Search Results

Photographer:

Fogg, John M. (John Milton), 1898-1982  Search this

Extent:

183 Slides (photographs) (35mm, 0.1 cubic feet, 1 slide box)

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Slides (photographs)

Slides (35mm transparencies)

Color slides

Photographic slides

Date:

1955-1967

Summary:

Collection consists of 183 35mm photographic slides that Dr. John M. Fogg took of a variety of arboreta, botanic gardens, plant nurseries, and other assorted gardens throughout the United States and Canada between 1955 and 1967.

Scope and Contents:

The collection comprises 183 35mm photographic slides taken by Dr. John M. Fogg between 1955 and 1967 documenting a variety of trips to botanic gardens, arboreta, and plant nurseries in the U.S. and Canada. Photographs also include trips taken by Fogg and other members of the American Association of Botanical Gardens and Arboreta (later the American Public Gardens Association).

Arrangement:

The collection is arranged into the following series and subseries:

Series 1: Garden images Subseries 1: Gardens in the United States Subseries 2: Foreign Gardens

Biographical Note:

Dr. John Milton Fogg Jr. (b.1898 - d.1982), a botanist, was a professor of botany for over sixty years at the University of Pennsylvania. He was the director of the Morris Arboretum at the University of Pennsylvania between 1954 and 1967. In 1941 Fogg was appointed Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences and named Vice Provost of the University of Pennsylvania in 1944. His career in botany was prolific.

Throughout his career Fogg worked to survey the flora of Pennsylvania. He helped to establish a horticulture school at the Barnes Foundation in Merion, Pennsylvania where he served as its first botany instructor. In 1966, Dr. Fogg was appointed Director of the Arboretum of the Barnes Foundation. Fogg wrote and published dozens of books and articles about botany and plants throughout his career. Fogg died in 1982 at the age of 83.

Related Archival Materials:

Records relating to Dr. Fogg's professional career are located at the following repositories: The John Milton Fogg Papers, 1931-1982 at the Barnes Foundation Archives in Merion, Pennsylvania, and the Morris Arboretum of the University of Pennsylvania records 1933-2013 at the Morris Arboretum Archives at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pensylvania.

Provenance:

This collection was donated to the Archives of American Gardens by the Morris Arboretum of the University of Pennsylvania in 2017.

Restrictions:

Access to original archival materials by appointment only. Researcher must submit request for appointment in writing. Certain items may be restricted and not available to researchers. Please direct reference inquiries to the Archives of American Gardens: aag@si.edu.

Rights:

Archives of American Gardens encourages the use of its archival materials for non-commercial, educational and personal use under the fair use provision of U.S. copyright law. Use or copyright restrictions may exist. It is incumbent upon the researcher to ascertain copyright status and assume responsibility for usage. All requests for duplication and use must be submitted in writing and approved by Archives of American Gardens. Please direct reference inquiries to the Archives of American Gardens: aag@si.edu.

Topic:

Public gardens  Search this

Gardens -- Missouri  Search this

Gardens -- Virginia -- Norfolk  Search this

Gardens -- Virginia  Search this

Botanists -- 1950-1980  Search this

Gardens -- Tennessee  Search this

Gardens -- Ohio  Search this

Botanical gardens  Search this

Gardens -- United States  Search this

Gardens -- Massachusetts  Search this

Gardens -- Washington (D.C.)  Search this

Gardens  Search this

Gardens -- Canada  Search this

Botany  Search this

Gardens -- New Jersey  Search this

Gardens -- New York (State)  Search this

Gardens -- Pennsylvania  Search this

Gardens -- Georgia  Search this

Arboretums  Search this

Gardens -- Minnesota  Search this

Gardens -- North Carolina  Search this

Nurseries (Horticulture)  Search this

Genre/Form:

Slides (35mm transparencies)

Color slides

Photographic slides

Slides (photographs)

Citation:

Smithsonian Institution, Archives of American Gardens, John M. Fogg Photographic Slides

Sponsor:

A project to describe images in this finding aid received Federal support from the Smithsonian Collections Care Initiative, administered by the National Collections Program.

Identifier:

AAG.FOG

See more items in:

John M. Fogg photographic slides

Archival Repository:

Archives of American Gardens

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/kb6a47ab3dd-3f27-48d1-a721-1d47d504a50e

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-aag-fog

Variant company name:

Downers Grove, IL ; La Grange, IL  Search this

Company Name:

Packard Instrument Co.  Search this

Related companies:

Packard Bioscience Co. ; PerkinElmer ; Canberra Packard Inc. ; Packard Bioscience and CCS Packard ; Ambac Industries Inc. ; Packard Instrument International S.A. (Zurich, Switzerland) ; Canberra Packard International S. A. (Zurich, Switzerland) ; Canberra Co.  Search this

Notes content:

Press kits containing booklets on various products ; "Packard '92 The Changing Face of Radioassay Counting" ; gamma counter ; "Test Your Gamma IQ" (1993) ; "Matrix Solid Supports" vol. 1, issue 1, Summer 1991 (a scientific newsletter published by Packard Instrument Co.) ; "Tri-Carb 2500TR" ; "Matrix 96 Direct Beta Counter" ; "Flame Oxidation Sample Oxidizer Model 307" ; "Cobra Auto-Gamma" ; "Packard '90 Packard: MAPP to Success" ; "Riastar: Simple Fast Smart" ; "Auto-Gamma 5500 Benchtop Gamma Counters" ; "Packard Pesticide Analyzer" (1967) ; "The Future of Microplate Assays is Here -- 384-well Radioscopic and Luminescence Counting!" (1996) ; SpeedQuant Molecular Biology Instant Imager electronic autoradiography system (1995) ; "Chemicals & Supplies Catalog for Liquid Scintillation and Gamma Counting" (1987) ; "Packard Today: Forty Years of Life Science Innovation" (1994) including information on Robotics in assaying ; Tri-Carb Liquid Scintillation Analyzer (1994) ; Ultima Gold LCS cocktail ; "Packard '93 Accelerating the Pace of Scientific Research Worldwide" ; autoradiography ; "The 2420 Tri-Carb Spectrometer New Simplicity and Convenience in Liquid Scintillation Counting" (1970) ; "Microvolume Radio-HPLC...Resolution Just Got Better" (1998) ; "Model 7150 Radioactive Flow Monitor Trace II" (1985) ; gas chromatography network ; "Model 830 Network Manager" (1985) ; instruments for radioactivity measurement and chromatography ; "TopCount" Microplate Scintillation and Luminescence Counters ; "Cyclone" Storage Phosphor System ; includes business cards. Founded 1949 (see "The Business of Chemistry" page 132, pubs.acs.org/supplements/chemchronicles2/pdf/131.pdf?sessid=5964.) Packard Instruments, later Packard Bioscience was a developer, manufacturer and marketer of instruments and related consumables and services and services, for use in drug discovery and other life sciences research, such as basic human disease research and biotechnology. Packard BioScience is primarily focused on the rapidly growing areas of drug screening, functional genomics and proteomics. In 2001 PerkinElmer, Inc. acquired Packard. (see http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=89380&p=irol-pressRelease&t=Regular&id=201704&).

Includes:

Trade catalog, price lists and histories

Black and white images

Color images

Physical description:

54 pieces; 1 box

Language:

English

Type of material:

Trade catalogs

Trade literature

Place:

Meriden, Connecticut, United States

Date:

1900s

Topic (Romaine term):

Biotechnology and biochemical equipment and supplies  Search this

Chemicals and chemical products  Search this

Computers and computer equipment  Search this

Electrical apparatus and equipment  Search this

Laboratories and laboratory supplies and equipment  Search this

Measuring; calculating and testing devices  Search this

Nuclear materials and technologies  Search this

Scientific and optical instruments  Search this

Topic:

"Laboratories -- Furniture, equipment, etc."  Search this

Biochemical engineering  Search this

Biotechnology  Search this

Calculators  Search this

Chemicals  Search this

Computers  Search this

Electric apparatus and appliances  Search this

Measuring instruments  Search this

Nuclear energy  Search this

Nuclear engineering -- Instruments  Search this

Nuclear industry  Search this

Nuclear power plants  Search this

Optical equipment  Search this

Optical instruments  Search this

Scientific apparatus and instruments  Search this

Weighing instruments  Search this

Record ID:

SILNMAHTL_27026

Location:

Trade Literature at the American History Museum Library

Collection:

Smithsonian Libraries Trade Literature Collections

Data source:

Smithsonian Libraries

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:SILNMAHTL_27026

Author:

Baldwin, James 1924-1987  Search this

Physical description:

x, 869 pages 21 cm

Type:

Books

American essays

Essay

Novela afroamericana

Essays

History

Essais

Place:

United States

États-Unis

Date:

1998

20th century

20e siècle

Siglo XX

Topic:

American essays  Search this

American essays--African American authors  Search this

African American authors  Search this

African Americans--Social conditions  Search this

African Americans--Intellectual life  Search this

Racism--History  Search this

Afro-Americans  Search this

Literature  Search this

Essais américains  Search this

Écrivains noirs américains  Search this

Noirs américains--Conditions sociales  Search this

Noirs américains--Vie intellectuelle  Search this

Racisme--Histoire  Search this

Littérature  Search this

HISTORY / United States / 20th Century  Search this

LITERARY COLLECTIONS / American / African American  Search this

SOCIAL SCIENCE / Ethnic Studies / African American Studies  Search this

Race relations  Search this

Racism  Search this

African Americans--Civil rights  Search this

History  Search this

Relations raciales  Search this

Histoire  Search this

Call number:

CT275.B194 A1c 1998

Data Source:

Smithsonian Libraries

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:siris_sil_533683

Author:

Robeson Center Gallery (Newark, N.J.)  Search this

City without Walls Gallery (Newark, N.J.)  Search this

New Jersey State Museum  Search this

Newark College of Arts and Sciences (N.J.) Museum Training Program  Search this

Newark Museum  Search this

Subject:

Federal Art Project  Search this

United States Work Projects Administration  Search this

Physical description:

76 p. : ill. ; 29 cm

Type:

Exhibitions

Place:

New Jersey

Date:

1980

C1980

20th century

Topic:

New Deal art  Search this

Art, American  Search this

Federal aid to the arts  Search this

Data Source:

Smithsonian Libraries

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:siris_sil_282369

Author:

Hoffmann, Josef Franz Maria 1870-1956  Search this

Noever, Peter 1941-  Search this

Österreichisches Museum für Angewandte Kunst  Search this

Hochschule für Angewandte Kunst (Vienna, Austria)  Search this

IBM Gallery of Science and Art  Search this

Subject:

Hoffmann, Josef Franz Maria 1870-1956  Search this

Physical description:

331 p. : ill. (some col.) ; 29 cm

Type:

Exhibitions

Place:

Austria

Date:

1992

C1992

20th century

Topic:

Decorative arts--History  Search this

Call number:

NK946.H63 A4 1992

NK946.H63A4 1992

Data Source:

Smithsonian Libraries

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:siris_sil_440438

Creator:

Blanch, Gertrude  Search this

Bloch, Richard M.  Search this

Bradburn, James  Search this

Brainerd, John G.  Search this

Brown, George W.  Search this

Brown, Gordon S.  Search this

Buchholz, Werner  Search this

Burns, Robert  Search this

Atanasoff, John V.  Search this

Atchison, William  Search this

Auerbach, Issac  Search this

Bartik, Jean  Search this

Bauer, William  Search this

Beek, Allan  Search this

Bernstein, Mort  Search this

Bigelow, Julian  Search this

Coleman  Search this

Cohen, I. Bernhard  Search this

Computer History Forum.  Search this

COT Meeting.  Search this

Coombs, John  Search this

Crawford, Perry O.  Search this

Couret, Lynn  Search this

Campbell, Robert V.  Search this

Campaigne, Howard  Search this

Cannon, Edward  Search this

Canning, R.G.  Search this

Clem, Mary  Search this

Cass, James  Search this

CODASYL Meeting.  Search this

Clippinger, Richard F.  Search this

MIT Club Talks (Brown & Wiener).  Search this

Andrews, Ernest G.  Search this

American Federation of Information Processing Societies  Search this

Alt, Franz  Search this

Alrich, John  Search this

Association for Computing Machinery.  Search this

Association for Computing Machinery.  Search this

Argonne National Laboratories R.  Search this

Allard, Gerry  Search this

Aiken, Howard  Search this

Adams, Charles  Search this

Acton, Forman  Search this

Halstead, Maurice H.  Search this

Harmon, Leon  Search this

Harvey, Samuel  Search this

Hazen, Dean Harold  Search this

Gruenberger, Fred  Search this

Gunning, William  Search this

Hagen, Glenn E.  Search this

Hall, W.  Search this

Greenwald, Irwin  Search this

Greenwarld, Sidney  Search this

Griswold, Ralph E.  Search this

Grosch, Herbert R. J.  Search this

Goheen, Harry E.  Search this

Good, I.J.  Search this

Goteib, C.C.  Search this

Granholm, Jackson  Search this

Israel, David R.  Search this

Huskey, Harry D.  Search this

Kates, Josef  Search this

Juncosa, Mario  Search this

Householder, Alston S.  Search this

Horwitz, Bernhard R.  Search this

Hurd, Cuthbert R.  Search this

Howard, Bernard  Search this

Hopper, Grace Murray, 1906-1992  Search this

Holbrook, Bernard  Search this

Horner, Joseph  Search this

Horn, Robert J.  Search this

Herold, Henry  Search this

Herget, Paul  Search this

Holberton, Betty  Search this

Hertz, Ted  Search this

Elkins, Harold  Search this

Estrin, Gerald  Search this

Edwards, Walt  Search this

Elbourn, Robert  Search this

Eckert, J. Presper (John Presper), 1919-1995  Search this

Eddy, Robert Philip  Search this

Downey, William  Search this

Eckdahl, Donald  Search this

Dodd, Stephen  Search this

Dotts, Richard D.  Search this

Dietzhold, Robert  Search this

Dimsdale, Bernard  Search this

Desch, Joseph  Search this

Dickinson, Arthur H.  Search this

Curtiss, John H.  Search this

Dederick, Louis S.  Search this

Glazer, T.  Search this

Givens, Wallace  Search this

Gill, Stanley  Search this

Geisler, Murray  Search this

Garrison, Ken  Search this

Frankel, Stanley  Search this

Forrester, Jay W.  Search this

Forrest, Cameron B.  Search this

Forbes, George  Search this

Fenaughty, Alfred L.  Search this

Fein, Louis  Search this

Feign, David  Search this

Farrand, William R.  Search this

Fall Joint Computer Conference, 12/6/72.  Search this

Fall Joint Computer Conference, 11/17/71.  Search this

Everett, Robert  Search this

Nelson, Eldred  Search this

Neisius, Vincent  Search this

Northrop, John  Search this

Neovius, G.  Search this

Parker, R.D.  Search this

Palevsky, Max  Search this

Phelps, Byron R.  Search this

Patrick, Robert  Search this

Pickrell, D.  Search this

Phister, Montgomery  Search this

Pollmyer, R.  Search this

Polachek, Harry  Search this

Quady, Emmett  Search this

Postley, John A. R.  Search this

Rajchman, Jan  Search this

Ream, Norman  Search this

Reed, Irving S.  Search this

Rees, Mina  Search this

Rhodes, Ida  Search this

Rice, Rex  Search this

Rochester, Nathaniel  Search this

Rogers, Jim  Search this

Rogers, Stanley  Search this

Rosenberg, Milton  Search this

Rosenthal, Paul R.  Search this

Rubinoff, Morris R.  Search this

Salzer, John M.  Search this

Samuel, Arthur L. R.  Search this

Sarkissian, Harold  Search this

Schuette, Roger  Search this

Serrell, Robert R.  Search this

King, Paul  Search this

Kilpatrick, Lester  Search this

Killian, James  Search this

Kaufold, Leroy R.  Search this

Lanzarotta, Sandy R.  Search this

Kreuder, Norman L.  Search this

Korn, Irving  Search this

Kirsch, Russell  Search this

Lovell, Clarence A.  Search this

Lehmer, Derrick H.  Search this

Legvold, Sam  Search this

Larson, Harry  Search this

Martin, Richard R.  Search this

Marden, Ethel  Search this

Madden, Don R.  Search this

Lowe, John  Search this

McPherson, John C.  Search this

Mendelson, Jerry  Search this

Mason, Daniel R.  Search this

Mauchly, John R.  Search this

Michel, J.G.L. R.  Search this

Miller, Frederick G.  Search this

Menzel, Donald H.  Search this

Metropolis, Nicholas C.  Search this

Mitchell, Joel  Search this

MITRE Meeting.  Search this

Mills, Roger L.  Search this

Morton, Paul  Search this

Mumford, Louis  Search this

Mock, Owen  Search this

Morse, Philip B.  Search this

Wilkinson, James H. R.  Search this

Wilkes, Maurice R.  Search this

Wizenbaum, Joe  Search this

Williams, Charles  Search this

Wieselman, Irving  Search this

Wiener, Robert  Search this

Wild, Arthur  Search this

Wieser, C. Robert  Search this

Wrench, John W. R.  Search this

Woodger, Michael  Search this

Yowell, E.C. R.  Search this

Youtz, Pat  Search this

Woo, Way Dong  Search this

Wolfe, Philip  Search this

Woodbury, William R.  Search this

Wood, Ben D.  Search this

Zemanek, Heinz  Search this

Zuse, Konrad  Search this

Smagorinsky, Joseph  Search this

Slutz, Ralph R.  Search this

Skramstad, Harold R.  Search this

Skillman, Sherwood R.  Search this

SIAM/SIGNUM Meeting.  Search this

SIAM-72.  Search this

SHARE XXXVIII.  Search this

SHARE Meeting for Pioneers.  Search this

Taylor, Norman  Search this

Tanaka, David  Search this

Strong, Jack  Search this

Stibitz, George  Search this

Steele, Floyd G. R.  Search this

Sprague, Richard E.  Search this

Snyder, Samuel  Search this

Smith, Charles V.L.  Search this

TV Program KQED.  Search this

Uncapher, Keith  Search this

Torfeh, Mark  Search this

Travis, Irven  Search this

Todd-Tausskky, Olga  Search this

Tomash, Erwin  Search this

Toben, Gregory  Search this

Todd, John  Search this

Wheeler, R.J.  Search this

Whirlwind Discussion.  Search this

Ware, Willis H.  Search this

Wegstein, Joseph Henry  Search this

Wagner, Frank  Search this

Wang, An R.  Search this

von Hippel, Arthur  Search this

von Neumann, John  Search this

Armer, Paul, 1924- (computer technician)  Search this

Interviewee:

Rabinow, Jacob, 1910-  Search this

Former owner:

National Museum of American History (U.S.). Division of Computers, Information and Society  Search this

Extent:

43.5 Cubic feet (158 boxes)

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Audiotapes

Interviews

Oral history

Sound recordings

Transcripts

Videotapes

Date:

1969-1973, 1977

Summary:

The Computer Oral History Collection (1969-1973, 1977), was a cooperative project of the American Federation of Information Processing Societies (AFIPS) and the Smithsonian Institution. This project began in 1967 with the main objective to collect, document, house, and make available for research source material surrounding the development of the computer.

Scope and Contents:

This collection consists of approximately 43.5 cubic feet of material documenting the development of the computer.

ABC -- Atanasoff-Berry Computer

ACE -- Automatic Computing Engine

ACM -- Association for Computing Machinery

ALGOL -- ALGOLrithmic Language

ALWAC -- Axel Wenner-Gren Automatic Computer

ARPA -- Advanced Research Projects Agency

BACAIC -- Boeing Airplane Company Algebraic Interpretative Computing System

BARK -- Binar Automatisk Rela Kalkylator

BINAC -- Binary Automatic Computer

BIZMAC -- Business Machine

BMEW -- Ballistic Missile Early Warning (System)

BUIC -- Back-up Interceptor Control

CADAC -- Cambridge Digital Automatic Computer

CALDIC -- California Digital Computer

CEC -- Consolidated Electrodynamics Corporation

CEIR -- Council for Economic and Industry Research

COBOL -- Common Business-Oriented Language

CODASYL -- Conference on Data Systems Languages

CONAC -- Continental Automatic Command

COMTRAN -- Commercial Translator

CPC -- Card Programmed Calculator

CRC -- Computer Response Corporation

DARPA -- Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

DINA -- Digital Network Analyzer

DDA -- Digital Differential Analyzer

EDSAC -- Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator

EDVAC -- Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer

EAM -- Electric [or Electronic] Accounting Machines [or Methods]

ENIAC -- Electronic Numerical Integrator and Automatic Computer

ERA -- Engineering Research Associates

ERMA -- Electronic Recording and Machine Accounting

FADAC -- Field Artillery Data Computer

FSQ -- Fixed Special eQuipment

IAS -- Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton University)

ICBM -- Intercontinental Ballistic Missile

ILLIAC -- Illinois Automatic Computer

INTERCOM -- Intercommunication System (Programming Language)

JOHNNIAC -- John [von Neumann's ] Integrator and Automatic Computer

JOSS -- Johnniac [John's Integrator and Automatic Computer] Open Shop System

LARK -- Livermore Atomic Research Computer

LAS -- Laboratories of Applied Science

LGP -- Librascope

MAC -- Magnetic Automatic Calculator/Multiple Access Computer

MADDIDA -- Magnetic Drum Digital Differential Analyzer

MAGIC -- Machine for Automatic Graphics Interface to a Computer

MANIAC -- Mathematical Analyzer, Numerical Integrator, and Computer

MIDAC -- Michigan [University of] Digital Automatic Computer

MIDSAC -- Michigan [University of} Digital Special Automatic Computer

MINAC -- Minimal Automatic Computer

MIT -- Massachusetts Institute of Technology

MITRE -- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Research Establishment

MX -- Missile, Experimental

NATDAN -- North American Digital Anaylzer

NATPAC -- North American Programmed Automatic Computer

NDRC -- National Defense Research Committee [of Office of Scientific Research and Development, World War II]

NELIAC -- Naval Electronics Laboratory International Algebraic Compiler

NORC -- Naval Ordnance Research Calculator [or computer] [Naval Ordnance Proving Ground]

NTDS -- Naval Tactical Data Systems

ONR -- Office of Naval Research

ORACLE -- Oak Ridge Automatic Computer and Logical Engine

ORDVAC -- Ordnance Discrete Variable Automatic Computer [AEC]

OSRD -- Office of Standard Reference Data [National Bureau of Standards]

PACT -- Project for the Advancement of Coding Techniques

QUAC -- Quadratic Arc Computer

RAMAC -- Random Access Memory Accounting Machine

RAYDAC -- Raytheon Digital Automatic Computer

REAC -- Reeves Electronic Analog Computer

RECOMP -- Reliable COMPuter

RESISTOR -- Reusable Surface Insulation Stresses [NASA computer program]

SCERT -- Systems and Computer Evaluation Review Technique

SCM -- Smith Corona Merchant

SEAC -- U.S. Bureau of Standards Eastern Automatic Computer

SHARE -- Society to Help Avoid Redundant Effort

SHOT -- Society for the History of Technology

SIAM -- Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics

SILLIAC -- Sydney [version of the ] Illiac

SIMSCRIPT -- Simulation Script

SNOBOL -- String-Oriented Symbolic Language

SSEC -- Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator

SUBROC -- Submarine Rocket

SWAC -- U.S. Bureau of Standards Western Automatic Computer

TPM -- Tape Processing Machine

UDEC -- United Digital Electronic Computer

UNIVAC -- Universal Automatic Computer

WEIZAC -- Weizmann Automatic Computer [at Weizmann Institute]

WISC -- Wisconsin Integrally Synchronized Computer

NT=No Transcript

R=Restricted

Arrangement:

The collection is divided into six series.

Series 1: Transcripts, 1967-1973, 1977

Series 2: Supplemental Documentation, 1922-1974

Series 3: Patents, 1940-1973

Series 4: John Vincent Atanasoff's Materials, 1927-1968

Series 5: Audio Tapes, 1967-1974, 1977

Series 6: Video Tapes, 1968-1972

Biographical / Historical:

The Computer Oral History Collection (1969-1973, 1977), was a cooperative project of the American Federation of Information Processing Societies (AFIPS) and the Smithsonian Institution. This project began in 1967 with the main objective to collect, document, house, and make available for research source material surrounding the development of the computer. The project collected taped oral interviews with individuals who figured prominently in developing or advancing the computer field and supplemental written documentation--working papers, reports, drawings, and photographs. The AFIPS provided the "seed" money to support the project and to aid the Smithsonian with its expenditures. Interviews were conducted by I.B. Cohen, A. Dettinger, Bonnie Kaplan, Elizabeth Luebbert, William Luebbert, Robina Mapstone, Richard Mertz, Uta Merzbach, and Henry Tropp. In some instances, the audio tapes and/or transcripts are not "formal" interviews, but rather moderated panel discussions/meetings, or lectures delivered by interviewees.

Related Materials:

The Archives Center contains several "computer" related collections:

American National Standards Institute, 1969-1979

Association for Computing Machinery Collection, 1958-1978 (Washington, D.C., Chapter)

N.W. Ayer Advertsing Agency Records, 1889-1972

Paul Armer Collection, 1949-1970

Robert G. Chamberlain Numerical Control Collection, 1954-1984

J. Childs Numerical Control Collection, 1952-1970

Computer Standards Collection, 1958-1978

Computer World Smithsonian Awards Collection, 1989-2001

Data Processing Digest Collection, 1955-1974

Max Holland Machine Tool Industry Collection, circa 1941-1990

Grace Murray Hopper Collection, 1944-1965

Information Age Exhibition Records, 1979-1990

Institute for Advanced Study Computer Project Records, 1950-1957

Instrument Society of America Collection, 1911-1969

Odex I Walking Robot Collection, 1973-1986

Jacob Rabinow Papers, 1910-1917; 1947-1990

Terry M. Sachs Collection, 1965-1969

Scientists and Inventors Portrait File, circa 1950-1980

Share Numerical Analysis Project Records, 1964-1970

SHARE Records, circa 1954-1984

Cliff Shaw papers, circa 1954-1985

Society for the History of Technology (SHOT) Records, 1956-1992

Warshaw Collection of Business Americana, circa 1754-1965

Whirlwind I Computer Collection, 1945-1959

B.H. Worsley Collection, 1946-1959

Within the National Museum of American History there are other related collections that may be found in the Division of Medicine and Science. These collections contain both artifacts and documents. Artifacts include: digital computing machines, automatic digital computers and electronic calculators, logic devices, card and tape processors, slide rules, integrators and integraphs, harmonic analyzers and synthesizers, differential analyzers, other analog computing devices, space measurement and representation, time measurement, and combination space and time measurement. Documentation includes the Electronic Computers History Collection and the Mathematical Devices History Collection. Photographs and video materials can also be found. The Smithsonian Institution Archives contains administrative documentation regarding the Computer History Project.

Provenance:

The Computer Oral History Collection was a cooperative project of the American Federation of Information Processing Societies (AFIPS) and the Smithsonian Institution. This project began in 1967 and was concluded in 1973. This collection was transferred to the Archives Center in approximately 1986 from the Division of Information, Technology & Society, formerly known as the Division of Electricity.

Restrictions:

Collection is open for research but original audio tapes and videotapes are stored off-site. Reference copies do not exist for all of the audiovisual materials. Contact the Archives Center for information at archivescenter@si.edu or 202-633-3270.

Rights:

Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning copyright restrictions. Other intellectual property rights may apply. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.

Topic:

Computers  Search this

Engineers  Search this

Mathematics  Search this

Mathematicians  Search this

Physicists  Search this

Scientists  Search this

Genre/Form:

Audiotapes

Interviews -- 1950-2000

Oral history

Sound recordings -- Compact disks

Transcripts

Videotapes

Citation:

Computer Oral History Collection, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution

Sponsor:

Online transcripts for select oral history interviews were made possible by the Morton I. Bernstein Fund and the Association for Computing Machinery, the Special Interest Group on Management of Data (SIGMOD), and the Special Interest Group on Programming Languages (SIGPLAN).

Identifier:

NMAH.AC.0196

See more items in:

Computer Oral History Collection

Archival Repository:

Archives Center, National Museum of American History

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep8b666ccc2-1644-4513-9a64-89be727d5419

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nmah-ac-0196

Author:

Bedasse, Monique  Search this

Physical description:

1 online resource (xiii, 254 pages) illustrations

Type:

Electronic resources

History

Place:

Tanzania

Tanzanie

Date:

2017

20th century

1964-

Topic:

Rastafarians  Search this

Repatriation  Search this

Black people--Migrations  Search this

Noirs--Migrations  Search this

SOCIAL SCIENCE--Discrimination & Race Relations  Search this

SOCIAL SCIENCE--Minority Studies  Search this

History  Search this

Histoire  Search this

Call number:

DT448.2 .B43 2017 (Internet)

Data Source:

Smithsonian Libraries

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:siris_sil_1160942

Author:

Hale, Jon N  Search this

Physical description:

1 online resource (349 pages)

Type:

Electronic resources

History

Place:

Southern States

Date:

2022

20th century

Topic:

African American high school students--Political activity--History  Search this

African American student movements--History  Search this

Civil rights movements--History  Search this

High schools--Social aspects--History  Search this

Segregation in education--History  Search this

SOCIAL SCIENCE / Ethnic Studies / African American Studies  Search this

African American student movements  Search this

Civil rights movements  Search this

High schools--Social aspects  Search this

Race relations  Search this

Segregation in education  Search this

History  Search this

Call number:

LC2779 .H35 2022 (Internet)

Restrictions & Rights:

Unlimited users

Data Source:

Smithsonian Libraries

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:siris_sil_1160743

Creator:

National Air and Space Museum (U.S.) Space History Department  Search this

Subject:

Lassman, Thomas Charles  Search this

United States Department of Defense  Search this

Type:

Electronic mail

Collection descriptions

Electronic records

Place:

United States

Date:

2016

2016-2019

Topic:

Astronautical museums  Search this

Space sciences  Search this

Museum curators  Search this

Cold War  Search this

Museums--Collection management  Search this

Professional associations  Search this

Seminars  Search this

Research, Industrial  Search this

Local number:

SIA Acc. 23-027

Restrictions & Rights:

Restricted for 15 years, until Jan-01-2035. Records may contain personally identifiable information (PII) that is permanently restricted; Transferring office; 11/4/2022 memorandum, Johnstone to File; Contact reference staff for details

See more items in:

Correspondence 1965-2019 [National Air and Space Museum (U.S.) Department of Space History]

Data Source:

Smithsonian Institution Archives

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:siris_arc_404816

Author:

Cain, Victoria E. M. 1974-  Search this

Physical description:

1 online resource

Type:

Electronic resources

History

Place:

United States

États-Unis

Date:

2021

20th century

20e siècle

Topic:

Audio-visual education--History  Search this

Educational technology--History  Search this

Mass media in education  Search this

Education--Effect of technological innovations on  Search this

Enseignement--Méthodes audiovisuelles--Histoire  Search this

Technologie éducative--Histoire  Search this

Médias en éducation  Search this

Éducation--Effets des innovations sur  Search this

Audio-visual education  Search this

Educational technology  Search this

EDUCATION / Computers & Technology  Search this

SOCIAL SCIENCE / Media Studies  Search this

EDUCATION / History  Search this

Call number:

LB1043 .C28 2021 (Internet)

Restrictions & Rights:

1-user

Data Source:

Smithsonian Libraries

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:siris_sil_1160118

Author:

Decker, Christof  Search this

Physical description:

1 online resource (157 pages) illustrations

Type:

Art and the war

Date:

2022

20th century

Topic:

World War, 1939-1945  Search this

World War, 1939-1945--Motion pictures and the war  Search this

Aesthetics, Modern  Search this

SOCIAL SCIENCE / Media Studies  Search this

Call number:

D810.A7 D43 2022 (Internet)

Restrictions & Rights:

1-user

Data Source:

Smithsonian Libraries

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:siris_sil_1159959

Creator:

Vetter, David, 1971-1984  Search this

Texas Children's Hospital  Search this

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration  Search this

Collector:

National Museum of American History (U.S.). Division of Science, Medicine, and Society  Search this

Donor:

Vetter, Carol Ann  Search this

Vetter, David J., Jr.  Search this

Extent:

4.6 Cubic feet (9 boxes)

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Photographs

Financial records

Reprints

Periodicals

Reports

Specifications

School records

Student drawings

Correspondence

Legislative documents

Articles

Trade literature

Manuals

Date:

1971-1986

Summary:

Papers document David Vetter, a Texas boy with a rare disease known as Severe Combined Immune Deficiency. His life in a special isolation unit received widespread publicity.

Scope and Contents:

Papers relating to David Vetter, a Texas boy with a rare disease known as Severe Combined Immune Deficiency. The papers document his and his family's efforts to maintain normalcy in his life in spite of the limitations imposed by his disease, and medical efforts to reduce or cope with the limitations. A special suit was designed for David by NASA scientists to give him mobility, and the papers include documentation of the development and implementation of the suit.

The collection includes letters, greeting cards, photographs, medical records and internal hospital memoranda and documents from the Texas Children's Hospital in Houston, procedure manuals for the isolation unit, specifications for the space suit, David's school records and school art projects, receipts and other financial papers, trade literature for products used in creating the sterile isolation unit, medical journals, newspaper and magazine articles, and clippings. The collection also includes a project created by high school students in 1985 about David's life and legislation to honor David with the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

Arrangement:

The collection is arranged into seven series.

Series 1: Correspondence and Press, 1971-1985

Series 2: Mobile Biological Isolation System (MBIS), 1973-1983

Series 3: Medical Publications, 1972-1983

Series 4: Personal Papers, 1978-1983

Series 5: Nimitz High School Project, 1985

Series 6: Texas Children's Hospital Medical Records, 1965-1989

Series 7: Photographs, 1974-1983

Biographical / Historical:

David Vetter (1971-1984) was a Texas boy who was born with Severe Combined Immune Deficiency, a disease which required him to live in a sterile, plastic isolation unit. NASA scientists designed and created a special suit for David, which resembled astronauts' space suits. His parents, family, church, doctors, and community all made efforts to enable him to have a normal childhood and life. At age 12, he underwent experimental bone marrow surgery, which was not successful, and David died a few months later. The bone marrow donor, David's sister Katherine, carried a dormant strand of the Epstein-Barr virus which was not detected by the pre-operation screens. He was removed from the bubble in February of 1984 and died 15 days later.

Related Materials:

Materials in the Archives Center, National Museum of American History

Shriners Hospital Patient Isolation Unit Records, NMAH.AC.1142

Materials in the Division of Medicine and Science, National Museum of American History

Related objects include action figure toys, a t-shirt, and a space suit. See accessioons: 1986.0201 and 1986.0450.

Provenance:

The collection was donated by David Vetter's parents, David and Carol Ann Vetter in 1986.

Restrictions:

Collection is open for research but is stored off-site and special arrangements must be made to work with it. Some health-related materials in Series 3: Medical Publications, Series 6: Texas Children's Hospital Medical Records, and Series 7: Photographs are restricted until 2034. Contact the Archives Center for information at archivescenter@si.edu or 202-633-3270.

Rights:

Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning copyright restrictions. Other intellectual property rights may apply. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.

Topic:

Immunological deficiency syndromes  Search this

Space suits  Search this

Hospitals  Search this

Severe combined immunodeficiency  Search this

Immune diseases  Search this

Isolation (Hospital care)  Search this

Greeting cards -- 20th century  Search this

Genre/Form:

Photographs -- 20th century

Financial records -- 20th century

Reprints

Periodicals

Reports -- 1950-1980

Specifications

School records

Student drawings

Correspondence -- 20th century

Legislative documents

Articles -- 20th century

Trade literature

Manuals

Citation:

David Vetter Collection, Archives Center, National Museum of American History.

Identifier:

NMAH.AC.1133

See more items in:

David Vetter Collection

Archival Repository:

Archives Center, National Museum of American History

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep841388a2d-7b6b-47e5-8696-e8ea3b315391

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nmah-ac-1133

Donor:

Shriners Hospital for Children (Cincinnati, Ohio)  Search this

Hitzler, Ron  Search this

Creator:

Maley, Matthew  Search this

Extent:

0.75 Cubic feet (2 boxes )

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Specifications

Reports

Reprints

Trade literature

Design drawings

Photographs

Articles

Technical drawings

Technical reports

Laboratory notes

Correspondence

Date:

1956-1981

bulk 1969-1972

Summary:

Collection documents the development, study, and evaluation of gnotobiotic or germ-free patient isolation. During the 1960s, Shriners Burn Unit in Cincinnati, Ohio modified a previously existing unit, the Life Island (Mark V) and subsequently developed their own germ free unit, the Snyder Unit. One of the main developers of the Snyder Unit was Dr. Matthew Maley of Shriners Hospital. Collection includes correspondence, notes, reports, drawings, photographs, journal articles and trade literature.

Scope and Contents:

The Shriners Hospital Patient Isolation Unit Records consist of approximately .75 cubic feet and document the development and testing of the Synder Unit.

While the majority of the documentation is for the Synder Unit, there are articles and speeches from symposia held on gnotobiotics or the study of germ free living. These articles and speeches range from dealing with burn victims and cancer patients to the toxicity of certain germs to the sustainability of germ free animals.

Arrangement:

The records are arranged into two series.

Series 1, Patient Isolation Unit Materials, 1966-1972

Series 2, Gnotobiotics Research, 1956-1981

Biographical / Historical:

In 1966, Shriners Burns Institute of Cincinnati, Ohio, (now known as the Shriners Hospital for Children) purchased a Life Island (Mark V) patient isolation system or germ free unit and made modifications to it. In 1967, the Shriners Burns Institute began working with the Snyder Manufacturing Company to create their own germ free unit, named the Snyder Unit. This project had several collaborators including Dr. Matthew Maley, Dr. P.C. Trexler, and Dr. Bruce MacMillan. The Snyder Unit was tested from 1967 to 1972. It was used for about a year before the doctors working on the project realized that a smaller and simpler unit named with the acronym, CRS, was more efficient economically and health-wise. While the CRS was not a "bubble" isolation unit like the Life Island or the Synder Unit, it was still considered an isolation unit and soon replaced both the modified Life Island and the Synder Unit which was retired in 1980.

The Synder Unit was also studied to determine if it could be used for cancer patients or patients taking immunosuppressant drugs. Tests proved that while the Synder Unit did help a few cancer patients, the results were not significant enough for its use for patients with weakened immune systems.

Separated Materials:

The Division of Medicine and Science holds a Snyder Isolator (prototype) and Life Island Isolator Mark V unit (Accession #: 1980.0187).

Provenance:

This collection was donated by Ron Hitzler, 2008.

Restrictions:

The collection is open for research use. Researchers must handle unprotected photographs with gloves.

Rights:

Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning copyright restrictions. Reproduction permission from Archives Center: reproduction fees may apply.

Topic:

Isolation (Hospital care)  Search this

Burn care units  Search this

Hospitals  Search this

Genre/Form:

Specifications

Reports -- 1950-1980

Reprints

Trade literature

Design drawings

Photographs -- 20th century

Articles -- 20th century

Technical drawings

Technical reports

Laboratory notes

Correspondence -- 20th century

Citation:

Shriners Hospital Patient Isolation Records, dates, Archives Center, National Museum of American History

Identifier:

NMAH.AC.1142

See more items in:

Shriners Hospital Patient Isolation Unit Records

Archival Repository:

Archives Center, National Museum of American History

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep8e4cd3c56-74cb-45da-b655-e8abf60629df

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nmah-ac-1142

Author:

Sabin, Paul 1970-  Search this

Physical description:

xviii, 254 pages illustrations 24 cm

Type:

Books

HISTORY / United States / 20th Century

POLITICAL SCIENCE / Political Process / Political Advocacy

POLITICAL SCIENCE / Political Ideologies / General

History

Place:

United States

États-Unis

Date:

2021

20th century

20e siècle

1945-1989

Topic:

Liberalism--History  Search this

Bureaucracy--History  Search this

Public interest groups--History  Search this

Pressure groups--History  Search this

Libéralisme--Histoire  Search this

Bureaucratie--Histoire  Search this

Groupes de défense de l'intérêt public--Histoire  Search this

Bureaucracy  Search this

Liberalism  Search this

Politics and government  Search this

Pressure groups  Search this

Public interest groups  Search this

Politique et gouvernement  Search this

Data Source:

Smithsonian Libraries

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:siris_sil_1158555

Collector:

Meyerson, Daniel H.  Search this

Extent:

16 Cubic feet (43 boxes)

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Brochures

Magazines (periodicals)

Guidebooks

Press releases

Picture postcards

Bulletins

Date:

1915-2000

undated

Summary:

The collection primarily documents through press releases, news bulletins, guidebooks, souvenirs, maps, ephemera and related publications world's fairs occurring after 1960.

Scope and Contents:

The strength of this collection lies in the documentation of world's fairs occurring after 1960. There is a substantial amount of material for the 1964/1965 New York World's Fair, International and Universal Exposition or Expo 67 (Montreal, Canada), HemisFair '68 (San Antonio, Texas), Japan World Exposition or Expo '70 (Osaka, Japan), International Exposition on the Environment or Expo '74 (Spokane, Washington), International Ocean Exposition or Expo '75 (Okinawa, Japan), International Energy Exposition or 1982 World's Fair (Knoxville, Tennessee), Expo '86 (Vancouver, Canada), and Expo '88 (Brisbane, Australia). These materials were originally assembled by Eugene Kaeck, who created and managed the non-profit organization San Francisco Archive and Research Center for World's Fairs and Expositions, Incorporated. After Kaeck's death his home and its contents were purchased by Daniel Meyerson. The collection contains some of the correspondence from the San Francisco Archive and Research Center for World's Fairs and Expositions, Incorporated but primarily consists of material that was created for fair goers. These materials inform the consumer about activities, amusements, pavilions, eating establishments and offer tips about getting around the grounds. Included among these materials are guidebooks, press releases, news bulletins, brochures, schedules, postcards, souvenirs, maps, fact sheets and ephemera. There is also a substantial amount of material created by the hospitality industry that relates to tourism including lodging accommodations, transportation and sightseeing opportunities. Mostly created by transportation and lodging companies, the materials include maps, guides, tickets, brochures and tour books. In addition publications including magazines, newspapers and books discuss the history of world's fairs as well as the theme, significance, corporate participants and achievements of individual expos dating before, during and after the fair.

The collection is arranged into two series. Series one includes fairs sanctioned by the Bureau International des Expositions (BIE). The materials are arranged in chronological order. Series two consists of other celebrations around the world including the Prague International Fair, Festival of Britain, Soviet Exhibition of Science, Technology, and Cuture, Mexican National Fair, Alaska Centennial, First World Exhibition of Transport and Communications and the International Garden Show in Amsterdam. There is a substantial amount of material from the Canadian National Exhibition, 1977-1981. These materials are arranged in chronological order.

Arrangement:

Series 1, World Expositions, 1915-2000, undated

Series 2, Other Celebrations, 1949-1994, undated

Biographical / Historical:

Daniel H. Meyerson was San Francisco antiques dealer.

Provenance:

Collection was donated by Daniel H. Meyerson in 2000 in honor of Mel Seiden.

Restrictions:

Collection is open for research.

Rights:

Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning copyright restrictions. Other intellectual property rights may apply. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.

Topic:

Exhibitions -- 1960-1990  Search this

World's fairs  Search this

Genre/Form:

Brochures -- 1950-2000

Magazines (periodicals) -- 1950-1980

Guidebooks

Press releases

Picture postcards -- 20th century -- United States

Bulletins

Citation:

Daniel H. Meyerson World's Fair Collection, Archives Center, National Museum of American History.

Identifier:

NMAH.AC.0745

See more items in:

Daniel H. Meyerson World's Fair Collection

Archival Repository:

Archives Center, National Museum of American History

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep8860b0d96-9638-4822-89e9-95a857109e7e

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nmah-ac-0745

Creator:

International Standards Organization (ISO).  Search this

Bemer, Robert M.  Search this

Names:

COBOL (Computer program language).  Search this

Former owner:

National Museum of American History (U.S.). Division of Physical Sciences and Mathematics  Search this

Extent:

4.6 Cubic feet (10 boxes)

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Reports

Business records

Correspondence

Pamphlets

Minutes

Date:

1958-1979

Summary:

Papers collected by Robert W. Bemer (1920-2004) during his involvement in setting language and data standards during the early years of the computer industry.

Scope and Contents:

Correspondence, reports, publications, meeting minutes, and bulletins of standards committees relating to ALGOL, COBOL, and the International Standards Organization (ISO) subcommittee on character sets (ANSI X3L2). The ALGOL records include correspondence to the ALGOL Maintenance Subcommittee (Association for Computing Machinery) and information about the International Algebraic Language, XTRAN source language for FORTRAN, and the SHARE ALGOL 60 translator. The COBOL records (1960-1969) include material from CODASYL, the European Computer Manufacturer's Association, SHARE, and the American Standards Association. The ISO records (1959- 1979) relate exclusively to the standards for data formats and codes and includes material from other standards organizations.

Source

Bruce H. Bruemmer, Resources for the History of Computing: A Guide to U. S. and Canadian Records (Minneapolis, MN: Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, 1987), pp. 30 31.]

Biographical / Historical:

This collection was put together by Robert W. Bemer during his involvement in setting language and data standards for the early computer industry. He accumulated a collection of material from organizations and individuals relating to computer standards.

Provenance:

This material was donated to the Smithsonian Institution in June 1979 by the compiler, Robert W. Bemer.

Restrictions:

Collection is open for research.

Rights:

Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning copyright restrictions. Other intellectual property rights may apply. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.

Topic:

Standardization -- Computers -- 1950-1980  Search this

ALGOL (Computer program language)  Search this

Computer programming -- 1950-1980  Search this

Computer industry -- 1950-1980  Search this

Computers -- History -- 1950-1980  Search this

Computers -- 1950-1980  Search this

Computers -- Standards -- 1950-1980  Search this

Genre/Form:

Reports -- 1950-1980

Business records -- 1950-2000

Correspondence -- 1950-2000

Pamphlets -- 1950-2000

Minutes

Citation:

Computer Standards Collection, 1958-1978, Archives Center, National Museum of American History.

Identifier:

NMAH.AC.0310

See more items in:

Computer Standards Collection

Archival Repository:

Archives Center, National Museum of American History

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep8fc340ae0-14fb-445a-92ad-b7a0798b2372

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nmah-ac-0310

Creator:

Bearden, Romare, 1911-1988  Search this

Names:

Alston, Charles Henry, 1907-1977  Search this

Holty, Carl, 1900-1973  Search this

Lawrence, Jacob, 1917-2000  Search this

Middleton, Samuel M., 1927-  Search this

Reinhardt, Ad, 1913-1967  Search this

Extent:

2.1 Linear feet

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Drawings

Sketches

Exhibition catalogs

Maps

Photographs

Date:

1937-1982

Summary:

The papers of Romare Bearden measure 2.1 linear feet and date from 1937 to 1982. The collection includes biographical information, correspondence, writings by and about Bearden, miscellaneous legal and financial material, photographs, drawings, and printed material. Found are numerous letters referring to African-American arts movements of the 1960s and 1970s, including exhibitions, publications, associations, and scattered letters of a more personal nature.

Scope and Contents:

The papers of Romare Bearden measure 2.1 linear feet and date from 1937 to 1982. The collection includes biographical information, correspondence, writings by and about Bearden, miscellaneous legal and financial material, photographs, drawings, and printed material.

Correspondence is with family, friends, artists, galleries, museums, publishers, universities, arts associations, and colleagues, primarily concerning gallery space, exhibitions, sales of artwork, publishing, and arts events. Also found are numerous letters referring to African-American art movements of the 1960s and 1970s, including exhibitions, publications, associations, and scattered letters of a more personal nature. Many of the letters are illustrated with Bearden's doodlings and drawings. Although most of the letters are from galleries, museums, publishers, and arts associations, scattered letters from Charles Alston, Jacob Lawrence, Ad Reinhardt, Carl Holty, and Sam Middleton are found. In addition, there are letters from the Black Academy of Arts and Letters, and letters concerning its founding.

Writings by Bearden include lectures, speeches, talks, essays, and prose. Many are handwritten, annotated, and edited in Bearden's hand and several are illustrated with Bearden's doodlings and sketches. Included are a memorial delivered upon artist Carl Holty's death, a tribute to Zell Ingram, autobiographical essays, essays on art, and African-American art, artists, and cultural life. Also found are several handwritten examples of Bearden's prose and poetry. There are also writings by others and one folder of fragments and notes assumed to be by Bearden.

The collection houses two folders of photographs and snapshots of Bearden, family members, other unidentified artists or friends, classes and/or lectures, and works of art. Also found are several undated ink drawings, sketches in pencil and ink, and a hand-drawn and colored map with overlay of Paris. Printed material includes examples of Bearden's commissioned artwork for publications, press releases, exhibition catalogs and announcements, invitations, newspaper and magazine clippings, and miscellaneous printed materials. Although much of the printed material concerns Bearden's work, a fair portion concerns African-American art, artists, and cultural movements.

Arrangement:

The collection is arranged into seven series based on type of materials. Documents within each of the seven series have been arranged in chronological order, except for the writings which have been further subdivided by creator and are undated. Printed materials have been arranged primarily according to form of material and are in rough chronological order.

Missing Title

Series 1: Biographical, 1977, undated (Box 1; 1 folder)

Series 2: Correspondence, 1944-1981, undated (Box 1-2; 0.8 linear feet)

Series 3: Writings By and About Bearden, circa 1950s-1980s (Box 3; 6 folders)

Series 4: Legal and Financial Material, 1970-1977 (Box 3; 3 folders)

Series 5: Photographs, undated (Box 3; 2 folders)

Series 6: Drawings, undated (Box 3, OV 6; 4 folders)

Series 7: Printed Material, 1937-1982 (Box 3-5; 1 linear foot)

Biographical / Historical:

Born in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, in 1914, Bearden's family relocated to New York City when Bearden was a toddler. Living in Harlem during the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s, Bearden was exposed to such luminaries as writer Langston Hughes, painter Aaron Douglas, and musician Duke Ellington. While attending New York University, Bearden became interested in cartooning and became the art editor of the NYU Medley in his senior year. He received his B.S. in mathematics in 1935, initially planning to pursue medical school. Realizing that he had little interest in the other sciences however, Bearden began attending classes at the Art Students League in the evenings, studying under George Grosz.

In the mid-1930s Bearden published numerous political cartoons in journals and newspapers, including the Afro-American, but by the end of the decade, he shifted his emphasis to painting. Bearden's first paintings, on large sheets of brown paper, recalled his early memories of the South. After serving in the Army, Bearden began exhibiting more frequently, particularly in Washington, D.C. at the G Street Gallery and in New York with Samuel Kootz.

During a career lasting almost half a century, Bearden produced approximately two thousand works. Although best known for the collages of urban and southern scenes that he first experimented with in the mid-1960s, Bearden also completed paintings, drawings, monotypes, edition prints, public murals, record album jackets, magazine and book illustrations, and costume and set designs for theater and ballet. His work focused on religious subjects, African-American culture, jazz clubs and brothels, and history and literature. Not confining his abilities to the visual arts, Bearden also devoted attention to writing and song writing. Several of his collaborations were published as sheet music, among the most famous of which is "Seabreeze," recorded by Billy Eckstine. In addition, Bearden coauthored three full-length books: The Painter's Mind: A Study of the Relations of Structure and Space in Painting (1969) with painter Carl Holty; Six Black Masters of American Art (1972); and A History of African-American Artists: From 1792 to the Present (posthumously, 1993), the latter two with journalist Harry Henderson.

Bearden was also active in the African-American arts movement of the period, serving as art director of the Harlem Cultural Council, a founding member of the Black Academy of Arts and Letters, and organizer of exhibitions, such as the Metropolitan Museum's "Harlem on My Mind" (1968). Romare Bearden died in 1988.

Related Materials:

Within the Archives holdings are two oral history interviews with Romare Bearden. One was conducted in 1968 by Henri Ghent and another in 1980 by Avis Berman.

Separated Materials:

The Archives of American Art also holds microfilm of material lent for microfilming (reel N68-87) including correspondence, a scrapbook, photographs, catalogs, clippings, and writings. Except for the correspondence, loaned materials were returned to the donor and are not described in the collection container inventory.

Provenance:

Romare Bearden lent material for microfilming to the Archives of American Art in 1968, donating the correspondence. Bearden also gave additional papers between 1977 and 1983.

Restrictions:

The bulk of the collection has been digitized and is available online via AAA's website. Use of material not digitized requires an appointment.

Rights:

The Archives of American Art makes its archival collections available for non-commercial, educational and personal use unless restricted by copyright and/or donor restrictions, including but not limited to access and publication restrictions. AAA makes no representations concerning such rights and restrictions and it is the user's responsibility to determine whether rights or restrictions exist and to obtain any necessary permission to access, use, reproduce and publish the collections. Please refer to the Smithsonian's Terms of Use for additional information.

Occupation:

Painters -- New York (State) -- New York  Search this

Collagists -- New York (State) -- New York  Search this

Topic:

African American artists  Search this

Works of art  Search this

Painting  Search this

Genre/Form:

Drawings

Sketches

Exhibition catalogs

Maps -- Paris (France)

Photographs

Citation:

Romare Bearden papers, 1937-1982. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.

Sponsor:

Funding for the digitization of this collection was provided by the Terra Foundation for American Art

Identifier:

AAA.bearroma

See more items in:

Romare Bearden papers

Archival Repository:

Archives of American Art

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/mw9ed3f5b60-2e93-4f30-af75-dbd95d060a90

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-aaa-bearroma

Creator:

Shaw, J. Clifford (John Clifford), 1922-1991  Search this

Names:

ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency)  Search this

Association for Computing Machinery.  Search this

Dartmouth College  Search this

Digital Equipment Corporation  Search this

IBM (International Business Machines)  Search this

Massachusetts General Hospital  Search this

UCRL (University of California Radiation Lab)  Search this

Extent:

20.5 Cubic feet (59 boxes, 4 oversize folders)

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Correspondence

Technical reports

Diagrams

Notes

Memorandums

Place:

Palo Alto (Calif.)

Pittsburgh (Pa.)

Santa Monica (Calif.) -- 1950-1980

Cambridge (Mass.)

Date:

1933-1993

bulk 1950-1971

Summary:

The John Clifford Shaw papers contain reports, research notes, correspondence, memorandum, and diagrams documenting Shaw's development of one of the earliest list processing languages (IPL) and an early interactive, time sharing program, the JOHNNIAC Open Shop System (JOSS). The collection also contains printed material on the RAND Corporation and the evolution of the artificial intelligence and electronic computer industry in the 1950s and 1960s. In addition there is biographical material documenting Shaw's personal interests, family, and academic career.

Scope and Contents:

The John Clifford Shaw Papers contain reports, research notes, correspondence, memoranda, and diagrams documenting Shaw's development of one of the earliest list processing languages (IPL) and an early interactive, time sharing program, the JOHNNIAC Open Shop System (JOSS). The collection also contains printed material on the RAND Corporation and the evolution of the artificial intelligence and electronic computer industry in the 1950s and 1960s. In addition, there is biographical material documenting Shaw's personal interests, family, and academic career.

Series 1: Shaw's Career at Rand, 1950-1971, documents Shaw's most significant work. The subseries are arranged by specific projects and illustrate his pioneering work on programming languages, interactive time-sharing systems, heuristic problem solving, logic programming, stored programs, and artificial intelligence. This work included his role in the development of the JOHNNIAC computer and programs such as the Logic Theorist (LT), General Problem Solver (GPS), and the JOHNNIAC Open-Shop System (JOSS).

The materials include technical reports, research notes, correspondence, memorandum, coding sequences, and system tests. In addition, there are reports documenting the collaborative nature of the NSS team's work on human problem solving, computer simulation of human thinking, and complex information processing. The subject files in Series 1 document the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) role in the JOSS research and other work done by Shaw.

Series 2: Rand Environment, 1951-1986, is arranged into three subseries containing technical reports that document other computer related research being conducted at RAND during Shaw's tenure. These materials are not directly related to his work, including reports documenting defense related research. The series contains memoranda and correspondence illustrating the internal workings and daily operations at RAND from 1950 to 1971 and various sets of annual reports, progress reports, and newsletters from 1960 to 1971. In addition, there are historical materials commemorating RAND anniversaries, profiles of the company, and indexes to RAND publications and abstracts.

Series 3: Computer Industry, 1947-1973, consists of printed matter that documents developments at other institutions and companies engaged in artificial intelligence and programming research. The printed matter includes reports, manuals, brochures, and reprints of articles about research by other institutions, companies, and individuals. Also, there are materials from trips, conferences and seminars attended by Shaw.

Series 4: Consulting Work, 1972-1990, comprises Shaw's work after he left RAND in 1971. It consists of reports and reprints from companies and institutions for which Shaw worked or from those he saw as potential clients. Of particular interest are the research notes, on note cards and 8.5" x 11" paper that illuminate Shaw's ideas and thoughts regarding artificial intelligence and programming languages during this period.

Series 5: Biographical Information, 1933-1993, consists of printed matter regarding Shaw's life and accomplishments. It contains resumes, list of publications and lectures, salary history, and the outline for a book on JOSS. Material on Shaw's personal life includes information about his family, personal correspondence with Herbert Simon, Allen Newell and his wife, Marian, Chuck Baker, Edward Feigenbaum, and correspondence from authors requesting information or comment on future publications. Additionally, there are reprints and clippings that reveal Shaw's personal interests in political issues such as the Pentagon Papers, Watergate, the making of the hydrogen bomb, and Star Wars Defense Technology.

Arrangement:

The collection is organized into five series.

Series 1: Shaw's Career at Rand, 1950-1971

Subseries 1.1: JOHNNIAC, 1950-1968

Subseries 1.2: Logic Therorist [See also Complex Information Processing], 1956-1963

Subseries 1.3: General Problem Solver (G.P.S.) and Heuristic Problem Solving, 1955-1967

Subseries 1.4: Chess Program, 1954-1973

Subseries 1.5: Complex Information Processing (C.I.P.), 1953-1972

Subseries 1.6: Information Processing Languages (IPL), 1956-1977

Subseries 1.7: JOHNNIAC Open Shop System (JOSS), 1959-1977

Subseries 1.8: Subject Files, 1954-1971

Series 2: Rand Environment, 1951-1986

Subseries 2.1: Related Papers and Reports (RM-Series), 1951-1972

Subseries 2.2: Reports and Papers—General, 1949-1971

Subseries 2.3: RAND Material, 1948-1988

Series 3: Computer Industry, 1947-1973

Series 4: Consulting Work, 1972-1990

Series 5: Biographical Information, 1933-1993

Biographical / Historical:

John Clifford Shaw (1922-1991) was born in Southern California. Shaw went to Fullerton High School, the same high school as Richard Nixon. Shaw's English teacher was Nixon's high school debate team coach. Shaw attended Fullerton Junior College from 1939 until February 1943. At the same time, he worked as a timekeeper at the Douglas Aircraft Company, where he was responsible for time-card calculations and reports. He served in the Army Air Force for three years during World War II as a navigation instructor and then aircraft navigator in the 4th Emergency Rescue Squadron in Iwo Jima, Japan. Shaw returned to California in 1947 and began working for the Beneficial Standard Life Insurance Company as an assistant to the actuary, compiling actuarial calculations of premium rates, reserve liabilities, and annual reports. Shaw and his wife Marian had four children: Doug (b. 1948), David (b. 1950), Donna (b. 1952), and John (b. 1962). By 1948, Shaw received his Bachelor's degree in Mathematics from UCLA and in 1950 joined the newly formed RAND Corporation as a mathematician.

The RAND Corporation evolved during the years after World War II amidst the escalating Cold War. Project RAND was originally carried out under a contract with the Douglas Aircraft Company. RAND was incorporated in May 1948. RAND, a California nonprofit corporation, was one of the earliest Cold War "think tanks" that functioned as an interdisciplinary research and development facility; it received large sums of money from the Air Force and Atomic Energy Commission. Throughout the 1950s, other agencies such as the Department of Defense, the Atomic Energy Commission, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) solicited scientific and foreign policy research from RAND. During Shaw's tenure (1950-1971), money flowed into RAND and enabled many scientists and researchers, including Shaw and his colleagues in the Math and Numerical Analysis Department, to explore new avenues of discovery.

Shaw's early work at RAND involved administrative matters, such as improving the processes of company management through automation of the computation and calculation techniques. This work included collaboration with Allen Newell on a radar simulator. In the mid-1950s, Newell and Shaw, and later Dr. Herbert Simon of the Carnegie Institute of Technology, formed the team known by the mid-1950s in the artificial intelligence field as NSS (Newell, Shaw, and Simon). The NSS team broke much ground in the field of artificial intelligence, programming languages, computer simulation of human problem solving, and man-machine communication. The radar simulator project involved studying how humans made decisions and whether one could design a program that could simulate human decision-making. While Newell and Simon concentrated on the human behavior aspect, Shaw focused on creating a programming language that would implement Simon and Newell's concepts.

When Shaw began working in 1950, RAND was using six IBM 604 calculators to satisfy its scientific computing needs. In the early 1950s, RAND decided that it needed more computational power to accomplish projects for the Air Force and decided to build a Princeton-type computer named JOHNNIAC, after computer designer John von Neumann. The Princeton Class computer was considered state-of-the-art and was running at RAND by the first half of 1953. William Gunning was the project leader and Shaw worked on the selection of the instruction set and the design of the operator's console. The JOHNNIAC became the basis for Shaw's work on conversational time-sharing in the 1960s.

During the early 1950s, the dynamic of the innovative process was at work as Shaw and Newell in California, and Simon in Pittsburgh, were theorizing about human decision making, programming languages, and how computers could be manipulated to process information more productively. Air Force funding enabled Shaw and his colleague's considerable intellectual and academic freedom to explore various hypotheses. In the mid-1950s, NSS began forming the theoretical basis for what they called Complex Information Processing (C.I.P.). C.I.P was the basis for the three main computer programs developed by NSS: the Chess Program, Logic Theorist (LT), and the General Problem Solver (GPS). By 1954, Shaw's focus was on utilizing the power of the JOHNNIAC to develop a viable language that could simulate human behavior.

In early 1954, Newell left RAND for Pittsburgh to work with Simon; Shaw remained at RAND. The NSS team focused on creating programs that would enable a machine to exhibit intelligent behavior and "think" like a human. Chess and the Logic Theorist (LT) were the first programs that evolved from their work. Shaw dealt with the programming aspects, as Simon devoted his time to human thinking processes for chess, logic, and problem solving. Newell, who was still employed by RAND, was the middle man who worked both in programming and human behavior. He flew back to California every couple of months in 1954 and 1955 to confer with Shaw. Because of language limitations, the chess program was temporarily put aside as NSS decided to finish the LT. Known as IPL (Information Processing Language), the language developed by Shaw was one of the first list processing languages. Through experimentation with assemblers, compilers, and interpreters, Shaw developed list processing sequences that allowed the computer to arrange and store data more effectively. The effectiveness stemmed from links that formed the lists. From a storage point of view, lists were inefficient. Shaw translated Simon and Newell's ideas into IPL. The IPL interpreter was able to compile and translate higher level language statements into machine language. The interpreters process the statements and carry out the indicated operations without generating machine code which must then be executed. Although not specifically programmed so, one of LT's innovative characteristics was that it proved mathematical theorems from Whitehead and Russell's Principia Mathematica, including a proof from Theorem 2.85 that the authors had missed. This was the most fascinating aspect of the program because LT was not programmed to find alternative proofs.

The NSS team's work on the LT was completed by the end of 1955, and it perfected the program language in the winter and spring of 1956. LT was one of the earliest programs to investigate the use of heuristics in problem solving. It was capable of discovering and working out proofs for theorems in symbolic logic. In the summer of 1956, NSS presented the LT program to the artificial intelligence community at the Dartmouth Artificial Intelligence Conference. Relatively unknown at the time, NSS excited the conference with the LT and the possibilities it opened in the study of programming languages and artificial intelligence.

The NSS team continued to focus on developing artificial intelligence. By 1957, NSS had constructed the General Problem Solver (GPS) program that attempted to demonstrate various human thinking processes in a variety of environments. At RAND and Carnegie Tech, studies were conducted that had human subjects think aloud in hopes of identifying human problem solving techniques and simulating them in GPS. NSS codified some human problem solving techniques such as means-end analysis, planning, and trial and error. Through the end of the 1950s, NSS produced improved versions of the IPL language and studied heuristic methods of decision making.

By 1960, when the JOHNNIAC was of insufficient computing power to support the level of computation needed, and IPL had been reprogrammed for the IBM 7090, List Processing (LISP), a high-level programming language had overtaken IPL as the language of choice for Artificial Intelligence research. Shaw's interests had shifted towards attempting to simplify the use of computers for all types of computer users. Simon and Newell continued to study how they could simulate human cognitive processes on a computer. Until this point, a user would have to be adequately trained in programming or need assistance from a programmer to use a computer like JOHNNIAC. Shaw was interested in programming the JOHNNIAC so RAND staff could utilize the computer for small as well as large scientific computations. The JOHNNIAC was available for experimental research projects because RAND owned a newer IBM 7090 (acquired in 1960) which handled the bulk of RAND's production computing load. Although JOHNNIAC was no longer state-of-the-art by this time, its major appeal was its reliability and capability for experimentation.

These factors were the impetus for the initiation of the JOHNNIAC Open-Shop System (JOSS) project in November 1960. JOSS was intended to be an easy to use, on-line, time sharing system. The JOSS research, conducted under the Information Processor Project, was formalized in 1959 as part of the RAND Computer Science Department and was heavily funded by the Air Force. The innovative character of JOSS was in the ease of use for the non-programmer, its remote access capabilities, the establishment of an interactive environment between user and computer, and the capability for RAND scientists and engineers to use the computer without an intermediary programmer. It was hoped that the JOSS project would bridge the communication gap between man and machine. JOSS's user language achieved this goal. It featured a small set of English verbs and algebraic symbols which did not need a programmer as intermediary between user and computer. During 1961-1962, Shaw selected the character set that would be used to write JOSS programs, its syntax, and grammar. The conversational environment included a Model B IBM Electric Typewriter. Tom Ellis and Mal Davis directed the hardware configurations and Ike Hehama, Allen Newell, and Keith Uncapher participated in the project discussions with Shaw.

The very limited JOSS experiments on the JOHNNIAC began in May 1963, with five consoles, one connected to the JOHNNIAC and four others located in the offices of various RAND staff. By June, a schedule of operations was in place and by January 1964, JOSS was fully implemented. The use of JOSS by RAND staff was higher than expected as users taught other users how to run the system. However, Shaw and the other designers worried that JOHNNIAC's hardware placed limitations on speed and storage which might taint the evaluation of JOSS. In July 1964, a second version of JOSS was proposed on a more powerful computer. C.L. Baker was named project head, and Shaw focused on developing the programming language for JOSS II.

After accepting numerous bids to replace JOHNNIAC, a contract was signed with Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) promising the installation of a PDP-6 computer and thirty consoles at RAND. The installation was completed by October 31, 1965. At the Fall Joint Computer Conference in Las Vegas in December 1965, the first demonstration of remote use of JOSS II was given. JOHNNIAC was retired on February 18, 1966, with Willis Ware delivering a eulogy and Shaw loading a final JOSS I program. By the end of 1966, JOSS II was available to users 24 hours a day, seven days a week on the new PDP-6/JOSS computer, which had thirty times the speed and five times the storage capacity as the JOHNNIAC version. In April 1967, the maintenance and improvement of JOSS II was transferred from the development group to a small staff under G.W. Armending. In 1971, at age 49, Shaw left the RAND Corporation.

In 1971, Shaw took a one-year appointment as a Research Associate in the Information Science Department at the California Institute of Technology. In 1972, he began working as a consultant which he continued for the rest of his professional career. Much of his work in the 1970s and 1980s consisted of formulating new ideas on operations research, video games, man-machine interfaces, interactive computer systems, time-sharing, information architecture design, and artificial intelligence. During the 1980s, Shaw also became more involved in church-related activities.

Shaw's work on creating the Information Processing Language in the 1950s and the JOSS program in the 1960s were the two major contributions he made to the fields of programming and artificial intelligence. His IPL-I programming language is one of the earliest examples of list processing languages now in widespread use. The JOSS program was one of the first easy-to use, remotely accessible, interactive programs that allowed non-programmers to utilize the power of a computer.

Related Materials:

Material in the Archives Center, National Museum of American History

Computer Oral History Collection, AC0196

Material in Other Institutions

Charles Babbage Institute

L.A. County Museum

For RAND reports see www.RAND.org

Provenance:

The collection was donated by John Clifford Shaw's eldest son, Doug Shaw, March 1997.

Restrictions:

The collection is open for research use.

Rights:

Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning intellectual property rights. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.

Occupation:

Computer programmers  Search this

Topic:

Mathematicians  Search this

Computers -- military applications  Search this

Decision making -- Mathematical models  Search this

System analysts  Search this

Online data processing  Search this

Computer industry -- 1950-1980 -- United States  Search this

Computational linguistics  Search this

Computer industry -- 1950-1980 -- Soviet Union  Search this

Mathematical models  Search this

Programming languages (electronic computers) -- 1950-70  Search this

Iph (Computer Program Language)  Search this

List processing (Electronic computers)  Search this

Job Control Language (Computer program language)  Search this

GPS (General Problem Solver)  Search this

Problem solving -- Data processing  Search this

Logic machines  Search this

Time-sharing computer systems  Search this

Heuristic programming  Search this

Logic programming  Search this

Genre/Form:

Correspondence -- 1950-2000

Technical reports -- 1950-1980

Diagrams

Notes -- 1950-1980

Memorandums -- 1950-1980

Citation:

John Clifford Shaw papers, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution.

Identifier:

NMAH.AC.0580

See more items in:

John Clifford Shaw Papers

Archival Repository:

Archives Center, National Museum of American History

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep8616f61b8-12a5-4770-872a-4cc2f003669a

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nmah-ac-0580

Collection Creator:

James Graham & Sons  Search this

Container:

Box 9, Folder 54

Type:

Archival materials

Date:

1975

Collection Restrictions:

This collection is open for research. Access to original papers requires an appointment and is limited to the Archives' Washington, D.C. Research Center.

Collection Rights:

The Archives of American Art makes its archival collections available for non-commercial, educational and personal use unless restricted by copyright and/or donor restrictions, including but not limited to access and publication restrictions. AAA makes no representations concerning such rights and restrictions and it is the user's responsibility to determine whether rights or restrictions exist and to obtain any necessary permission to access, use, reproduce and publish the collections. Please refer to the Smithsonian's Terms of Use for additional information.

Collection Citation:

James Graham & Sons records, 1815, 1821, circa 1896-2011, bulk 1950s-1980s. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.

Sponsor:

Funding for the processing of this collection was provided by Smithsonian Institution Collections Care Preservation Fund

See more items in:

James Graham & Sons records

James Graham & Sons records / Series 1: Alphabetical Files

Archival Repository:

Archives of American Art

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/mw995e779a4-457d-4e05-b125-a2021f8c7844

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-aaa-jamegras-ref337

Author:

Charbonneau, Oliver 1984-  Search this

Physical description:

1 online resource (xvi, 282 pages) illustrations, maps

Type:

Electronic resources

Electronic books

History

Place:

Philippines

United States

États-Unis

Date:

2020

20th century

20e siècle

Topic:

Muslims--History  Search this

Imperialism--History  Search this

Moro (Peuple des Philippines)--Histoire  Search this

Impérialisme--Histoire  Search this

POLITICAL SCIENCE / Colonialism & Post-Colonialism  Search this

Colonization  Search this

Diplomatic relations  Search this

Imperialism  Search this

Muslims  Search this

History  Search this

Foreign relations  Search this

Relations extérieures  Search this

Call number:

DS685 .C53 2020 (Internet)

Data Source:

Smithsonian Libraries

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:siris_sil_1156198