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Creator:

Smithsonian Magazine  Search this

Type:

Blog posts

Smithsonian staff publications

Blog posts

Published Date:

Thu, 17 Jun 2021 18:55:45 +0000

Topic:

Custom RSS  Search this

See more posts:

Smithsonian Article Database

Data Source:

Smithsonian Magazine

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:posts_7aa556918233e55de62cc9db435430a4

Creator:

Army Medical Museum (U.S.)  Search this

Collector:

Billings, John Shaw, 1838-1913  Search this

Hayden, F. V. (Ferdinand Vandeveer), 1829-1887  Search this

Matthews, Washington, 1843-1905  Search this

Palmer, Edward, 1829-1911  Search this

Putnam, F. W. (Frederic Ward), 1839-1915  Search this

Rolleston, George, 1829-1881  Search this

Schumacher, Paul J. F.  Search this

Depicted:

Guiteau, Charles J. (Charles Julius), 1841-1882  Search this

Extent:

100 Negatives (circa, glass)

Culture:

Indians of North America -- Northeast  Search this

Ute  Search this

Chinook  Search this

Choptank Indians -- depicted  Search this

Sioux  Search this

Eskimos -- depicted  Search this

Tonkawa  Search this

Africans -- United States -- depicted  Search this

Potawatomi  Search this

Taiwan aborigines -- depicted  Search this

Pomo  Search this

Taiwanese -- depicted  Search this

Pueblo  Search this

Nisqually  Search this

Hawaiians -- depicted  Search this

Indians of North America -- Great Basin  Search this

Indians of North America -- Northwest Coast of North America  Search this

Indians of North America -- Great Plains  Search this

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Negatives

Photographs

Date:

probably 1870s-1880s

Scope and Contents note:

Photographs of skulls in the United States Army Medical Museum collection, which appear to have been collected for physical anthropological purposes. Included are archeological remains and remains of Native American tribes and some other ethnic groups. Other than tribe or location, data for the specimens include Army Medical Museum specimen number, AMM negative number, and sex; for some, there is also collection data and information on physical or medical conditions. There are also notes identifying donors who included army officers, physicians, scientists, and explorers such as Ferdinand Vandiveer Hayden, Edward Palmer, Frederic Ward Putnam, George Rolleston, Paul Schumacher, and many others. Some of the photographs may have been made as part of the Army Medical Museumʹs program of distributing images of its specimens.

Represented are Africans, Chinook, Choptank, Dakota, Eskimo of Greenland, Taiwanese peoples, Hawaiians, Hidatsa, Nisqually, Philippine peoples, Ponca, Potowatomi, Pueblo, Tonkawa, and Ute. Archeological specimens are from the Aleutian Islands, California, the Dakotas, England (Roman period), Florida, Illinois, Mississippi, New Mexico, Peru, Vancouver Island, and Vermont. For some, there is also information about the status or physical condition of the individual or observations of medical conditions shown in the specimens. Some additional photographs appear to show specimens at the American Museum of Natural History.

Biographical/Historical note:

The United States Army Medical Museum (AMM, renamed the National Museum of Health and Medicine in 1989) was established by US Army Surgeon General William A. Hammond in 1862. Its initial focus was on collecting specimens of unusual pathology, mostly taken from victims of the American Civil War. By 1867, the museum had expanded to include medical, microsopical, anatomical, comparative anatomics, and other sections. The anatomical collection grew in part as a result of Circular No. 2 of 1867, which authorized military medical officers to collect cranial specimens from deceased Native Americans. Additionally, the AMM made an arrangement with the Smithsonian Institution, by which the Smithsonian transferred their collection of human remains in exchange for ethnological artifacts. AMM photographed and measured many of the specimens in its collection as part of the museum's anthropological research.

Local Call Number(s):

NAA Photo Lot 73-26C, NAA Photo Lot 73-26D

Location of Other Archival Materials:

Photographs previously filed in Photo Lot 73-26D have been relocated and merged with Photo Lot 73-26C. These are also Army Medical Museum negatives of skulls and form part of this collection.

Additional Army Medical Museum photographs of skulls can be found in the National Anthropological Archives in Photo Lot 6A, Photo Lot 6B, Photo Lot 78-42, Photo Lot 83-41, and Photo Lot 97.

Restrictions:

The collection is open for research.

Access to the collection requires an appointment.

Rights:

Contact the repository for terms of use.

Genre/Form:

Photographs

Citation:

Photo lot 73-26C, United States Army Medical Museum photographs of skulls, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution

Identifier:

NAA.PhotoLot.73-26C

Archival Repository:

National Anthropological Archives

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-naa-photolot-73-26c

Creator:

Fewkes, Jesse Walter, 1850-1930  Search this

Photographer:

Beam, George L. (George Lytle), 1868-1935  Search this

Gill, De Lancey, 1859-1940  Search this

Higley, Elmer Ellsworth  Search this

McKee, Thomas M., 1854-1939  Search this

Poley, H. S. (Horace Swartley)  Search this

Rowland, Wesley R.  Search this

Wittick, Ben, 1845-1903  Search this

Artist:

Gill, Mary W.  Search this

Mullett, G. M.  Search this

Extent:

9 Prints (cromolithograph)

40 Prints (circa, halftone)

77 Prints (circa, albumen)

84 Drawings (circa 84 drawings (some mechanically produced))

1,655 Prints (circa, silver gelatin)

71 Copy negatives

43 Copy prints

363 Negatives (circa, nitrate)

7 Paintings

1 Print (cyanotype)

1 Print (photogravure)

1 Postcard (collotype)

Culture:

Diné (Navajo)  Search this

A:shiwi (Zuni)  Search this

Hopi Pueblo  Search this

Indians of North America -- Great Plains  Search this

Indians of North America -- Southwest, New  Search this

Huastec  Search this

Pikuni Blackfeet (Piegan)  Search this

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Prints

Drawings

Copy negatives

Copy prints

Negatives

Paintings

Postcards

Photographs

Place:

Tennessee -- Antiquities

Stikine River (B.C. and Alaska)

South Carolina -- Antiquities

New Mexico -- Antiquities

Huasteca Region (Mexico)

Maryland -- Antiquities

Louisiana -- Antiquities

Alabama -- Antiquities

Arizona -- Antiquities

Colorado -- Antiquities

Cahokia Mounds State Historic Park (Ill.)

Florida -- Antiquities

Mexico -- Antiquities

Hovenweep National Monument (Utah and Colo.)

Utah -- Antiquities

Mesa Verde National Park (Colo.)

Navajo National Monument

Casa Grande (Ariz.)

Date:

circa 1890-1928

Scope and Contents note:

Photographs and drawings mostly relating to archeological subjects, collected and arranged by Jesse Walter Fewkes for his reference. Subjects include burial mounds, excavations, drawn maps, as well as urns, implements, idols, pottery, and other artifacts found in excavations, and Hopi, Zuni, and Piegan ceremonies and dances. Many of the photographs and drawings were probably made by Fewkes. Publication information is noted on some. The collection also includes newspaper clippings and correspondence.

Photographs were taken in Alabama, Arizona (including Casa Grande, Elden Pueblo, Navajo National Monument, and Wupatki National Monument), Colorado (including Mesa Verde and Montezuma Valley), Florida (including Weeden Island), Illinois (Cahokia Mound), Louisiana, Maryland, Mexico (including La Huasteca Region), Mississippi Valley, New Mexico (including Chaco Canyon, Hawikuh, and Mimbres Valley), South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah (including Hill Canyon, McElmo Canyon, and McLean Basin Ruins), Hovenweep National Monument, the West Indies (including Puerto Rico, Santo Domingo, and Cuba), and West Virginia.

Biographical/Historical note:

Jesse Walter Fewkes (1850-1930) was a naturalist, anthropologist, and archeologist, and chief of the Bureau of American Ethnology from 1918 to his death in 1928. Fewkes received a Ph.D. in marine zoology from Harvard in 1877, and acted as curator of lower invertebrates at the Museum of Comparative Zoology until 1887. While on a collecting trip in the western United States, he developed an interest in the culture and history of the Pueblo Indians. In 1891, Fewkes became director of the Hemenway Southwestern Archeological Expedition and editor of the Journal of American Archeology and Ethnology, studying and recording Hopi ceremonials. In 1895, he embarked on various archeological explorations for the Bureau of American Ethnology, excavating ruins in the Southwest, the West Indies, and Florida. He was appointed chief of the Bureau in 1918, and played an important role in the creation of Hovenweep National Monument in Colorado and Wupatki National Monument in Arizona.

Local Call Number(s):

NAA Photo Lot 4321

Location of Other Archival Materials:

The National Anthropological Archives also holds the Jesse Walter Fewkes Papers (MS 4408), his photographs of excavations in Mesa Verde (Photo Lot 30), his negatives (Photo Lot 86), and other manuscript collections by and related to Fewkes' ethnological research and archeology and his work with the Bureau of American Ethnology.

Correspondence from Fewkes held in the National Anthropological Archives in the George L. Beam papers (MS 4517), the Henry Bascom Collins, Jr. papers, the Anthropological Society of Washington records (MS 4821), the Herbert William Krieger papers, the J.C. Pilling papers, the Walter Hough Papers (in the records of the Department of Anthropology), and the records of the Bureau of American Ethnology.

The anthropology collections of the National Museum of Natural History hold artifacts collected by Fewkes, including USNM ACC 048761 (relating to Casa Grande excavations) and USNM ACC 050765 (relating to Mesa Verde excavations).

Restrictions:

Original nitrate negatives are in cold storage and require advanced notice for viewing.

Rights:

Contact the repository for terms of use.

Topic:

Excavations (Archaeology)  Search this

Burial  Search this

Genre/Form:

Photographs

Citation:

Photo Lot 4321, Jesse Walter Fewkes photograph collection relating to archaeological subjects, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution

Identifier:

NAA.PhotoLot.4321

Archival Repository:

National Anthropological Archives

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-naa-photolot-4321

Collection Creator:

La Flesche, Francis, 1857-1932  Search this

Fletcher, Alice C. (Alice Cunningham), 1838-1923  Search this

Container:

Box 1

Type:

Archival materials

Date:

1891

Scope and Contents:

Select itemized correspondence:

1891: McBeth, Kate C.; Jan. 13.

1891: Wahawathe; Jan. 14.

1891: Hunter, Hugh; Jan. 16.

1891: Wajapa; Jan. 19.

1891: Miller, George; Feb. 19.

1891: McBeth, Kate C.; Feb. 27.

1891: Wajapa; Mar. 2.

1891: La Flesche, Susan; Mar. 10.

1891: White, Gurley [?]; Mar. 22.

1891: Fillmore, John Comfort; Mar. 24, 25, 27.

1891: Trenchman, Charles F. [?]; Apr. 2.

1891: Johnson, Andrew and Susan La Flesche; Apr. 6.

1891: Fillmore, J. C.; Apr. 11, 14.

1891: Starr, Frederick; Apr. 14.

1891: Fillmore, J. C.; Apr. 15, 21.

1891: McBeth, S. L.; May 1.

1891: Rosalie; May 4.

1891: Fillmore, John Comfort; May 4.

1891: McBeth, S. L.; May 6.

1891: Fillmore, John Comfort; May 9.

1891: Putnam, Frederick Ward; May 13.

1891: Allen, James T.; May 16.

1891: Fillmore, John Comfort; May 23, 26.

1891: Smith, Jane; on behalf of F. W. Putnam; June 1.

1891: Fillmore, John Comfort; June 8, 12.

1891: Morgan, Caroline S.; June 12.

1891: Morgan, T. J.; June 15.

1891: Ashley, Robert H.; June 24.

1891: Fillmore, John Comfort; June 29.

1891: Williams, Robert; July 1.

1891: McBeth, S. L.; July 6.

1891: Fillmore, John Comfort; July 9, 11, 18.

1891: Putnam, F. W.; July 25.

1891: Morgan, T. J.; July 27, 30.

1891: Morgan, Caroline S.; July 30.

1891: Fillmore, John Comfort; Aug.2, 7.

1891: Pratt, R. H.; Aug. 7.

1891: Fillmore, John Comfort; Aug. 20, Sept. 2.

1891: Putnam, F. W.; Sept. 8.

1891: Pratt, R. H.; Sept. 15.

1891: Barrows, Isabel C.; Sept. 17.

1891: McBeth, S. L.; Sept. 22.

1891: Fillmore, John Comfort; Sept. 24.

1891: Boas, Franz; Oct. 3.

1891: Morgan, Caroline S.; Oct. 12, 13.

1891: Putnam, F. W.; Oct. 18.

1891: Fillmore, John Comfort; Oct. 23.

1891: Office of Indian Affairs; Nov. 4.

1891: Boas, Franz; Nov. 14.

1891: Fillmore, John Comfort; Nov. 20.

1891: Ellinwood, F. F.; Nov. 24.

1891: McBeth, S. L.; n.d.

Collection Restrictions:

The Alice Cunningham Fletcher and Francis La Flesche papers are open for research.

Access to the Alice Cunningham Fletcher and Francis La Flesche papers requires an appointment.

Collection Rights:

Contact the repository for terms of use.

Collection Citation:

Manuscript 4558 Alice Cunningham Fletcher and Francis La Flesche papers, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution

See more items in:

MS 4558 Alice Cunningham Fletcher and Francis La Flesche papers

MS 4558 Alice Cunningham Fletcher and Francis La Flesche papers / Series 1: Alice Cunningham Fletcher papers / 1.1: Incoming correspondence

Archival Repository:

National Anthropological Archives

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-naa-ms4558-ref38

Creator:

National Museum of the American Indian  Search this

Type:

Conversations and talks

YouTube Videos

Uploaded:

2017-04-25T00:59:23.000Z

YouTube Category:

Education  Search this

Topic:

Native Americans;American Indians  Search this

See more by:

SmithsonianNMAI

Data Source:

National Museum of the American Indian

YouTube Channel:

SmithsonianNMAI

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:yt_WyLcksTB0oY

Creator:

Tucker, Sara Jones  Search this

Smith, G. Hubert  Search this

Subject:

Seminaire de Quebec Archives  Search this

University of Chicago Ethnohistory Collection  Search this

Physical description:

ca. 8 feet

Culture:

American Indians Mississippi Valley documents regarding  Search this

Illinois Indians  Search this

Indians of North America Northeast  Search this

Type:

Archival materials

Data Source:

National Anthropological Archives

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:siris_arc_83148

Collector:

Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology  Search this

Hayden, F. V (Ferdinand Vandeveer) 1829-1887  Search this

Blackmore, William  Search this

Shindler, Antonio Zeno  Search this

Powell, John Wesley Major  Search this

Creator:

Jackson, William Henry  Search this

Hiller, John K  Search this

United States Geological Survey  Search this

Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Etnology  Search this

United States Geological Survey of the Territories  Search this

Physical description:

5588 negatives

Culture:

American Indians  Search this

Type:

Archival materials

Collection descriptions

Date:

1850s-1930s

See more items in:

Glass Negatives of Indians (Collected by the Bureau of American Ethnology) 1850s-1930s

Data Source:

National Anthropological Archives

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:siris_arc_87737

Creator:

Setzler, Frank M (Frank Maryl) 1902-1975  Search this

Author:

Taylor, Walter W. Jr  Search this

Deuel, Thorne  Search this

McKern, Will C  Search this

Correspondent of J.T. Russell:

Judd, Neil Merton 1887-1976  Search this

Correspondent of N.M. Judd:

Russell, James Townsend  Search this

Photographer:

Reeves, Dache McClain Major 1891-1972  Search this

Correspondent:

Abbot, Charles G  Search this

Baby, Raymond S  Search this

Bass, William Marvin III  Search this

Bassett-Smith, J.M.P  Search this

Billington, Brian P  Search this

Birdsell, Joseph B  Search this

Black, Glenn A (Glenn Albert) 1900-1964  Search this

Blegan, Theodore C  Search this

Blickensdefer, J.P  Search this

Brand, Donald Dilworth  Search this

Brew, John Otis  Search this

Broadbent, Sam R  Search this

Buffum, Jess H  Search this

Butcher, D  Search this

Byers, Douglas Swain  Search this

Caldwell, Joseph Ralston  Search this

Calwell, Arthur  Search this

Chambers, Moreau Browne Congleton  Search this

Campbell, T.D  Search this

Carmichael, Leonard  Search this

Chaney, Ralph W  Search this

Cherry, T.M  Search this

Childe, Vere Gordon  Search this

Clements, Forrest Edward  Search this

Colburn, William B  Search this

Cole, Fay-Cooper  Search this

Collier, Donald  Search this

Cooper, G. Arthur (Gustav Arthur) 1902-2000  Search this

Courtais, Henri G  Search this

Cummins, Harold  Search this

Dahlquist, John E  Search this

Davis, Paul H  Search this

De Jong, C  Search this

Digby, Adrian  Search this

Dorsey, Henry W  Search this

Eggan, Fred Russell  Search this

Emmerson, J. Norman  Search this

Enright, William J  Search this

Evans, Clifford Jr  Search this

Fejos, Paul  Search this

Ford, James Alfred 1911-1968  Search this

Glueck, Nelson  Search this

Graf, John Enos  Search this

Greenwood, Arthur M  Search this

Griffin, James Bennett  Search this

Gugler, Eric 1889-1974  Search this

Gunter, Herman  Search this

Guthe, Carl E (Carl Eugen) 1893-1974  Search this

Harrington, Jean C  Search this

Heizer, Robert Fleming 1915-1979  Search this

Hooton, Earnest Albert  Search this

Hornblower, Henry II  Search this

Hughes, R  Search this

Humberger, Charles E  Search this

Jennings, Jesse David  Search this

Judd, Neil Merton 1887-1976  Search this

Kellogg, A. Remington  Search this

Kelly, Arthur Randolph  Search this

Kidder, Alfred Vincent  Search this

Kluckhohn, Clyde  Search this

Krieger, Alex Dony  Search this

Kreiger, Herbert William  Search this

Marquina, Ignacio  Search this

McCarthy, Frederick  Search this

McConnell, Robert E  Search this

McCracken, Harold  Search this

McKaig, W. Wallace  Search this

McKell, William  Search this

Meggers, Betty Jane  Search this

Miller, Robert R  Search this

Moore, W.E  Search this

Morgan, Richard G  Search this

Mountsford, Charles P  Search this

Nash, Philleo 1909-1987  Search this

Newman, Marshall Thornton 1911-1994  Search this

Osborn, A. Perry  Search this

Redfield, Robert  Search this

Reichard, D. Lloyd  Search this

Ritchie, William A  Search this

Roberts, Frank H. H (Frank Harold Hanna) 1897-1966  Search this

Russell, James Townsend  Search this

Sauer, Carl O  Search this

Shetrone, Henry C  Search this

Skinner, H. D  Search this

Specht, Raymond L  Search this

Spier, Leslie  Search this

Stewart, T. D (Thomas Dale) 1901-1997  Search this

Stirling, Gene M  Search this

Stirling, Matthew Williams 1896-1975  Search this

Strong, William Duncan 1899-1962  Search this

Swanton, John Reed  Search this

Taylor, Walter W. Jr  Search this

Trotter, Mildred  Search this

Webb, William S (William Snyder) 1882-1964  Search this

Wells, William W  Search this

Wetmore, Alexander 1886-1978  Search this

Willey, Gordon Randolph  Search this

Wilson, Laurence L  Search this

Wirth, Conrad L  Search this

Woodbury, George  Search this

Zepp, Erwin C  Search this

Subject:

Sapir, Edward 1884-1939  Search this

United States Work Projects Administration  Search this

Physical description:

15 feet

Type:

Aerial photographs

Place:

Colorado

Utah

Louisiana

Date:

1927-1960

Topic:

Archeology  Search this

American Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land, 1948  Search this

Data Source:

National Anthropological Archives

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:siris_arc_87797

Creator:

Smith, Bruce David  Search this

Subject:

National Museum of Natural History (U.S.) Department of Anthropology  Search this

Bureau of American Ethnology Mounds Division  Search this

Lower Mississippi Survey  Search this

Physical description:

12.3 linear feet (22 boxes) plus 1 map folder and 2 paintings

Type:

Works of art

Collection descriptions

Photographs

Administrative records

Field notes

Date:

1970

1970-2012

1970s-2012

Topic:

Archaeology  Search this

Agriculture, Prehistoric  Search this

Agriculture--Origin  Search this

Plants, Cultivated--Origin  Search this

Restrictions & Rights:

A portion of the collection is stored off-site. Advance notice must be given to view off-site materials

Data Source:

National Anthropological Archives

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:siris_arc_87841

Creator:

Harris, Robert King 1912-1980  Search this

Harris, Inus Marie  Search this

Correspondent:

Bell, Robert Eugene  Search this

Blaine, Jay C  Search this

Caver, Katy  Search this

Davison, Claire C  Search this

Fay, Robert O  Search this

Flores, Dan L  Search this

Gibson, Jon L  Search this

Haynes, Vance  Search this

Head, Lawrence H  Search this

Heizer, Robert Fleming 1915-1979  Search this

Hester, Thomas R  Search this

Jackson, Marsha F  Search this

Jacobson, Jerome  Search this

Jank, Dan  Search this

Jones, William K  Search this

King, Morton B  Search this

Krieger, Alex Dony  Search this

Latimer, Truett  Search this

Liu, Robert K  Search this

Ludwickson, John  Search this

Marmaduke, William S  Search this

McVay, Roger  Search this

Morgan, K. R  Search this

Morse, Dan F  Search this

Nye, Hermes  Search this

Olds, Dorris L  Search this

Perino, Gregory  Search this

Schmidt, Stephen  Search this

Scurlock, Dan  Search this

Skinner, S. Alan  Search this

Slesick, Len  Search this

Stephenson, Robert Lloyd  Search this

Sudbury, Byron  Search this

Tanner, Helen Hornbeck  Search this

Taylor, Lonn W  Search this

Thygesen, Ted  Search this

Tong, Marvin E Jr  Search this

Webb, Clarence H  Search this

Wedel, Mildred Mott  Search this

Weir, Frank A  Search this

Wendorf, Fred  Search this

Word, James H  Search this

Wyckoff, Don G  Search this

Subject:

De Soto, Francisco  Search this

de la Harpe, Benard  Search this

Texas Archaeological and Paleontological Society  Search this

Dallas Archaeological Society  Search this

Caddoan Conference  Search this

Physical description:

ca. 12 linear feet

Culture:

Caddo trade  Search this

Type:

Photographs

Collection descriptions

Maps

Notes

Correspondence

Manuscripts for publication

Illustrations

Family papers

Biographies

Sound recordings

Place:

Texas

Oklahoma

Louisiana

Mississippi

Arkansas

Alabama

New York

Pennsylvania

Ohio

Colorado

Montana

Bolivia

Central America

Mexico

Korea

Date:

1940s-1970s

1930-1950

Topic:

Trade--French-Caddo  Search this

Archeology  Search this

See more items in:

Robert King Harris Papers 1940s-1970s

Data Source:

National Anthropological Archives

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:siris_arc_87858

Creator:

Robbins, Louise Marie  Search this

Correspondent:

Leakey, Mary D  Search this

Harris, John M  Search this

Correspondnt:

Day, Michael H  Search this

Physical description:

13.5 linear fee

Culture:

Olduvai Gorge Tanzania antiquities  Search this

Type:

Archival materials

Date:

1970s-1980s

Topic:

Archeology--footprints  Search this

Footprints  Search this

Fossil hominids  Search this

Data Source:

National Anthropological Archives

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:siris_arc_87920

Creator:

Turner, Reginald  Search this

Names:

Arnold, Juanita Burnett, (1909-2005)  Search this

Bates, J. B., 1916-2008  Search this

Campbell-Webster, Beatrice  Search this

Clark, Otis Granville, (1903-2012)  Search this

Eddy, Clyde, (1911-2008)  Search this

Ellsworth, Scott  Search this

Franklin, Archie Jackson, (1915-2006)  Search this

Franklin, Jimmie Lilly, (1915-2009)  Search this

Franklin, John Hope  Search this

Gates, Eddie Faye  Search this

Holloway, Robert, (1918-2010)  Search this

Hooker, Olivia J., Dr., (1915-2018)  Search this

Jackson, Eunice Cloman, (1903-2004)  Search this

Knight, Thelma Thurman, (1915-2009)  Search this

McCondichie, Eldoris Mae Ector, (1911-2010)  Search this

O'Brien, William [Bill]  Search this

Ogletree, Charles, Jr.  Search this

Rogers, Jewel Smitherman, (1918-2010)  Search this

Rogers, John Washington, Jr.  Search this

Young, Wess Hubert, (1917-2014)  Search this

Extent:

1.38 Terabytes

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Terabytes

Oral history

Place:

Tulsa (Oklahoma)

Date:

2004-2007

Scope and Contents:

The Guide to 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre Oral History Collection documents the survivors of the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre as well as their journey to acknowledgment, justice, and restitution. This digital collection is an edited version of a larger collection created by Reginald Turner, Executive Director and Founder of The Tulsa Project, Inc. The collection consists of interview videos of individual survivors, their descendants, riot witnesses, historians, community supporters as well as the legal proceedings for U.S. government acknowledgement of the massacre and its subsequent devastation. This collection serves to bear witness to one of the most infamous episodes of American history, allowing those who lived through it to convey their experiences directly in their own words.

Biographical / Historical:

In 1921, one of the most devastating race massacres in American history occurred in Tulsa, Oklahoma. From May 31 to June 1, mobs of white Tulsa residents ransacked, pillaged, bombed, and burned over 1,000 homes, businesses, and churches and murdered scores of African Americans in the Tulsa's Black community of Greenwood. The history of this event was hidden in plain sight for many generations, invariably vanished from or never placed in the history books across the country. Generations of Tulsa's universal community began to learn of this tragic event over the course of the last few decades through the efforts of the survivors and their supporters. The 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre Oral History Collection alongside the great work of The Tulsa Project, Inc. sheds light on a community of resilience grappling with complex questions of history and memory, justice and law, reparation and reconciliation.

In the decades that followed, just a partial list of cities exhibits the expansive and dizzying geographic and temporal scope of organized white violence that continued with little recourse or reproach well into twentieth century. Such cities include: Colfax, Louisiana (1873); Clinton, Mississippi (1875); Hamburg, South Carolina (1876); Thibodaux, Louisiana (1887); Omaha, Nebraska (1891); Wilmington, NC (1898); Atlanta, Georgia (1906); and East St. Louis, Missouri (1917). In the summer of 1919, the U.S. was rocked by the white supremacist violence and attacks against over thirty Black communities across the country. This period of overwhelming racial violence was dubbed, "Red Summer" and affected major Black communities in Washington, DC; Chicago, Illinois, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Baltimore, Maryland; Clarksdale, Mississippi; and Omaha, Nebraska as well as many others. In these cities like Tulsa, mob violence devastated Black communities through the destruction of property and livelihoods.

The Greenwood District of Tulsa, Oklahoma is rooted in the history of westward expansion of the United States in early 19th century. Beginning in 1830s, the first African Americans came to the Oklahoma Territory with Native Americans along the Trail of Tears, the U. S government sanctioned removal of American Indians from their native territory across the country. Some of the African American travelers were enslaved while free Blacks traveled through treacherous conditions alongside white travelers. Dubbed the "Oil Capital of the World" and "Magic City," Tulsa experienced booming economic growth and prosperity during the early 1900s. During the era of post-Emancipation until the onset of the 20th century, African Americans were a part of a newer wave of migration that came to Tulsa from all over the country, including other parts of the Oklahoma Territory.

More than 50 all-Black settlements were established in Oklahoma territory during this era, including Tatums, Langston, Rentiesville, Boley, as well as Black communities of larger cities such as Muskogee, Okmulgee, and Tulsa. By 1900, African Americans composed seven percent of the combined Oklahoma and Indian Territories and five percent of Tulsa's population. In 1905, the Tulsa's Greenwood community was sold to African American settlers. Many of Greenwood's founding families were of mixed-race heritage as result of multiracial migration patterns and organic cultural adaptation to Oklahoma's natural resources and environment. The Perrymans, one of Tulsa's founding families, included Muskogee (Creek), African American, and white members.

In 1907, Oklahoma was admitted into the United States, and the legislature immediately began implementing restrictive race laws. Many mixed-race families lived in the Oklahoma Territory in the late 1800s. But dividing lines between the races were drawn more sharply after Oklahoma became a state. Oklahoma had one of the strictest sets of Jim Crow laws that divided the country, especially in Tulsa. Black Tulsans formed their community along Greenwood and Archer streets and quickly began to thrive as homes, churches and businesses were built and further developed. The community took shape with the construction and proliferation of African American owned cafes, grocery stores, beauty parlors, movie theaters, and dentist, lawyers, and doctor offices. By close of World War I, 10,000 individuals lived in Tulsa's Greenwood District, considered to be one of the most prosperous African American communities in America at the time. Educator, activist, and statesman Booker T. Washington dubbed the district, "Negro Wall Street." Later coined as "Black Wall Street" in the 1950s as scholarship began developing around the massacre.

After World War I, Black veterans returned to seek a "double victory" by securing freedom and equality at home, striking fear among white supremacists. This fear left white Tulsans blaming the prosperity of "Black Wall Street" for the lack to employment opportunities and other misfortunes among the white community. Tulsa city founder and prominent businessman, W. Tate Brady, despite his support of African American financial independence, was a member of white supremacy terrorist group, the Klu Klux Klan (KKK) as well as an active member in the Sons of the Confederate Veterans. A resolute white supremacist, Brady's mansion's design was inspired by the Virginia home of Confederate General Robert E. Lee. He welcomed KKK founder, Nathan Bedford Forrest to that same home in 1915. It was Brady's active membership in the Sons of Confederate Veterans that brought the organization's 28th annual convention to the city in 1918. The latter circumstances along with the ongoing racial tensions set the stage for 1921 massacre.

On May 30, 1921, Dick Rowland, a 19-year-old African American shoe shiner was accused of assaulting a 17-year-old white woman, Sarah Page. Rowland went inside the Drexel Building to use the restroom, the only bathroom allowed to African Americans in downtown Tulsa. Page was an elevator operator in the building. It is unclear if Rowland tripped or the elevator stopped suddenly, but he had physical contact with Page. Page screamed assault and a scared Rowland immediately fled. The next morning on May 31, Rowland was arrested and jailed in the city's courthouse. Later that afternoon, the city's most popular newspaper, Tulsa Tribune printed the story, "Nab Negro for Attacking Girl in Elevator" that claimed Rowland raped Page. Also printed was an editorial with the title, "To Lynch Negro Tonight," which no doubt influenced the rumors of a possible lynching of Rowland as the evening approached.

A large mob of thousands continued to grow over the course of the night outside the courthouse. African American WWI veterans and other members of the Greenwood community began to set up defenses outside the courthouse in order to protect Rowland. Tensions rose and soon an individual fight broke out and a gun was fired. The now weaponized white mob began to move about Greenwood armed with torches, guns, and other weaponry. Some survivors recall aerial bombs released overhead from small planes. The terror was directed at every visible African American in the vicinity, many fled for their lives while their homes and livelihoods were demolished. Historical research has not rendered an accurate number of lives lost in the massacre; it is believed that over 300 African Americans were murdered. Over 35 blocks of homes and businesses were destroyed with damages estimated to be over 1.5 million dollars.

On June 1st, the Oklahoma National Guard arrived, and martial law was declared. They arrested over 6,000 African Americans including children and illegally held them in detention centers throughout Tulsa. They were only released if a white person named them as an employee. Martial law ended on June 3rd, but African Americans were required to carry "green cards" once released from the detention centers as a mechanism to the police the Black population. The next week, Oklahoma governor James B.A. Robertson ordered an inquiry into the massacre. Only 85 people were indicted, mostly African Americans citizens. Rowland was released from jail and not charged for any crimes. Page recanted her claim as well.

Residents of Greenwood filed over 1400 lawsuits for damaged property. Insurance companies denied all claims based on a "riot clause." 1,000 Black Tulsans were forced to live in tents provided by the Red Cross from 1921-1922 because their homes were demolished. Historians estimate that over 700 families left Tulsa and never returned. However, many stayed and worked to rebuild the Greenwood community but experienced great difficulty as the city government actively tried to prevent African Americans from returning to their homes. Zoning regulations were put into effect that would make Greenwood only a commercial area, making it virtually impossible to live there. B.C. Franklin, businessman and father of historian John Hope Franklin, led the charge and filed a suit against the City of Tulsa before the Oklahoma Supreme Court and won, allowing Greenwood to rebuild.

Dozens of Black-owned businesses were rebuilt in Greenwood within a year of the riot, and hundreds more followed over the next three decades. The Oklahoma Eagle newspaper founded in 1922, replacing the community's former Black newspaper, The Tulsa Star that was destroyed by the riot. The Oklahoma Eagle, founded directly after the massacre, reported on African American community, as well as all facets of the massacre, since white newspapers refused to acknowledge the incident. In 1925, in a display of courage, the National Negro Business League held its 26th annual convention in Greenwood. By the 1950s, Greenwood was a thriving Black community despite racial segregation and inequality. Greenwood's mid-century renaissance was a rare occurrence as employment opportunities and fair treatment outside of the Greenwood remained limited. The Tulsa NAACP chapter, along with other activist groups, was formed to fight inequality and racism in wider Tulsa. Despite advances of the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, redlining and urban renewal projects dwindled the former Greenwood improvements leaving the area and its residents impoverished and highly segregated.

After suffering decades of aftereffects from the massacre, Tulsa's African American community demanded justice and reparations from the state of Oklahoma and the U.S. government. In 1997, African American state lawmakers, Representative Don Ross and Senator Maxine Horner, co-sponsored an Oklahoma House Bill to create the Tulsa Race Riot Commission. The Commission was tasked with finding survivors and recording their testimony, gaining accurate accounts of property losses and values, and then make recommendations for reparations. In addition, they worked with forensic anthropologists and archeologists tasked with locating mass graves of massacre victims. In 2001, the committee concluded that each survivor should receive $200,000 and up to $100,000 in property claims. Unfortunately, these recommendations were not passed leaving survivors and descendants with little prospects for restitution.

In 2003, over 200 Tulsa massacre survivors filed a suit against the state of Oklahoma in the case, Alexander, et al., v. Oklahoma, et al. Survivors and their descendants served as plaintiffs and recounted their experiences during and after the massacre. The legal team was led by esteemed lawyer and educator Charles Ogletree and celebrity lawyer Johnnie Cochran. The suit demanded restitution for the damages and injuries done by the state of Oklahoma and the city of Tulsa. The main argument declared violations of the 14th Amendment of the U. S. Constitution including "deprivation of life and liberty [and property] and the privileges and immunities of United States citizenship". In addition, plaintiffs wanted to establish a scholarship fund to ensure future generations learn the history of the massacre for years to come. The judge ruled against the survivors, claiming that the statute of limitations had passed. In 2005, the lawyers tried yet again for justice by bringing the case to the U. S. Supreme Court, but the court declined to hear the appeal. A few survivors were given the opportunity to speak at a briefing in front of the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC) and other leaders on Capitol Hill, the same year with no action taken.

Over the years, Tulsa cultural institutions and organizations were developed to preserve the legacy of the African American community in Greenwood, Tulsa and the state of Oklahoma. The Greenwood Cultural Center and Mabel B. Little House have showcased the heritage of the community since the 1990s. In 2008, lawyer and filmmaker, Reginald Turner founded The Tulsa Project, Inc., a non-profit group committed to raising funds and awareness on behalf of massacre survivors and their descendants. The same year, Turner filmed interviews of massacre survivors that were later compiled in a documentary entitled, "Before They Die!" The interviews took place from 2004 to 2007 and featured survivors' efforts for justice, government hearings, and legal proceedings as well as Tulsa Commission meetings. The film's sales go towards compensating survivors and serve as an educational tool exhibited in schools, churches, and civic organizations around the country. In 2010, the John Hope Franklin Reconciliation Park opened in Greenwood to help memorialize the massacre survivors and educate the community. In 2018, Tulsa Mayor G.T. Bynum called for the opening another investigation into the location of mass graves. In 2019, the Tulsa Race Massacre was added to the Oklahoma Education department curriculum and taught in classrooms.

As the massacre approaches its 100th anniversary in 2021, there are continuing advances for greater education about the massacre and the restitution of justice for the victims, survivors, and descendants of the one of the darkest times in American history.

Historical Timeline

1900 -- African Americans composed seven percent of Oklahoma territory and five percent of the Tulsa population.

1905 -- The Greenwood area in Tulsa was sold to African American Settlers.

1907 -- Oklahoma was made a state.

1917-1918 -- World War I veterans returned home seeking freedom and equality. In 1918, Tulsa hosted the 28th Annual Sons of the Confederacy Convention.

1919 -- "Red Summer," Over 30 race riots occurred over the course of 10 months in states across America.

1920 -- The wealth and prosperity of the Greenwood community, nicknamed "Black Wall Street," led to it to becoming one of the most financially prosperous African American communities in America.

1921: Tulsa Race Riot also known Tulsa Race Massacre takes place from May 30th to June 1st, in the Greenwood community of Tulsa. -- May 30: Dick Rowland, an African American shoe shiner is accused of assaulting Sarah Page, a white elevator operator. May 31: Rowland was arrested and brought to the courthouse jail. Afternoon: The Tulsa Tribune printed a story, "Nab Negro for Attacking Girl in Elevator" that Rowland raped Page and printed the editorial, "To Lynch Negro Tonight." 4:00 pm: Talk and rumors of lynching Rowland had spread. Police and Fire commissions J.M. Adkison phoned to warn Sheriff Willard McCullough of a possible incident. 7:30: A large white mob, numbering in the hundreds, gathered at the courthouse demanding Rowland be released to them. 9:30 pm: The mob had grown to two thousand. Members of the Greenwood community, many World War I veterans, set up defenses at the courthouse in order to protect Rowland from any impending violence from the mob. 10:00 pm: A fight broke out and a gun was fired. The mob began attacking and shooting all African Americans. June 1 12:00-1:30 am: Gunfire occurred between the white and African American commercial businesses across Fisco yards. 1:00-4:00 am: Over 35 blocks were destroyed, including 1200 homes, and an estimated 300 African Americans were murdered. However, the exact number is unknown. 9:00 am: The Oklahoma National Guard arrived. 11:30 am: Government declared martial law, by this point most of the fighting had already stopped. The final altercation occurred at Noon when the mob fired on African Americans near the Santa Fe railroad tracks. The National guard gathered and arrested nearly all the Greenwood residents, over 6000, detaining them in the Convention Center, sports arenas, and fairgrounds. 6:00 pm: All businesses were ordered to close, and a curfew was put into effect beginning at 7:00. June 3: Martial law ended. African Americans were required to carry "green cards" to leave the detention centers until July. June 8-20: Governor James B. A. Robertson ordered an inquiry of events by a Grand Jury examining the role of the police and sheriff departments. The all-white jury indicted over 85 people, the majority African American, for rioting and illegally carrying weapons. Five city police officers, including the Tulsa Chief of Police, John Gustafson, were also indicted and later fired. June 8-July 30: 1400 lawsuits were filed by African Americans for damaged commercial and/or personal property. The insurance companies invoked a "riot clause" that dismissed almost all the claims. Rowland was released and was not charged for any crime.

1922 -- Mary E. Jones Parrish was hired by the Inter-Racial Commission to write an account of the Race Riot. She was a teacher and journalist living with her daughter in Tulsa at the time of the massacre. Parrish interviewed survivors of the riot, collecting oral histories, photographs and a listing of property loses, publishing her findings in Events of the Tulsa Disaster. This was the first book published about the race riot. A large reconstruction effort began in Greenwood, and 80 businesses opened.

1925 -- National Negro Business League holds national convention in Tulsa, celebrating the rebuilding of Greenwood.

1931 -- Buck Colbert Franklin writes an unpublished memoir of the massacre entitled: The Tulsa Riot and Three of its Victims. It was later published by his son, John Hope Franklin and grandson, John W. Franklin in 1997.

1946 -- The first general history of the riot was published by Loren L. Gill, from the University of Tulsa. Although conducting many oral histories and research, some of his conclusions were later found to be incorrect.

1975 -- The Tulsa Race War of 1921 by Rudia M. Halliburton, Jr. was published. Halliburton was a professor at Northeastern State University and his work featured a collection of photographs, many from his students, of the riot.

1997 -- The Tulsa Race Riot Commission is established to study the riot and recommended reparations for survivors and their descendants. The city didn't comply.

1998 -- The Commission recommends archeological search for mass graves. This was approved in February 1999. A potential mass grave was found in Oaklawn Cemetery.

2003 -- Court case, Alexander, et al., v. Oklahoma, et al, was filed by over 200 survivors of the massacre. The suit was denied because the statute of limitations had passed.

2005 -- The survivors and lawyers attempted to repeal the decision in the Supreme Court, but the Court decided not to accept a case.

2010 -- John Hope Franklin Reconciliation Park opened in Greenwood to help memorialize and educate the community about the race massacre.

Provenance:

Acquired as a gift from The Tulsa Project, Inc. (Reginald Turner, J.D.Clement & The Lomax Company).

Rights:

The copyright law of the United States (title 17, United States Code) governs the making reproductions of copyrighted material. Any reproductions of these materials are not to be used for any purpose other than research or educational use. It is the responsibility of the user to pursue the copyright owner, The Tulsa Project, Inc . for permission to use and publish the materials from this collection for use beyond private study, scholarship or research. Any reproduction of materials of this collection must include the copyright notice: © The Tulsa Project, Inc.

Topic:

Race relations  Search this

Tulsa Race Massacre, Tulsa, Okla., 1921  Search this

Hate crimes  Search this

Race discrimination  Search this

Violence  Search this

Race riots  Search this

Justice  Search this

Activism  Search this

Law  Search this

Identity  Search this

American South  Search this

American West  Search this

Genre/Form:

Oral history

Citation:

Guide to the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre Oral History Collection, 2004-2007. National Museum of African American History and Culture, Smithsonian Institution

Identifier:

NMAAHC.A2014.240

See more items in:

Guide to 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre Oral History Collection

Archival Repository:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nmaahc-a2014-240

Creator:

Smithsonian Institution United States National Museum Department of Anthropology Division of Archeology  Search this

Subject:

Wetherill, Richard  Search this

Physical description:

1600 items

Culture:

Tlingit burials  Search this

Cherokee  Search this

Aleuts  Search this

Arctic peoples  Search this

Type:

Photographic prints

Collection descriptions

Negatives

Photomechanical prints

Tintypes

Drawings

Clippings

Notes

Letters

Place:

Mancos Canyon, Colorado

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Alabama

Alaska

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Arkansas

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Colorado

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Delaware

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North Dakota

Ohio

Oklahoma

Oregon

Pennsylvania

South Carolina

Texas

Utah

Virginia

Washington

Costa Rica

British Columbia

Canada

New Zealand

Nova Scotia

West Indies

Topic:

Archeology--artifacts--skeletal specimens--frauds--collection--sites--excavations--petroglyphs  Search this

Archeology--frauds  Search this

Archeology  Search this

Archeology--archeology  Search this

Pacific Islanders  Search this

Data Source:

National Anthropological Archives

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:siris_arc_2358

Subject:

Squier, Ephraim George  Search this

Davis, Edwin Hamilton  Search this

Lapham I. A The Antiquities of Wisconsin illustrations (enlarged)  Search this

Physical description:

33 photoprints

Type:

Photographs

Collection descriptions

Place:

Mississippi Valley

Date:

nd

Topic:

Archeology  Search this

Data Source:

National Anthropological Archives

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:siris_arc_2937

Creator:

Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History Department of Anthropology Division of Physical Anthropology  Search this

Subject:

Emil Bessels  Search this

Heizer, Robert Fleming 1915-1979  Search this

Cushing, Frank Hamilton 1857-1900  Search this

Breasted, James Henry  Search this

Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences  Search this

Sacramento Junior College  Search this

Army Medical Museum (U.S.)  Search this

Panama California Exposition physical anthropology exhibits  Search this

Physical description:

4 feet

Culture:

Hopewell physical anthropology  Search this

Huron physical anthropology  Search this

Pueblo physical anthropology  Search this

Tonkawa physical anthropology  Search this

White physical anthropology  Search this

Wichita physical anthropology  Search this

Eskimo drawings of skulls  Search this

Type:

Photographs

Collection descriptions

Drawings of Eskimo skulls

Photographs of skulls

Place:

California

Florida

Meggido

Date:

ca 1870s-1950s

Topic:

Calaveras skull  Search this

Painted skulls  Search this

Syphillis--physical anthropology  Search this

Primates--bones  Search this

Trephining  Search this

Mounds--archeology  Search this

Archeology--mounds  Search this

Physical anthropology--forensic physical anthropology  Search this

Archeology  Search this

Skull  Search this

Data Source:

National Anthropological Archives

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:siris_arc_85891

Creator:

Smithsonian Magazine  Search this

Type:

Blog posts

Smithsonian staff publications

Blog posts

Published Date:

Fri, 04 Jun 2021 17:23:42 +0000

Topic:

Custom RSS  Search this

See more posts:

Smithsonian Article Database

Data Source:

Smithsonian Magazine

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:posts_642b3c1911ef0bb08ef204705694a762

Artist:

Auguste Edouart, 1788 - 1861  Search this

Sitter:

Montroville Wilson Dickeson, 1810 - 1882  Search this

William L. Jones, c. 1800 - ?  Search this

Medium:

Ink wash, chalk and cut paper on paper

Dimensions:

Image/Sheet: 27.9cm x 21.2cm (11" x 8 3/8")

Type:

Silhouette

Place:

United States\Mississippi\Adams\Natchez

Date:

1844

Topic:

Interior  Search this

Montroville Wilson Dickeson: Male  Search this

Montroville Wilson Dickeson: Visual Arts\Administrator\Art Museum  Search this

Montroville Wilson Dickeson: Literature\Writer  Search this

Montroville Wilson Dickeson: Science and Technology\Scientist  Search this

Montroville Wilson Dickeson: Education\Educator\Professor\College  Search this

Montroville Wilson Dickeson: Humanities and Social Sciences\Archaeologist  Search this

William L. Jones: Male  Search this

William L. Jones: Health and Medicine\Physician  Search this

Portrait  Search this

Credit Line:

National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; gift of Robert L. McNeil, Jr.

Object number:

S/NPG.91.126.111.B

Restrictions & Rights:

CC0

See more items in:

National Portrait Gallery Collection

Data Source:

National Portrait Gallery

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/sm47c024bdf-9dad-44e7-bc12-d0353ecd12fa

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:npg_S_NPG.91.126.111.B

Maker:

American Lead Pencil Company  Search this

Physical Description:

metal (overall material)

cardboard (overall material)

wood (overall material)

graphite (overall material)

Measurements:

overall: 7.6 cm x 7.4 cm x .6 cm; 3 in x 2 29/32 in x 1/4 in

Object Name:

pencils

Place made:

United States: New York, New York City

Date made:

1918-1939

Subject:

Mathematics  Search this

Drawing Instruments  Search this

writing implements  Search this

Credit Line:

Gift of Mendel L. Peterson

ID Number:

MA.330191

Accession number:

288888

Catalog number:

330191

See more items in:

Medicine and Science: Mathematics

Science & Mathematics

Pens and Pencils

Data Source:

National Museum of American History

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ng49ca746a7-60b1-704b-e053-15f76fa0b4fa

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmah_904288

Maker:

American Lead Pencil Company  Search this

Physical Description:

wood (overall material)

graphite (overall material)

cardboard (overall material)

rubber (overall material)

Measurements:

overall: 9.5 cm x 6.3 cm x .7 cm; 3 3/4 in x 2 15/32 in x 9/32 in

Object Name:

pencils

Place made:

United States: New York, New York City

Date made:

1939-1956

Subject:

Mathematics  Search this

Drawing Instruments  Search this

writing implements  Search this

Credit Line:

Gift of Mendel L. Peterson

ID Number:

MA.330192

Accession number:

288888

Catalog number:

330192

See more items in:

Medicine and Science: Mathematics

Science & Mathematics

Pens and Pencils

Data Source:

National Museum of American History

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ng49ca746a7-60b2-704b-e053-15f76fa0b4fa

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmah_904289

Published by:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, American, founded 1909  Search this

Edited by:

W.E.B. Du Bois, American, 1868 - 1963  Search this

Subject of:

Harry Roseland, American, 1867 - 1950  Search this

Medium:

ink on paper

Dimensions:

9 7/8 x 6 13/16 x 1/8 in. (25.1 x 17.3 x 0.3 cm)

Type:

magazines (periodicals)

Place printed:

New York City, New York, United States, North and Central America

Date:

January 1916

Topic:

African American  Search this

Advertising  Search this

Associations and institutions  Search this

Business  Search this

Civil Rights  Search this

Education  Search this

Literature  Search this

Mass media  Search this

Poetry  Search this

Politics  Search this

Race relations  Search this

Social life and customs  Search this

Social reform  Search this

Credit Line:

Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Gift of Bobbie Ross in memory of Elizabeth Dillard

Object number:

2012.84.12

Restrictions & Rights:

Public Domain

See more items in:

National Museum of African American History and Culture Collection

Classification:

Documents and Published Materials-Published Works

Data Source:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/fd57821449f-6b08-4a56-9282-de9af4316aae

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmaahc_2012.84.12