Wounded Knee (S.D.) -- History -- Indian occupation, 1973
Date:
1970-1973
Summary:
The majority of Pearse-Hocker's momentous negatives give eyewitness account to two weeks of both the mundane and brutal reality of daily life during the 1973 occupation of Wounded Knee on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in Pine Ridge, South Dakota. The takeover of the town and the conflict between about 200 members of AIM (American Indian Movement, the Native American civil rights activist organization begun in the 1968) and the United States Marshals Service began on February 27 and lasted for 71 days, resulting in tragedy on both sides of the conflict. Members of AIM along with some local Oglala (Lakota) Sioux from the local reservation took over the town in protest against the United States Government's history of broken treaties with various Native groups, the poverty and maltreatment of Native populations, as well as in defiance against the corruption and paternalism within the local subsidiary of the BIA (Bureau of Indian Affairs). The siege finally came to an end on May 5 when members of AIM and the assistant attorney general for the Civil Division of the US Justice Department Harlington Wood Jr. settled on a ceasefire. Kent Frizzell served as Chief Government Negotiator in the capacity of Assistant Attorney General (Land and Natural Resources Division, U. S. Department of Justice) and later as Solicitor, U. S. Department of the Interior. Among those pictured both during and post-conflict are AIM activists Dennis Banks, Clyde and Vernon Bellecourt, Ted and Russell Means, Frank Clearwater, Wallace Black Elk and Anna Mae Pictou Aquash. A small number of negatives also document AIM's takeover of the BIA building and the AIM Powwow both in Minneapolis in 1970.
Arrangement note:
Negatives: organized in binders; arranged in sleeves by strip and image number, interspersed with relevant applicable contact sheets
Biographical/Historical note:
Anne Pearse-Hocker is a photojournalist who first encountered the American Indian Movement while a student on assignment for a journalism class at the University of Kansas. Her photographs document some very important moments in the early history of the American Indian Movement (AIM).
Pearse-Hocker was scheduled to interview the area director of the BIA in Minneapolis in the spring of 1970 as part of an Investigative Reporting class, and walked into the middle of an AIM occupation of the building, which she documented on film and with taped interviews. She stayed well past her spring break plans to use this opportunity to develop contacts with AIM leaders Clyde Bellecourt and Dennis Banks.
Her connections came in handy in 1973 during the occupation of Wounded Knee. Pearse-Hocker sneaked into the compound with a CBS news crew at night, and was allowed to remain due to her acquaintance with Banks, who remembered her from Minneapolis. She had strategically arrived the evening before the standoff was supposed to end, but when the settlement negotiations fell through, she remained in the compound for an additional few weeks, documenting the daily events including the firefight that claimed Frank Clearwater's life.
Pearse-Hocker returned to Wounded Knee in 1998 to revisit the site on the 25th anniversary of the occupation, and documented the experience for the journal 'Native Americas' (Spring 1998 issue) with new photographs of some of the survivors of the event.
After a career of news photography in broadcast journalism, she is retired and living in Montana.
Restrictions:
Access is by appointment only, Monday - Friday, 9:30 am - 4:30 pm. Please contact the Archive Center to make an appointment.
Rights:
Copyright: Anne Pearse-Hocker, 1973. Researchers must contact copyright holder for permissions, reproductions, and use.
The collection consists of fifty-three (53) drawings by children at the Pine Ridge Agency School. Most drawings are inscribed with the name of the artist. Most, if not all, subject matter appears to have been copied from published source material and includes animals, plants, home furnishings, warships and pirate vessels.
Please note that the contents of the collection and the language and terminology used reflect the context and culture of the time of its creation. As an historical document, its contents may be at odds with contemporary views and terminology and considered offensive today. The information within this collection does not reflect the views of the Smithsonian Institution or National Anthropological Archives, but is available in its original form to facilitate research.
Biographical Note:
Dr. Z.T. Daniel was a career physician in the Indian Service. At the time of this donation he was the agency physician at Pine Ridge Reservation. He also served at the Cheyenne River Reservation and the Blackfoot Reservation, and made many donations to the Smithsonian over a period of years, most accompanied with detailed information regarding the origins of the objects. His name is frequently misspelled in museum records as Daniels.
Local Numbers:
USNM Accession 28,069
NAA MS 168,515
OPPS NEG MNH 1269-J
Related Materials:
The National Anthropological Archives holds additional material collected by Z.T. Daniel in MS 166930, MS 166931, and MS 4795, and holds other drawings by Pine Ridge Agency Day school students in MS 1999-44 Pine Ridge Agency Day School student drawings.
The collection consists of one (1) drawing and one (1) explanatory note by Z.T. Daniel The drawing is inscribed "That is me father[,] this is I have the seke" and the names "Osica" and "Oosica." Oosica is presumed to be the artist based on the inscription. The note indicates that the drawing was found among discarded office papers and provides translations of names: Osica (Bad) and Oosica (Bad Wound).
Please note that the contents of the collection and the language and terminology used reflect the context and culture of the time of its creation. As an historical document, its contents may be at odds with contemporary views and terminology and considered offensive today. The information within this collection does not reflect the views of the Smithsonian Institution or National Anthropological Archives, but is available in its original form to facilitate research.
Biographical Note:
Dr. Z.T. Daniel was a career physician in the Indian Service. At the time of this donation he was the agency physician at Pine Ridge Reservation. He also served at the Cheyenne River Reservation and the Blackfoot Reservation, and made many donations to the Smithsonian over a period of years, most accompanied with detailed information regarding the origins of the objects. His name is frequently misspelled in museum records as Daniels.
Local Numbers:
NAA INV 08511500
NAA INV 08511600
NAA MS 166,930
Related Materials:
The National Anthropological Archives holds additional material collected by Z.T. Daniel in MS 166931, MS 168515, and MS 4795.
Oosica drawing of man in grass dance regalia with bustle and bells, with smaller figure holding another bustle (MS 166930), National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
The Sioux: Rabbit dance -- Peyote cult dance -- Love song -- Sun dance -- Omaha dance -- Love song -- Honoring song. The Navajo: Riding song -- Song of happiness -- Spinning dance -- Spinning dance -- Corn grinding song -- Squaw dance -- Silversmith's song -- Night chant.
Local Numbers:
FW-ASCH-7RR-4892
General:
Folkways 4401
CDR copy
The Sioux was recorded at Wanblee and Pine Ridges, S.D. and the Navajo was recorded at Fort Wingate, N.M.; Pine Springs, Toadalena and Lukachukai, Ariz.; Mesa Verde National Park, Colo. "Recorded by Willard Rhodes in cooperation with the U.S. Office of Indian Affairs."
Restrictions:
Restrictions on access. No duplication allowed listening and viewing for research purposes only.
Collection Rights:
Permission to publish materials from the collection must be requested from the Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections. Please visit our website to learn more about submitting a request. The Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections make no guarantees concerning copyright or other intellectual property restrictions. Other usage conditions may apply; please see the Smithsonian's Terms of Use for more information.
Access to NMAI Archives Center collections is by appointment only, Monday - Friday, 9:30 am - 4:30 pm. Please contact the archives to make an appointment (phone: 301-238-1400, email: nmaiarchives@si.edu).
Collection Rights:
Permission to publish or broadcast materials from the collection must be requested from National Museum of the American Indian Archives Center. Please submit a written request to nmaiarchives@si.edu.
Collection Citation:
Identification of specific item; Date (if known); Peratrovich family papers, Box and Folder Number; National Museum of the American Indian Archives Center, Smithsonian Institution.
Robert Freeman : free spirit, free man / organized by University Art Galleries, University of South Dakota, and The Heritage Center, Inc., Red Cloud Indian School ; [essays by Jeannine M. Schneider and G. Ted Bohr]
Roger Broer : an artist in context / organized by the University Art Galleries, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, The Heritage Center, Inc., Red Cloud Indian School, Pine Ridge, South Dakota
Andrew Standing Soldier : a retrospective exhibition / organized by The Heritage Center, Inc., Red Cloud Indian School, The University Art Galleries, The University of South Dakota
Access to NMAI Archive Center collections is by appointment only, Monday - Friday, 9:30 am - 4:30 pm. Please contact the archives to make an appointment (phone: 301-238-1400, email: nmaiarchives@si.edu).
Collection Rights:
Single photocopies may be made for research purposes. Permission to publish or broadbast materials from the collection must be requested from National Museum of the American Indian Archive Center. Please submit a written request to nmaiarchives@si.edu.
Collection Citation:
Identification of specific item; Date (if known); Collection Title, Box and Folder Number; National Museum of the American Indian Archive Center, Smithsonian Institution.
Access to NMAI Archive Center collections is by appointment only, Monday - Friday, 9:30 am - 4:30 pm. Please contact the archives to make an appointment (phone: 301-238-1400, email: nmaiarchives@si.edu).
Collection Rights:
Single photocopies may be made for research purposes. Permission to publish or broadbast materials from the collection must be requested from National Museum of the American Indian Archive Center. Please submit a written request to nmaiarchives@si.edu.
Collection Citation:
Identification of specific item; Date (if known); Collection Title, Box and Folder Number; National Museum of the American Indian Archive Center, Smithsonian Institution.
Access to NMAI Archive Center collections is by appointment only, Monday - Friday, 9:30 am - 4:30 pm. Please contact the archives to make an appointment (phone: 301-238-1400, email: nmaiarchives@si.edu).
Collection Rights:
Single photocopies may be made for research purposes. Permission to publish or broadbast materials from the collection must be requested from National Museum of the American Indian Archive Center. Please submit a written request to nmaiarchives@si.edu.
Collection Citation:
Identification of specific item; Date (if known); Collection Title, Box and Folder Number; National Museum of the American Indian Archive Center, Smithsonian Institution.
Access to NMAI Archive Center collections is by appointment only, Monday - Friday, 9:30 am - 4:30 pm. Please contact the archives to make an appointment (phone: 301-238-1400, email: nmaiarchives@si.edu).
Collection Rights:
Single photocopies may be made for research purposes. Permission to publish or broadbast materials from the collection must be requested from National Museum of the American Indian Archive Center. Please submit a written request to nmaiarchives@si.edu.
Collection Citation:
Identification of specific item; Date (if known); Collection Title, Box and Folder Number; National Museum of the American Indian Archive Center, Smithsonian Institution.
Access to NMAI Archive Center collections is by appointment only, Monday - Friday, 9:30 am - 4:30 pm. Please contact the archives to make an appointment (phone: 301-238-1400, email: nmaiarchives@si.edu).
Collection Rights:
Single photocopies may be made for research purposes. Permission to publish or broadbast materials from the collection must be requested from National Museum of the American Indian Archive Center. Please submit a written request to nmaiarchives@si.edu.
Collection Citation:
Identification of specific item; Date (if known); Collection Title, Box and Folder Number; National Museum of the American Indian Archive Center, Smithsonian Institution.
Access to NMAI Archive Center collections is by appointment only, Monday - Friday, 9:30 am - 4:30 pm. Please contact the archives to make an appointment (phone: 301-238-1400, email: nmaiarchives@si.edu).
Collection Rights:
Single photocopies may be made for research purposes. Permission to publish or broadbast materials from the collection must be requested from National Museum of the American Indian Archive Center. Please submit a written request to nmaiarchives@si.edu.
Collection Citation:
Identification of specific item; Date (if known); Collection Title, Box and Folder Number; National Museum of the American Indian Archive Center, Smithsonian Institution.
The death of Raymond Yellow Thunder : and other true stories from the Nebraska-Pine Ridge border towns / Stew Magnuson ; foreword by Pekka Hämäläinen
Óweci[eta]ha[eta] mass wócekiye tóh'a[eta] = The order of mass according to the Roman Missal revised by decree of Vatican Council II : Lakota and English translation prepared for use in Sioux communities / by Holy Rosary Mission
