Search Results

Maker:

VIEW-MASTER  Search this

GAF Corporation  Search this

Tyco Industries, Inc.  Search this

Fisher-Price  Search this

Physical Description:

cardboard (part: material)

plastic (part: material)

cardboard (support material)

color reversal film (image material)

Measurements:

in case: 8 1/4 in x 4 1/4 in; 20.955 cm x 10.795 cm

support: 9 cm x 9 cm; 3 17/32 in x 3 17/32 in

image: 1 cm x 1.1 cm; 13/32 in x 7/16 in

Object Name:

view-master reels

stereoscopic photographs

photographic transparencies

color transparencies

color slides

Place made:

United States: Oregon, Portland

Mexico

Associated Place:

United States: District of Columbia, White House

Date made:

1976 - 2000

Subject:

Stereography  Search this

Entertainment  Search this

Travel  Search this

Geography  Search this

National Parks  Search this

Monuments  Search this

New Year's Eve  Search this

Education  Search this

Toys  Search this

ID Number:

2015.0344.33

Accession number:

2015.0344

Catalog number:

2015.0344.33

See more items in:

Work and Industry: Photographic History

Photography

Data Source:

National Museum of American History

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ng49ca746b2-5cbc-704b-e053-15f76fa0b4fa

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmah_1804516

Collection Creator:

Garden Club of America  Search this

Extent:

1 Slides (photographs) (col., 35 mm.)

Type:

Archival materials

Slides (photographs)

Place:

Unidentified Garden (Cleveland, Ohio)

United States of America -- Ohio -- Cuyahoga County -- Cleveland

Date:

1870.

General:

The slide was made from a stereoscopic photograph in the possession of the Western Reserve Historical Society.

Collection Restrictions:

Access to original archival materials by appointment only. Researcher must submit request for appointment in writing. Certain items may be restricted and not available to researchers. Please direct reference inquiries to the Archives of American Gardens: aag@si.edu.

Collection Rights:

Archives of American Gardens encourages the use of its archival materials for non-commercial, educational and personal use under the fair use provision of U.S. copyright law. Use or copyright restrictions may exist. It is incumbent upon the researcher to ascertain copyright status and assume responsibility for usage. All requests for duplication and use must be submitted in writing and approved by Archives of American Gardens. Please direct reference inquiries to the Archives of American Gardens: aag@si.edu.

Topic:

Spring  Search this

Porches  Search this

Stairs  Search this

Porticoes  Search this

Stereograph  Search this

Chimneys  Search this

Flower beds  Search this

Edging plants  Search this

Houses  Search this

Gardens -- Ohio -- Cleveland  Search this

Genre/Form:

Slides (photographs)

Collection Citation:

Smithsonian Institution, Archives of American Gardens, The Garden Club of America collection.

Sponsor:

A project to describe images in this finding aid received Federal support from the Smithsonian Collections Care Initiative, administered by the National Collections Program.

Identifier:

AAG.GCA, Item OH145001

See more items in:

The Garden Club of America collection

The Garden Club of America collection / Series 1: United States Garden Images / Ohio / OH145: Cleveland -- Unidentified Garden in Cleveland, Ohio

Archival Repository:

Archives of American Gardens

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/kb6946fec26-1eab-4e3f-ac22-633bb7e560d8

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-aag-gca-ref16129

Series Creator:

Warshaw, Isadore, 1900-1969  Search this

Type:

Archival materials

Date:

1865-1931

Scope and Contents note:

Over two thousand stereographs (or stereoscopic photographs) are among the estimated two million documents and items of business ephemera in the Warshaw Collection. It is likely that Isadore Warshaw collected the stereographs both as examples of business advertising and as pictorial representations of commercial products, historical themes, and other subjects. Many of these stereographs contain advertisements for non-photographic businesses, as well as imprints of photographers' names and studio locations. There is also a substantial minority of items which bear no identification at all.

One group of images deserves particular note: In the section headed "New York-Albany" are approximately 125 stereographs from the Julius Wendt and Wendt Bros. studios located in Albany at the turn of the twentieth century. The subjects include street scenes, Washington Park, the state capitol building, and citizens of the area. Many of the stereographs of people in this group have biographical newspaper clippings affixed to the versos. A large number of stereographs from one studio is significant, and these images provide a fascinating document of Albany and its citizens from 1900 to 1905. Another stereograph of special interest is an advertisement for the stereoscopic photographer T. F. M. White of New Bedford, Mass., which was located in the "photography" category. This view contains text and an image, both of which yield a three-dimensional effect when viewed through a stereoscope. While these examples stand out as highlights of the collection, there are other excellent examples of the form from the 1860s through the early 1900s. Much subject matter is fairly typical of stereographs, including views of Western scenery, railroads, resorts, bridges, and street scenes. The quality of the compositions and the condition of the cards varies widely. Currently there are eleven boxes of images and over one hundred categories, as described in the Container List. More stereographs may be added if they are found elsewhere in the Warshaw Collection, and this inventory will be updated accordingly.

The stereographs are the work of many photographers and publishers from the 1860s to the 1920s; they are primarily American views of American scenes, although there is also a section of foreign views. As mentioned above, they are filed in the stereograph boxes according to their original business ephemera locations, whether in the topical or geographical series. Some categories contain only a single item, others contain many.

The container list of stereographs is controlled at the sub-series level, then by category title; but when there are many items in a category, the more notable images and better-known makers are identified. Most early images are silver albumen and later views are silver gelatin unless otherwise noted; "lithoprints" are photomechanical. The "See also" references indicate related images in other categories.

Historical:

A stereograph consists of two nearly identical images, generally photographs, exposed as a rule simultaneously and from a distance separation of approximately two-and-one-half inches, mounted on a card and viewed, with or without the aid of a binocular viewer, to produce the simulation of three dimensions. The subject of the stereograph and its waves of popularity in the United States and elsewhere is treated in a number of books, but authoritatively and exhaustively in William Culp Darrah's monumental book, The World of the Stereograph.(1) Stereographs were manufactured and distributed commercially in large quantities by publishers for mass markets as objects of both entertainment and education, but they were also produced in smaller quantities for specialized markets. The stereograph was the dominant form of photography in the nineteenth century. Its immense popularity lasted approximately until the cinema and halftone-illustrated print media sent it into eclipse after World War I..(2)

(1)William C. Darrah's The World of the Stereograph (self-published, 1977), the most authoritative reference in stereography but long out of print, is again available, in a reprint edition issued by J. Richiuso of Land Yacht Press, Nashville, 1998.

(2)Melody D. Davis, "An essential reprint in stereography (William C. Darrah's The World of the Stereograph)," Art Journal, Fall 1998.

Reorganization Notes:

Originally, these stereographs were interfiled with other materials in the Warshaw Collection. It was felt that this arrangement could be damaging to the stereographs and appeared in many instances to be haphazard. Therefore, in 1991 they were rehoused to ensure their preservation, and reorganized to better facilitate their use as research tools. Whenever possible, categories from the primary Warshaw materials have been retained; however, new categories which matched typical or traditional stereograph subject arrangement were added. This method created some overlap among categories, so it is suggested that a researcher follow "see also" terms within the section descriptions. The stereographs are now organized by topical and geographical categories. Selected photographers have been indexed as well.

It may seem strange that portions of a collection should be removed from their original context, consolidated, and separated from the rest of the collection, but this was done to make the Warshaw stereographs more accessible to photographic historians and others interested primarily in documentary photographic evidence, rather than advertising imagery, trade literature, and text materials. Also, storage of the stereographs in standard document boxes posed a hazard to the material because of their size and form, especially prints on curved or "warped" mounts, which might be crushed or mishandled if filed with other items in disparate formats and sizes. Jennifer Songster-Burnett located, organized, and catalogued the majority of these stereographs as an internship project in spring 1991. The prior association of these images with Warshaw Collection topical categories was retained to ensure their continued availability to users of the Business Ephemera Vertical Files. Often cross- reference copies have been placed in the Business Ephemera boxes to indicate specific images which were refiled, and many cards are arranged according to the original category titles. A researcher with citations to stereographs in their original locations can relocate them easily in the parallel arrangement of the stereographs.

The consolidation of stereographs from all categories should enhance their utility for scholars seeking specifically photographic documentation of objects, places, and events. In the original vertical files, the stereographs' multiple topical and thematic associations were often obscured. A stereograph from the "Insurance" category, for example, depicts an architecturally distinguished insurance company building in Milwaukee, but the architectural historian might not search that category for views of buildings: among the stereographs, even the accidental or serendipitous finding of this image will be faster and easier. The project also facilitated more detailed cataloguing of these images, with considerable cross- referencing and subject descriptors in the automated database (SIRIS): for example, the insurance building, the only item in the "Insurance" category of the stereographs subdivision, has been cross-referenced under architectural descriptors, and can be accessed in this manner as well.

Series Restrictions:

Sears, Roebuck & Co. catalogs restricted due to fragile condition. Researchers should consult microfilm in NMAH library for 1880-1983 editions, drawer 692.

Series Rights:

Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning copyright restrictions. Other intellectual property rights may apply. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.

Series Citation:

Warshaw Collection of Business Americana, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution

Sponsor:

Funding for partial processing of the collection was supported by a grant from the Smithsonian Institution's Collections Care and Preservation Fund (CCPF).

Digitization of Series 2.2: Stereographs was made possible by Andrew and Anya Shiva.

Identifier:

NMAH.AC.0060.S02, Subseries 2.2

See more items in:

Warshaw Collection of Business Americana, Series 2: Other Collection Divisions

Archival Repository:

Archives Center, National Museum of American History

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep8f2def785-76bc-417e-a2e6-f8e4af8e505a

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-nmah-ac-0060-s02-ref1884

Photographer:

Harry Lewis, nos. 104 and 106 Wisconsin St., Milwaukee, Wis.  Search this

Extent:

1 Stereograph (black and white)

Container:

Box 4

Type:

Archival materials

Stereographs

Date:

circa 1875-1900

General:

Historic Series title : Gems of Nature and Art/New Series: Artistic Size--Stereoscopic Studies

on back: Harry Lewis, Landscape, Marine and Stereoscopic Photographer, (London School)) with Milwaukee References.

Collection Restrictions:

Access to original archival materials by appointment only. Researcher must submit request for appointment in writing. Certain items may be restricted and not available to researchers. Please direct reference inquiries to the Archives of American Gardens: aag@si.edu.

Collection Rights:

Archives of American Gardens encourages the use of its archival materials for non-commercial, educational and personal use under the fair use provision of U.S. copyright law. Use or copyright restrictions may exist. It is incumbent upon the researcher to ascertain copyright status and assume responsibility for usage. All requests for duplication and use must be submitted in writing and approved by Archives of American Gardens. Please direct reference inquiries to the Archives of American Gardens: aag@si.edu.

Topic:

Walkways  Search this

Houses  Search this

Urns  Search this

Trees  Search this

Lawns  Search this

Container gardening  Search this

Genre/Form:

Stereographs

Collection Citation:

Smithsonian Institution, Archives of American Gardens, Historic Gardens Stereograph Collection.

Identifier:

AAG.STR, Item STR058001

See more items in:

Historic gardens Stereograph collection

Historic gardens Stereograph collection / Garden Features

Archival Repository:

Archives of American Gardens

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/kb6f410b97a-a576-4776-8eef-1ef0ab9d019d

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-aag-str-ref3408

Photographer:

Harry Lewis, nos. 104 and 106 Wisconsin St., Milwaukee, Wis.  Search this

Extent:

1 Stereograph (black and white)

Container:

Box 4

Type:

Archival materials

Stereographs

Date:

circa 1875-1900

General:

Historic Series title : Gems of Nature and Art/New Series: Artistic Size--Stereoscopic Studies

on back: Harry Lewis, Landscape, Marine and Stereoscopic Photographer, (London School)) with Milwaukee References.

Collection Restrictions:

Access to original archival materials by appointment only. Researcher must submit request for appointment in writing. Certain items may be restricted and not available to researchers. Please direct reference inquiries to the Archives of American Gardens: aag@si.edu.

Collection Rights:

Archives of American Gardens encourages the use of its archival materials for non-commercial, educational and personal use under the fair use provision of U.S. copyright law. Use or copyright restrictions may exist. It is incumbent upon the researcher to ascertain copyright status and assume responsibility for usage. All requests for duplication and use must be submitted in writing and approved by Archives of American Gardens. Please direct reference inquiries to the Archives of American Gardens: aag@si.edu.

Topic:

Urns  Search this

Lawns  Search this

Trees  Search this

Houses  Search this

Container gardening  Search this

Walkways  Search this

Chairs  Search this

Outdoor furniture  Search this

Genre/Form:

Stereographs

Collection Citation:

Smithsonian Institution, Archives of American Gardens, Historic Gardens Stereograph Collection.

Identifier:

AAG.STR, Item STR058002

See more items in:

Historic gardens Stereograph collection

Historic gardens Stereograph collection / Garden Features

Archival Repository:

Archives of American Gardens

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/kb621a81c72-dc0f-44bd-b5bd-b8b57aa23368

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-aag-str-ref3409

Photographer:

Harry Lewis, nos. 104 and 106 Wisconsin St., Milwaukee, Wis.  Search this

Extent:

1 Stereograph (black and white)

Container:

Box 4

Type:

Archival materials

Stereographs

Date:

circa 1875-1900

General:

Historic Series title : Gems of Nature and Art/New Series: Artistic Size--Stereoscopic Studies

on back: Harry Lewis, Landscape, Marine and Stereoscopic Photographer, (London School)) with Milwaukee References.

Collection Restrictions:

Access to original archival materials by appointment only. Researcher must submit request for appointment in writing. Certain items may be restricted and not available to researchers. Please direct reference inquiries to the Archives of American Gardens: aag@si.edu.

Collection Rights:

Archives of American Gardens encourages the use of its archival materials for non-commercial, educational and personal use under the fair use provision of U.S. copyright law. Use or copyright restrictions may exist. It is incumbent upon the researcher to ascertain copyright status and assume responsibility for usage. All requests for duplication and use must be submitted in writing and approved by Archives of American Gardens. Please direct reference inquiries to the Archives of American Gardens: aag@si.edu.

Topic:

Urns  Search this

Pedestals  Search this

Lawns  Search this

Trees  Search this

Chairs  Search this

Rustic work  Search this

Genre/Form:

Stereographs

Collection Citation:

Smithsonian Institution, Archives of American Gardens, Historic Gardens Stereograph Collection.

Identifier:

AAG.STR, Item STR058003

See more items in:

Historic gardens Stereograph collection

Historic gardens Stereograph collection / Garden Features

Archival Repository:

Archives of American Gardens

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/kb691da41b6-d64d-4352-bc65-928189cb4f06

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-aag-str-ref3410

Publisher:

A. B. Hamor  Search this

Photographer:

C. M. Couch  Search this

Former owner:

Tenney, Charles H.  Search this

Architect:

Carrère & Hastings  Search this

Landscape architect:

Bowditch, Ernest W.  Search this

Extent:

1 Stereograph (black and white)

Container:

Box 1

Type:

Archival materials

Stereographs

Place:

United States of America -- Massachusetts -- Essex County -- Methuen

Grey Court (Methuen, Massachusetts)

Date:

circa 1896-1910

General:

Historic Series title : Lawrence, Views

on back: C. H. Tennys home in Methuen, Mass. From gate way. 1860 and 1896 C. M. Couch, Stereoscopic Photographer

Varying Forms:

Also known as Grey Court and Fair View Park.

Collection Restrictions:

Access to original archival materials by appointment only. Researcher must submit request for appointment in writing. Certain items may be restricted and not available to researchers. Please direct reference inquiries to the Archives of American Gardens: aag@si.edu.

Collection Rights:

Archives of American Gardens encourages the use of its archival materials for non-commercial, educational and personal use under the fair use provision of U.S. copyright law. Use or copyright restrictions may exist. It is incumbent upon the researcher to ascertain copyright status and assume responsibility for usage. All requests for duplication and use must be submitted in writing and approved by Archives of American Gardens. Please direct reference inquiries to the Archives of American Gardens: aag@si.edu.

Topic:

Gatehouses  Search this

Houses  Search this

Mansions  Search this

Walls, stone  Search this

Trees  Search this

Shrubs  Search this

Lampposts  Search this

Gardens -- Massachusetts -- Methuen  Search this

Walkways  Search this

Genre/Form:

Stereographs

Collection Citation:

Smithsonian Institution, Archives of American Gardens, Historic Gardens Stereograph Collection.

Identifier:

AAG.STR, Item STR011024

See more items in:

Historic gardens Stereograph collection

Historic gardens Stereograph collection / Gardens and Landscapes / United States / Massachusetts / Methuen -- Tenney Garden

Archival Repository:

Archives of American Gardens

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/kb677a8793b-869f-4d29-a9ee-76ba1b7834c7

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-aag-str-ref4484

Creator:

Underwood & Underwood  Search this

Publisher:

American Stereoscopic Co.  Search this

H. C. White Co.  Search this

Killela, J.J.  Search this

Underwood, Bert, 1862-1943  Search this

Underwood, Elmer, 1859-1947  Search this

Photographer:

Ponting, Herbert George, 1870-1935  Search this

Underwood, Bert, 1862-1943  Search this

Underwood, Elmer, 1859-1947  Search this

White, Clarence W.  Search this

Extent:

160 Cubic feet

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Stereographs

Photographs

Stereoscopic photographs

Lantern slides

Date:

1895-1921

Summary:

A collection of approximately 28,000 glass plate negatives showing views of a variety of subjects.

Scope and Contents:

The major part of the collection, series 1-4, contains nearly 28,000 glass plates, including original stereoscopic negatives, interpositives, and both negative and positive non-stereoscopic plates used to produce lantern slides and paper prints. The photographs were taken all over the world. The majority are from the Underwood & Underwood active files, but plates from other publishers are also included. Series 5 is a small collection of paper stereographs. Series 6 contains 4 Underwood & Underwood descriptive sales catalogs and 1 H. C. White & Co. catalog (numbers on the Underwood plates correspond to the numbers on catalog captions). Series 7 is apparatus--four stereoscopes.

The approximately 28,000 glass plates in this collection have not been completely inspected at this point due to handling problems associated with asbestos contamination of the collection. A preliminary survey, however, indicated that the selections of images cover the full range of subject matter encompassed by the "Underwood Travel System." The subject matter is most easily comprehended by consulting one of the Underwood sales catalogs which accompany the collection. The catalog captions are arranged geographically, for the most part, and generally represent an organized "tour" which could be purchased as a boxed set, complete with maps and guide book, although individual images could be purchased separately. The catalogs indicate that the Underwood files were continually updated, for extensive modifications in some of the sets can be seen from edition to edition, and actual inspection of published stereographs shows that alternate views with identical Underwood catalog numbers were substituted from time to time, and that new subjects (with new catalog numbers) were sometimes introduced into the sets and old subjects were retired. There are glass plate negatives as well as positives in this collection. The positive images were probably interpositives used for the production of duplicate negatives. Some of the original stereo negatives were cut apart and the images transposed; they were then bound with an additional glass support (in many cases the tape has deteriorated). Half stereo positives also appear in the collection: these probably were intended for use in lantern slide production. Frequently a drawer of plates contains several incarnations of a single image, including the original negative, a copy negative, an interpositive, and a positive lantern slide. In other cases a drawer may contain only a single mode, e.g., original negatives, while corresponding positives and/or lantern slides appear in separate drawers.

A small quantity of the Underwood & Underwood plates are not from the Travel System, but represent humorous and genre subjects which were cataloged and marketed separately. The work of several other publishers, usually without Underwood catalog numbers, is also represented, including H. C. White, American Stereoscopic Company, and J. J. Killela.

The arrangement of the collection seems to reflect a combination of permanent reference storage as well as active use files. The apparent anomalies or inconsistencies probably indicate the pulling of plates from permanent files into temporary work files, and the collection may consist of a combination of permanent storage and temporary working files. As the drawers do not appear to have been renumbered according to any easily discernible pattern, they have become intermixed and rearranged in storage. The contents of each drawer usually have been found in good order, however, and the plates were nearly always arranged numerically,usually with the low numbers at the rear of the drawer and the highest number at the front. As the plates have been rehoused, the reverse numerical order has been corrected. When all the plates have been rehoused and inventoried, consideration will be given to general collection rearrangement and renumbering of the containers, either strictly in numerical order or topically and/or geographically with a numerical sequence within each group.

The collection is in good condition for the most part, although conservation attention will be required. There is a certain amount of emulsion peeling or frilling at the edges of some plates, but this is a condition to which emulsions on glass frequently are prone. A few plates, bound in a sandwich arrangement between cover glass and acetate facing the emulsion, have suffered severe damage, peeling, and image losses through the apparent ferrotyping and sticking of emulsion to the plastic, probably under conditions of high humidity at some stage. There is surprisingly little glass breakage within the collection.

Most of the stereoscopic negatives and many of the positives are defaced with a double "XI' scratched into the emulsion of either the left or right side, as described above in the historical note. Of particular interest and presumed rarity are cards found interfiled with plates in many of the drawers. These cards, filed by Underwood (i.e., catalog) numbers, bear printing'or production dates and notes, along with the unique, chronological accession numbers which the company assigned to each plate, regardless of the "active" number which it might eventually receive. A check mark on a card usually refers to a plate actually in the collection and with which the card is found physically associated; additional accession numbers without check marks listed on the cards possibly refer to variant views which were discarded or may in fact be in the Keystone Mast Collection (pending further research). For ease of handling and in the interest of conservation, the cards have been separated from the plates within each drawer and are arranged as a group at the rear, but can still be located easily. Frequently when a plate and/or its original envelope does not bear both the "active" and accession numbers, the missing number can be located on one of these cards.

Photographers represented include Herbert G. Ponting and Clarence W. White. A photographer and/or publisher named J. J. Killela is also represented.

Arrangement:

This collection is arranged in seven series. Series 1, 2, and 3 are each divided into negative and positive subseries. Plates are arranged numerically in groups based on geographical and subject content. Controlled at the series level in the finding aid and at the item level in a computer database.

Series 1, H. C. White glass plates

Series 2, American Stereoscpopic Co. glass plates

Series 3, Underwood & Underwood glass plates

Series 4, Broken glass plates

Series 5, Original company catalogs

Series 6, Paper stereographs

Series 7, stereoscopes (viewers)

Biographical / Historical:

Underwood & Underwood was established at Ottawa, Kansas, by the young brothers Elmer and Bert Underwood in 1882. They initially operated as distributors for eastern photographers' stereographs to new markets in the West. Their activities included door to door canvassing with views by Charles Bierstadt, J. F. Jarvis, and Littleton View Co.(1) Underwood & Underwood, Publishers, opened a branch office in Baltimore in 1887.(2)

Soon Underwood & Underwood and other large stereograph publishers began recruiting college students to work as salesmen during summer months (1890). Underwood and Underwood claimed that their organization alone sent out as many as 3,000 college students in one Summer [sic]. With the other ... big companies each employing more than 1,000, it is easy to understand how the countryside of the Nation literally swarmed with stereograph salesmen throughout the summer months! ... The competition between the salesmen themselves was likewise aggressive, with no holds barred. Many successful business and professional men of today relate with considerable pride that they got their start on their careers in this practical and very effective school of salesmanship.(3)

The company moved its main office from Ottawa, Kansas to New York City (1891),(4) and gradually began to publish its own stereographs. Bert Underwood finally took photography lessons from M. Abel in Mentone, France during the same year.(5) B. L. Singley, erstwhile salesman for the Underwood & Underwood and James M. Davis & Co. firms, in 1892 formed the Keystone View Company of Meadville, Pennsylvania, which was to become Underwood & Underwood's chief competitor and imitator.(6)

Underwood & Underwood entered the education market (1895) by producing packaged sets of 100 or more stereographs with descriptive texts.(7) From 1897 the firm employed full time staff photographers as well as free lancers. By 1901 the Underwoods were publishing 25,000 stereographs per day (i.e.,total number of cards). Increasing production levels led them to gain control of the Jarvis, Bierstadt, and William H. Rau photoprinting facilities in 1897 1898.(8)

The Keystone view Company created its own Educational Department in 1898. This division sustained the Keystone View Company past the period of the stereograph's popularity. In this year Underwood & Underwood reprinted Oliver Wendell Holmes's series on the stereograph and stereoscope which originally appeared in The Atlantic Monthly between 1859 and 1863. This eighty page booklet included testimonials from eminent scholars on the value of the stereograph in education. The company had been test marketing what itlater called "The Underwood Travel System." This consisted of a boxed set of stereo views of a country or region, a guide book describing the significance of the places shown, and a map showing their location and the viewpoints from which the stereographs were taken. Captions on the backs of the stereographs were sometimes printed in six languages.(9) As stereographs began to be used in schools as visual aids, the firm promoted its Travel System with endorsements from prominent educators, citing the usage of the system by various schools and universities.(10)

The H. C. White Company, which had manufactured stereoscopes for several decades, entered the stereo publication field in 1899.(11) Much of its production seemed to imitate Underwood & Underwood cards, including typography and the color of mount stock. Underwood & Underwood expanded into news photography by 1910 and gradually decreased its stereographic work. Few new stereo negatives were added to the file after 1912 except for a flurry of activity during the early war years, 1914 1916. The total number of Underwood & Underwood "titles" in stereo were from 30,000 to 40,000 (there might be a substantially larger number of actual negatives, since the files frequently were updated with newer views for old catalog numbers).(12)

Underwood & Underwood sold a portion of its negative file to the educational division of Keystone View Company in 1912,(13) and between 1921 1923 conveyed to this competitor their remaining stereo stock (presumably both cards and negatives) and rights.(14) In addition to its involvement as a news photographic agency, the company eventually opened portrait studios which flourished during the World war II years. A former Smithsonian employee, Vince Connolly, worked for Underwood & Underwood, which competed with Harris & Ewing in general portrait work during that period: he did portraiture and other photography, but says he was unaware of his employer's earlier stereo publishing activities.

Underwood & Underwood donated approximately 6000 negatives to the Section of Photography of the Division of Graphic Arts (1964). These photographs are primarily 4" x 5", captioned glass plate and film negatives. The subjects are news events and theatrical, sports, and political subjects of the early 20th century. In a letter to the Smithsonian of March 25, 1966 (in accession number 270586), Mrs. John M. Stratton described another collection of Underwood & Underwood photographs, stating that her husband had been a partner in Underwood & Underwood Illustrations and owned Underwood & Underwood News Photos. In November of the same year Mr. and Mrs. Stratton donated this collection of glass plates by Underwood & Underwood and other publishers to the Division of Photographic History (then the Section of Photography of the Division of Graphic Arts) . This material consists of both negative and positive stereographic plates, as well as non stereoscopic plates, chiefly copies made from the stereographs, with some catalogs, stereoscopes, and other material. The donor estimated 12,900 plates, but in 1983 the Smithsonian Institution inventory yielded a total of approximately 28,000 plates.

The Keystone View Company's stereoscopic production continued much later than Underwood & Underwood's. It was not until 1939 when declining interest in stereography led the firm to discontinue stereograph production and enter the field of visual optometrics. The stereoscopic negative collection, including material obtained from Underwood & Underwood and other firms, was placed in storage in concrete vaults. The Mast family of Davenport, Iowa, eventually purchased the collection in 1963, and in 1977 donated the collection to the University of California for its California Museum of Photography in Riverside. The University took physical possession of this vast collection in 1979.(15)

Many of the Underwood & Underwood plates donated by the Strattons (which were transferred to the Archives Center in 1983), in effect have been cancelled by having diagonal lines (double "X" marks) scratched into the emulsion of either the left or right image of each stereo pair (never both sides). These cancellation marks do not appear on the Underwood & Underwood plates in the Keystone Mast Collection in Riverside. This leads to several theories: (a) that these cancellations were in fact the reason that the Smithsonian plates were not purchased by Keystone in either 1912 or 1921, since Keystone clearly intended to use the Underwood material for stereograph production and the defaced plates would be of no value to them for this purpose; or (b), as stereo collector John Waldsmith suggests, that the cancellations were part of an agreement between Underwood & Underwood and Keystone: Keystone may have asked Underwood & Underwood to cancel one side of each stereoscopic plate not being sold to Keystone so that Underwood & Underwood would no longer be able to compete with Keystone in the stereo market. The defaced plates, as well as other material which Keystone did not purchase, apparently remained in Underwood custody and eventually were acquired by Mr. and Mrs. Stratton. The cancellation marks in the Smithsonian's collection are the subject of further conjecture. Edward Earle at Riverside feels that, since Underwood & Underwood sought to abandonded stereograph production much earlier than Keystone's departure from the field in order to enter the non stereoscopic lantern slide market, the cancellation may have served to indicate which side of each sterescopic pair should be converted to lantern slide production use; the existence of the 4" x 5" copy negatives and positives from stereographs in this collection seem to corroborate this. The Underwood & Underwood conversion from stereograph to lantern slide materials seems to coincide with the ascendance of lantern slide projection as visual aids in schools. The company apparently modified the type of photographic product which they published at least partially in recognition of this new educational trend.

NOTES

1. edward W. Earle, ed., Points of View: The Stereograph in America A Cultural @ Visual 'g . E!Ltory, Rochester, F.Y., Th Studies Workshop ress, 1979, p. 60; William Culp Darrah, The World of Stereographs, Gettysburg, Pa., 1979, p. 46.

2. Tbid., p. 62.

3. George E. Hamilton, Oliver Wendell Holmes, His Pioneer SLtuereoscope and Later Industry, New York, New )men Society, 1949, p. 17, quoted in Points of 1=e w:, 6 4 . P.

4. Points of View., p. 66.

5. Darrah, p. 47.

6. points of View, p. 66.

7. Ibid., p. 68.

8. Darrah, p. 47.

9. Points of View, p. 70.

10. Howard S. Becker, "Steteographs: Local, National, and International Art Worlds," in Points of View, p. 95. 11. points of View, p. 72.

12. Darrah, p. 48.

13. Darrah, p. 48, quoted in Points of View, P. 82.

14. Darrah, p. 48.

15. Chris J. Kenney, introduction to "Perspective and the Past: The Keystone Mast Collection," CMP Bulletin, Vol. 1, No. 2, 1982.

Related Materials:

California Museum of Photography, University of California--Riverside, Riverside, California 92521.

Underwood & Underwood stereographs in this collection and the Smithsonian Underwood & Underwood Collection originally were components of the same company file.

Provenance:

Collection donated by June Stratton (Mrs. John M.) on December 19, 1966.

Restrictions:

Collection is open for research but is stored off-site and special arrangements must be made to work with it. The original glass plate is available for inspection if necessary in the Archives Center. A limited number of fragile glass negatives and positives in the collection can be viewed directly in the Archives Center by prior appointment. Contact the Archives Center for information at archivescenter@si.edu or 202-633-3270.

Rights:

Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning copyright restrictions. Other intellectual property rights may apply. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.

Topic:

Traveling sales personnel  Search this

Travel photography -- 1890-1930  Search this

Genre/Form:

Stereographs -- 1890-1930

Photographs -- Interpositives -- Glass -- 1890-1930

Photographs -- Black-and-white negatives -- Glass -- 1890-1930

Photographs -- 1900-1950

Stereoscopic photographs -- Glass -- 1890-1930

Lantern slides

Photographs -- 1890-1900

Citation:

Underwood &Underwood Glass Stereograph Collection, Archives Center, National Museum of American History.

Identifier:

NMAH.AC.0143

See more items in:

Underwood & Underwood Glass Stereograph Collection

Archival Repository:

Archives Center, National Museum of American History

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep86e358e26-e305-49a6-bf9b-f2d38d995ae0

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nmah-ac-0143

Photographer:

O'Sullivan, Timothy H., 1840-1882  Search this

Bell, William, 1830-1910  Search this

Creator:

Geographical Surveys West of the 100th Meridian (U.S.)  Search this

Extent:

54 Albumen prints

7 Copy negatives

Culture:

A:shiwi (Zuni)  Search this

Diné (Navajo)  Search this

Cochiti Pueblo  Search this

Hopi Pueblo  Search this

Isleta Pueblo  Search this

Jicarilla Apache  Search this

Laguna Pueblo  Search this

Mojave (Mohave)  Search this

San Felipe Pueblo  Search this

Taos Pueblo  Search this

Ute  Search this

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Albumen prints

Copy negatives

Place:

Chelly, Canyon de (Ariz.)

Arizona

Colorado

New Mexico

Idaho

Date:

1871-1874

Summary:

This collection contains photographs documenting American Indian communities and landscape scenes in the Southwest photographed by Timothy O'Sullivan and William Bell for U.S. geographical surveys circa 1871-1874.

Scope and Contents:

P01730, P01731, P01733, P01735, P01743-P01792 (copy negatives: N34849-N34851, N34853- N34855, N35051)

This collection contains 54 photographs (plus 7 copy negatives) that were shot by photographer Timothy O'Sullivan 1871, 1873, and 1874 and William Bell in 1872 for the U.S. Geographical Surveys West of the 100th Meridian, under Lieutenant George M. Wheeler, War Department, Corps of Engineers, U.S.A. The survey was commonly referred to as the "Wheeler Surveys."

The photographs depict American Indian Pueblos in the Southwest including Apache; A:shiwi (Zuni); Diné (Navajo); Hopi; Jicarilla Apache; Laguna Pueblo; Mohave; San Felipe Pueblo; Taos Pueblo; and Ute, among other communities. In addition, the collection contains landscape and scenic shot in the same region.

The bulk of the photos in this collection are one half of a stereoscope photograph that was never pasted onto a stereoscope card. The copy negatives in this collection were created by the Museum of the American Indian in the late 1960s.

Arrangement:

This collection is arranged by year and subject matter.

Biographical / Historical:

The geographical surveys west of the 100th meridian were operated under the United States Army Corps of Engineers and supervised by First Lieutenant (later Captain) George Montague Wheeler from 1869 through 1879. They were intended to document the geography in order to make accurate maps, record locations of American Indian tribes in the region, select possible sites for military installations and rail or common roads, and note resources in the area. In total, the surveys analyzed the region now covered by Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, Idaho, and Oregon, and the expeditions produced 164 maps, 41 publications, and a series of stereoviews. Timothy H. O'Sullivan began photographing geographical surveys in 1867-1869 when he was the official photographer for Clarence King's United States Geological Exploration of the 40th Parallel. He served as the official photographer for the Wheeler surveys in 1871, 1873, and 1874, with William Bell taking over in 1872. O'Sullivan later became the United States Geological Survey's first photographer in Washington, D.C.

[History note from the National Anthropological Archives collection record NAA.PhotoLot.167 with edits made by NMAI]

Provenance:

It is unclear when most of these photographs were obtained by the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation.

Restrictions:

Access to NMAI Archives Center collections is by appointment only, Monday - Friday, 9:30 am - 4:30 pm. Please contact the archives to make an appointment (phone: 301-238-1400, email: nmaiarchives@si.edu).

Rights:

Permission to publish materials from the collection must be requested from National Museum of the American Indian Archives Center. Please submit a written request to nmaiphotos@si.edu. For personal or classroom use, users are invited to download, print, photocopy, and distribute the images that are available online without prior written permission, provided that the files are not modified in any way, the Smithsonian Institution copyright notice (where applicable) is included, and the source of the image is identified as the National Museum of the American Indian. For more information please see the Smithsonian's Terms of Use and NMAI Archive Center's Digital Image request website.

Citation:

Identification of specific item; Date (if known); Collection of Timothy H. O'Sullivan photographs, image #, NMAI.AC.229, National Museum of the American Indian Archives Center, Smithsonian Institution.

Identifier:

NMAI.AC.229

See more items in:

Timothy H. O'Sullivan and William Bell photographs from the U.S. Geographical Surveys West of the 100th Meridian

Archival Repository:

National Museum of the American Indian

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/sv4a33124fa-9948-47bc-b2a5-62f0b6f77693

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nmai-ac-229

Maker:

Brady, Mathew B.  Search this

Brady's National Portrait Gallery  Search this

Brady's Photographic Studio  Search this

Object Name:

Mathew Brady and Brady Studio Collection

Date made:

1851 - 1921

Depicted:

Civil War  Search this

U. S. Civil History  Search this

U.S. National Government, executive branch  Search this

Referenced:

Chronology: 1850-1859  Search this

ID Number:

COLL.PHOTOS.000005

See more items in:

Work and Industry: Photographic History

Military

Photography

Data Source:

National Museum of American History

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ng49ca746ab-f2f1-704b-e053-15f76fa0b4fa

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmah_1316614

Depicted (sitter):

Hill, Charles  Search this

Maker:

Brady, Mathew B.  Search this

Physical Description:

paper (overall material)

Measurements:

overall: 10 cm x 6 cm; 3 15/16 in x 2 3/8 in

Object Name:

photograph

carte-de-visite

Object Type:

Carte-Visite

Place made:

United States: New York, New York City

Date made:

1861-1865

Subject:

Civil War  Search this

Related event:

Battle of Antietam, 1862  Search this

Civil War  Search this

Credit Line:

Gift of M.W Seville

ID Number:

PG.003955FF

Catalog number:

3955FF

Accession number:

117896

See more items in:

Work and Industry: Photographic History

Seville Collection

Photography

Data Source:

National Museum of American History

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ng49ca746a7-4fe7-704b-e053-15f76fa0b4fa

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmah_904192

Maker:

Brady, Mathew B.  Search this

Physical Description:

paper (overall material)

Measurements:

overall: 10 cm x 6 cm; 3 15/16 in x 2 3/8 in

Object Name:

photograph

carte-de-visite

Date made:

1861-1865

1860s

Subject:

Civil War  Search this

Related event:

Battle of Antietam, 1862  Search this

Civil War  Search this

Credit Line:

Gift of M.W Seville

ID Number:

PG.003955I

Catalog number:

3955I

Accession number:

117896

See more items in:

Work and Industry: Photographic History

Seville Collection

Photography

Data Source:

National Museum of American History

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ng49ca746a7-50ff-704b-e053-15f76fa0b4fa

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmah_904193

Maker:

VIEW-MASTER  Search this

Sawyer's  Search this

Physical Description:

plastic (overall material)

Bakelite (overall material)

maroon (part: color)

cream (part: color)

marbled (part: pattern)

cardboard (support material)

color reversal film (image material)

Measurements:

overall: 4 in x 4 in x 10 3/4 in; 10.16 cm x 10.16 cm x 27.305 cm

support: 9 cm x 9 cm; 3 17/32 in x 3 17/32 in

image: 1 cm x 1.1 cm; 13/32 in x 7/16 in

Object Name:

color slides

stereoscopic photographs

containers

storage boxes

photographic transparencies

color transparencies

view-master reels

Place made:

United States: Oregon, Portland

Date made:

1946 - 1960

Subject:

Stereography  Search this

Travel  Search this

Entertainment  Search this

National Parks  Search this

Geography  Search this

Education  Search this

Toys  Search this

ID Number:

2015.0344.32

Accession number:

2015.0344

Catalog number:

2015.0344.32

See more items in:

Work and Industry: Photographic History

Photography

Data Source:

National Museum of American History

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ng49ca746b2-554e-704b-e053-15f76fa0b4fa

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmah_1804513

Maker:

GAF Corporation  Search this

VIEW-MASTER  Search this

Physical Description:

plastic (overall material)

red (part: color)

white (part: color)

cardboard (support material)

color reversal film (image material)

Measurements:

container: 5 in x 8 1/2 in x 5 1/2 in; 12.7 cm x 21.59 cm x 13.97 cm

Object Name:

box

view-master reels

color slide film

stereoscopic photographs

containers

storage boxes

photographic transparencies

color slides

color transparencies

Place made:

United States: Oregon, Portland

Date made:

1966 - 1981

Subject:

Stereography  Search this

Entertainment  Search this

Travel  Search this

Geography  Search this

Education  Search this

Toys  Search this

ID Number:

2015.0344.34

Accession number:

2015.0344

Catalog number:

2015.0344.34

See more items in:

Work and Industry: Photographic History

Photography

Data Source:

National Museum of American History

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ng49ca746b2-558f-704b-e053-15f76fa0b4fa

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmah_1804519

Maker:

VIEW-MASTER  Search this

Sawyer's  Search this

Physical Description:

plastic (overall material)

glass (overall material)

glass (part: material)

metal (part: material)

black (overall color)

cardboard (support material)

color reversal film (image material)

paper (part: material)

Bakelite (overall material)

Measurements:

overall: 3 1/2 in x 4 in x 3 in; 8.89 cm x 10.16 cm x 7.62 cm

support: 9 cm x 9 cm; 3 17/32 in x 3 17/32 in

image: 1 cm x 1.1 cm; 13/32 in x 7/16 in

Object Name:

view-master reels

stereoviewers

stereoscopic photographs

stereoviewers (wheel type)

photographic transparencies

color slides

color transparencies

Place made:

United States: Oregon, Portland

Date made:

circa 1950

Subject:

Stereography  Search this

Entertainment  Search this

Education  Search this

Travel  Search this

Toys  Search this

ID Number:

2015.0344.35

Accession number:

2015.0344

Catalog number:

2015.0344.35

See more items in:

Work and Industry: Photographic History

Photography

Data Source:

National Museum of American History

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ng49ca746b2-5cbd-704b-e053-15f76fa0b4fa

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmah_1804524

Physical Description:

plastic (overall material)

black (overall color)

cardboard (support material)

plastic (support material)

color reversal film (image material)

Measurements:

container: 2 1/4 in x 4 1/2 in x 2 1/4 in; 5.715 cm x 11.43 cm x 5.715 cm

in frame: 2 in x 4 1/2 in; 5.08 cm x 11.43 cm

Object Name:

stereoscopic photographs

photographic transparencies

color transparencies

color slides

Subject:

Stereography  Search this

Amateur  Search this

Travel  Search this

Family  Search this

ID Number:

2015.0344.37

Accession number:

2015.0344

Catalog number:

2015.0344.37

See more items in:

Work and Industry: Photographic History

Photography

Data Source:

National Museum of American History

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ng49ca746b2-5cbf-704b-e053-15f76fa0b4fa

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmah_1804555

Physical Description:

cardboard (packaging material)

cardboard (support material)

color reversal film (image material)

Measurements:

container: 1 1/2 in x 4 1/4 in x 2 1/4 in; 3.81 cm x 10.795 cm x 5.715 cm

in frame: 40 mm x 100 mm; 1 9/16 in x 3 15/16 in

Object Name:

stereoscopic photographs

Kodachrome (TM)

photographic transparencies

color transparencies

color slides

Place made:

China

Date made:

circa 1965

Subject:

Stereography  Search this

Amateur  Search this

Travel  Search this

China  Search this

ID Number:

2015.0344.38

Accession number:

2015.0344

Catalog number:

2015.0344.38

See more items in:

Work and Industry: Photographic History

Photography

Data Source:

National Museum of American History

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ng49ca746b2-5cc0-704b-e053-15f76fa0b4fa

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmah_1804559

Physical Description:

cardboard (container material)

cardboard (support material)

color reversal film (image material)

white (container color)

Measurements:

container: 2 in x 4 1/4 in x 1 in; 5.08 cm x 10.795 cm x 2.54 cm

in frame: 40 mm x 100 mm; 1 9/16 in x 3 15/16 in

Object Name:

color slides

stereoscopic photographs

photographic transparencies

color transparencies

Place made:

Germany: Berlin, Berlin

Associated Place:

Germany: Berlin, Berlin

Subject:

Stereography  Search this

Amateur  Search this

Travel  Search this

Germany  Search this

Europe  Search this

ID Number:

2015.0344.39

Accession number:

2015.0344

Catalog number:

2015.0344.39

See more items in:

Work and Industry: Photographic History

Photography

Data Source:

National Museum of American History

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ng49ca746b2-5cc1-704b-e053-15f76fa0b4fa

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmah_1804603

Physical Description:

cardboard (container material)

white (container color)

cardboard (support material)

color reversal film (image material)

Measurements:

container: 2 in x 4 1/4 in x 1 in; 5.08 cm x 10.795 cm x 2.54 cm

container: 2 in x 4 1/8 in x 3/4 in; 5.08 cm x 10.4902 cm x 1.905 cm

in frame: 40 mm x 100 mm; 1 9/16 in x 3 15/16 in

Object Name:

color slides

stereoscopic photographs

photographic transparencies

color transparencies

Place made:

Czech Republic: Praha, Hlavní Město, Prague

Subject:

Stereography  Search this

Amateur  Search this

Travel  Search this

Europe  Search this

ID Number:

2015.0344.40

Accession number:

2015.0344

Catalog number:

2015.0344.40

See more items in:

Work and Industry: Photographic History

Photography

Data Source:

National Museum of American History

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ng49ca746b2-5cc2-704b-e053-15f76fa0b4fa

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmah_1804608

Physical Description:

paper (support material)

gelatin (image material)

silver (image material)

emulsion (image material)

cardboard (container material)

white (container color)

Measurements:

support: 34 mm x 76 mm; 1 11/32 in x 3 in

image: 18 mm x 31 mm; 23/32 in x 1 7/32 in

container: 2 in x 4 1/8 in x 3/4 in; 5.08 cm x 10.4902 cm x 1.905 cm

Object Name:

stereographs

stereoscopic photographs

photomechanical prints

gelatin silver prints

Place made:

Spain: Catalonia, Barcelona

Subject:

Stereography  Search this

Travel  Search this

Europe  Search this

Spain  Search this

Entertainment  Search this

ID Number:

2015.0344.41

Accession number:

2015.0344

Catalog number:

2015.0344.41

See more items in:

Work and Industry: Photographic History

Food

Photography

Data Source:

National Museum of American History

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ng49ca746b2-afcb-704b-e053-15f76fa0b4fa

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmah_1804611