The Betty J. Meggers and Clifford Evans Papers document their research and professional activities from 1946-2012 and primarily deal with their archaeological and anthropological research in South America. Their work at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History and their frequent collaboration with other researchers and professional organizations is also represented. In addition, this collection contains detailed records on South American research conducted by the Smithsonian Institution from the 1950s through the 2010s. The collection consists of research and project files, raw data and analysis, graphs and illustrations, photographs, correspondence, maps and charts, and administrative files.
Scope and Contents:
The Betty J. Meggers and Clifford Evans papers document their research and professional activities from 1946-2012 and primarily deal with their archaeological and anthropological research in South America. There is also significant material detailing research conducted in South America by the National Museum of Natural History (particularly the Department of Anthropology). Material documenting their publication and collaboration efforts with researchers and other colleagues is represented as well. There is also limited material related to Meggers and Evans time in graduate school at Columbia University and their brief careers before starting at the Smithsonian Institution in the early 1950s. The collection consists of research and project files, raw data and analysis, graphs and illustrations, photographs, correspondence, maps and charts, and administrative files.
Arrangement:
This collection is arranged in 12 series: Series 1. Personal, 1893-2012, undated; Series 2. Writings, 1944-2011, undated; Series 3. Research, 1930-2011, undated; Series 4. Correspondence, 1922-2012; Series 5. Conferences and Seminars, 1949-2010, undated; Series 6. Museum and Institute Subject Files, 1973-2011, undated; Series 7. Smithsonian Institution Amazon Ecosystem Program, 1962-2008, undated. Series 8. National Program of Archeological Research in Brazil, 1961-1989, undated; Series 9. Paleoindian Research: Paleoclimatology and Paleofauna Programs, 1960-1992, undated; Series 10. Latin American Archaeology Fund, 1971-1991, undated; Series 11. Photographs, 1937-2008, undated; Series 12. Maps and Charts, 1957- circa 2009, undated.
Biographical / Historical:
Clifford Evans Chronology
1920 -- Born in Dallas, Texas.
1941 -- Bachelors degree in anthropology from the University of Southern California.
1946 -- Married Betty Meggers.
1948-1949 -- Field research: Lower Amazon archaelogical expedition to Marajo, Mexiana, Caviana, and Territory of Ampa, Brazil. With Betty Meggers.
1950 -- Ph.D., Columbia University.
1950-1951 -- Instructor, Anthropology, University of Virginia.
1951-1962 -- Associate Curator, Smithsonian Department of Anthropology.
1952-1953 -- Field research: Archaelogical and ethnographic investigations in British Guiana. With Betty Meggers.
1954 -- Field research: Archaelogical survey and excavations on coastal Ecuador. With Betty Meggers and Emilio Estrada.
1956 -- Field research: Archaelogical survey and excavations along the Rio Napo, Eastern Ecuador. With Betty Meggers.
1957 -- Field research: Archaelogical survey and excavations on coastal Ecuador. With Betty Meggers and Emilio Estrada.
1958 -- Field research: Archaelogical survey and excavations on coastal Ecuador. With Betty Meggers and Emilio Estrada.
1961 -- Field research: Archaelogical survey and excavations on coastal Ecuador. With Betty Meggers and Emilio Estrada.
1962-1964 -- Curator of the Division of Archaeology.
1963 -- Field research: Archeological investigations of megalithic structures on Nan Madol, Ponape, Caroline Islands. With Betty Meggers.
1964-1970, 1975-1981 -- Supervising Curator of the Department of Anthropological Research.
1965-1970 -- Co-principal investigator with Betty Meggers of PRONAPA.
1966 -- Field research: Archeological survey on Dominica. With Clifford Evans.
1968-1975 -- Co-principal investigator with Betty Meggers of the Proyecto Andino de Estudios Arqueologicos.
1970-1975 -- Chairman of the Department of Anthropology.
1971 -- Creates the Latin American Archaeology Fund with Betty Meggers.
1972 -- Creates the Paleo-Indian, Paleoecology, and Paleoenvironmental Research Program.
1974 -- Creates the Amazon Ecosystems Research Program.
1975-1980 -- Co-principal investigator with Betty Meggers of PRONAPABA.
1976 -- Field research: Paleoindian and Archaic sites and museum collections in Peru, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil. With Betty Meggers and Dennis Stanford.
1981 -- Dies in Washington, D.C.
Betty Meggers Chronology
1921 -- Born December 5 in Washington, D.C.
1943 -- A.B. in anthropology, University of Pennsylvania
1944 -- M.A., University of Michigan
1948-1949 -- Field research: Lower Amazon archaelogical expedition to Marajo, Mexiana, Caviana, and Territory of Ampa, Brazil. With Clifford Evans.
1950-1951 -- Instructor, Anthropology, American University
1952 -- Ph.D., Columbia University
1952-1953 -- Field research: Archaelogical and ethnographic investigations in British Guiana. With Clifford Evans.
1954 -- Field research: Archaelogical survey and excavations on coastal Ecuador. With Clifford Evans and Emilio Estrada.
1954-2012 -- Research Associate, Department of Anthropology, national Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution
1956 -- Field research: Archaelogical survey and excavations along the Rio Napo, Eastern Ecuador. With Clifford Evans.
1957 -- Field research: Archaelogical survey and excavations on coastal Ecuador. With Clifford Evans and Emilio Estrada.
1958 -- Field research: Archaelogical survey and excavations on coastal Ecuador. With Clifford Evans and Emilio Estrada.
1961 -- Field research: Archaelogical survey and excavations on coastal Ecuador. With Clifford Evans and Emilio Estrada.
1963 -- Field research: Archeological investigations of megalithic structures on Nan Madol, Ponape, Caroline Islands. With Clifford Evans.
1965-1970 -- Co-principal investigator with Clifford Evans of PRONAPA.
1966 -- Field research: Archeological survey on Dominica. With Clifford Evans.
1968-1975 -- Co-principal investigator with Clifford Evans of the Proyecto Andino de Estudios Arqueologicos.
1975-1980 -- Co-principal investigator with Clifford Evans of PRONAPABA.
1976 -- Field research: Paleoindian and Archaic sites and museum collections in Peru, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil. With Clifford Evans and Dennis Stanford.
1976-1996 -- Committee for Research and Exploration, National Geographic Society
1982-1985 -- Consultant, Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Belem, Brazil
2012 -- Dies in Washington, D.C.
Betty J. Meggers and Clifford Evans were anthropologists specializing in the archeology of lowland South America. Their combined careers at the Smithsonian Department of Anthropology totaled over 100 years. Evans was born in 1920 in Texas. He received his bachelor's degree in anthropology and archaeology from the University of Southern California in 1941. Following his service as a bombardier during World War II, he enrolled in the anthropology doctoral program at Columbia University where he met Meggers, a fellow student in the department. Meggers was born in 1921 in Washington, D.C., and was the daughter of well-known archaeologist William Frederick Meggers. She graduated from the University of Pennsylvania with a bachelors degree in anthropology in 1943 and from the University of Michigan with a masters in anthropology in 1944 before being admitted to Columbia.
Meggers and Evans did their dissertation research together in South America— Meggers worked on the island of Marajo at the mouth of the Amazon River while Evans did archaeological research in the Amapa territory of Brazil. The two were married on September 13, 1946.
After Evans received his Ph.D. in 1950, he was hired by the Smithsonian Institution as an associate curator in the Department of Anthropology in 1951. After graduating in 1952, Meggers worked as an anthropology instructor at American University for one year before being hired as a research associate in the Smithsonian Department of Anthropology in 1954.
Evans was named Curator of the Division of Archaeology in 1962, and Supervising Curator of the newly created Office of Anthropological Research in 1964. Under his leadership, standardized operating procedures were created that centralized accessioning, cataloging, storing, and lending of objects. This freed curators from many complicated and routine activities. In 1970, Evans was appointed the Chairman of Anthropology for a five year term, where he initiated many large-scale research programs with Meggers that continued to operate many years after his chairmanship ended.
The first program that Evans and Meggers created was the "Paleo-Indian, Paleoecology, and Paleoenvironmental Research Program" in 1972, which was designed to study prehistoric peoples in the Western Hemisphere. The second program, implemented in 1974 was the "Amazon Ecosystems Research Program," which organized Brazilian scientists and Smithsonian staff members interested in environmental studies of the Amazon region.
Meggers and Evans conducted much of their field work together, which resulted in hundreds of articles, essays, presentations, and books. The majority of their work was done in the Amazon and Andean regions of South America, particularly Brazil, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Ecuador. Aside from these publications, they were also able to collect many archaeological specimens that are still part of the Smithsonian's holdings.
The conclusions that Meggers and Evans drew from their research and field work, while ground-breaking, were often controversial. In the early 1960s local businessman and amateur archaeologist Emilio Estrada excavated pottery from the Valdivia area in Ecuador and shared his results with Meggers and Evans. After finding significant similarities between Valdivian artifacts and those from Japan's ancient Jomon culture, they theorized that there was transpacific contact between Japan and South America around the beginning of the third millennium B.C. Their theory remains controversial.
Meggers and Evans also argued that despite the rich forests of the Amazon region, the river basin's thin, poor soil could not hold enough nutrients to sustain intensive agriculture. As a result, they argued, large and complex societies could not have existed in the Amazon River basin as other archaeologists and anthropologists have suggested.
After finishing his tenure as chairman of the Department of Anthropology, Clifford Evans died in 1981 of a heart attack at the age of 60. Following his death, Meggers continued in her position as research associate in the Department of Anthropology for another 30 years. Though she did not conduct additional fieldwork after her husband's death, Meggers wrote prolifically and was heavily involved in analyzing field work data and collaborating with colleagues working throughout South America. She made it possible for many researchers to study and conduct research at the National Museum of Natural History, and presented in many conferences and seminars locally and internationally. In addition, Meggers advocated on the behalf of colleagues to the National Geographic Society and other organizations to procure funding for archaeological and anthropological expeditions all over the world. Betty Meggers died in 2012 at the age of 90.
Related Materials:
There are about 25 slide cases, each containing about 200 to 300 kodachrome slides, that are currently stored at the Department of Anthropology at the National Museum of Natural History. These were created in the late 1940s and early 1950s and contain images of field work and other trips to South American locations such as Peru, British Guiana, the Peru Highlands, Ecuador, Brazil, Chile, Hondouras, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Mexico. Contact repository for more information.
Separated Materials:
2 rolls of 16mm film, 22 audio cassettes, and 1 VHS of South and Central American research were transferred to the Human Studies Film Archives in 2015.
Provenance:
The papers were donated to the National Anthropological Archives by the estate of Betty J. Meggers in 2013.
Restrictions:
The Betty J. Meggers and Clifford Evans papers are open for research. Personal correspondence, however, is RESTRICTED until 2026.
Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation Search this
Collection Director:
Heye, George G. (George Gustav), 1874-1957 Search this
Container:
Box 404, Folder 2
Type:
Archival materials
Date:
1921 - 1924
Collection Restrictions:
Access to NMAI Archive Center collections is by appointment only, Monday - Friday, 9:30 am - 4:30 pm. Please contact the archives to make an appointment (phone: 301-238-1400, email: nmaiarchives@si.edu).
Collection Rights:
Single photocopies may be made for research purposes. Permission to publish or broadcast materials from the collection must be requested from the National Museum of the American Indian Archive Center. Please submit a written request to nmaiarchives@si.edu.
Collection Citation:
Identification of specific item; Date (if known); Museum of the American Indian/Heye Foundation Records, Box and Folder Number; National Museum of the American Indian Archive Center, Smithsonian Institution.
Proceedings of the 9th Congress of the Pan-African Association of Pre-History and Related Studies / edited by Bassey W. Andah, Pierre de Maret, Robert Soper
Author:
Pan-African Association of Pre-History and Related Studies Congress (9th : 1983 : Jos, Nigeria) Search this
Prehistoria universal y especial de España, por Jesús Carballo ... Contiene numerosos grabados y láminas en colores, con la reproducción de las principales obras de arte del hombre primitivo, descubiertas en las cuevas prehistóricas de España
Un món de feres grans carnívors en la prehistòria valenciana = Un mundo de fieras : grandes carnívoros en la prehistoria valenciana textos, Alfred Sanchis Serra
Title:
Mundo de fieras grandes carnívoros en la prehistoria valenciana
What ever happened to the people? Humans and anthropomorphs in the rock art of Northern Africa international conference (Brussels, 17, 18 & 19 September 2015) guest editors: D. Huyge and F. Van Noten
Title:
Humans and anthropomorphs in the rock art of Northern Africa
Author:
International Conference What Ever Happened to the People? Humans and Anthropomorphs in the Rock Art of Northern Africa (2015 : Brussels, Belgium) Search this
Pan-African Congress on Prehistory and Quaternary Studies Search this
University of California, Berkeley -- Faculty Search this
Extent:
100 Linear feet
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Slides (photographs)
Maps
Place:
Koobi Fora Site (Kenya)
Olorgesailie Site (Kenya)
Africa -- Antiquities
Kenya
Tanzania
Africa
Date:
1954-1997
Summary:
The Glynn Isaac Papers document his lifelong interest in the study of human origins and evolution. A significant portion of the collection consists of files relating to Glynn Isaac's field work at Koobi Fora, Olorgesailie, Lake Natron, and Naivasha/Nakuru (1961-1985). These files contain accession records, catalogs, correspondence, drawings, field notes, grant proposals, lectures, manuscripts, maps, printouts, photographs, publications, reports, and slides. Glynn Isaac's teaching experiences at University of California - Berkeley and Harvard are also well represented with class notes and other teaching materials. His studies at the University of Cape Town and the University of Cambridge are also documented. Among the extensive correspondence files are letters from the members of the Leakey family along with students and colleagues studying hominid development in Africa. The collection also features copies of his lectures and a complete set of his publications including reviews.
Scope and Contents:
The Glynn Isaac Papers document his lifelong interest in the study of human origins and evolution. A significant portion of the collection consists of files relating to Glynn Isaac's field work at Koobi Fora, Olorgesailie, Lake Natron, and Naivasha/Nakuru (1961-1985). These files contain accession records, catalogs, correspondence, drawings, field notes, grant proposals, lectures, manuscripts, maps, printouts, photographs, publications, reports, and slides. Glynn Isaac's teaching experiences at University of California - Berkeley and Harvard are also well represented with class notes and other teaching materials. His studies at the University of Cape Town and the University of Cambridge are also documented. Among the extensive correspondence files are letters from the members of the Leakey family along with students and colleagues studying hominid development in Africa. The collection also features copies of his lectures and a complete set of his publications including reviews.
Please note that the contents of the collection and the language and terminology used reflect the context and culture of the time of its creation. As an historical document, its contents may be at odds with contemporary views and terminology and considered offensive today. The information within this collection does not reflect the views of the Smithsonian Institution or National Anthropological Archives, but is available in its original form to facilitate research.
Arrangement:
The Isaac papers are organized into the following series: Koobi Fora Research Project, Olorgesailie Research Project, Naivasha and Nakuru Research Project, Natron Research Project, Early Records (Education), Early Correspondence, Sites/Collections Visited, Experiments, Publications, Unpublished Writings, Lectures and Papers, Symposia and Conferences, Employment and Personal Papers, Teaching Files, Memorials, Correspondence, Slides, B&W Negatives, B&W Prints, and Maps.
Biographical / Historical:
Glynn Llywelyn Isaac was born on November 19, 1937 in Cape Town, South Africa. He attended school in South Africa and England. He earned a B.Sc. in Zoology in Archaeology - Ethnology in 1958 from the University of Cape Town and a B.A. (1961) M.A. (1966) and Ph.D. (1969) from the University of Cambridge. Glynn Isaac received numerous awards and scholarships including the J.S. Guggenheim Foundation Fellowship (1975-1976).
Glynn Isaac lived and worked in both East Africa and England during his studies at the University of Cambridge. He served as Warden of Prehistoric Sites for the Royal National Parks of Kenya from 1961 to 1962 and as Deputy Director of the National Museum of Kenya, Centre for Prehistory and Paleontology from 1963 to 1965.
Glynn Isaac moved to the United States in 1966 when he joined the faculty of the Department of Anthropology at the University of California - Berkeley. He was invited to be a visiting scholar in the Department of Prehistory and Archaeology at the Australian National University in the summer of 1976. Glynn Isaac was the George Grant McCurdy Visiting Professor in the Department of Anthropology at Harvard University during the Spring Semester in 1981. Glynn Isaac became a full time Professor of Anthropology at Harvard in 1983. Glynn Isaac died in 1985.
Glynn Isaac specialized in archaeological studies of early hominid adaptation. His major field work took place at Lake Natron in Tanzania, Olorgesailie, Naivasha/Nakuru, and Koobi Fora in Kenya. The Koobi Fora work was funded by a series of National Science Foundation grants. Glynn Isaac's wife, Barbara was an active collaborator in his work. She made many of the pencil drawings in the collection and served as co-editor of his posthumous publication on Koobi Fora. Isaac's contributions to the study of the paleolithic include work on the theory of typology, the studies of artefact form and function, and his pioneering work in site formation and interpretation.
Provenance:
Barbara Isaac donated the Glynn Ll. Isaac Papers to the National Anthropological Archives in 2001 and 2002. A Wenner-Gren Foundation Historical Archives Program Grant enabled Barbara Isaac to rehouse the collection and to prepare an initial version of this register. In 2009, Barbara Isaac donated Glenn Isaac's 1972 field journal from his research in East Rudolf.
Restrictions:
The Glynn Ll. Isaac papers are open for research.
The correspondence files in the Glynn Ll. Isaac papers are closed until 2025. Individuals needing access to these materials may apply for an exception from the donor, Barbara Isaac.
Access to the Glynn Ll. Isaac papers requires an appointment.
