Search results for: +Restoration, page 1 | Collections Search Center, Smithsonian Institution

16,590 documents - page 1 of 500Result pages are truncated to 500.

Doll & Richards gallery records

Creator:: Doll & Richards (Gallery) Search this

Names:: Azeez Khayat Gallery Search this; Kleemann Galleries Search this; Macbeth Gallery Search this; Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Search this; Chetcuti, John Search this; Freiman, Robert Search this; Goodrich, Lloyd, 1897-1987 Search this; Haseltine, William Stanley, 1835-1900 Search this; Homer, Winslow, 1836-1910 Search this; Lindenmuth, Tod Search this; Meyerowitz, William, 1887-1981 Search this; Shepler, Dwight, 1905- Search this; Verner, Elizabeth O'Neill, 1883-1979 Search this; Woodward, Stanley Wingate, 1890-1970 Search this; Wyeth, Andrew, 1917-2009 Search this; Zoehler, Wendell H., 1907-1989 Search this

Extent:: 87.5 Linear feet

Type:: Collection descriptions; Archival materials; Photographs; Scrapbooks; Financial records

Date:: 1863-1978; bulk 1902-1969

Summary:: The records of the Doll & Richards gallery of Boston measure 87.5 linear feet and date from 1863 to 1978, with the bulk of the material dating from 1902-1960s. Extensive financial and sales records, inventory records, and correspondence and letter books provide a detailed account of the business operations and sales of the gallery. Also found are notes and research files on artists and paintings, business and legal records, exhibition catalogs, six exhibition scrapbooks, printed materials, and photographs. Significant correspondents include John Chetcuti, Robert Freiman, Lloyd Goodrich, Tod Lindenmuth, Macbeth Galleries, William Meyerowitz, Museum of Fine Arts Boston, Stanley Woodward, and Andrew Wyeth, among many others.

Scope and Content Note:: The records of the Doll & Richards gallery of Boston measure 87.5 linear feet and date from 1863 to 1978, with the bulk of the material dating from 1902-1960s. Extensive financial and sales records, inventory records, and correspondence and letter books provide a detailed account of the business operations and sales of the gallery. Also found are notes and research files on artists and paintings, business and legal records, exhibition catalogs, six exhibition scrapbooks, printed materials, and photographs. The bulk of the collection dates from 1902 when the gallery was incorporated and new books were begun. According to gallery employee Wendell Zoehler, many records from the 19th century were discarded and periodically, especially when the gallery moved, other records were discarded.

Incoming and outgoing correspondence documents sales, consignments, appraisals, exhibitions, and inquiries by artists and others to Doll & Richards for over a century. Significant correspondents include artists John Chetcuti, Robert Freiman, Tod Lindenmuth, William Meyerowitz, Dwight Shepler, Elizabeth O'Neill Verner, Stanley Woodward, Andrew Wyeth, and others. Additional correspondents include Lloyd Goodrich from Whitney Museum of American Art, Azeez Khayat Gallery, Macbeth Galleries, Kleemann Galleries, and the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston. There is one letter from George Inness (1866). Outgoing correspondence is limited to 46 volumes of letterpress copybooks dating from 1930-1967.

Notes and research files primarily consist of compiled information about artists in which Doll & Richards dealt. These include card files related to the provenance of paintings by Winslow Homer and William Stanley Haseltine, and a book about Winslow Homer with notations by Zoehler about the sale of paintings .

Administrative and business records of general daily operations include an address book, meeting minutes, miscellaneous lists and notes, and a large card file of contacts with clients, consignors, artists, and businesses. A detailed description of the gallery's operations by Zoehler is also found here. Legal records include contracts, agreements, certificates of stock, certificates of copyrights, and photocopies of founding documents.

Although there are limited records prior to 1902, the financial records provide comprehensive detail of the gallery's financial transactions from the turn of the century through the early 1970s. Volumes of financial ledgers provide details of artwork bought, sold, and consigned; order forms for sales, framing, restoration, and shipping; gallery expenditures and salaries; records of client purchases; and other affairs. Many of the financial records are indexed and cross-referenced, offering researchers complex but rich documentation. The financial records should be consulted with the numerous inventory records that provide detailed information about the stock of art work held at the gallery. Inventory records also include documentation about the frames held by the gallery from the mid-1880s-1950. The gallery used sometimes complex codes to index and cross reference sales and stock. When known, these codes have been outlined in the more detailed series desciptions below, or filed within the appropriate boxes.

The history of Doll & Richards' exhibitions from the 1880s-1968 are documented in six disassembled bound volumes that contained exhibition catalogs and announcements. There are also additional loose catalogs and announcements. Additional printed materials include newspaper clippings related to exhibitions and the gallery and seven scrapbooks related to Doll & Richards' exhibitions from 1909-1943.

The bulk of the black and white photographs in the collection are of works of art by artists that Doll & Richards exhibited. There are only a handful of photographs of other subject matter, but include images of the gallery spaces at 2 Park Street, 71 Newbury, and 138 Newberry; and of artists.

Arrangement:: The collection is arranged as nine series:

Missing Title

Series 1: Correspondence, 1863-1972, bulk 1930s-1972 (Boxes 1-14; 14 linear feet)

Series 2: Notes and Research Files, 1880s-1978, bulk 1930s-1960s (Boxes 15-16, 78; 1.2 linear feet)

Series 3: Business Records, circa 1866-1978, bulk 1910s-1960s (Boxes 16-18; 1.9 linear feet)

Series 4: Legal Records, 1863-1906, 1941-1962 (Boxes 18, 78; 0.3 linear feet)

Series 5: Financial Records, 1871-1973, bulk 1902-1969 (Boxes 18-69, 79, BV81-112; 55 linear feet)

Series 6: Inventory Records, 1881-1969, bulk 1900s-1940s (Boxes 69-70, BV113-128; 2.3 linear feet)

Series 7: Printed Materials, circa 1880s-1968, bulk 1890s-1960s (Boxes 70-75; 4.9 linear feet)

Series 8: Photographs, circa 1880s-1960s (Boxes 75-78; 2 linear feet)

Series 9: Scrapbooks, 1908-1968, bulk 1908-1943 (Boxes 77, 80; 1.1 linear feet)

The records have been arranged according to the original order maintained by the gallery. Bound volumes containing exhibition catalogs glued to the internal spines have been disbound for preservation and proper housing.

Historical Note:: The Doll & Richards gallery originated in Boston in 1866 as an art gallery and framing shop owned by Charles E. Hendrickson, E. Adam Doll, and Joseph Dudley Richards. The gallery was a well-known Boston establishment for over 100 years that represented William Stanley Haseltine, Winslow Homer, William Morris Hunt, and Andrew Wyeth, among many other notable American painters, sculptors, and printmakers.

In 1870 Hendrickson retired and the gallery became Doll & Richards. After the untimely death of Doll in 1880, Richards purchased Doll's interest in the firm, retaining the gallery's well-known name. Under Richards' direction, the gallery prospered. Richards promoted the works of painter Winslow Homer, developing a market for his watercolors in Boston. He incorporated the gallery in 1902 and served as the treasurer and financier until his death in 1922 at 80 years old. The gallery then reorganized; Arthur McKean, who joined in 1911, became manager, and J.L. (Joe) Richards became treasurer. Fergus Turner, who joined the firm as a salesman in 1885 and became president in 1902, retained his role as president until 1938.

Over the century the gallery showcased contempory American artists, including William Morris Hunt, Dodge McKnight, William Stanley Haseltine, Laura Coombs Hills, Eliot O'Hara, Joseph Lindon Smith, Stanley Woodward, and Andrew Wyeth. The gallery also consigned paintings, prints, and objects from other major art galleries including Azeez Khayat Gallery, Kennedy Galleries, M. Knoedler and Co., Macbeth Gallery, Victor D. Spark, and Victor Waddington Galleries (Dublin, Ireland). According to long-time employee Wendell Zoehler (employed from 1929-1966), Doll & Richards' primary clientele came from the Social Register. In the summer months when wealthy Bostonians typically vacationed outside of the city, Doll & Richards remained open for tourists, many of whom became regular seasonal customers of the gallery.

The gallery experienced financial difficulties in the 1930s, leading to bankruptcy. Doll & Richards was purchased by McKean and incorporated in Maine in 1941. McKean sold Doll & Richards in 1962 to Maurice Goldberg; at this time none of the remaining family or staff were connected with the gallery. In 1973, the gallery was sold to Jeanne and Paul Sylva and closed.

Although the gallery always remained in the vicinity of Boston Common, it relocated numerous times over the years. In 1871 the gallery moved from 28 Summer Street to 145 Tremont Street. In 1878, the gallery remodeled and occupied the entire two-story building at 2 Park Street, renting out the second floor, known as the Hawthorne Room, for lectures. After thirty years on Park Street, Doll & Richards relocated to Newbury Street in 1908, beginning a succession of moves down Newbury Street approximately every twenty years, finally to 172 Newbury Street in 1962.

Related Material:: Among the other resources relating to the Doll & Richards gallery in the Archives of American Art is an oral history interview with Wendell Zoehler conducted by Robert Brown on April 14 and April 27, 1978.

Separated Material:: A daguerroteype of Gaetano Cardinal Bedini received with the records was transferred to the Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery on May 24, 2004.

Provenance:: The Doll & Richards records were donated to the Archives of American Art in numerous accessions between 1973 and 1979 by Jeanne and Paul Sylva, who purchased the gallery in 1973, and by former employee Wendell Zoehler.

Restrictions:: Use of original papers requires an appointment.

Rights:: The Archives of American Art makes its archival collections available for non-commercial, educational and personal use unless restricted by copyright and/or donor restrictions, including but not limited to access and publication restrictions. AAA makes no representations concerning such rights and restrictions and it is the user's responsibility to determine whether rights or restrictions exist and to obtain any necessary permission to access, use, reproduce and publish the collections. Please refer to the Smithsonian's Terms of Use for additional information.

Topic:: Art, American Search this

Function:: Art galleries, Commercial -- Massachusetts

Genre/Form:: Photographs; Scrapbooks; Financial records

Citation:: Doll & Richards gallery, 1863-1978, bulk 1902-1960s. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.

Sponsor:: Funding for the processing of this collection was provided by the Smithsonian Institution's Collections Care Fund

Identifier:: AAA.dollrich

See more items in:: Doll & Richards gallery records

Archival Repository:: Archives of American Art

GUID:: https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/mw9b774b9ae-a4eb-4849-9652-6be121c5142f

EDAN-URL:: ead_collection:sova-aaa-dollrich

No Image Available

Northwest gardens of Lord and Schryver /

Author:: Libby, Valencia Search this

Issuing body:: Oregon State University Press Search this

Subject:: Lord & Schryver (Firm : Salem, Or.) Search this

Physical description:: xi, 220 pages, 24 unnumbered pages of plates illustrations (some color) 26 cm

Type:: Biography; Biographies; History

Place:: United States; Oregon; Northwest, Pacific; États-Unis; Pacific Northwest

Date:: 2021; 20th century

Topic:: Women gardeners Search this; Landscape gardening--History Search this; Gardens--Design Search this; Jardinières Search this; Landscape gardening Search this

Data Source:: Smithsonian Libraries

EDAN-URL:: edanmdm:siris_sil_1163737

No Image Available

Leeum conservation stories = 리움 보존 이야기 / Chin Zeeyoung [and many others]

Title:: Lium pojon iyagi

Author:: Container of (work): Chin, Chi-yŏng (Art conservator) "23-XII-71#218" and the development of Kim Whanki's dot paintings Search this

Issuing body:: Leeum, Samsŏng Misulgwan Search this

Physical description:: 196 pages color illustrations 24 cm

Type:: Books

Place:: Korea (South); Korea; Corée; Corée du Sud

Date:: 2021

Topic:: Art--Conservation and restoration Search this; Art objects--Conservation and restoration Search this; Museum conservation methods Search this; Art--Conservation et restauration Search this; Objets d'art--Conservation et restaurations Search this; Objets d'art--Conservation et restauration Search this; Musées--Méthodes de conservation Search this

Data Source:: Smithsonian Libraries

EDAN-URL:: edanmdm:siris_sil_1165745

No Image Available

American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Work directory

Author:: American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works Search this

Subject:: American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works Search this

Physical description:: v. ; 22 cm

Type:: Directories

Place:: United States

Date:: 1982

Topic:: Art objects--Conservation and restoration Search this; Art restorers Search this

Data Source:: Smithsonian Libraries

EDAN-URL:: edanmdm:siris_sil_678763

No Image Available

Postprints

Author:: American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works Objects Specialty Group Session Search this

Physical description:: v. : ill. ; 28 cm

Type:: Congresses; Conference papers and proceedings

Date:: 1994; 2003; [1995-2003]

Topic:: Art objects--Conservation and restoration Search this; Monuments--Conservation and restoration Search this; Museum conservation methods Search this

Call number:: N8560 .A515

Data Source:: Smithsonian Libraries

EDAN-URL:: edanmdm:siris_sil_768364

No Image Available

Conservation perspectives, the GCI newsletter

Title:: GCI newsletter

Author:: Getty Conservation Institute Search this

Subject:: Getty Conservation Institute Search this

Physical description:: v. : ill. ; 31 cm

Type:: Periodicals

Date:: 2009

Topic:: Historic preservation Search this; Art--Conservation and restoration Search this

Call number:: N8560 .G394

Data Source:: Smithsonian Libraries

EDAN-URL:: edanmdm:siris_sil_933270

A Closer Look: Porcelain Restoration

Creator:: Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum Search this

Type:: Blog posts; Smithsonian staff publications; Blog posts

Published Date:: Thu, 18 Apr 2024 16:50:47 +0000

Topic:: Design Search this

See more posts:: Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum

Data Source:: Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum

EDAN-URL:: edanmdm:posts_5537c7010842896d887e789ff0f832f9

Milch Gallery records, 1911-1995

Creator:: Milch Gallery Search this

Subject:: Barmore, Charles Search this; Barr, Charles H. Search this; Ballin, Hugo Search this; Barlow, Myron Search this; Baer, Martin Search this; Ascher, Mary G. (Mary Goldman) Search this; Azzaretti, Faust Search this; Biddle, George Search this; Blackburn, Morris Search this; Bellows, George Search this; Benson, Frank Weston Search this; Baumann, Gustave Search this; Barr, Norman Search this; Barrymore, Lionel Search this; Acheson, Alice Search this; Aiken, Charles Avery Search this; Albee, Grace Search this; Twachtman, John Henry Search this; Tryon, Dwight William Search this; Trebilcock, Paul Search this; Thayer, Abbott Handerson Search this; Anderson, Karl Search this; Warneke, Heinz (Heinrich) Search this; Varian, Dorothy Search this; Ufer, Walter Search this; Weir, Julian Alden Search this; Weir, John F. (John Ferguson) Search this; Watkins, Franklin Chenault Search this; Wiles, Irving Ramsay Search this; Laufman, Sidney Search this; Wiggins, Carleton Search this; Appel, Marianne Search this; Wickey, Harry Search this; White, Henry Cooke Search this; Zucker, Jacques Search this; Woodward, Robert Strong Search this; Waugh, Frederick Judd Search this; Gonzalez, Xavier Search this; Bacon, Peggy Search this; Arms, John Taylor Search this; Moffett, Ross Search this; Milch, Edward Search this; Moran, Thomas Search this; Mora, F. Luis (Francis Luis) Search this; Meyerowitz, William Search this; Milch, Albert Search this; Manship, Paul Search this; Archipenko, Alexander Search this; MacRae, Emma Fordyce Search this; Beal, Reynolds Search this; Metcalf, Willard Leroy Search this; Melchers, Gari Search this; Low, Will Hicok Search this; Linde, Ossip L. Search this; Lutz, Dan Search this; Lucioni, Luigi Search this; Woodward, Stanley Wingate Search this; Lawson, Ernest Search this; Lever, Hayley Search this; Lie, Jonas Search this; Kingman, Dong Search this; Kroll, Leon Search this; Kronberg, Louis Search this; Wyeth, Andrew Search this; Kupferman, Lawrence Edward Search this; Ireland, Leroy Search this; Judson, Alice Search this; Kalish, Max Search this; Katz, A. Raymond (Alexander Raymond) Search this; Sheets, Millard Search this; Heinz, Charles Search this; Hennings, E. Martin Search this; Henri, Robert Search this; Hopkinson, Charles Search this; Tanner, Henry Ossawa Search this; Sterner, Albert Search this; Sterne, Maurice Search this; Speight, Francis Search this; Speicher, Eugene Edward Search this; Shuster, Will Search this; Sharp, Joseph Henry Search this; Shapiro, David Search this; Schofield, Walter Elmer Search this; Sawyer, Wells Search this; Sample, Paul Search this; Ryerson, Margery Search this; Ryder, Chauncey F. Search this; Rungius, Carl Search this; Romano, Umberto Search this; Redfield, Edward Willis Search this; Ritschel, William Search this; Pousette-Dart, Nathaniel Search this; Pugh, Mabel Search this; Pleissner, Ogden M. Search this; Pollet, Joseph C. Search this; Perrine, Van Dearing Search this; Pittman, Hobson Lafayette Search this; Parshall, DeWitt Search this; Pearson, Ralph M. Search this; Oberteuffer, Karl A. (Karl Amiard) Search this; Ochtman, Leonard Search this; Myers, Jerome Search this; Adams, Charles L. Search this; Nagler, Edith Kroger Search this; Adams, Wayman Search this; Murphy, Hermann Dudley Search this; Murphy, John Francis Search this; Curran, Charles C. (Charles Courtney) Search this; Crane, Bruce Search this; Davey, Randall Search this; Daingerfield, Elliott Search this; DeCamp, Joseph Search this; De Groot, Adelaide Milton Search this; Dessar, Louis Paul Search this; Dehn, Adolf Search this; Calder, Alexander Stirling Search this; Butler, Howard Russell Search this; Chamberlain, Samuel Search this; Carroll, John Search this; Christy, Howard Chandler Search this; Cheffetz, Asa Search this; Congdon, William Search this; Cole, Alphaeus Philemon Search this; Breckenridge, Hugh H. (Hugh Henry) Search this; Bridgman, Frederick Arthur Search this; Browne, George Elmer Search this; Bruce, Edward Search this; Brush, George de Forest Search this; Buck, Claude Search this; Burlin, Paul Search this; Burr, George Elbert Search this; Blakelock, Ralph Albert Search this; Blanch, Arnold Search this; Blanch, Lucile Search this; Bluemner, Oscar Search this; Pène Du Bois, Guy Search this; Blumenschein, Ernest Leonard Search this; Bohm, Max Search this; Bohrod, Aaron Search this; Bosa, Louis Search this; Hart, George Overbury Search this; Halpert, Samuel Search this; Grosz, George Search this; Gregory, Waylande Search this; Heerman, Norbert Leo Search this; Hassam, Childe Search this; Haskell, Ernest Search this; Hartmann, Sadakichi Search this; Gaspard, Leon Search this; Ganso, Emil Search this; Gallagher, Sears Search this; Fuchs, Emil Search this; Gregory, John Search this; Greenwood, Marion Search this; Genth, Lillian Mathilde Search this; Feshin, Nikola? Ivanovich Search this; Fenton, Beatrice Search this; Etnier, Stephen Search this; Farnsworth, Jerry Search this; Fredenthal, David Search this; French, Daniel Chester Search this; Fitzgerald, James Search this; Flagg, James Montgomery Search this; Dike, Phil Search this; Donoho, Gaines Ruger Search this; Dewing, Thomas Wilmer Search this; Diederich, William Hunt Search this; Eakins, Susan Macdowell Search this; Duncan, Charles Search this; Vonnoh, Robert William, 1858-1933 Search this; Milch Galleries Search this; E. and A. Milch Search this

Type:: Gallery records; Photographs

Citation:: Milch Gallery records, 1911-1995. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.

Topic:: Gallery owners Search this; Art -- Collectors and collecting Search this; Art, American Search this

Theme:: Art Gallery Records Search this; Art Market Search this

Record number:: (DSI-AAA_CollID)8207; (DSI-AAA_SIRISBib)210378; AAA_collcode_milcgall

Theme:: Art Gallery Records; Art Market

Data Source:: Archives of American Art

EDAN-URL:: edanmdm:AAADCD_coll_210378

Online Media:

No Image Available

Carlisle Indian Industrial School Ladies Shoe

Maker:: Carlisle Indian Industrial School Search this

Physical Description:: leather (overall material); cotton (instep material)

Measurements:: overall:;

Object Name:: Shoe

Other Terms:: Shoe; Footwear; Accessories Worn on the Body; Female

Place made:: United States: Pennsylvania, Carlisle

Date made:: 1885

General subject association:: Education Search this

Made by:: Indians Search this; Native Americans Search this

Credit Line:: Gift of Captain R. H. Pratt

ID Number:: CS.076243

Catalog number:: 76243

Accession number:: 15995

See more items in:: Home and Community Life: Costume; Clothing & Accessories

Data Source:: National Museum of American History

GUID:: http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ng49ca746b3-67c7-704b-e053-15f76fa0b4fa

EDAN-URL:: edanmdm:nmah_373873

Superconducting Super Collider Collection

Creator:: National Museum of American History (U.S.). Division of Science, Medicine, and Society Search this

Extent:: 4 Cubic feet (8 boxes)

Type:: Collection descriptions; Archival materials; Bumper stickers; Videotapes; Photographs; Clippings; Handbills; Signs (declaratory or advertising artifacts); Posters

Place:: Texas -- Environmental protection

Date:: 1985-1992; bulk 1987-1989

Summary:: The collection was assembled by Museum curators and documents the efforts of persons in eight states to have the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC), a particle accelerator, built in their state. Also documents efforts in each state to oppose locating the SSC in their state. The collection contains correspondence, press kits, posters, signs, bumper stickers, leaflets, handbills, clippings, photographs, and a videotape.

Scope and Contents:: The collections contains materials documenting the efforts by persons in eight competing states to have the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) built in their state, as well as efforts in each state to oppose locating the SSC within their state. The materials include correspondence, press kits, posters, signs, bumper stickers, leaflets, handbills, clippings, two photographs and one videotape.

Arrangement:: The collection is organized into nine series.

Series 1: Arizona (Ian MacPherson), 1988, undated

Subseries 1.1: Ian McPherson, 1988, undated

Series 2: Colorado (Uriel Nauenberg), 1987

Subseries 2.1: Uriel Nauenberg, 1987-1988

Series 3: Illinois, 1987-1991, undated

Subseries 3.1: Fermi National Laboratory Library/Paula Garrett, undated

Subseries 3.2: David L. Gross, 1988, undated

Subseries 3.3: Sharon Lough, 1988-1991

Subseries 3.4: Stan L. Yonkauski, undated

Series 4: Michigan, 1988-1989

Subseries 4.1: Larry Jones, 1988-1989

Series 5: New York, 1986-1990

Subseries 5.1: Gail Adair, 1987

Subseries 5.2: Mary Lou and Jim Alexander, 1986-1990

Subseries 5.3: Bill Herbert, 1987

Subseries 5.4: Doug McCuen, 1987-1988

Subseries 5.5: Brian L. Petty, 1987-1988

Series 6: North Carolina, 1987

Subseries 6.1: Bill Dunn, 1987

Series 7: Tennessee, 1987-1992

Subseries 7.1: Robert and Pat Sanders, 1987-1992

Subseries 7.2: J. Fred Weinhold, 1987

Series :, Texas, 1985-1990, undated

Subseries 8.1: Representative Joe Barton, undated

Subseries 8.2: Jean Caddel, 1986-1989

Subseries 8.3: Coby Chase, 1985-1989

Subseries 8.4: Red Oak Chamber of Commerce, 1990

Subseries 8.5: Waxahachie Chamber of Commerce, undated

Subseries 8.6: Mari Beth Williams, undated

Series 9: Miscellaneous, 1987-1988

Biographical / Historical:: The Superconducting Super Collider (SSC), if built, would have been the world's most expensive instrument for basic science. It would have allowed physicists to study the collisions of subatomic particles in conditions approximating those of the Big Bang, the beginning of the universe. The SSC design called for a 10-foot wide tunnel to be laid out in an oval pattern similar to a racetrack, approximately 53 miles in circumference and 14 miles in diameter. The tunnel, buried several hundred feet underground, would have contained nearly 10,000 superconducting magnets. Small clusters of buildings located above the tunnel were planned to house the SSC's offices, laboratories, and control facilities. All of these structures would have made the SSC the largest particle accelerator in the world and, at an estimated cost of between $4.4 and $11.8 billion, one of the largest public works projects ever undertaken in the United States.

Physicists planned to use the SSC's superconducting magnets to accelerate two streams of protons (particles with a positive electrical charge that forming part of the nucleus of an atom) to a velocity of 20 trillion electron-volts (TeV) in opposite directions within the tunnel's parallel beam tubes. They would then deflect the two streams into each other and study the particles that were created in the resulting high-speed collisions. From these events, physicists hoped to detect particles never seen before and learn more about the composition of matter.

In January 1987, President Reagan publicly declared his support for the proposed SSC, to be built under the authority of the Department of Energy (DOE). States were invited to submit site proposals for the project, and from the twenty-five states that responded, eight finalists were selected: Arizona, Colorado, Illinois, Michigan, New York, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas.

The huge scale of the SSC meant that it would have a significant environmental and cultural impact on the area selected. The SSC would, one source estimated, "require 16,000 acres of donated land, a flow of between 500 and 2,200 gallons of water a minute and up to 250-megawatts of power, as well as accessibility to a major airport, so the world's scientists can fly in and out."1

In many of the finalist states, opponents of the SSC organized and actively campaigned against the project. They raised issues such as the threat to uproot hundreds of people from their homes or create heavy tax and utility burdens. Opponents attended public hearings on SSC issues, distributed leaflets by mail and by hand, and conducted letter-writing campaigns to local politicians. In New York, Citizens Against the Collider Here (CATCH) was able to force the state to withdraw from the competition. Groups in other states learned from the New York group's experiences and used similar techniques in their own campaigns, sometimes adopting the name CATCH. As one CATCH activist recalled, "opponents were not against the SSC or basic sciences, however they did not believe that they should be forced out of their homes for the SSC."2

Supporters of the SSC, on the other hand, addressed the concerns of the citizens by writing editorials or distributing pamphlets responding to particular issues or questions. Prominent city officials and politicians traveled to the proposed sites to discuss the economic and scientific benefits of the SSC, and cities distributed bumper stickers supporting the project. Scientists rebuffed claims that the SSC would produce large amounts of deadly radioactivity and contaminate the entire area. Supporters promised that, "the SSC project would bring federal funding, international prestige, and jobs—starting with 4,500 construction jobs, and later 2,500 full-time research staff positions."3

In November 1988, the Department of Energy declared the winning site to be Ellis County, Texas, southwest of Dallas near the town of Waxahachie. Full-scale construction began three years later with the building of laboratory facilities for the design and manufacture of the SSC's superconducting magnets. Contractors began boring the main tunnel and several vertical access shafts in January 1993.

The anticipated tremendous costs that dogged the project eventually helped undermine it. In June 1992 and again in June 1993, the House voted to cancel funds for the SSC; both times, the Senate restored funding. However, in October 1993 the House rejected the Senate's second restoration, and President Clinton echoed Congress's decision to cancel further work on the SSC. The project received a small budget to support termination activities through 1996. Once the remaining projects were shut down and the scientists and staff dispersed, only several empty buildings in the rural Texas countryside, and fourteen miles of tunnel underneath it, remained of the once-ambitious facility.

At the National Museum of American History, planning for the Science in American Life exhibit—which would examine how science, technology, and American society have intersected over a hundred-year period—began in 1990, at the same time that preparations were being made in Texas to build the Super Collider. Early in the planning phases, Smithsonian curators decided to dedicate a section of the exhibit to the SSC. This section was intended to be a "work in progress" that would change over time as the collider was built, reflecting the current and ongoing debates over the massive machine.

The exhibition design called for using materials donated by both supporters and opponents of the SSC. Early in the exhibit's development the curators began contacting organizations and individuals who both supported and opposed the SSC, asking if they still had materials related to their efforts. Over a two-year period, the curators collected a wide range of items in more than twenty donations, ranging from bumper stickers, t-shirts and hats, to newspaper clippings, maps, and copies of state site proposals.

The design of the SSC portion of the Science in American Life exhibit became permanent with the closing of the SSC in late 1993. The SSC portion now focuses on the roles that special interest groups, protest, and grass-roots political campaigns play in large-scale scientific endeavors. Many of the donated items were included in the exhibit.

Notes

1 DeMott, John S. and J. Madeleine Nash, "Super Push for a Supercollider," Time, April 13, 1987, p. 19, Box 2, Folder 20.

2 "Alexander Narrative," a brief typescript history of the New York CATCH organization, Box 3, Folder 14.

3 Koszczuk, Jackie. "Anti-SSC Felling CATCH-es On Fast," Daily Star News (Fort Worth, Texas), September 17, 1988, p. 4, Box 2, Folder 5.

Related Materials:: When the Superconducting Super Collider entered its termination phase in 1993, the Records Management Department of the project began grouping the official records of the SSC into five "disposition packages." These packages were in various stages of being assembled, shipped, received, and processed for research use and were dispersed to: the Fort Worth Regional Federal Records Center; Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory ("Fermilab") Archives; Niels Bohr Library, Center for History of Physics, American Institute for Physics; Ronald Reagan Presidential Library; and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Archives.

Provenance:: This collection was donated by individuals connected in various ways to the Superconducting Super Collider. The items were donated from personal collections, official files, and the project archives of several different institutions. The donors were Gail Adair, Mary Lou and Dr. Jim Alexander, Representative Joe Barton, Jean Caddel, Coby Chase, Bill Dunn, the Fermi National Laboratory Library, David L. Gross, Bill Herbert, Larry Jones, Sharon Lough, Uriel Nauenberg, Doug McCuen, Ian McPherson, Andrea Miller, Brian L. Petty, the Red Oak Chamber of Commerce, Pat and Dr. Robert Sanders, the Waxahachie Chamber of Commerce, J. Fred Weinhold, Mari Beth Williams, and Stan L. Yonkauski. A brief statement identifying donors and their connections to the Superconducting Super Collider accompanies each subseries in the container list.

Restrictions:: Collection is open for research but is stored off-site and special arrangements must be made to work with it. Contact the Archives Center for information at archivescenter@si.edu or 202-633-3270.

Rights:: Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning copyright restrictions. Other intellectual property rights may apply. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.

Topic:: Environmental impact analysis Search this; Environmental protection -- Citizen participation Search this; Superconducting Super Collider Search this; NIMBY syndrome Search this

Genre/Form:: Bumper stickers; Videotapes; Photographs -- 1980-2000; Clippings -- 20th century; Handbills; Signs (declaratory or advertising artifacts); Posters -- 20th century