Search Results

Author:

Meguro Kiseichūkan  Search this

Physical description:

volumes

Type:

Periodicals

Place:

Japan

Date:

19uu

1966

Topic:

Parasitology  Search this

Parasites  Search this

Data Source:

Smithsonian Libraries

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:siris_sil_1162501

Creator:

Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service  Search this

Subject:

Loar, Peggy A  Search this

Rose, Eileen  Search this

Cohn, Anna R. 1950-  Search this

Physical description:

316.90 cu. ft. unprocessed holdings

Type:

Pamphlets

Picture postcards

Audiotapes

Black-and-white photographs

Brochures

Clippings

Color slides

Color photographs

Color transparencies

Floor plans

Manuscripts

Videotapes

Blueprints

Floppy disks

Black-and-white negatives

Color negatives

Black-and-white transparencies

Electronic records

Newspapers

Books

Compact discs

Digital versatile discs

Drawings

Transcripts

Newsletters

Ephemera

Date:

1952

1952-2019

circa 1952-2019

Topic:

Traveling exhibitions  Search this

Contracts  Search this

Loans  Search this

Local number:

SIA RS00438

Restrictions & Rights:

Materials less than 15 years old Restricted. Contact reference staff for details

See more items in:

Exhibition Records circa 1952-2019 [Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service]

Data Source:

Smithsonian Institution Archives

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:siris_arc_226151

Author:

Johnston, James H. 1944-  Search this

Subject:

United States Central Intelligence Agency History  Search this

United States Central Intelligence Agency Corrupt practices  Search this

Physical description:

xii, 343 pages, 6 unnumbered pages of plates illustrations 24 cm

Type:

Books

History

Place:

United States

États-Unis

Date:

2019

20th century

1961-1963

Topic:

Intelligence service--History  Search this

Assassination--History  Search this

Assassinat--Histoire  Search this

Assassination  Search this

Corruption  Search this

Diplomatic relations  Search this

Intelligence service  Search this

Foreign relations  Search this

Relations extérieures  Search this

Data Source:

Smithsonian Libraries

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:siris_sil_1161417

Medium:

synthetic fabric; metal; paper

Dimensions:

Overall (cap): 13 x 25.7 x 25.4cm (5 1/8 x 10 1/8 x 10in.) Overall (badge): 5.4 x 6.5 x 1.9cm (2 1/8 x 2 9/16 x 3/4in.)

Type:

Employee Gear

Place:

United States of America

Date:

c.1963-1970

Topic:

The Cold War (1945-1990)  Search this

Postal Employees  Search this

Object number:

2006.2041.5.1-2

See more items in:

National Postal Museum Collection

Data Source:

National Postal Museum

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/hm87ae2b842-2d3d-4801-b269-e194db32d3b5

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:npm_2006.2041.5.1-2

Variant company name:

Yverdon, Switzerland  Search this

Company Name:

Paillard S.A.  Search this

Related companies:

Paillard Inc. (Linden, NJ) ; Paillard Products, Inc.  Search this

Notes content:

Bolex stereo projection lens ; Pan Cinor zoom lens. "Paillard...Preparing for the Future" gives a history of the company, beginning with its founding in 1814 by a Swiss watchmaker. Issues of "Bolex Reporter" periodical ; Bolex underwater camera case, the photocell behind the Bolex 8mm camera ; Kern-Paillard lenses ; Bolex 8mm cameras, the H16 Reflex camera ; Pan Cinor lenses ; Bolex-Paillard Super Titler and the Bolex Projector ; Paillard Professional Photo and Movie News (Vol. 1, No. 1, June 1972); movie projectors ; zoom lenses ; 16mm motion picture cameras ; camera cases, stands, and other camera accessories ; SOM Berthiot lenses ; underwater camera housing ; portable Hermes typewriter

Includes:

Trade catalog, price lists and manual

Black and white images

Color images

Physical description:

38 pieces; 2 boxes

Language:

English

Type of material:

Trade catalogs

Trade literature

Place:

Sainte-Croix, Switzerland

Date:

1900s

Topic (Romaine term):

Office equipment and supplies  Search this

Photographic equipment and supplies  Search this

Topic:

Cameras  Search this

Office equipment and supplies industry  Search this

Photographic industry  Search this

Record ID:

SILNMAHTL_27772

Location:

Trade Literature at the American History Museum Library

Collection:

Smithsonian Libraries Trade Literature Collections

Data source:

Smithsonian Libraries

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:SILNMAHTL_27772

Creator:

Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute  Search this

Subject:

Conservation and Research Center (National Zoological Park)  Search this

Physical description:

24.69 cu. ft. unprocessed holdings

Type:

Clippings

Manuscripts

Newsletters

Color photographs

Black-and-white photographs

Books

Black-and-white transparencies

Black-and-white negatives

Floppy disks

Color transparencies

Audiotapes

Electronic records

Electronic mail

Date:

1911

1911-2018

Topic:

Zoos  Search this

Research  Search this

Conservation biology  Search this

Zoos--Administration  Search this

Fund raising  Search this

Local number:

SIA RS01105

See more items in:

Subject Files 1911-2018 [Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute]

Data Source:

Smithsonian Institution Archives

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:siris_arc_238212

Author:

United States President's Commission on the Status of Women  Search this

Kaplan, Frances Balgley  Search this

Mead, Margaret 1901-1978  Search this

Physical description:

xi, 274 p illustrations, map, ports 25 cm

Type:

Books

Place:

United States

États-Unis

USA

Date:

1965

20th century

Topic:

Women  Search this

Femmes  Search this

Femmes--Droits  Search this

Frau  Search this

Women--Social conditions  Search this

Social policy  Search this

Call number:

HQ1420 .U57

HQ1420.U57

Data Source:

Smithsonian Libraries

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:siris_sil_5680

Creator:

James, Milton Morriss, 1926-  Search this

Subject:

Tanner, Henry Ossawa  Search this

Bloch, Julius T. (Julius Thiengen)  Search this

Brady, Mary Beatty  Search this

Waring, Laura Wheeler  Search this

State Teachers College at Cheyney  Search this

Harmon Foundation  Search this

Type:

Sketchbooks

Citation:

Milton Morriss James papers, 1923-1980. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.

Topic:

African American artists  Search this

Women artists  Search this

African American painters  Search this

Women painters  Search this

HBCUs (Historically Black Colleges and Universities)  Search this

Theme:

African American  Search this

Research and writing about art  Search this

Record number:

(DSI-AAA_CollID)10255

(DSI-AAA_SIRISBib)213387

AAA_collcode_jamemilt

Theme:

African American

Research and writing about art

Data Source:

Archives of American Art

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:AAADCD_coll_213387

Creator:

Smithsonian Institution Office of Public Affairs  Search this

Physical description:

4 cu. ft. processed holdings

14.25 cu. ft. unprocessed holdings

Type:

Brochures

Clippings

Manuscripts

Newsletters

Black-and-white negatives

Black-and-white photographs

Color photographs

Color transparencies

Videotapes

Audiotapes

Maps

Drawings

Architectural drawings

Serials (publications)

Compact discs

Electronic records

Electronic mail

Date:

1955

1955-2020

Topic:

Publicity  Search this

Special events  Search this

Museums--Public relations  Search this

Committees  Search this

Social media  Search this

Online social networks  Search this

Blogs  Search this

Museums--Press coverage  Search this

Museums and social media  Search this

Local number:

SIA RS01320

Restrictions & Rights:

Materials less than 15 years old Restricted. Records may contain personally identifiable information (PII) that is permanently restricted. Contact reference staff for details

See more items in:

Publicity Records 1955-2020 [Smithsonian Institution Office of Public Affairs]

Data Source:

Smithsonian Institution Archives

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:siris_arc_260756

Manufacturer:

Cessna Aircraft Company, Inc.  Search this

Materials:

All-metal

Dimensions:

Wingspan: 11 m (36 ft)

Length: 8 m (26 ft 2 in)

Height: 2.3 m (7 ft 9 in)

Weight, empty: 670 kg (1,480 lb)

Weight, gross: 1,157 kg (2,550 lb)

Top Speed: 264 km/h (165 mph)

Engine: Continental O-470-A, 225 hp

Estimated display hanging weight: 1263 lbs.

Type:

CRAFT-Aircraft

Country of Origin:

United States of America

Date:

1952-1981

Credit Line:

Donated by Cessna Aircraft Company, Inc.

Inventory Number:

A19760976000

Restrictions & Rights:

Usage conditions apply

See more items in:

National Air and Space Museum Collection

Location:

National Air and Space Museum in Washington, DC

Exhibition:

Thomas W. Haas We All Fly

Data Source:

National Air and Space Museum

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nv9e7dfc5c3-84cb-4664-9e93-db8af19e6f32

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nasm_A19760976000

Creator:

National Museum of American History (U.S.) Division of Cultural and Community Life  Search this

Subject:

Ahlborn, Richard E  Search this

Shayt, David H  Search this

Adrosko, Rita J  Search this

Cooper, Grace Rogers  Search this

Dirks, Katherine  Search this

Kidwell, Claudia Brush  Search this

Murray, Anne Wood  Search this

Hughes, Ellen Roney  Search this

Yeingst, William  Search this

Davis, Nancy E  Search this

Shaw, Madelyn  Search this

Cohen, Kenneth  Search this

National Museum of American History (U.S.) Department of Social and Cultural History  Search this

National Museum of American History (U.S.) Division of Cultural History  Search this

National Museum of American History (U.S.) Division of Community Life  Search this

National Museum of American History (U.S.) Division of Social History  Search this

National Museum of American History (U.S.) Division of Textiles  Search this

National Museum of American History (U.S.) Division of Ethnic and Western Cultural History  Search this

National Museum of American History (U.S.) Division of Home and Community Life  Search this

National Museum of American History (U.S.) Division of Culture and the Arts  Search this

Physical description:

14.25 cu. ft. unprocessed holdings

Type:

Black-and-white photographs

Brochures

Manuscripts

Color photographs

Drawings

Books

Clippings

Electronic records

Compact discs

Color transparencies

Newsletters

Exhibition catalogs

Black-and-white transparencies

Floppy disks

Electronic mail

Date:

1893

1893-2022

1893, 1915, 1945-2022

Topic:

Museum curators  Search this

Museum exhibits  Search this

Museums--Collection management  Search this

Research  Search this

Costume--History  Search this

Committees  Search this

Research grants  Search this

Gifts  Search this

Dissertations, Academic  Search this

Local number:

SIA RS00468

Restrictions & Rights:

Materials less than 15 years old Restricted. Records may contain personally identifiable information (PII) that is permanently restricted. Contact reference staff for details

See more items in:

Curatorial Records 1893, 1915, 1945-2022 [National Museum of American History (U.S.) Division of Cultural and Community Life]

Data Source:

Smithsonian Institution Archives

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:siris_arc_220033

Creator:

Bethlehem Steel Corporation  Search this

Extent:

19 Cubic feet (66 boxes )

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Color slides

Photographs

Slides (photographs)

Color negatives

Date:

1880-1993

bulk 1947-1980

Summary:

The collection consists of approximately 28,000 photographic negatives, slides, prints and other materials documenting Bethlehem Steel Corporation's iron ore mining operations. The photographs were taken by Richard "Jay" Angelo, a Bethlehem Steel Corporation photographer. The majority of the photographs depict Bethlehem's mining operations at its Cornwall and Morgantown, Pennsylvania mines. A smaller number of negatives document operations in western Pennsylvania, Kentucky, West Virginia, Michigan and Ontario. The negatives depict aerial views, blasting operations, tunneling, equipment and infrastructure, machinery, employees working, company personnel, and company-built community facilities. The collection documents the complete operations of a major, historic mining operation over four decades.

Scope and Contents:

The collection consists of approximately 28,000 photographic negatives, slides, prints and other materials documenting Bethlehem Steel Corporation's iron ore mining operations. The photographs were taken by Richard "Jay" Angelo, a Bethlehem Steel Corporation photographer. The majority of the photographs depict Bethlehem's mining operations at its Cornwall and Morgantown, Pennsylvania mines. A smaller number of negatives document operations in western Pennsylvania, Kentucky, West Virginia, Michigan and Ontario. The negatives depict aerial views, blasting operations, tunneling, equipment and infrastructure, machinery, employees working, company personnel, and company-built community facilities. The collection documents the complete operations of a major, historic mining operation over four decades.

Series 1, Historical Background Materials, 1923-19933, consists of typescript general histories for the Bethlehem Steel Corporation, and specifically, the Cornwall Mine, Grace Mine, and the Marmoratan Mining Company. Included are some copies of maps, newspaper articles, photographs and one letter from Charlie Neil dated 1993 containing history of the Cornwall mining operations. Other miscellaneous items include articles about concrete, a retirement brochure for Sheldon J. Shale, and bound monthly progress reports of operations for the Cornwall Division, 1923-1929. These reports detail production, ore analysis, construction of mine shafts, repairs made, and physical plant conditions.

Series 2, Logbooks, 1949-1980, consists of personal, mileage, and photograph and negative logbooks maintained by Richard R. Angelo during the course of his career as a photographer for Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Cornwall Division. The series is divided into three subseries: Subseries 1, Personal Logbooks, 1949-1981, Subseries 2, Mileage Logbooks, 1957-1980, and Subseries 3, Photograph and Negative Logbooks, 1947-1968. The bound notebooks are arranged chronologically and are approximately 4 1/2" x 7 1/2" or smaller.

Subseries 1, Personal Logbooks, 1949-1980, consists of Angelo's personal logbooks which begin in 1949 and chronicle his daily activities and include the amount of time spent accomplishing each stated activity. For example, from April of 1949, Angelo writes, "making negatives and printing, eight hours." Later logbooks do not contain the number of hours, but many contain the number of vacation days Angelo took.

Subseries 2, Mileage Logbooks, 1957-1980 and undated, consists of logbooks with the date, number of miles, and location where Angelo drove. In some instances, toll expenses are noted as well as total mileage calculated for a month.

Subseries 3, Negative Logbooks, 1947-1980, consists of logbooks detailing the date, negative number and a brief description for black-and-white and color negatives. For example, the March 3, 1951, entry is listed as "#1840-0, waste rock tunnel, mine number 3." In some instances Angelo notes if a photograph or negative was rejected. Later logbooks follow an alpha-numeric identification system. These logbooks should be consulted when using Series 4, Black-and-White negatives. The subseries is arranged chronologically.

Series 3, Indices, 1943-1960, consists of typescript lists detailing the negative number, date, and a brief description for the Bethlehem Report (BR), the early Pilot Plant and raw materials (CN), microphotographs (MP), and Pilot Plant (PP,) and raw materials and office plant (RM). The person who assembled these lists or applied the alpha-numeric system is unknown. These indices should be consulted when using boxes 36 to 38 in Series 4, Black-and-White Negatives.

Series 4, Black-and-White Negatives, 1941-1963, is divided into six subseries: Subseries 1, #1-#4108, 1947-1961; Subseries 2, A1 to A400, 1941-1949; Subseries 3, B1 to B9995, 1953-1963; Subseries 4, C1 to C6999, 1963 [1969?]; Subseries 5, Chronological, 1950-1955; and Subseries 6, Topical, 1941-1961. The negatives are approximately 4" x 5" and are housed in glassine envelopes. In some instances, 4" x 5" prints are filed behind the corresponding negative.

The alpha-numeric subseries of negatives is not inclusive. There are indices (see Series 3) for the negatives in boxes 36 to 38 and the logbooks (see Series 2) maintained by Richard R. Angelo. The indices provide the alpha-numeric identification number, date, and brief description for the negative. For example, negative B-528 documents the #4 mine machine shop looking west, March 12, 1954. Researchers should use the logbooks in conjunction with the negatives.

There are some negatives that document diagrams, drawings, plans, sectional views, schematics for ore pockets, mine shafts, and flow sheets for the Lebanon Concentrator and the crushing plant at the Grace Mine. Some of the negatives were used in the creation of the Bethlehem Mines Corporation, Cornwall Division, photograph album which documents progress as of December 31, 1964.

Series 5, Color Negatives, 1964-1979, consists of approximately 940 color negatives, presumably documenting a wide variety of mining activities as well as employees. There is no index to these negatives. The negatives are arranged numerically.

Series 6, Photographic Prints, 1880s-1972 and undated, consists primarily of black-and-white prints of mining equipment, views of mine interiors (including the mine vein), aerial views, buildings, and employees. The bulk of photographs document Bethlehem mines in Pennsylvania, specifically Cornwall and Grace, but there is documentation for the Marmora Mine in Ontario, Canada. Some of the prints have captions and dates. Some oversize photographs (11" x 14") documenting the Matamora Mine in Ontario, Canada, 1958, were taken by H.R. Oakman of Peterboro, Ontario. The materials are arranged alphabetically.

Series 7, Photograph Albums, 1951-1971, consists of five bound albums and some loose materials documenting the Marmora Mine in Ontario, Canada. Many of the albums were photographed by H.R. Oakman of Peterboro, Ontario. The albums contain mounted black-and-white prints that are 4" x 5" or 11" x 17." The albums are arranged chronologically.

Series 8, Slides, 1950-1980, contains 35 mm slides in both black and white and color. The slides document a range of activities and are arranged alphabetically by mine location.

Series 9, Moving Images, 1961 and undated, consists of two color 16 mm films documenting the Grace Mine in Pennsylvania.

Arrangement:

The collection is arranged into nine series.

Series 1, Historical Background Materials, 1923-1993

Series 2, Logbooks, 1949-1980

Subseries 1, Personal Logbooks, 1949-1980

Subseries 2, Mileage Logbooks, 1957-1980 and undated

Subseries 3, Negative Logbooks, 1947-1980

Series 3, Indices, 1943-1960

Series 4, Black-and-White Negatives, 1941-1963

Subseries 1, #1-#4108, 1947-1961

Subseries 2, A1 to A400, 1941-1949

Subseries 3, B1 to B9995, 1953-1963

Subseries 4, C1 to C6999, 1963 [1969?]

Subseries 5, Chronological, 1950-1955

Subseries 6, Topical, 1941-1961

Series 5, Color Negatives, 1964-1979

Series 6, Photographic Prints, 1880s-1972 and undated

Series 7, Photograph Albums, 1951-1971

Series 8, Slides, 1950-1980

Series 9, Moving Image, 1961 and undated

Biographical / Historical:

Richard "Jay" Angelo (1922-1997) was the official photographer for Bethlehem Cornwall Corporation (a subsidiary of the Bethlehem Steel Corporation) mining operations in Cornwall, Pennsylvania. The Cornwall Division operated three underground mines with concentrating and agglomerating facilities. Using a Speed Graphic camera (a portable professional camera), which used 4" x 5" film, Angelo captured between 20,000 and 30,000 negatives, mostly black-and-white, from January 1947 to January 1980. The negatives depict aerial views; each new blast in the open pit; tunneling in the underground works; installation of infrastructure such as underground bracing, head frames, railway track and agglomeration machinery; employees at work, receiving awards, or retiring; tours for corporate executives, local school teachers, and other mining executives; road and land improvements; company-built community facilities; safety program activities; installation and operation of the concentrating and agglomeration plants.

Angelo graduated from high school in 1940 and immediately began working in the mines, following in the foot steps of his father, an Italian immigrant. He joined the United States Navy in 1942 working as a radio operator aboard a communications ship. Angelo served in both the European and Pacific theaters of World War II. Angelo returned home in 1946 and worked in the mines, first in a tool room, then in the enginneering department. In 1947, he began taking photographs for the company, specializing in mining. Other photographers processed color and black-and-white negatives in the company lab and photographed the company's many plants. Angelo retired in 1980.

For over sixty years (1916-1980), Bethlehem Steel Company obtained most of its iron ore from three mines it owned and operated in eastern Pennsylvania. Two mines were located in Cornwall, about fifteen miles east of Harrisburg, and one was located in Morgantown, about twenty-five miles south of Reading. Until its closure in 1980, the Cornwall mine was the longest continuously operated mine in North America. The Cornwall Mine began in 1732 when John, Thomas, and Richard Penn deeded over 9,000 acres to Joseph Turne, who assigned it to William Allen. In 1734, Peter Grubb, a prospector for iron, paid Allen for the acreage and in 1742 built the Cornwall Furnance near the ore deposit. Other parties gained access and partnership to the ore banks through purchase or inheritance, and in 1854, Grubb and the others combined to form the Cornwall Ore Banks Company. Bethlehem Steel Company acquired ownership of the Cornwall Mines in 1916 and had complete ownership by 1921. The only exception was the Robesonia Iron Company, a small indepednent section that remained free of Bethlehem ownership until 1926, when Bethlehem acquired it and thus gained sole control of the ore desposits. The Cornwall iron ore deposit became one of the most valuable in the United States.

There were two major ore bodies in Cornwall, Pennsylvania, south of Lebanon, Pennsylvania, called Cornwall mines number 3 and number 4. Extracting the ore was done through open pit mining when deposits of useful minerals or rock were found near the surface. Open pit mining was used at Cornwall until 1953 when the open pits became too deep and economically not viable. It is estimated that over fifty-six million tons of ore were removed from mine number 3 between 1734 and 1953. By 1953, all of the available exposed ore was removed, and it was necessary for the company to begin underground mining activities. Other forms of mining included extractive methods that required tunneling into the earth, such as long wall mining. The number 4 mine was begun in 1926 as an underground operation; by 1965, twenty-two million tons of ore had been mined. In 1948, new iron ore deposits were discovered using an airborne magnetometer (an instrument used to measure the magnetic field) during an aerial survey in southeastern Pennsylvania. Bethlehem Steel acquired the land. Construction for the mine began in 1951 and ore stripping began in 1958. The new mine was called Grace Mine after Bethlehem Chairman and CEO Eugene Grace. Mining at lasted until 1977.

The Marmoratan Mine located in Hastings County, Ontario (east of Toronto) also became part of the vast Bethlehem Steel Corporation holdings. Iron mining was an important industry in the area during the nineteenth century. The village of Marmora was originally named Marmora Iron Works. Magnetic iron ore was mined as early as 1820, but a series of failures resulted in the abandonment of the mine. In 1949, the Ontario Department of Mines, in conjunction with the Geological Survey of Canada, conducted an aerial survey of the region. Bethlehem Steel geologists became interested in the area and in May, 1950, the company obtained options to purchase a 290 acre tract of property. Bethlehem would eventually acquire 1900 acres of property at Marmora. Drilling began in 1951, and the mine closed in 1979.

The scale of operations at the three mines was prodigious. Together, these mines were second only to Minnesota's famous Mesabi Range in terms of volume and quality of iron ore extracted. In addition to ore extraction, the mines were equipped with large-scale concentrating and agglomeration facilities, where the raw ore was separated into disparate minerals through the use of magnetic separators. The iron was then further concentrated into high density pellets that were easier to ship and more economical in making steel. Bethlehem erected its first concentrating facilities at Cornwall in 1916. When Bethlehem Steel acquired the Cornwall mines its long-term plan was to expand and modernize its program by adding mill equipment and providing sintering plants. Bethlehem purchased the Pennsylvania Steel Company in 1916, which included a wet mill equipped with a Grondal magnetic separator. From 1934 to 1962, the mines produced over twenty-seven million tons of iron concentrate, 450,000 tons of copper concentrate, and 1,650 tons of pyrite concentrate. The agglomeration plant at the Grace Mine alone produced three million tons of iron concentrate between 1958 and 1965.

Related Materials:

Materials at the Archives Center, National Museum of American History

Alexander Van Valen Papers, 1849-1850 (AC0935)

International Salt Company Records, 1888-1964 (AC1158)

Industry on Parade Film Collection, 1950-1960 (AC0507)

Arthur d'Arazien Industrial Photographs Collection, circa 1939-1984 (AC0314)

Frank Klepetko Michigan Mining Cyanotype Album, circa 1880 (AC1042)

Materials in Other Organizations

Hagley Museum and Library

Bethlehem Steel Corporation records, 1714-1982

Bethlehem Steel Corporation and Bethlehem Ship Corporation photograph collection, 1786-1966

Bethlehem Steel Corporation. Predecessor and subsidiary companies, 1860-1947

Pennsylvania State Archives

Cornwall Ore Bank Company Records, 1802-1935, 1954

Provenance:

The collection was donated to the Archives Center by Richard Angelo, Jr., and Jeanette Angelo Laverty on July 9, 2011.

Restrictions:

Collection is open for research but is stored off-site and special arrangements must be made to work with it. Contact the Archives Center for information at archivescenter@si.edu or 202-633-3270.

Rights:

Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning intellectual property rights. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.

Topic:

Mines -- Pennsylvania  Search this

Iron and steel industry  Search this

Iron -- Pennsylvania  Search this

Mines  Search this

Genre/Form:

Color slides -- 20th century

Photographs -- Black-and-white negatives -- 20th century

Slides (photographs) -- 20th century

Color negatives

Citation:

Bethlehem Steel Corporation Mining Photographs, 1880-1993, Archives Center, National Museum of American History. Gift of Michael Cuscuna.

Identifier:

NMAH.AC.1242

See more items in:

Bethlehem Steel Corporation Mining Photographs

Archival Repository:

Archives Center, National Museum of American History

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep8e556702d-c6fd-4950-aa37-44c93d8cd5d9

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nmah-ac-1242

Creator:

Shaw, J. Clifford (John Clifford), 1922-1991  Search this

Names:

ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency)  Search this

Association for Computing Machinery.  Search this

Dartmouth College  Search this

Digital Equipment Corporation  Search this

IBM (International Business Machines)  Search this

Massachusetts General Hospital  Search this

UCRL (University of California Radiation Lab)  Search this

Extent:

20.5 Cubic feet (59 boxes, 4 oversize folders)

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Correspondence

Technical reports

Diagrams

Notes

Memorandums

Place:

Palo Alto (Calif.)

Pittsburgh (Pa.)

Santa Monica (Calif.) -- 1950-1980

Cambridge (Mass.)

Date:

1933-1993

bulk 1950-1971

Summary:

The John Clifford Shaw papers contain reports, research notes, correspondence, memorandum, and diagrams documenting Shaw's development of one of the earliest list processing languages (IPL) and an early interactive, time sharing program, the JOHNNIAC Open Shop System (JOSS). The collection also contains printed material on the RAND Corporation and the evolution of the artificial intelligence and electronic computer industry in the 1950s and 1960s. In addition there is biographical material documenting Shaw's personal interests, family, and academic career.

Scope and Contents:

The John Clifford Shaw Papers contain reports, research notes, correspondence, memoranda, and diagrams documenting Shaw's development of one of the earliest list processing languages (IPL) and an early interactive, time sharing program, the JOHNNIAC Open Shop System (JOSS). The collection also contains printed material on the RAND Corporation and the evolution of the artificial intelligence and electronic computer industry in the 1950s and 1960s. In addition, there is biographical material documenting Shaw's personal interests, family, and academic career.

Series 1: Shaw's Career at Rand, 1950-1971, documents Shaw's most significant work. The subseries are arranged by specific projects and illustrate his pioneering work on programming languages, interactive time-sharing systems, heuristic problem solving, logic programming, stored programs, and artificial intelligence. This work included his role in the development of the JOHNNIAC computer and programs such as the Logic Theorist (LT), General Problem Solver (GPS), and the JOHNNIAC Open-Shop System (JOSS).

The materials include technical reports, research notes, correspondence, memorandum, coding sequences, and system tests. In addition, there are reports documenting the collaborative nature of the NSS team's work on human problem solving, computer simulation of human thinking, and complex information processing. The subject files in Series 1 document the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) role in the JOSS research and other work done by Shaw.

Series 2: Rand Environment, 1951-1986, is arranged into three subseries containing technical reports that document other computer related research being conducted at RAND during Shaw's tenure. These materials are not directly related to his work, including reports documenting defense related research. The series contains memoranda and correspondence illustrating the internal workings and daily operations at RAND from 1950 to 1971 and various sets of annual reports, progress reports, and newsletters from 1960 to 1971. In addition, there are historical materials commemorating RAND anniversaries, profiles of the company, and indexes to RAND publications and abstracts.

Series 3: Computer Industry, 1947-1973, consists of printed matter that documents developments at other institutions and companies engaged in artificial intelligence and programming research. The printed matter includes reports, manuals, brochures, and reprints of articles about research by other institutions, companies, and individuals. Also, there are materials from trips, conferences and seminars attended by Shaw.

Series 4: Consulting Work, 1972-1990, comprises Shaw's work after he left RAND in 1971. It consists of reports and reprints from companies and institutions for which Shaw worked or from those he saw as potential clients. Of particular interest are the research notes, on note cards and 8.5" x 11" paper that illuminate Shaw's ideas and thoughts regarding artificial intelligence and programming languages during this period.

Series 5: Biographical Information, 1933-1993, consists of printed matter regarding Shaw's life and accomplishments. It contains resumes, list of publications and lectures, salary history, and the outline for a book on JOSS. Material on Shaw's personal life includes information about his family, personal correspondence with Herbert Simon, Allen Newell and his wife, Marian, Chuck Baker, Edward Feigenbaum, and correspondence from authors requesting information or comment on future publications. Additionally, there are reprints and clippings that reveal Shaw's personal interests in political issues such as the Pentagon Papers, Watergate, the making of the hydrogen bomb, and Star Wars Defense Technology.

Arrangement:

The collection is organized into five series.

Series 1: Shaw's Career at Rand, 1950-1971

Subseries 1.1: JOHNNIAC, 1950-1968

Subseries 1.2: Logic Therorist [See also Complex Information Processing], 1956-1963

Subseries 1.3: General Problem Solver (G.P.S.) and Heuristic Problem Solving, 1955-1967

Subseries 1.4: Chess Program, 1954-1973

Subseries 1.5: Complex Information Processing (C.I.P.), 1953-1972

Subseries 1.6: Information Processing Languages (IPL), 1956-1977

Subseries 1.7: JOHNNIAC Open Shop System (JOSS), 1959-1977

Subseries 1.8: Subject Files, 1954-1971

Series 2: Rand Environment, 1951-1986

Subseries 2.1: Related Papers and Reports (RM-Series), 1951-1972

Subseries 2.2: Reports and Papers—General, 1949-1971

Subseries 2.3: RAND Material, 1948-1988

Series 3: Computer Industry, 1947-1973

Series 4: Consulting Work, 1972-1990

Series 5: Biographical Information, 1933-1993

Biographical / Historical:

John Clifford Shaw (1922-1991) was born in Southern California. Shaw went to Fullerton High School, the same high school as Richard Nixon. Shaw's English teacher was Nixon's high school debate team coach. Shaw attended Fullerton Junior College from 1939 until February 1943. At the same time, he worked as a timekeeper at the Douglas Aircraft Company, where he was responsible for time-card calculations and reports. He served in the Army Air Force for three years during World War II as a navigation instructor and then aircraft navigator in the 4th Emergency Rescue Squadron in Iwo Jima, Japan. Shaw returned to California in 1947 and began working for the Beneficial Standard Life Insurance Company as an assistant to the actuary, compiling actuarial calculations of premium rates, reserve liabilities, and annual reports. Shaw and his wife Marian had four children: Doug (b. 1948), David (b. 1950), Donna (b. 1952), and John (b. 1962). By 1948, Shaw received his Bachelor's degree in Mathematics from UCLA and in 1950 joined the newly formed RAND Corporation as a mathematician.

The RAND Corporation evolved during the years after World War II amidst the escalating Cold War. Project RAND was originally carried out under a contract with the Douglas Aircraft Company. RAND was incorporated in May 1948. RAND, a California nonprofit corporation, was one of the earliest Cold War "think tanks" that functioned as an interdisciplinary research and development facility; it received large sums of money from the Air Force and Atomic Energy Commission. Throughout the 1950s, other agencies such as the Department of Defense, the Atomic Energy Commission, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) solicited scientific and foreign policy research from RAND. During Shaw's tenure (1950-1971), money flowed into RAND and enabled many scientists and researchers, including Shaw and his colleagues in the Math and Numerical Analysis Department, to explore new avenues of discovery.

Shaw's early work at RAND involved administrative matters, such as improving the processes of company management through automation of the computation and calculation techniques. This work included collaboration with Allen Newell on a radar simulator. In the mid-1950s, Newell and Shaw, and later Dr. Herbert Simon of the Carnegie Institute of Technology, formed the team known by the mid-1950s in the artificial intelligence field as NSS (Newell, Shaw, and Simon). The NSS team broke much ground in the field of artificial intelligence, programming languages, computer simulation of human problem solving, and man-machine communication. The radar simulator project involved studying how humans made decisions and whether one could design a program that could simulate human decision-making. While Newell and Simon concentrated on the human behavior aspect, Shaw focused on creating a programming language that would implement Simon and Newell's concepts.

When Shaw began working in 1950, RAND was using six IBM 604 calculators to satisfy its scientific computing needs. In the early 1950s, RAND decided that it needed more computational power to accomplish projects for the Air Force and decided to build a Princeton-type computer named JOHNNIAC, after computer designer John von Neumann. The Princeton Class computer was considered state-of-the-art and was running at RAND by the first half of 1953. William Gunning was the project leader and Shaw worked on the selection of the instruction set and the design of the operator's console. The JOHNNIAC became the basis for Shaw's work on conversational time-sharing in the 1960s.

During the early 1950s, the dynamic of the innovative process was at work as Shaw and Newell in California, and Simon in Pittsburgh, were theorizing about human decision making, programming languages, and how computers could be manipulated to process information more productively. Air Force funding enabled Shaw and his colleague's considerable intellectual and academic freedom to explore various hypotheses. In the mid-1950s, NSS began forming the theoretical basis for what they called Complex Information Processing (C.I.P.). C.I.P was the basis for the three main computer programs developed by NSS: the Chess Program, Logic Theorist (LT), and the General Problem Solver (GPS). By 1954, Shaw's focus was on utilizing the power of the JOHNNIAC to develop a viable language that could simulate human behavior.

In early 1954, Newell left RAND for Pittsburgh to work with Simon; Shaw remained at RAND. The NSS team focused on creating programs that would enable a machine to exhibit intelligent behavior and "think" like a human. Chess and the Logic Theorist (LT) were the first programs that evolved from their work. Shaw dealt with the programming aspects, as Simon devoted his time to human thinking processes for chess, logic, and problem solving. Newell, who was still employed by RAND, was the middle man who worked both in programming and human behavior. He flew back to California every couple of months in 1954 and 1955 to confer with Shaw. Because of language limitations, the chess program was temporarily put aside as NSS decided to finish the LT. Known as IPL (Information Processing Language), the language developed by Shaw was one of the first list processing languages. Through experimentation with assemblers, compilers, and interpreters, Shaw developed list processing sequences that allowed the computer to arrange and store data more effectively. The effectiveness stemmed from links that formed the lists. From a storage point of view, lists were inefficient. Shaw translated Simon and Newell's ideas into IPL. The IPL interpreter was able to compile and translate higher level language statements into machine language. The interpreters process the statements and carry out the indicated operations without generating machine code which must then be executed. Although not specifically programmed so, one of LT's innovative characteristics was that it proved mathematical theorems from Whitehead and Russell's Principia Mathematica, including a proof from Theorem 2.85 that the authors had missed. This was the most fascinating aspect of the program because LT was not programmed to find alternative proofs.

The NSS team's work on the LT was completed by the end of 1955, and it perfected the program language in the winter and spring of 1956. LT was one of the earliest programs to investigate the use of heuristics in problem solving. It was capable of discovering and working out proofs for theorems in symbolic logic. In the summer of 1956, NSS presented the LT program to the artificial intelligence community at the Dartmouth Artificial Intelligence Conference. Relatively unknown at the time, NSS excited the conference with the LT and the possibilities it opened in the study of programming languages and artificial intelligence.

The NSS team continued to focus on developing artificial intelligence. By 1957, NSS had constructed the General Problem Solver (GPS) program that attempted to demonstrate various human thinking processes in a variety of environments. At RAND and Carnegie Tech, studies were conducted that had human subjects think aloud in hopes of identifying human problem solving techniques and simulating them in GPS. NSS codified some human problem solving techniques such as means-end analysis, planning, and trial and error. Through the end of the 1950s, NSS produced improved versions of the IPL language and studied heuristic methods of decision making.

By 1960, when the JOHNNIAC was of insufficient computing power to support the level of computation needed, and IPL had been reprogrammed for the IBM 7090, List Processing (LISP), a high-level programming language had overtaken IPL as the language of choice for Artificial Intelligence research. Shaw's interests had shifted towards attempting to simplify the use of computers for all types of computer users. Simon and Newell continued to study how they could simulate human cognitive processes on a computer. Until this point, a user would have to be adequately trained in programming or need assistance from a programmer to use a computer like JOHNNIAC. Shaw was interested in programming the JOHNNIAC so RAND staff could utilize the computer for small as well as large scientific computations. The JOHNNIAC was available for experimental research projects because RAND owned a newer IBM 7090 (acquired in 1960) which handled the bulk of RAND's production computing load. Although JOHNNIAC was no longer state-of-the-art by this time, its major appeal was its reliability and capability for experimentation.

These factors were the impetus for the initiation of the JOHNNIAC Open-Shop System (JOSS) project in November 1960. JOSS was intended to be an easy to use, on-line, time sharing system. The JOSS research, conducted under the Information Processor Project, was formalized in 1959 as part of the RAND Computer Science Department and was heavily funded by the Air Force. The innovative character of JOSS was in the ease of use for the non-programmer, its remote access capabilities, the establishment of an interactive environment between user and computer, and the capability for RAND scientists and engineers to use the computer without an intermediary programmer. It was hoped that the JOSS project would bridge the communication gap between man and machine. JOSS's user language achieved this goal. It featured a small set of English verbs and algebraic symbols which did not need a programmer as intermediary between user and computer. During 1961-1962, Shaw selected the character set that would be used to write JOSS programs, its syntax, and grammar. The conversational environment included a Model B IBM Electric Typewriter. Tom Ellis and Mal Davis directed the hardware configurations and Ike Hehama, Allen Newell, and Keith Uncapher participated in the project discussions with Shaw.

The very limited JOSS experiments on the JOHNNIAC began in May 1963, with five consoles, one connected to the JOHNNIAC and four others located in the offices of various RAND staff. By June, a schedule of operations was in place and by January 1964, JOSS was fully implemented. The use of JOSS by RAND staff was higher than expected as users taught other users how to run the system. However, Shaw and the other designers worried that JOHNNIAC's hardware placed limitations on speed and storage which might taint the evaluation of JOSS. In July 1964, a second version of JOSS was proposed on a more powerful computer. C.L. Baker was named project head, and Shaw focused on developing the programming language for JOSS II.

After accepting numerous bids to replace JOHNNIAC, a contract was signed with Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) promising the installation of a PDP-6 computer and thirty consoles at RAND. The installation was completed by October 31, 1965. At the Fall Joint Computer Conference in Las Vegas in December 1965, the first demonstration of remote use of JOSS II was given. JOHNNIAC was retired on February 18, 1966, with Willis Ware delivering a eulogy and Shaw loading a final JOSS I program. By the end of 1966, JOSS II was available to users 24 hours a day, seven days a week on the new PDP-6/JOSS computer, which had thirty times the speed and five times the storage capacity as the JOHNNIAC version. In April 1967, the maintenance and improvement of JOSS II was transferred from the development group to a small staff under G.W. Armending. In 1971, at age 49, Shaw left the RAND Corporation.

In 1971, Shaw took a one-year appointment as a Research Associate in the Information Science Department at the California Institute of Technology. In 1972, he began working as a consultant which he continued for the rest of his professional career. Much of his work in the 1970s and 1980s consisted of formulating new ideas on operations research, video games, man-machine interfaces, interactive computer systems, time-sharing, information architecture design, and artificial intelligence. During the 1980s, Shaw also became more involved in church-related activities.

Shaw's work on creating the Information Processing Language in the 1950s and the JOSS program in the 1960s were the two major contributions he made to the fields of programming and artificial intelligence. His IPL-I programming language is one of the earliest examples of list processing languages now in widespread use. The JOSS program was one of the first easy-to use, remotely accessible, interactive programs that allowed non-programmers to utilize the power of a computer.

Related Materials:

Material in the Archives Center, National Museum of American History

Computer Oral History Collection, AC0196

Material in Other Institutions

Charles Babbage Institute

L.A. County Museum

For RAND reports see www.RAND.org

Provenance:

The collection was donated by John Clifford Shaw's eldest son, Doug Shaw, March 1997.

Restrictions:

The collection is open for research.

Rights:

Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning intellectual property rights. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.

Occupation:

Computer programmers  Search this

Topic:

Mathematicians  Search this

Computers -- military applications  Search this

Decision making -- Mathematical models  Search this

System analysts  Search this

Online data processing  Search this

Computer industry -- 1950-1980 -- United States  Search this

Computational linguistics  Search this

Computer industry -- 1950-1980 -- Soviet Union  Search this

Mathematical models  Search this

Programming languages (electronic computers) -- 1950-70  Search this

Iph (Computer Program Language)  Search this

List processing (Electronic computers)  Search this

Job Control Language (Computer program language)  Search this

GPS (General Problem Solver)  Search this

Problem solving -- Data processing  Search this

Logic machines  Search this

Time-sharing computer systems  Search this

Heuristic programming  Search this

Logic programming  Search this

Genre/Form:

Correspondence -- 1950-2000

Technical reports -- 1950-1980

Diagrams

Notes -- 1950-1980

Memorandums -- 1950-1980

Citation:

John Clifford Shaw papers, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution.

Identifier:

NMAH.AC.0580

See more items in:

John Clifford Shaw Papers

Archival Repository:

Archives Center, National Museum of American History

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep8616f61b8-12a5-4770-872a-4cc2f003669a

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nmah-ac-0580

Author:

Xiang, Sunny  Search this

Physical description:

1 online resource (xi, 353 pages) illustrations

Type:

Electronic resources

History

Place:

United States

Asia

Pacific Area

États-Unis

Asie

Pacifique, Région du

Date:

2020

20th century

20e siècle

1945-1989

Topic:

Orientalism--History  Search this

Cold War--Secret service  Search this

Asians in literature  Search this

Asians in motion pictures  Search this

Asian Americans--Race identity  Search this

Propaganda, American--History  Search this

Orientalisme--Histoire  Search this

Guerre froide--Service secret  Search this

Asiatiques dans la littérature  Search this

Asiatiques au cinéma  Search this

Américains d'origine asiatique--Identité ethnique  Search this

Propagande américaine--Histoire  Search this

LITERARY CRITICISM--American--Asian American  Search this

Diplomatic relations  Search this

Orientalism  Search this

Propaganda, American  Search this

Public opinion, American  Search this

Foreign public opinion, American  Search this

Foreign relations  Search this

Relations extérieures  Search this

Call number:

DS33.4.U6 X53 2020 (Internet)

Restrictions & Rights:

1-user

Data Source:

Smithsonian Libraries

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:siris_sil_1163025

Creator:

James Graham & Sons  Search this

Names:

Coe Kerr Gallery  Search this

Duveen-Graham (Gallery)  Search this

Graham Gallery  Search this

Graham Modern (Gallery)  Search this

Cicero, Carmen, 1926-  Search this

Coheleach, Guy  Search this

Crile, Susan, 1942-  Search this

De Kooning, Elaine  Search this

Dickinson, Edwin Walter, 1891-1978  Search this

Duveen, Albert  Search this

Fogel, Seymour, 1911-1984  Search this

Fried, Nancy  Search this

Graham, Robert Claverhouse, 1913-1994  Search this

Kriesberg, Irving, 1919-  Search this

Melchers, Gari, 1860-1932  Search this

Perrine, Van Dearing, 1869-1955  Search this

Santlofer, Jonathan, 1946-  Search this

Schley, Reeve, 1936-  Search this

Stevens, Peter  Search this

Thorne, Joan, 1943-  Search this

Trieff, Selina, 1934-  Search this

Wyeth, Andrew, 1917-2009  Search this

Wyeth, Jamie, 1946-  Search this

Wyeth, N. C. (Newell Convers), 1882-1945  Search this

Extent:

103.6 Linear feet

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Scrapbooks

Photographs

Date:

1821

1815

circa 1896-2011

Summary:

The records of the New York City gallery James Graham & Sons measure 103.6 linear feet and date from 1815, 1821, circa 1896-2011 (bulk 1950s-1980s). The collection generally documents the gallery's contemporary art department during the time in which Robert Claverhouse Graham, Sr. worked at the gallery (1940-1979); records prior to 1954 are sparse and scattered. Gallery records include artist files; correspondence; exhibition files; financial records; inventory records; printed materials; sales, loans, and consignment records; scrapbooks; and photographic materials. Also found are records from Coe Kerr Gallery regarding exhibitions.

Scope and Content Note:

The records of the New York City gallery James Graham & Sons measure 103.6 linear feet and date from 1815, 1821, circa 1896-2011 (bulk 1950s-1980s). The collection generally documents the gallery's contemporary art department during the time in which Robert Claverhouse Graham, Sr. worked at the gallery (1940-1979); records prior to 1954 are sparse and scattered. Gallery records include artist files; correspondence; exhibition files; financial records; inventory records; printed materials; sales, loans, and consignment records; scrapbooks; and photographic materials. Also found are records from Coe Kerr Gallery regarding exhibitions of artwork by Jamie Wyeth, and to a lesser extent, Andrew and N.C. Wyeth.

Over the years, the gallery changed names and established contemporary art departments. In addition to records of James Graham & Sons, the collection holds the records of Duveen-Graham Modern Art (in partnership with Albert Duveen), Graham Gallery, Graham Modern, JG|Contemporary, and, to a lesser extent, The Clapp and Graham Co.

Alphabetical files are a mix of business correspondence and business records. The bulk of the series contains correspondence with galleries, museums, other institutions, and, to a lesser extent, clients regarding sales, consignments, and loans of artwork. Also found are materials relevant to the daily operations of the gallery, including correspondence, subject files, and scattered financial, business and legal records.

Exhibition files provide scattered documentation of the gallery's exhibitions through catalogs, clippings, correspondence, guest books, notes, photographs, press materials, price lists, and sales receipts and other financial records.

Artists' Files document the numerous artists who have been represented by the gallery, especially modern American artists. Folders for each artist can contain a variety of materials, including correspondence with the artist or with institutions regarding consignments, loans, sales and exhibitions; photographic materials primarily of artwork; sales invoices; exhibition catalogs, postcards, and other printed materials; press releases; magazine and newspaper clippings; price lists; artist binders; and research materials on artists and artwork. Also found are some subject files, per original arrangement. There is extensive material related to artists Carmen Cicero, Susan Crile, Elaine De Kooning's portrait of President John F. Kennedy, Edwin Dickinson, muralist Seymour Fogel, Nancy Fried, Irving Kriesberg, Gari Melchers, Jonathan Santlofer, Reeve Schley, Peter Stevens, Joan Thorne, and Selina Trieff.

Artwork files document sales, consignments, and loans of artwork primarily from the mid-1980s to 2000s. Materials include agreements and contracts; condition reports; correspondence; invoices and receipts; photographs of artwork; shipping records; and photocopied printed material and other documentation. This series requires written permission from the donor in order to access.

Sales records from 1959-1984 (missing 1974) are found in the Financial Records series. Also found are check stub books from the mid-late 1950s; price lists; records for the Four Seasons Charter Corp.; and scattered banking, consignment, tax, and other financial records. Inventory cards from mid-1950s-1970s and inventory lists, often with notations and prices, are found in the series Inventory Records.

Coe Kerr Gallery Records regarding the Wyeths document Jamie Wyeth's exhibitions primarily from the mid-1970s-early 1980s. Also found is limited material regarding Andrew Wyeth and N.C. Wyeth. Materials include correspondence, photographs, exhibition printed materials, and extensive newspaper clippings.

There are exhibition catalogs, books, announcements, magazines, clippings, postcards, posters and other printed materials related to artists, John Graham & Sons exhibitions, and exhibitions by Graham artists held at other galleries and museums. Also found is an 1815 fifty cent note which was redeemed in 1821.

Seven scrapbooks document discrete aspects of the business, including the gallery's advertising, participation in an art fair, and the careers of artists Guy Coheleach and Van Dearing Perrine. Materials housed in the scrapbooks include clippings, catalogs, photographs, and other printed materials.

Photographic Materials include mostly black and white photographs, negatives, slides and transparencies of artwork; scattered photographs of installations, artists, and the gallery; and a handful of personal snapshots. The bulk of the photographs are undated, but were likely printed between 1950s-1990s.

Arrangement:

The collection is arranged as ten series:

Missing Title

Series 1: Alphabetical Files, circa 1896, 1902-1999, bulk 1955-1986 (Boxes 1-15, 102; 15 linear feet)

Series 2: Exhibition Files, 1912, 1947-2004 (Boxes 16-24, 102; 8.1 linear feet)

Series 3: Artists' Files, circa 1907-2006, bulk 1955-1999 (Boxes 24-62, 95-96, 102-110; 47.5 linear feet)

Series 4: Artwork Files, circa early 1900s-2011, bulk mid-1980s-2009 (Boxes 63-71, 94, 101; 9.3 linear feet)

Series 5: Financial Records, circa 1937-1993 (Boxes 72-76, 96; 4.5 linear feet)

Series 6: Inventory Records, circa 1954-1993 (Boxes 76-78, 96; 2.1 linear feet)

Series 7: Coe Kerr Gallery Records Regarding Wyeths, 1964-1988 (Boxes 78-80, 97; 2.7 linear feet)

Series 8: Printed Materials, 1815, 1821, 1949-2006 (Boxes 81-82, 97; 2.1 linear feet)

Series 9: Scrapbooks, 1897-1990s (Boxes 82, 98-100; 0.9 linear feet)

Series 10: Photographic Materials, 1929-1990s (Boxes 83-93, 96, 100-101, 110; 11.5 linear feet)

Historical Note:

The James Graham & Sons gallery has been owned and managed by the Graham family in New York City since 1857. Throughout its history, the gallery has specialized in decorative arts, antiques, and 19th-early 20th century and contemporary American art.

In 1857, Samuel Graham founded a gallery at 66 Third Street and specialized in furniture. Graham was joined by his son James in the 1880s and expanded the business to include antiques and decorative arts. James A. Graham, the third generation Graham, joined the gallery in the early 20th century. James Graham and antiques dealer Marshall Clapp created Clapp & Graham in 1914, a partnership which was dissolved around 1940.

James R. Graham, the fourth generation Graham, joined the gallery in 1937, followed by his brother Robert Claverhouse Graham, Sr. in 1940. The gallery was then named James Graham & Sons and was located at 514 Madison Avenue. At this time, the gallery specialized in bronzes, ceramics, silver, sculptures, and 19th-early 20th century American art. Robert C. Graham, Sr. introduced modern American art, especially The Eight, into the gallery's inventory.

In 1955, the gallery moved to 1014 Madison Avenue, where it remained until the late 2000s. That same year, Graham opened its first contemporary department with Albert Duveen. Duveen-Graham Modern Art gallery was based on the third floor of the Madison Avenue building and dealt solely in contemporary art until its closing in 1958. Robert C. Graham, Jr. (Robin) joined the gallery in 1963, becoming the fifth generation Graham to run the family business. The gallery is currently located at 32 East 67th Street.

Betsy Fahlman's "James Graham & Sons: A Century and a Half in the Art Business" (2007) was a valuable resource in constructing this Historical Note.

Related Material:

Among the other resources relating to James Graham & Sons in the Archives of American Art is an oral history interview with Robert Claverhouse Graham, November 19, 1976, and the David Herbert papers, 1950-1995.

Provenance:

The James Graham & Sons records were donated in 2007, 2008, and 2012 by Priscilla Caldwell and Jay Grimm of James Graham & Sons and in 2018 by Cameron Shay of James Graham & Sons.

Restrictions:

This collection is open for research. Access to original papers requires an appointment and is limited to the Archives' Washington, D.C. Research Center.

Rights:

The Archives of American Art makes its archival collections available for non-commercial, educational and personal use unless restricted by copyright and/or donor restrictions, including but not limited to access and publication restrictions. AAA makes no representations concerning such rights and restrictions and it is the user's responsibility to determine whether rights or restrictions exist and to obtain any necessary permission to access, use, reproduce and publish the collections. Please refer to the Smithsonian's Terms of Use for additional information.

Topic:

Art -- Economic aspects  Search this

Painting -- United States  Search this

Sculpture -- United States  Search this

Function:

Art galleries, Commercial -- New York (State)

Genre/Form:

Scrapbooks

Photographs

Citation:

James Graham & Sons records, 1815, 1821, circa 1896-2011, bulk 1950s-1980s. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.

Sponsor:

Funding for the processing of this collection was provided by Smithsonian Institution Collections Care Preservation Fund

Identifier:

AAA.jamegras

See more items in:

James Graham & Sons records

Archival Repository:

Archives of American Art

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/mw9ac9450b3-244a-4b81-a5b5-0426a0ade6f3

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-aaa-jamegras

Photographer:

Nadel, Leonard, 1916-1990  Search this

Author:

Galarza, Ernesto  Search this

Extent:

3 Cubic feet (10 boxes)

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Photographic prints

Photographs

Black-and-white photographs

Scrapbooks

Place:

Mexico

Texas -- 20th century

Texas

California

Date:

1950-2006

bulk 1956-1960

Summary:

Photographer Leonard Nadel's supplemental material relating to and photographs of the Mexican braceros (manual laborers). They were photographed in California, Texas, and Mexico for the Ford Foundation's Fund for the Republic during the late 1950s and early 1960s in support of a report entitled Strangers in Our Fields by Dr. Ernesto Galarza.

Scope and Contents:

The collection is divided into three series. Each series is arranged chronologically.

Series 1: Scrapbooks, 1950-1968, contains scrapbooks of clippings of magazine articles and newspaper stories written by Nadel and others as well as magazines and newspaper articles making use of his photographs. The material is from a variety of specialty and mainstream publications and varies in subject matter. The scrapbooks are not only focused on Nadel's work for the Ford Foundation's Fund for the Republic but also offer a broad sampling of his work throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Material in the scrapbooks are arranged in rough chronological order. There is also a sample custom cover from one of the scrapbooks.

Series 2: Photographs, 1956-1960, undated, contains photographs printed from his negatives of the braceros. This series also contains a complete run of 8" x 10" contact sheets from his negatives of the bracero. The negatives themselves are in this series but not available for research per donor request. There are photographs ranging in size from 8" x 10" to large format photographs (10 1/2" x 13 1/2") that are keyed to frames on the contact sheets for easy reference. Negatives are arranged chronologically and captions are keyed to the negative numbers. These images have been digitized and may be found by searching "Nadel" on the collections section of the National Museum of American History website or by contacting the Archives Center.

Series 3: Publications and Supplemental Materials, 1956-2006, undated, contains correspondence, copies of Strangers in Our Fields, the publication making use of Nadel's bracero photographs, and other publications citing Nadel's work or based on it. This series also contains correspondence and written material from Evelyn De Wolfe Nadel, wife of Leonard Nadel; material relating to Nadel's photographic archive and captions for a selection of the bracero photographs. There is a selection of assorted loose news clippings.

Arrangement:

This collection is divided into three series:

Series 1: Scrapbooks, 1950-1968

Series 2: Photographs, 1956-1960, undated

Series 3: Publications and Supplemental Materials, 1956-2006, undated

Biographical / Historical:

Primarily known as a freelance photographer and photojournalist, Leonard Nadel (1916-1990) was born in Harlem, New York to Austro-Hungarian immigrant parents. He attended the City College of New York. Entering the Army during World War II, he trained at the Army Signal Corps Photographic Center. During the war he served in Australia, New Guinea, and the Philippines. After the war he returned to New York and received his master's degree in education from Teachers College, Columbia University. He moved to Los Angeles, California and studied at the Art Center College of Design.

In Los Angeles, Nadel photographed both the Pueblo del Rio and Aliso Village housing projects. He was also hired by the Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles (HACLA) to document living conditions in the city's slums and their new post-World War II housing projects. Nadel continued his employment with HACLA until 1953, when he resigned because his HACLA colleague, Frank Wilkinson, was blacklisted by the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) and forced to resign.

Between 1953 and 1980 Nadel worked as a freelance photographer for such publications as the Los Angeles Times, Harvester News, Life, Business Week, and other major publications. His work with the Ford Foundation's Fund for the Republic resulted in his work documenting the bracero program. These photographs were taken by Leonard Nadel in connection with a survey of braceros done by Ernesto Galarza for the Fund for the Republic in 1956 in support of the publication, Strangers in Our Fields. During World War II, the United States and Mexico entered an agreement to alleviate the US labor shortage created by the war by importing Mexican workers. This arrangement outlasted the end of the war and by the time of Nadel's photographs nearly half a million Mexican contract workers, in the common vernacular of the time known as "drybacks," were legally imported to the United States annually working on short term labor contracts predominately in agriculture. These workers were also known as braceros, in Spanish translated as "manual laborer".

Nadel wrote of his work with the braceros, "I covered 5,000 miles during a circuit that took me from California to Mexico to Texas. It would have been easy enough just to turn over to the Fund the finished collection of photographs from the 2,000 images I took in attempting to accurately document the story of Strangers in Our Fields. But the conditions I had witnessed stirred me deeply. I felt that it was as much my responsibility to help 'sell' the picture story."

Nadel's photographs were the subject of the National Museum of American History (NMAH) exhibition, "Bittersweet Harvest: The Bracero Program, 1942-1964" in 2009-2010. Nadel's photographs are featured in NMAH's "America on the Move" exhibit. This quote from the "America on the Move" exhibition website gives the history of the photographs as well as the bracero program.

"In 1956, Leonard Nadel was hired by the Fund for the Republic, an anti-McCarthy liberal spin off of the Ford Foundation, to document the Bracero Program. In the 1990s, the Smithsonian Institution acquired the Nadel images. The collection contains 64 captioned photographic prints and 1730 original 35mm negatives (with corresponding contact sheets). The images document life in Mexico, men's experiences of crossing the border, and work and life in the US.

"The Bracero Program came into existence in 1942. Growers argued that labor shortages in the United States resulting from World War II required the recruitment of Mexican nationals. Mexico saw the program as a contribution to the war effort. Although the program began as a temporary war measure, it became a fixture of agricultural work landscape until it was finally terminated in 1964.

"Over the course of its lifetime, the Bracero Program became the largest and most significant U.S. labor guest worker program of the 20th century. In all, over 4.5 million contracts were awarded through the twenty-two years of the program. Despite the well-intentioned contracts, the program did not escape controversy. Some point out the widespread abuses of many of the contract's protective provisions and the violation of the legal rights and civil liberties of the braceros while others describe the program as an opportunity for Mexican nationals to make a living and improve the conditions of their families. Regardless of one's opinion of the program, it had a profound effect on Mexican American settlement patterns in the U.S. and numerous Latino families have ancestors who were involved in the Bracero Program."

Nadel married Los Angeles Times staff writer Evelyn De Wolfe in August 1961. She was Brazilian by birth and after their marriage she resigned from the Times and collaborated with Nadel on many projects that covered both national and international subjects. Nadel died in 1990.

Related Materials:

Materials in Other Organizations

The collections of the Los Angeles Public Library and the Southern California Library for Social Studies and Research each contain photographic images made by Leonard Nadel during the time he worked for The Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles (HACLA). The Photo Collection of the Los Angeles Public Library contains approximately 290 copy negatives and corresponding black-and-white copy prints made from original materials held by HACLA. The Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles Photograph Collection, held at the Southern California Library for Social Studies and Research, contains 225 black-and-white photographs produced by HACLA, forty-two of which were taken by Nadel.

The Getty Research Institute, Special Collections, Los Angeles, California, contain 8.75 linear feet (14 boxes) of Leonard Nadel photographs and other material relating to housing and urban redevelopment in Los Angeles, 1947-1998. The collection is described as, "Consisting primarily of photographic material by Leonard Nadel from 1947 to 1957, the collection records early efforts by the Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles (HACLA) to promote integrated public housing for the city's growing multi-ethnic population, and also documents several areas of the city that the Community Redevelopment Agency (CRA) had targeted for commercial revitalization. Nadel's black-and-white negatives, contact prints and two unpublished photographic books form the bulk of the collection, supplemented by handwritten notes and related documents."

Provenance:

The collection was purchased with funds from the Jackson Fund in 2000. All rights were transferred to the National Museum of American History in 2000-2001.

Restrictions:

This collection is open for research use. Photographic negatives are not available for research at the donor's request, but contact sheets of the negatives are available in the collection. Some images are restricted for publication, but may be viewed in the Archives Center's reading room.

Gloves must be worn when handling unprotected photographs, negatives, and slides.

Rights:

Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning copyright restrictions. Other intellectual property rights may apply. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.

Topic:

Farmers -- Mexico  Search this

Agriculture -- Research  Search this

Agriculture -- Photographs -- 20th century  Search this

Labor  Search this

Agricultural laborers  Search this

Labor and laboring classes -- Photographs  Search this

Documentary photography -- United States  Search this

Photographers -- 1950-1980  Search this

Bracero Program  Search this

Genre/Form:

Photographic prints

Photographs -- 1950-1960 -- Black-and-white photoprints -- Silver gelatin

Photographs -- 1950-2000

Black-and-white photographs

Scrapbooks -- 20th century

Citation:

Leonard Nadel Photographs and Scrapbooks, Archives Center, National Museum of American History.

Identifier:

NMAH.AC.1313

See more items in:

Leonard Nadel Photographs and Scrapbooks

Archival Repository:

Archives Center, National Museum of American History

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep8b054fe8c-7f40-4865-9b3d-b623e3e5ac43

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nmah-ac-1313

Creator:

National Museum of American History (U.S.) Division of Science, Medicine, and Society  Search this

Subject:

National Museum of American History (U.S.) Division of Medical Sciences  Search this

Physical description:

3 cu. ft. processed holdings

4.5 cu. ft. unprocessed holdings

Type:

Manuscripts

Black-and-white photographs

Clippings

Brochures

Color photographs

Floor plans

Drawings

Color negatives

Color transparencies

Architectural drawings

Black-and-white negatives

Date:

1922

1922-2002

Topic:

Medical museums  Search this

Museums--Collection management  Search this

Chemistry--History  Search this

Museum loans  Search this

Museum exhibits  Search this

Historical museums  Search this

Local number:

SIA RS00422

Restrictions & Rights:

Materials less than 15 years old. Restricted. Contact reference staff for details

See more items in:

Exhibition Records 1922-2002 [National Museum of American History (U.S.) Division of Science, Medicine, and Society]

Data Source:

Smithsonian Institution Archives

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:siris_arc_219679

Company Name:

Thermo Electron Corp.  Search this

Related companies:

Thermo Instrument Systems Inc. (Santa Fe, NM) ; Thermo Jarrell Ash Corp. (Franklin, MA) ; Thermo Electron Web Systems, Inc. (Auburn, MA) ; Labsystems Oy ; Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. ; Fisher Scientific International, Inc.  Search this

Notes content:

Analytical instruments to detect and measure air pollution, nuclear radioactivity, complex chemical compounds, toxic metals, etc. ; spectrometers. 1992 Annual Report.

Includes:

Trade catalog

Black and white images

Color images

Physical description:

9 pieces; 2 boxes

Language:

English

Type of material:

Trade catalogs

Trade literature

Place:

Waltham, Massachusetts, United States

Date:

1900s

Topic (Romaine term):

Laboratories and laboratory supplies and equipment  Search this

Measuring; calculating and testing devices  Search this

Topic:

"Laboratories -- Furniture, equipment, etc."  Search this

Calculators  Search this

Measuring instruments  Search this

Weighing instruments  Search this

Record ID:

SILNMAHTL_25126

Location:

Trade Literature at the American History Museum Library

Collection:

Smithsonian Libraries Trade Literature Collections

Data source:

Smithsonian Libraries

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:SILNMAHTL_25126

Company Name:

Dial, Inc.  Search this

Related companies:

Trafficall  Search this

Notes content:

"Trafficall" telephone service providing traffic reports, time, and temperature for Washington, D.C. area

Includes:

Trade catalog

Black and white images

Physical description:

1 piece; 1 box

Language:

English

Type of material:

Trade catalogs

Trade literature

Place:

Fairfax, Virginia, United States

Date:

1900s

Topic (Romaine term):

Automobiles and automotive equipment (including trucks and buses)  Search this

Telephone; telegraph and telecommunications equipment and supplies  Search this

Topic:

Automobiles  Search this

Motor vehicles  Search this

Telecommunication systems  Search this

Telephone  Search this

Telephone supplies industry  Search this

Record ID:

SILNMAHTL_45376

Collection:

Smithsonian Libraries Trade Literature Collections

Data source:

Smithsonian Libraries

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:SILNMAHTL_45376

Company Name:

Technical Innovations  Search this

Notes content:

"Burgatel" telephone alarm reporting system ; includes diagrams

Includes:

Trade catalog and manual

Black and white images

Physical description:

1 piece; 1 box

Language:

English

Type of material:

Trade catalogs

Trade literature

Place:

Barnesville, Maryland, United States

Date:

1900s

Topic (Romaine term):

Electrical apparatus and equipment  Search this

Locks and safes (including alarm and security systems)  Search this

Topic:

Electric apparatus and appliances  Search this

Locks and keys  Search this

Safes  Search this

Security systems  Search this

Record ID:

SILNMAHTL_45388

Collection:

Smithsonian Libraries Trade Literature Collections

Data source:

Smithsonian Libraries

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:SILNMAHTL_45388