1953) in botany.

As an undergraduate student at Harvard in 1941, Smith assisted Richard Evans Schultes in collecting plants in the Colombian Amazon. While in the field, news reached Smith of the bombing of Pearl Harbor and he decided to return home to enlist in the Navy. After the war, he continued his studies at Harvard and, in 1948, he was sent by Paul C. Manglesdorf to excavate Bat Cave, New Mexico, where he and Herbert Dick, another Harvard student, discovered the earliest remains of corn. Smith coauthored with Mangelsdorf "A Discovery of Remains of Prehistoric Maize in New Mexico" (1949). Throughout his career, Smith continued to study the early domestication and distribution of corn and other plants including cotton, avocado, and beans.

With his research focused on archaeologically-recovered plant remains and their usage by humans, Smith served as botanist at various archaeological sites in Latin America, working with Richard MacNeish in Tehuacán Valley; Kent Flannery in Oaxaca Valley; Paul Tolstoy in the Basin of Mexico; Ronald Spores in Nochixtlan; Terence Grieder in La Galgada, Peru; Thomas Lynch in Callejón de Huaylas, Peru; Joyce Marcus in Cañeta Valley, Peru; Anna Roosevelt in the Middle Orinoco area of Venezuela; and Michael J. Snarkis in Costa Rica. He also conducted ethnobotanical fieldwork in the Yucatán, Panama, the United States, Europe, Southeast Asia, Africa, the Pacific, and Australia.

From 1953 to 1958, Smith served as assistant curator of botany at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and as acting director of the Taylor Memorial Arboretum. He was also a curator of botany at the Field Museum of Natural History (1959-1961) and Senior Research Botanist for the Agricultural Research Service at the U.S. Department of Agriculture (1962-1969). In 1970, Smith took a faculty position in the anthropology and biology departments at the University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa and was acting chair of the anthropology department between 1981 and 1986. He served as president of the Society for Economic Botany in 1979.

At the age of 65, Smith was killed in an automobile accident on October 19, 1987.

Sources Consulted

Lentz, David L. "C. Earle Smith, Jr. 1922-1987." Economic Botany 42, no. 2 (1988): 284-285.

Schultes, Richard Evans. "How I Met C. Earle Smith." Journal of Ethnobiology 10, no. 2 (1990): 119-121.

Chronology

1922 -- Born on March 8 in Boston, Massachusetts

1940-1941 -- Studies at Harvard University

1941 -- Assists Richard Evans Schultes in ethnobotanical collection in Colombian Amazons

1942-1946 -- Serves in Navy

1946 -- Returns to Harvard to continue his studies

1948 -- Excavates Bat Cave in New Mexico and discovers earliest remains of corn

1949 -- Earns A.B. cum laude at Harvard

1951 -- Earns A.M. at Harvard

1953 -- Earns Ph.D. at Harvard University

1953-1958 -- Consultant for Smith, Kline and French Acting Director at Taylor Memorial Arboretum Assistant Curator in the Department of Botany at Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia

1959-1961 -- Associate Curator in Department of Botany at Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago

1962-1969 -- Senior Research Botanist at Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture

1970-1987 -- Professor of Anthropology and Botany, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa

1979-1980 -- President of Society for Economic Botany

1987 -- Killed in automobile accident on October 19

Related Materials:

Photographs from C. Earle Smith Jr.'s excavation of Bat Cave can be found in Photo Lot R86-67 Copies of Herbert W. Dick photographs of excavations at Bat Cave, 1948-1950, https://sova.si.edu/record/NAA.PhotoLot.R86-67.

Provenance:

At his death, C. Earle Smith Jr.'s papers were left with the Department of Anthropology at the University of Alabama. They were donated to the National Anthropological Archives by Smith's widow, Roberta Smith Largin.

Restrictions:

Grant proposal reviews in Series 4: Professional Activities and materials with student grades in Series 5: University of Alabama have been restricted.

Access to the C. Earle Smith Jr. papers requires an appointment.

Rights:

Contact repository for terms of use.

Topic:

Botany  Search this

Plant remains (Archaeology)  Search this

Botany, Economic  Search this

Citation:

C. Earle Smith Jr. papers, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution

Sponsor:

The C. Earle Smith Jr. papers were processed with the assistance of a Wenner-Gren Foundation Historical Archives Program grant awarded to Vernon (Jim) Knight of the University of Alabama.

Identifier:

NAA.2006-24

See more items in:

C. Earle Smith Jr. papers

Archival Repository:

National Anthropological Archives

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-naa-2006-24

Creator:

Conant, Francis  Search this

Names:

Hunter College. Department of Anthropology  Search this

Goldschmidt, Walter, 1913-2010  Search this

Naguib, Mohammed, 1901-  Search this

Extent:

20 Linear feet ((43 boxes) plus 25 digital storage media and 5 map folders )

Culture:

Southern Bauchi languages  Search this

Suk (African people)  Search this

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Field recordings

Maps

Field notes

Manuscripts

Electronic records

Correspondence

Sound recordings

Photographs

Place:

Africa, French-speaking West

Sahara

Egypt

Ethiopia

Uganda

West Pokot District (Kenya)

Bauchi Province (Nigeria)

Belgian Congo

Finland

Morocco

Sudan

Date:

1946-2011

bulk 1953-2008

Summary:

The papers of Francis P. Conant document his anthropological work and, to a lesser extent, his previous career as a journalist and photographer. Francis Paine Conant was a cultural anthropologist who pioneered the use of satellite data in anthropology. He conducted fieldwork in Nigeria and Kenya, and his research interests spanned cultural ecology, AIDS, malaria, and sex and gender studies. He was also Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at Hunter College, where he taught from 1962 to 1995.

Scope and Contents:

The papers of Francis P. Conant document his anthropological work and, to a lesser extent, his previous career as a journalist and photographer. The bulk of the collection consists of his field work in Africa, specifically his doctoral research among the Barawa in Nigeria during the 1950s; his work among the Pokot in Kenya for Walter Goldschimdt's Culture and Ecology in East Africa Project during the 1960s; and his later research among the Pokot during the 1970s incorporating remote sensing tools. These materials include his dissertation, field notes, kinship charts, maps, correspondence, photographs, and sound recordings. The collection also contains photographs, correspondence, and writings relating to the Bernheim-Conant expedition through Africa. Among the photos are Polaroids of Mohammad Naguib, first president of Egypt. Also present in the collection are his published and unpublished academic writings, his writings and correspondence as a news correspondent in Finland, and files from courses that he taught. In addition, the collection contains some of Conant's digital files, which have not yet been examined. Overall there is little correspondence in the collection, aside from some letters scattered throughout the collection relating to his research and writings (both as an academic and a journalist).

Arrangement:

Collection is organized into 9 series: 1) Nigeria, 1956-1960, undated; 2) Kenya, 1961-1974, undated; 3) Remote Sensing, 1967, 1971, 1976-1984, 1991-1992, 2002; 4) Bernheim-Conant Expedition, 1953-1956; 5) Writings, 1960-1966, 1974-1995, 2000-2006, undated; 6) University Files, 1956-1957, 1961, 1970, 1972, 1982-1995, undated; 7) Biographical Files and Letters, circa 1940, CIRCA 1946-1947, 1951, 1955, 1979, 1989-1991, 1996-2000, 2007-2011, undated; 8) Sound Recordings, 1956-1965, 1971, 1977-1978, undated; 9) Digital Files

Biographical / Historical:

Francis Paine Conant was a cultural anthropologist who pioneered the use of satellite data in anthropology. He conducted fieldwork in Nigeria and Kenya, and his research interests spanned cultural ecology, AIDS, malaria, and sex and gender studies. He was also Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at Hunter College, where he taught from 1962 to 1995.

Conant was born on February 27, 1926 in New York City. After graduating from Phillips Exeter Academy, he deferred college to enlist in the U.S. Army in 1944. He served as a field artillery observer for the 294th Field Artillery Battalion and helped liberate two concentration camps during World War II. After he was honorably discharged in 1946, he attended Cornell University, where he obtained his B.A. in 1950. While at Cornell, a Finnish student invited Conant to Finland to help relocate families, farms, and livestock further from the Russian border, a protective measure against another Russian invasion. Conant accepted his invitation and took time off from his academic studies to spend several months in Finland in 1947, as well as a summer in 1949.

After graduating from Cornell, Conant attended University of Iowa's graduate writing program for a short time. Dissatisfied with the program, he worked briefly for the Carnegie Endowment, during which time he occasionally served as a personal driver for Alger Hiss. In 1951, he returned to Finland to pursue a career in journalism. He worked for United Press International until 1953.

From December 5, 1953 to May 26, 1954, Conant traveled throughout Africa as part of the Bernheim-Conant Expedition for the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). The expedition was led by Claude Bernheim, the father of his first wife, Miriam. They traveled 16,000 miles through Northern Central and Eastern Africa, collecting film footage and material culture for the museum. Conant served as the writer and photographer for the expedition, publishing illustrated articles in the New York Times and Natural History Magazine.

He later returned to Africa as a doctoral student at Columbia University, where he earned his PhD in Anthropology in 1960. After studying the Hausa language at the International African Institute in London, he traveled to Nigeria as a Fellow of the Ford Foundation to carry out his fieldwork in Dass Independent District, Bauchi Province. Working among the Barawa that live in the mountains of Dass, he focused on their religion and its impact on the technology, social and political organization, and structure of their society. His dissertation was titled "Dodo of Dass: A Study of a Pagan Religion of Northern Nigeria." During his fieldwork, he also collected data on rock gongs, which were first identified and written about by Bernard Fagg in 1955.

In 1961 to 1962, Conant was a research associate for Walter Goldschmidt's Culture and Ecology in East Africa Project. The purpose of the project was to conduct a controlled comparison of four different East African societies and the farmers and pastoralists within each tribe. Conant was assigned to conduct ethnographic research among the Pokot in West Pokot District in Kenya. This research would form the basis of his remote sensing work in the same area more than a decade later. Conant was first introduced to remote sensing data in 1974 when his colleague Priscilla Reining showed him Landsat imagery of one his former fieldwork sites. He was inspired by the potential applications of satellite data to study cultural and ecological relationships. In 1975, he and Reining organized a workshop on "Satellite Potentials for Anthropological Studies of Subsistence Activities and Population Change." He incorporated remote sensing tools in his 1977 to 1980 study of the changing cultivation patterns and management of livestock in West Pokot District. His research combined traditional fieldwork (which included data he had collected in the 1960s), LANDSAT data, and geospatial data collected from the ground.

Later in his career, Conant's research interests expanded to include the spread of diseases, specifically AIDS and malaria. He, along with Priscilla Reining, John Bongaarts, and Peter Way found that uncircumcised men were 86% more likely to contract HIV than circumcised men. Their findings were published in their paper "The Relationship Between Male Circumcision and HIV Infection in African Populations" (1989). His research on malaria focused on the spread of the disease during African prehistory.

Conant taught briefly at Columbia University and was an Assistant Professor at University of Massachusetts, at Amherst in 1960-1961. Most of his academic career was spent at Hunter College, where he served as Chair of the Anthropology Department several times. He also founded and headed the college's Research Institute in Aruba.

Conant was a Fulbright Senior Research Fellow at Oxford University's Pitts Rivers Museum in 1968-1969. He was also a fellow of the American Anthropological Association, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the International African Institute, the New York Academy of Sciences, and the Royal Anthropological Institute. In addition, he was actively involved with the Human Ecology: An Interdisciplinary Journal.

Conant died at the age of 84 on January 29, 2011.

Sources Consulted

Bates, Daniel G. 2011. Francis P. Conant: A Tribute to a Friend of Human Ecology. Human Ecology 39(2): 115.

Bates, Daniel and Oliver Conant. Francis P. Conant. Anthropology News. 52(5): 25.

Conant, Veronika. Email message to Lorain Wang, October 22, 2013.

[Curriculum Vitae], Series 7. Biographical Files and Letters, Francis Conant Papers, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution

Francis P. Conant. http://www.hunter.cuny.edu/anthropology/faculty-staff/in-remembrance/francis-p.-conant [accessed August 23, 2013].

1926 -- Born February 27 in New York City, New York

1944-1946 -- Enlists in Army and serves in World War II as a flash ranger in 294th Field Artillery Battalion

1950 -- Earns B.A. from Cornell University in English and Russian, minor in Engineering

1953-1954 -- AMNH Bernheim-Conant Expedition to northern Africa

1957 -- Conducts language studies at the International African Institute

1957-1959 -- Conducts fieldwork in northern Nigeria

1960 -- Earns PhD in Cultural Anthropology from Columbia University

1960-1961 -- Assistant Professor, Anthropology, University of Massachusetts at Amherst

1961-1962 -- Research Associate for Culture and Ecology in East Africa Project directed by Walter Goldschimdt

1962 -- Joins faculty at Hunter College

1968-1969 -- Fulbright Senior Research Fellow, Oxford University, Pitt-Rivers Museum

1977-1980 -- Sets up remote sensing monitoring area in West Pokot district in Kenya. Studies changing cultivation patterns and management of livestock

1995 -- Retires from Hunter College; Emeritus Professor

2011 -- Dies on January 29 at the age of 84

Related Materials:

For additional materials at the National Anthropological Archives relating to Francis Conant, see the papers of Priscilla Reining and John Lawrence Angel. His film collection is at the Human Studies Film Archives.

Artifacts and film collected during the Bernheim-Conant Expedition, his doctoral research in Nigeria, and his fieldwork in Kenya during the 1960s and 70s are at the American Museum of Natural History. He also deposited collections at the Pitts River Museum at the University of Oxford.

Provenance:

These papers were donated to the National Anthropological Archives by Francis Conant's widow Veronika Conant in 2012.

Restrictions:

The Francis P. Conant Papers are open for research. Access to the Francis P. Conant Papers requires an appointment.

Rights:

Contact the repository for terms of use.

Topic:

Remote sensing  Search this

Journalism  Search this

Musical instruments -- Nigeria  Search this

Language and languages -- Documentation  Search this

Subsistence farming -- Kenya  Search this

Subsistence herding -- Kenya  Search this

Human ecology  Search this

Landsat satellites  Search this

Genre/Form:

Field recordings

Maps

Field notes

Manuscripts

Electronic records

Correspondence

Sound recordings

Photographs

Citation:

Francis P. Conant Papers, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution

Sponsor:

The papers of Francis P. Conant were processed with the assistance of a Wenner-Gren Foundation Historical Archives Program grant awarded to Veronika Conant. Digitization and preparation of these materials for online access has been funded through generous support from the Arcadia Fund.

Identifier:

NAA.2012-13

See more items in:

Francis P. Conant Papers

Archival Repository:

National Anthropological Archives

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-naa-2012-13