Search Results

Creator:

Pittsburgh Consolidation Coal Company  Search this

Consolidation Coal Company  Search this

Donor:

Bethlehem Steel Corporation  Search this

Extent:

23 Cubic feet (99 boxes)

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Photographs

Photograph albums

Date:

1885-1940s

Summary:

The collection documents the building, operation and daily life of coal mining communities in Kentucky, West Virginia and Ohio between 1911 and 1946. The collection is a valuable for the study of mining technology and the social conditions of the time period and regions.

Scope and Contents:

The collection consists mostly of photographs depicting Pittsburgh Consolidation Coal Company mines and mining towns in Maryland, Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia. Subjects include worker housing, schools for miners' children, gardens, churches, recreational facilities, health services, company stores, safety, mining machinery, construction of mines and related structures, and the interiors of mines.

Arrangement:

The collection is arranged into two series.

Series 1: Background Materials, 1904-1933

Series 2: Photographs, 1885-1940s

Subseries 2.1: Photograph Albums, 1885-1932

Subseries 2.2: West Virginia Division, 19091-1917

Subseries 2.3: Glass Plate and Film Negatives, 1911-1940s

Subseries 2.4: Numbered Photographs, 1911-1930

Subseries 2.5: Miscellaneous, 1913, 1916

Historical Note:

The Consolidation Coal Company was started in 1864 to mine bituminous coal deposits in Maryland's Cumberland region. it expanded by acquiring other mine companies as well as rail and other transportation companies. It went into receivership in 1932. The Pittsburgh Coal Company, founded in 1900, took over the firm in 1945 and formed the Pittsburgh Consolidation Coal Company.

The Consolidation Coal Company (Maryland)

The Consolidation Coal Company was incorporated in Maryland on March 8, 1860, for the purpose of effecting a merger of a number of coal operators mining the Georges Creek basin in Allegany County, Maryland. Because of the Civil War, during which Confederate armies frequently blocked the region's only outlet to market, the company was not actually organized until April 19, 1864. Starting life as the dominant operator in this small but significant coal field, "Consol" rose to become the nation's top producer of bituminous coal.

The Georges Creek or Cumberland Coal Field, occupying part of the triangle of western Maryland, contained a high-quality, low-volatile bituminous steam coal which was also, thanks to the Potomac River, the coal of this type most accessible to Eastern markets. Coal had been mined in the region beginning in the 1700s, and the first coal company, the Maryland Mining Company, had been incorporated in 1828. However, large-scale development could not occur until the mid-1840s, after the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad reached Cumberland and provided reliable transportation. This also coincided with the development of ocean steam navigation and a rapid growth in the number of railroad locomotives and stationary steam engines. Cumberland coal was ideal for ship bunkering, and much of the output was shipped to New York Harbor. Naturally, New York capitalists and manufacturers played a leading role in developing the field. Lewis Howell's Maryland and New York Iron and Coal Company rolled the first solid U.S. railroad rail at its Mount Savage mill in 1844. The Consolidation Coal merger was put together by New Yorkers such as William H. Aspinwall, Erastus Corning, the Delanos and Roosevelts, and the Boston financier John Murray Forbes, who already had substantial investments in the region.

Upon its formation, the Consolidation Coal Company acquired the properties of the Ocean Steam Coal Company, the Frostburg Coal Company, and the Mount Savage Iron Company totaling about 11,000 acres. The last named company brought with it control of the Cumberland and Pennsylvania Railroad, which connected the mines to the Baltimore & Ohio and later the Pennsylvania and Western Maryland railroads. In 1870, Consol absorbed the Cumberland Coal and Iron Company of 1840, the next largest operator in the field, and gained an additional 7,000 acres. Further purchases from the Delano interests gave it over 80 percent of the entire Cumberland Field.

Soon after its hated rival, the Pennsylvania Railroad, gained access to the Cumberland Coal Field, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad began purchasing large blocks of Consolidation Coal stock to protect its traffic base in 1875, eventually gaining a 52 percent interest. A B&O slate of directors was elected in February 1877, with Charles F. Mayer of Baltimore as president, and the company offices were moved from New York to Baltimore.

Until the turn of the century, Consolidation Coal's mining operations were confined to the small soft coal region of western Maryland. The company purchased the 12,000 acre Millholland coal tract near Morgantown, W.Va. in 1902 and acquired controlling interests in the Fairmont Coal Company of West Virginia and the Somerset Coal Company of Pennsylvania the following year. These acquisitions boosted Consolidation's annual production more than six-fold in only three years. The company purchased the 25,000 acre Stony Creek tract in Somerset County, Pa., in 1904. The Fairmont Coal Company purchase included a joint interest in the North Western Fuel Company, which owned and operated docks and coal distribution facilities in Wisconsin and Minnesota.

In 1906, the Interstate Commerce Commission held a formal investigation of rail ownership of coal companies, which resulted in the passage of the Hepburn Act and its "Commodities Clause," which prohibited railroads from dealing in the commodities they hauled. In anticipation of the new regulations, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad sold its entire holdings of Consolidation stock to a Baltimore syndicate headed by Consol president Clarence W. Watson, J. H. Wheelwright and H. Crawford on April 26, 1906. At the time of the B&O's divestiture, the aggregate annual output of Consolidation's mines totaled more than 10 million tons and the company controlled more than 200,000 acres. The John D. Rockefeller interests began purchasing Consol securities in 1915, eventually securing a controlling interest. The company's offices were returned to New York City in May 1921.

After the B&O divestiture, Consol began expanding into the Southern Appalachian coal fields, which were just being opened by railroads on a large scale. The mines in this region yielded a low volatile coal that provided an ideal fuel source for stationary steam engines, ships, and locomotives. Of equal importance, operators in the remote mountains had been able to resist unionization and thus achieve lower operating costs, while all of Consol's previous holdings had been in the so-called "Central Competitive Field" to the north, which had been unionized in the 1890s. Consolidation Coal purchased 30,000 acres in the Millers Creek Field of Eastern Kentucky in 1909 and 100,000 acres in the Elkhorn Field the next year. In February 1922, Consol secured a long term lease and option on the Carter Coal Company, whose 37,000 acres straddled the borders of Virginia, West Virginia and Kentucky. In 1925, Consol became the nation's largest producer of bituminous coal, excluding the captive mines of the steel companies.

During the Great Depression, Consolidation Coal experienced serious financial difficulties and was forced into receivership on June 2, 1932. The Rockefellers liquidated their holdings at a loss, and the Carter Coal Company was returned to the Carter heirs in 1933. Consol was reorganized and reincorporated in Delaware as the Consolidation Coal Company, Inc. on November 1, 1935, and was able to retain its position as one of the nation's top coal producers. Eventually, stock control passed into the hands of the M.A. Hanna Company group of Cleveland, dealers in coal and iron ore. Although production reached record levels during the Second World War, management feared a recurrence of the collapse that had followed World War I. It also faced the prospect of increased competition from oil and natural gas and the loss of traditional markets such as home heating and locomotive fuel. As a result Consol opened negotiations with another large producer, the Pittsburgh Coal Company, which was the dominant operator in the Pittsburgh District.

The Pittsburgh Coal Company

The Pittsburgh Coal Company was a product of the great industrial merger movement of the late 1890s. In 1899, two large mergers were effected in the Pittsburgh District.

The Monongahela River Consolidated Coal and Coke Company was incorporated in Pennsylvania on October 1, 1899 to merge the properties of over 90 small firms operating mines along the Monongahela River south of Pittsburgh. Some of these operations dated to the early 1800s, and all of them shipped coal down the Ohio-Mississippi River system by barge from close to the mine mouth, or later by the railroads built along the river banks. The combination controlled 40,000 acres of coal land, 100 steam towboats, 4,000 barges, and facilities for handling coal at Cincinnati, Louisville, Vicksburg, Memphis, Baton Rouge and New Orleans.

The Pittsburgh Coal Company was incorporated in New Jersey as a holding company on September 1, 1899 and acquired the properties of over 80 operators located in the areas back from the river on both sides of the Monongahela south of Pittsburgh. The combination was engineered by some of the most prominent Pittsburgh industrialists, including Andrew W. Mellon, Henry W. Oliver, and Henry Clay Frick. It controlled over 80,000 acres and six collector railroads, the longest of which was the Montour Railroad. Most of its output was shipped by rail, with a large share being transferred to ships on the Great Lakes for distribution throughout the industrial Midwest. The company owned coal docks and yards at Chicago, Cleveland, Duluth, West Superior, Sault Ste. Marie, Ashtabula, Fairport and Thornburg. Subsequently, the company expanded in southwestern Pennsylvania and the Hocking Valley of Ohio through the lease of the Shaw Coal Company in 1901 and the purchase of the Midland Coal Company in 1903. Most of the properties were vested in a separate Pittsburgh Coal Company, an operating company incorporated in Pennsylvania.

Unlike the Consolidation Coal Company, which had grown by gradual accretion, the Pittsburgh Coal Company had been created in a single stroke. As with many mergers of the period, its capitalization probably contained a high percentage of "water" in anticipation of profits from future growth. Unfortunately, the years after the merger saw explosive growth in the coal fields of Southern Appalachia instead. Although farther from major consuming centers, they enjoyed several advantages. The coal itself was superior, low-volatile with higher BTU content and altogether cleaner than the high-volatile coals of Ohio and the Pittsburgh District. As already noted, the southern mines were also non-union. With the inroads of Southern Appalachian coal, the Pittsburgh Coal Company continuously lost ground in the crucial Lake and western markets from 1900 to 1915. The company's capitalization proved unwieldy in the unsettled economic conditions following the Panic of 1907. A reorganization plan was devised under which a new Pittsburgh Coal Company was incorporated in Pennsylvania on January 12, 1916 by merging the old Pittsburgh Coal Company of Pennsylvania and the Monongahela River Consolidated Coal and Coke Company. The old holding company was then liquidated and the stock of the new operating company distributed to its stockholders. Dissension between the common and preferred stockholders delayed consummation of the plan until July 16, 1917.

The Pittsburgh Coal Company, which had all its operations in the Central Competitive Field, had a much more difficult time than Consolidation in breaking the 1923 Jacksonville Agreement with the United Mine Workers in 1925-1927 and reverting to non-union status. The three-year struggle ended the company's ability to pay dividends. Pittsburgh Coal survived the Depression without receivership but with ever-increasing arrearages on its preferred stock. By the end of World War II, its managers were just as eager as those at Consol to attempt greater economies through merger. The Pittsburgh Coal Company and the Consolidation Coal Company merged on November 23, 1945, with exchange ratios of 65 to 35 percent. Pittsburgh Coal Company, the surviving partner, changed its name to the Pittsburgh Consolidation Coal Company.

The Pittsburgh Consolidation Coal Company

After the merger, the M.A. Hanna Company interests of Cleveland became the dominant factor in Pitt-Consol's affairs. Hanna had transferred its pre-merger Consol stock to its subsidiary Bessemer Coal & Coke Corporation in 1943. This led to a restructuring whereby Pitt-Consol acquired Hanna's share of the North Western-Hanna Fuel Company in April 1946 and the Hanna coal properties in eastern Ohio on June 16, 1946 These included large reserves of strippable coal that accounted for about 20 percent of the state's production. Pitt-Consol later acquired Hanna's holdings of coal land in Harrison, Belmont and Jefferson Counties, Ohio, on December 30, 1949. It purchased the New York Central Railroad's 51 percent interest in the Jefferson Coal Company, giving it full control, in 1952 and merged it into the Hanna Coal Company Division.

Pitt-Consol sold its last major railroads, the Montour Railroad and the Youngstown & Southern Railway to the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Pittsburgh & Lake Erie Railroad on December 31, 1946. The Northwestern Coal Railway had been sold to the Great Northern system, and the Cumberland & Pennsylvania Railroad had been sold to the Western Maryland Railway in May 1944.

In addition, a new Research and Development Division was created to fund projects aimed at developing more efficient production methods, new outlets for coal consumption, coal-based synthetic fuels and chemical byproducts. A new coal gasification plant opened at Library, Pa., in November 1948, and the company began the manufacture of a smokeless fuel briquette under the trademark "Disco" at Imperial, Pa., in 1949. An experimental coal slurry pipeline was built in Ohio in 1952.

During the 1950s and early 1960s, Pitt-Consol made many changes in its coal holdings, selling high-cost or less desirable properties, diversifying its reserves across many different coal fields, rationalizing property lines to permit large mechanized underground or strip mines and forming joint ventures with steel companies to secure guaranteed customers. Pitt-Consol acquired the Jamison Coal and Coke Company in 1954 and the Pocahontas Fuel Company, Incorporated, a large producer of low-volatile Southern Appalachian coal, in 1956. In the latter year, it sold its Elkhorn Field properties to the Bethlehem Steel Corporation. As Pittsburgh District operations became less central, the corporate name was changed back to Consolidation Coal Company in April 1958.

The Consolidation Coal Company, CONOCO and CONSOL Energy, Inc.:

Consol continued to expand into the early 1960s. On April 30, 1962, it absorbed the Truax-Traer Coal Company of Illinois. Truax-Traer also mined lignite in North Dakota, a low-grade but low-sulfur coal that was taking a greater share of the power generation market as environmental laws placed greater restrictions on high-sulfur coal from the Central Competitive Field. The following year Consol acquired the Crozer Coal and Land Company and the Page Coal and Coke Company, owners of additional reserves of low-volatile, low-sulfur steam coal in southern West Virginia.

In 1966, just two years after the company marked its centennial, Consolidation Coal was acquired by the Continental Oil Company (Conoco). This was part of a general trend whereby U.S. oil companies extended their reach by acquiring coal reserves and large coal producers. In turn, Conoco was acquired by E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company in 1981. This purchase was motivated by DuPont's desire to obtain better control of chemical feedstocks in an era of high oil prices. Consolidation Coal was not a major factor in the Conoco acquisition and did not really fit into DuPont's strategy, especially after coal and oil prices declined. As a result, it was quickly sold off when DuPont was restructured a decade later. In 1991, a new holding company CONSOL Engery, Inc. was incorporated as a joint venture of DuPont Energy Company and the German energy conglomerate Rheinisch-Westfalisches Elektrizitatswerk A.G., through its wholly owned subsidiaries Rheinbraun A.G. and Rheinbraun U.S.A. GmbH. Consolidation Coal Company became a wholly-owned subsidiary of CONSOL Energy, Inc. DuPont eventually sold most of its half interest, so that by 1998, Rheinbraun affiliates owned 94% of CONSOL Energy stock, while DuPont Energy retained only 6%. CONSOL Energy purchased the entire stock of the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal Company on September 22, 1998. CONSOL Energy stock began trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "CNX" in 1999, with an initial public offering of more than 20 million shares.

CONSOL Energy produced more than 74 million tons of coal in 1999, accounting for approximately 7% of domestic production. The company currently operates 22 mining complexes, primarily east of the Mississippi River.

Source

Historical note from the Consolidation Coal Company Records, Archives Service Center, University of Pittsburgh

Related Materials:

Materials in the Archives Center

The Archives Center holds a number of collections that document coal.

Coal and Gas Trust Investigation Collection (AC1049)

Hammond Coal Company Records (AC1003)

Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company Records (AC0071)

Lehigh Valley Coal Company Records (AC1106)

Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company Records (AC0282)

Materials in Other Organizations

Archives Service Center, University of Pittsburgh

CONSOL Energy, Inc. Mine Maps and Records Collection, 1857-2002

AIS.1991.16

The CONSOL Energy Inc. collection contains coal mine maps, related documents and topographical information, as well as surface maps and detailed information on mine accidents. Additionally, there are technical drawings, outside notes on multiple mines, traverse and survey books, information on companies and railroads with which CONSOL conducted business, and a variety of non-print materials including photographs, negatives and aperture cards. Digital reproductions of selected material are available online.

CONSOL Energy Inc. West Virginia and Eastern Ohio Mine Maps and Records Collection, 1880-1994

AIS.2004.22

The CONSOL Energy Inc. West Virginia and Eastern Ohio Mine Maps and Records Collection contains coal mine maps as well as surface maps and detailed information on mine accidents in West Virginia and Eastern Ohio. Additionally, there are technical drawings, related documents, traverse and survey books, publications and photographs.

Consolidation Coal Company Records, 1854-1971, bulk 1864-1964

AIS.2011.03

The Consolidation Coal Company (Consol) was created by the merger of several small operators mining the Georges Creek coal basin in Allegany County, Maryland. The company expanded rapidly in the early twentieth century through the purchase of substantial tracts in the coal fields of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Kentucky as well as docks and distribution facilities in the Great Lakes region. By 1927, Consol was the nation's largest producer of bituminous coal. Following a merger with the Pittsburgh Coal Company in 1945, the company pursued a policy of acquiring companies which afforded opportunities for greater diversification while selling off unprofitable lines. In addition, a new research and development division was created to fund projects aimed at developing more efficient production methods and new outlets for coal consumption. The records of the Consolidation Coal Company and its affiliated companies are arranged in seven series. Minute books and contract files provide the most comprehensive documentation in this collection.

Provenance:

Donated to the National Museum of American History in 1987 by Bethlehem Steel Corporation.

Restrictions:

Collection is open for research but is stored off-site and special arrangements must be made to work with it. Contact the Archives Center for information at archivescenter@si.edu or 202-633-3270.

Rights:

Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning intellectual property rights. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.

Topic:

Mining corporations  Search this

Mining -- West Virginia  Search this

Mining -- Pennsylvania  Search this

Mining -- Maryland  Search this

Company towns  Search this

Mining -- Kentucky  Search this

Mines -- West Virginia  Search this

Mines -- Pennsylvania  Search this

Mines -- Maryland  Search this

Mines -- Kentucky  Search this

Mining and minerals industry  Search this

Genre/Form:

Photographs -- Black-and-white negatives -- 20th century

Photographs -- 20th century

Photograph albums -- 20th century

Citation:

Pittsburgh Consolidation Coal Company photographs and other materials, Archives Center, National Museum of American History

Identifier:

NMAH.AC.1007

See more items in:

Pittsburgh Consolidation Coal Company photographs and other materials

Archival Repository:

Archives Center, National Museum of American History

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep86027ae9f-9a84-4277-adcf-d0b5e919ac6a

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nmah-ac-1007

Collection Creator:

Pittsburgh Consolidation Coal Company  Search this

Consolidation Coal Company  Search this

Collection Donor:

Bethlehem Steel Corporation  Search this

Container:

Box 19

Type:

Archival materials

Collection Restrictions:

Collection is open for research but is stored off-site and special arrangements must be made to work with it. Contact the Archives Center for information at archivescenter@si.edu or 202-633-3270.

Collection Rights:

Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning intellectual property rights. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.

Collection Citation:

Pittsburgh Consolidation Coal Company photographs and other materials, Archives Center, National Museum of American History

See more items in:

Pittsburgh Consolidation Coal Company photographs and other materials

Pittsburgh Consolidation Coal Company photographs and other materials / Series 2: Photographs / 2.2: West Virginia Division

Archival Repository:

Archives Center, National Museum of American History

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep8e3d48134-0266-4241-b090-0dc188db698e

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-nmah-ac-1007-ref44

Collector:

Robinson, Franklin A., Jr., 1959- (actor)  Search this

Creator:

Quinn, Terry (photographer)  Search this

Conner, Mary Robinson, 1930-2009  Search this

Names:

Capital Transit Company (Washington, D.C.)  Search this

Serenity Farm, Inc.  Search this

Howes, Grace Bourne, ?-1976  Search this

Robinson, Adina Theresa, 1963-  Search this

Robinson, Amanda Baden, 1849-1940  Search this

Robinson, Elizabeth Bourne, 1892-1976  Search this

Robinson, Frank A., 1883-1970  Search this

Robinson, Franklin A., 1841-1905  Search this

Robinson, Franklin A., Sr., 1932-2023  Search this

Robinson, Martha Walls, 1807-1897  Search this

Robinson, Robert David, 1962-  Search this

Robinson, Robert Henry, 1851-1937  Search this

Robinson, Thomas Wells, 1803-1869  Search this

Townshend, Martha Robinson, 1880-1961  Search this

Via, Adina Mae, 1937-1966  Search this

Via, Ida Virginia Woods, 1914-2010  Search this

Via, Robert Delano, 1933-  Search this

Via, Robert Milton, 1906-1983  Search this

Extent:

31.1 Cubic feet (93 boxes, 3 map-size folders)

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Motion pictures (visual works)

Correspondence

Photographs

Postcards

Baby books

Phonograph records

Postcard albums

Ephemera

School yearbooks

Diaries

Albums

Housebooks

Snapshots

Home movies

Family papers

Scrapbooks

Funeral registers

Architectural drawings

Place:

Maryland -- Family farms

Washington (D.C.)

Prince George's County (Md.)

Arizona -- Motion pictures

Benedict (Md.)

Charles County (Md.) -- Family farms

Calvert County (Md.) -- Family farms

California -- Motion pictures

Bahamas -- Motion pictures

Yosemite National Park (Calif.)

Puerto Rico -- Motion pictures

Washington -- motion pictures

Oregon -- Motion pictures

Disneyland (California)

Brandywine (Md.)

St. Thomas, V.I. -- Motion pictures

Florida -- Motion pictures

United States of America -- Maryland -- Carroll County -- Westminster

United States of America -- Maryland -- Carroll County -- Marston

United States of America -- Maryland -- Carroll County -- New Windsor

Date:

1838-2023, undated

bulk 1872-1985

Summary:

Papers documenting the farming and family life of the Robinson family of Prince George's County and after 1975, Charles County, Maryland. Papers documenting the farming and family of the Via family of Greene County, Virginia, Washington, D.C., Prince George's by 1949, and Calvert Counties by 1956, Maryland.

Scope and Contents:

An extensive and comprehensive collection of papers relating to family, farming, and the Southern Maryland tobacco culture, the Robinson and Via Family Papers cover many aspects of family and farm life. The papers are particularly important in regard to the tobacco culture that defined Southern Maryland for generations. The papers concern two distinct family groups, the Robinson and Via families who are connected through the marriage of Franklin A. Robinson and Adina Mae Via. The papers consist of material generated by the Robinson and Via families in their personal and working lives and as farm owners and operators.

The papers are especially strong in 20th century material. They consist of various types of farm records: account books, bills, receipts, tenant farming agreements, ephemera, land rental and purchase agreements, insurance policies, photographs and 8mm and 16mm films of farming practices and procedures, equipment and landscapes, related to the farming of tobacco, small grains, and livestock. The personal records include diaries, letters both personal and business, greeting cards, newspaper clippings, scrapbooks, high school yearbooks, baby books, house plans, recipe books, photographs and 8mm films of birthdays, holidays, weddings, baptisms, family occasions, and family travel, oral histories, and funeral ephemera including photographs, and transcription discs. Of particular interest are the "Serenity Farm Tobacco Production Photographs" documenting the crop year 1999-2000 and the films detailing agricultural practices. There is a memorandum book for Black Walnut Thicket, 1885-1901, the Baden farm in Baden, Prince George's County.

This collection includes a comprehensive range of 8mm and 16mm films and photographs documenting farming practices and landscapes as well as family gatherings, birthdays, holidays, and vacations. The researcher is alerted to the fact that in some cases with the memorandum and account books, books printed for a given year were often saved and used for subsequent years, some were dated, some were not.

The collection is divided into seven series arranged by subject and most often chronologically at folder level within each series.

Arrangement:

The collection is divided into seven series:

Series 1: Ferndale Farm (Potomac Landing), Prince George's County, Maryland, 1861-1973, undated

Subseries 1.1: Farm papers, bill, and receipts, and publications, 1861-1973, undated

Subseries 1.2: Farm papers, bill, and receipts, 1945-1960, undated

Subseries 1.3: Farm papers, bills, and receipts, 1960-1965, undated

Series 2: Robinson Family, 1845-2017, undated

Subseries 2.1: Family Papers and Publications, 1845-1993, undated

Subseries 2.2: Townshend, Martha Robinson, 1896-1961, undated

Subseries 2.3: Robinson, Frank A., 1899-1970, undated

Subseries 2.4: Robinson, Elizabeth Bourne, 1841-1976, undated

Subseries 2.5: Conner, Mary Robinson, 1938-1985, undated

Subseries 2.6: Robinson, Franklin A., 1932-1997, undated

Subseries 2.6.1: Farming, 1948-1976, undated

Subseries 2.6.2: Financial, 1948-1988, undated

Subseries 2.6.3: 4-H and Future Farmers of America (FFA), 1945-1954, undated

Subseries 2.6.4: Travel, 1959-1970, undated

Subseries 2.7: Robinson, Jr., Franklin A., 1959-2001, undated

Series 3: Serenity Farm, Charles County, Maryland, 1962-2000, undated

Series 4: Via Farm, Calvert County, Maryland, 1954-1987, undated

Series 5: Via Family, 1932-2010, undated

Subseries 5.1: Family papers, 1941-1983, undated

Subseries 5.2: Via, Robert M., 1933-1987, undated

Subseries 5.3: Via, Ida Virginia, 1928-2010, undated

Subseries 5.4: Via, Robert D., 1933-1988, undated

Subseries 5.5: Robinson, Adina Via, 1937-1966, undated

Series 6: Photographs, Photographic Slides, and Photographic Negatives, 1860-2000, undated

Subseries 6.1: Photographs, 1872-2000, undated

Subseries 6.2: Photographic negatives, 1927--2000, undated

Subseries 6.3: Photographic Slides, 1955-1979, undated

Series 7: AudioVisual, 1943-1988

Biographical / Historical:

Robinson Family

The Robinson family is thought to be of Scottish origin and appear in the records of Prince George's County, Maryland by the early 18th century. The line has been definitively traced to James Robinson (?-1849). James' father was probably Benjamin Robinson (?-1810), of Prince George's County, Maryland. (Will Book TT1, pg. 15, Records of Prince George's County, Maryland, Maryland State Archives (MSA))

James Robinson and Sarah Wynn were issued a marriage license on February 28, 1802 in Prince George's County, Maryland. (Marriage Records of Prince George's County, Maryland) Eleven children lived to maturity (not listed in birth order); Thomas Wells (1803-1869), Ann, Priscilla, James Monroe, Benjamin (1813-1882), John C. (1819-1895), Mary Sophia, Thomas Stanley (1800-1874), Alfred, Sarah Ann, Matilda, and Rebecca Maria.

James worked as a farm manager for Benjamin Oden near Upper Marlborough, Prince George's County. (Oden Papers, Maryland Historical Society) The Robinsons and their children, moved to Wood County, Virginia (now West Virginia) by April 18, 1818 where James acted as Oden's land agent (Deed Book 6, pg. 123, Land Records of Wood County, West Virginia). They brought with them three enslaved described in the above reference as, "Kate a woman 45 years of age very black; Colonel a boy aged 8 years yellow complexion: and George a boy aged six years of a dark brown complexion." They settled on part of what was known as the "Burnt Mill" tract in the general area where the Hughes River meets the Little Kanawha River. (Deed Book 9, pg. 110 and Deed Book 14, pg. 40, Land Records of Wood County)

Thomas Wells Robinson may not have accompanied his family to Virginia as he has a presence in Prince George's County prior to 1822 and was employed as a farm manager for Benjamin Oden at least until 1832. He married Elizabeth J. Richards on December 15, 1829 (Robinson Family Bible). They had nine children; Richard Thomas (1831 1906), Rebecca Maria (1832-1895), Mary Wynn (1834-1916), James George (1835-1883), Virlinda Victoria (1837-1838), Elizabeth Ann (1839-1916), Sarah Ann Sophia (1840-1874), Franklin Alexander (1841-1905) and John Alfred (1843); seven lived to maturity. (Robinson Family Bible) Elizabeth died on August 17, 1843 from complications in childbirth. She was buried in the graveyard of Page's Chapel (later known as St. Thomas Episcopal Church), Croom, Prince George's County. In 1843, Thomas purchased the plantation of Dr. Benjamin B. Hodges for $10,000 or approximately $15 an acre. Hodges was a brother-in-law of Benjamin Oden. The deed dated September 7, 1843 describes the parcel as containing, "Six hundred and twenty nine acres of land more or less and constitute that plantation or Estate of the said Benjamin Oden heretofore commonly called "Brown's Quarter Place" being the Land tracts and parcels of land sold by the said Benjamin Oden to the said Benjamin B. Hodges and by deed bearing date the tenth day of December eighteen hundred and thirty five and recorded in Liber AB no. 10 folio 162 also one of the land Records of the County aforesaid". (JBB no. 3 pgs. 312 314, Land Records of Prince George's County) The land was level to rolling bordered on the north by a tributary of Piscataway Creek and generally termed "white oak land". Underlying the whole property was a large strata of gravel and sand. The entire parcel went by the name, Potomac Landing.

Thomas supplemented his land holdings with later purchases. With the exception of twenty acres purchased from Sarah Talbert in 1844, (JBB no. 3 pg. 475, Land Records of Prince George's County) and the purchase of lot #3 consisting of 195 acres, part of the estate of John Townshend in 1856, these purchases were not contiguous to Potomac Landing. By the time of his death in 1869 these non-contiguous parcels had been sold. Thomas sold eighty-six acres of Potomac Landing and Jeffries to Edward Eversfield in October of 1843. (JBB no. 3, pg. 198, Land Records of Prince George's County) On January 13, 1846 Thomas married the widow Martha Ann Walls, daughter of George and Martha Naylor Walls. They had two sons; Benjamin Wells (1848-1849) and Robert Henry (1851-1937).

In addition to his sons, Thomas owned enslaved. The number varied from six in 1849 (JBB 6, folio 186, Land Records of Prince Georges' County) to eleven as noted in the census for 1850, and finally six as noted in the census of 1860. The 1867 Maryland Slave Statistics noted that, "at the time of the adoption of the Constitution of Maryland, in the year 1864, . . ." Thomas owned six enslaved, their names and ages being; Isaac Franklin age 31, Alfred West age 19, Susan West age 17, Margaret Franklin age 14, Fannie Franklin age 12, and Peter Franklin age 9. All were noted as being in good physical condition. (Prince Georges' County Slave Statistics 1867 1869, C 1307 1, MdHR:6198, page 185, MSA)

Thomas's financial problems began in the mid-1800s when Deeds of Trust appear in the county records securing outstanding loans. In 1856 and 1857 Thomas joined with others as bondsman for his son, Richard who was serving as "Collector of the State and County Taxes" for the 4th collection district, making he and the other signatories liable for any uncollected taxes. This, coupled with poor investments, led to his almost being "sold out" in 1859-1860 by J.W. & E. Reynolds of Baltimore to pay his debts. He executed three drafts on Penn & Mitchell, also of Baltimore, to pay off J.W. & E. Reynolds. (Equity Case #597, Prince Georges' County) Thomas was in poor health and his son James managed the farm in 1857 and 1858, and again from 1861 to October of 1862 (Equity Case #873, Prince Georges' County)

In October of 1862 Thomas' two sons, James and Franklin, traveled to Richmond to join the Confederate States Army. James enrolled in the 5th Battalion, Local Defense Arsenal and Franklin enrolled in the 5th Virginia Infantry, the Stonewall Brigade. (CSA Military Records, National Archives) James visited home frequently but was captured by the Union Army in St. Mary's County, Maryland on May 15, 1864 and spent the remainder of the war in Point Lookout Prison Camp. He was released on May 14, 1865. Franklin was not able to visit home at all during the war but survived to return home in 1865. In 1865, Thomas surveyed a parcel of 172 acres for his daughter Rebecca Maria. Rebecca had married her second cousin, William B. Robertson, on November 18, 1855. He made a gift of fifty acres, and Rebecca agreed to purchase the remainder. The Robertsons named this parcel Holly Grove. In Equity Case #849 (1872) filed after Thomas' death, his widow Martha and Samuel H. Berry, as executrix and executor, sought to recover payment for this land. At that time, William B. Robertson described this 172 acres of Potomac Landing: "There was no fences on the line which separated this land from the old gentleman's land, but he was to put a fence on it which he agreed to do before we agreed to come there. The land was thin, unimproved, with gullies and scrubby pine. If witness had been a judge of land he would not have given five dollars for it. All the improvements were one comfortable quarter the other indifferent with a poor oak shingle roof, worn out which made it not tenantable." Further along in his testimony, William gave an account of a conversation, "In a few days my father in law Thos. W. Robinson came to Washington and told me there his children had returned from the South, his two sons, that his debts were small and he was a happy man." Rebecca and William built a house on the property, a side-hall, double parlor plan that most likely her brother James was builder. They also built accompanying farm structures. (Records of Prince George's County, Maryland, Equity Case #849, MSA)

Thomas' son, Franklin, managed the farm after the War. In December 1868 Thomas entered into a sharecropping agreement with Edward Hanson, an African-American. After about a year-long illness, on May 16, 1869, Thomas died, deeply in debt. He was buried beside Elizabeth in the graveyard at St. Thomas' Church. He named as executrix his wife, Martha, and his friend and lawyer, Samuel H. Berry, as executor. His will divided the farm into thirds, one third going to his wife and their son Robert Henry, one third to his son James, and one third to his son Franklin. The land was surveyed according to the will. His personal property was sold but not enough profit was realized to pay off his creditors. The Commissioners of Prince George's County sued the estate on behalf of Thomas' creditors. The outcome was that in 1876 the property was sold at public auction. The Notice of Sale dated September 1, 1876 in the local county newspaper, The Prince Georgian, describes the farm as, "containing 514 2/3 acres More or less. The Improvements consist of a SMALL DWELLING, Three Barns, Stabling, and other necessary outbuildings. It is well wooded and watered, and the soil of fair quality. It has recently been divided into three lots and will be offered in lots, a description of which will be given at the time of sale." The sale was held on September 27, 1876, Lot No. 1 was purchased by Robert for $6.00 an acre, Lot #2 was purchased by Franklin for $5.00 an acre and Lot #3 was purchased by James for $4.00 per acre. Robert and Franklin eventually paid off their mortgage, but James defaulted on his purchase and later moved to St. Mary's County, Maryland. His portion later came to be owned by the Hawkins family, some members who had worked on the Robinson farm. (Equity Case #873, Prince Georges' County, MSA)

Lot #1, purchased by Robert from his fathers' estate, consisted of 177-1/3 acres, including the dwelling and farm buildings. On July 24, 1872, he married Amanda Malvina Baden (1849-1940), daughter of Robert W. G. and Margaret Caroline Early Baden. The Baden and Early families were both prominent south county families. Robert and Amanda had eight children; Caroline Early (1873 1967), Lucy Tennent (1875 1958), Albert Henry (1878 1914), Martha Perry (1880 1961), Robert Gover (1882 1882), Frank Alexander (1883 1970), Margaret Baden (1886 1956) and Grace Malvina (1889 1965).

By 1880 Robert had paid off his debt on the property and was fully engaged in farming. Unlike his father, or perhaps because of his father, Robert did not add to his land holdings, choosing to remain relatively debt free for his lifetime. The only land transactions he participated in were the sales of 79-3/4 acres in 1921 of Amanda's inheritance from her father and her interest in two smaller parcels of her father's land sold in 1894 and 1928 respectively. In 1928 he transferred 3.09 acres to his son Frank.

As late as the Federal census of 1880, Franklin was living with Robert and his household, both men engaged in farming. Sometime after 1880, Franklin took up residence on his part of Potomac Landing. His brother James most likely built the side-hall double parlor house that copied the main house at Potomac Landing. On February 18, 1897, Martha Robinson, died at the age of ninety. She was buried in the graveyyard of St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Baden, Prince George's County. Robert continued cultivation of tobacco and small grains as his father before him. The first reference to the farm being named Ferndale is found in the "Communion Record" of Robert's daughter, Martha Perry "Pattie", dated 1896. (Robinson and Via Family Papers) The exact origin or reason for this new name is lost but perhaps the name Potomac Landing held such bitter memories of debt and hardship that, as a symbolic break with the past, a new name was found. It also may have simply been a way to distinguish this portion of Potomac Landing from the others. The farm continued to be listed on tax bills as Potomac Landing well into the 20th century, but was known to the general public and businesses as the Ferndale Farm. (Robinson and Via Family Papers)

Robert served as deputy inspector at the State Tobacco Warehouse in Baltimore for eight years under W.B. Bowie. He also served on the Board of Directors of the Bank of Brandywine. In July of 1905, Franklin died, a bachelor farmer. He was buried facing south in the graveyard of the Church of the Atonement, Cheltenham, (a chapel in St. Thomas' Episcopal Parish) where he had served as vestryman, treasurer, and cemetery custodian. Franklin died intestate and a lengthy process of dividing his estate began. This resulted in the sale of his part of Potomac Landing (Lot #2) in July 1908 to William E. Boswell. The court declared Robert ineligible for any inheritance due to his being " . . . a brother of the half blood." The Boswell family later sold the property to the Billingsley family of St. Mary's County. (Equity Case 3209, Prince George's County)

In 1910, after living in the farm's original home for approximately sixty seven years, the Robinson family built a new home. It was described in a 1956 insurance policy as, "2 story, frame, metal roof, 16x43, wing 14x28, 9 rooms." (Robinson and Via Family Papers) The house design was a simple Victorian with plastered walls, and lit by carbide gas. Electrical lighting was installed in 1951. The house was built with monies from Robert and Amanda, and their son Frank, who served as builder and contractor.

On Tuesday March 9, 1937, "During a celebration in honor of his wifes birthday anniversary, Mr. Robinson collapsed at the table and died immediately without a word or a sigh." (Robinson and Via Family Papers) Robert was buried beside his mother in the cemetery at St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Baden.

At Robert's death, Ferndale Farm was valued at $30.00 an acre, the total acreage, 174 acres, being valued in the whole at $5,220.00. Robert died intestate, again the fate of the land was in question. He left eight heirs, his widow, Amanda, six of his children and his son Albert Henry's only surviving child, R. Henry Robinson. Rather than have the farm sold and his mother's life disrupted, Frank purchased the estate and personal property from the heirs. Before this could take place, a deed had to be granted the heirs for the property since one had never been recorded after the 1876 sale. Equity case 873 was reopened sixty-two years after its supposed resolution. Frank testified, "over a period of about thirty years I would on a number of occasions, talk about the fact that he had purchased and paid for this property and that a deed had never been executed to him and [he] kept saying he was going to have someone straighten this matter out for him." It was discovered that Robert had fully paid for his part of Potomac Landing. On February 14, 1938 the farm was deeded from Amanda along with Robert''s heirs to Frank. (Book 499, page 334, Land Records of Prince George's County) According to the deed and a 1937 fire insurance policy the farm consisted of 177 1/3 acres, "1 two story dwelling, one tenant house, 1 barrack, 1 tobacco barn, 1 corn house & cow stable, 1 Stable, and 1 Granary & Stable." (Robinson and Via Family Papers)

Frank A. Robinson, now the sole owner of Ferndale Farm, was born August 17, 1883. He learned farming and in addition took up the trade of builder and contractor. As a young man, he worked in the general store of his uncle Robert Baden. He was the contractor for the first Bank of Brandywine and many homes in and around the town of Brandywine, including the home of his cousin Robert E. Baden, DDS. He was secretary of the Building Committee for construction of the Chapel of the Incarnation in Brandywine, a mission chapel for St. Thomas' Episcopal Parish. His success in the building trade gave him disposable income that he invested in land. His first purchase was in August, 1915 of a 2-9/100 acre of land in Brandywine that was being sold by the Board of County School Commissioners; the purchase price was $300. In March 1916 he purchased 38.09 acres of his Uncle Franklin's farm. This property adjoined Ferndale Farm. Over the next fifty-four years of his life, Frank bought and sold many pieces of real estate. Perhaps his most significant purchases were: 18-1/3 acres purchased from The German American Colonization Land Company of Maryland in October 1915 (Book 115, pg. 140, Land Records of Prince George's County); 147.99 acres purchased from August and Wilhelmina Noltensmeir in December 1917 (Book 129, pg. 263, Land Records of Prince George's County) and 320 acres called the Vineyard purchased from William M. Wilson in March 1928. Frank used these three parcels as collateral for other purchases. Never once did he mortgage Ferndale Farm, insuring that no matter what financial stormy seas might blow, his home was secure. Over the course of his life, especially in the case of the Noltensmeir farm, when cash was needed a parcel of land would be surveyed off and sold. He inherited his grandfather Thomas' love of land but had fortunately developed a shrewd business sense to go along with it.

On November 20, 1929, he married Elizabeth Freeland Bourne, daughter of Joseph Blake and Maria Gantt Bourne of Calvert County, Maryland. They had three children: Mary Elizabeth (1930-2009), Franklin Alexander (1932-2023), and Robert Lee (1935-1997). In addition to his construction business he continued farming, raising tobacco, hay, and small grains. He engaged in sharecropping with tenants on his various properties. He was active in community affairs serving on the Board of The Maryland Tobacco Growers Association (MTGA), the Vestry of St. Thomas Parish, and as sheriff of Brandywine. On January 9, 1940 Amanda Baden Robinson died. She was buried next to her husband at St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Baden. In February 1958, Frank and Elizabeth conveyed 1.57 acres of Ferndale Farm to son Franklin where he and his fiancée, Adina M. Via, were building their new home prior to their marriage in July of that same year.

The booming economy and suburbanization of the Washington metropolitan area in the early 1960's led to the high quality gravel lying beneath Ferndale into becoming a valuable commodity. In October 1962, Franklin and his parents granted a three-year lease to William C. Nolte for mining sand and gravel on the Ferndale Farm at .174 per yard. (Book 2747, pg. 11, Land Records of Prince George's County) From now until 1975 when the property was sold, gravel would be mined from under the farm by various companies. In November 1962, Elizabeth and Frank transferred to Franklin the 38.09 acres Frank had purchased from Fitzhugh Billingsley in 1916. (Book 2754, pg. 99, Land Records of Prince George's County) That same year they transferred 6.754 acres, part of the Vineyard, to son Robert and his wife Lois, (Book 2765, pg. 201, Land Records of Prince George's County)

On December 28, 1965, Frank and Elizabeth participated in a land exchange/purchase of the farm of Ralph W. and Cordelia H. Brown located along the Patuxent River in Benedict, Charles County, Maryland. Franklin had rented this farm the year before and was impressed enough by its location and arability to work out a purchase. Frank and Elizabeth traded 65.9920 acres that would eventually become Franklin's under Frank's will. On February 21, 1966 they deeded the Charles County farm to Franklin and Adina. Adina named this property Serenity Farm. The property consisted of 480.66 acres. (Liber 179, page 708 etc., Land Records of Charles County)

On February 5, 1970, after a short illness, Frank died at Cafritz Memorial Hospital. He was buried at St. Paul's Episcopal Church near his parents. In his will, probated March 4, 1970 he left thirty acres of the property purchased from the German American Land Company and A. Noltensmeir to Elizabeth. He willed forty acres of the same parcel to daughter Mary Robinson Conner. The remainder of Ferndale Farm was willed to Franklin and the remaining acreage of the Vineyard was left to Robert Lee. Franklin Alexander Robinson was born August 13, 1932 at the Garfield Hospital in Washington, D.C.. He received his schooling in the public school system of Prince George's County, graduating from Gwynn Park High School in June 1951. He was a charter member of Gwynn Park's chapter of The Future Farmers of America. He was extremely active in FFA, achieving the Degree of Maryland Farmer in 1950 and their highest award, the Degree of American Farmer at their convention in Kansas City, Missouri in October 1953. He obtained his private pilots license in 1954. He entered the United States Army in February 1955 and went through basic training at Camp Gordon, Augusta, Georgia. After basic training he was transferred to Camp Hanford, Washington State. There he worked part time on the farm of Dick and Theresa Laurent during his off duty hours and began a lifelong friendship with them. He returned home to farming on an agricultural discharge in October of 1956. On July 27, 1958 he married his high school sweetheart, Adina Mae Via, daughter of Robert Milton and Virginia Woods Via. They had three children: Franklin Alexander (1959), Robert David (1962), and Adina Theresa (1963).

Franklin continued expanding and improving the farming operation by modern methods and means. At times, he farmed over one thousand acres, both owned and rented. On February 21, 1966, his parents deeded their purchase of the Ralph W. and Cordelia H. Brown farm in Benedict to he and Adina, later known as Serenity Farm Franklin and Adina engaged an architect to draft house plans for an anticipated new residence. A small A frame vacation home was built on the property so the family could spend weekends there.

On December 14, 1966, after a long illness, Adina died from complications associated with Hodgkin's Disease. She was buried in Trinity Memorial Gardens, Waldorf, Charles County. Franklin married Margaret Walker Lennox (nee Tallen, known as Rita) on August 21, 1970 (Marriage Records of Prince George's County, Maryland). This marriage ended in divorce in 1977. There were no children from this marriage.

On July 14, 1975 the Robinson family, Franklin, his second wife, Margaret, her daughter Margaret W. Lennox, Franklin, Jr., R. David, A. Theresa and Elizabeth B. Robinson, moved to Serenity Farm. On July 17, 1975 Franklin and Elizabeth sold the remaining acreage of Ferndale Farm to Brandywine Sand and Gravel, thus ending 131 years of ownership by the Robinson family. Elizabeth Bourne Robinson died on July 15, 1976 and was buried beside her husband at St. Paul's Church, Baden. Franklin married Hiltrud (Ceddie) Harris (nee Sedlacek) on July 15, 1978. (Robinson Family Bible) This marriage ended in divorce in 1986. There were no children from this marriage. Franklin married Diedre Gale Merhiage on April 19, 1989; this marriage ended in divorce in 1997. There were no children from this marriage. He married Remelda Henega Buenavista on January 13, 2007.

The Robinson family continue day-to-day operations of Serenity Farm. The land is well suited to the growing of tobacco and small grains, which crops, (with the exception of tobacco) along with a flock of sheep, are cultivated there to the present time. After the crop year 2001 the Robinson family took the tobacco buyout program offered by the state of Maryland and ceased growing tobacco. Franklin is active in farming and community affairs having served on the vestry of St. Thomas Episcopal Parish, the Board of Directors of the Maryland Tobacco Growers Association (MTGA), the Board of the Production Credit Association, the Boards of three schools, Holy Trinity Day School, Queen Anne School, and Calverton School, and numerous other organizations. Currently the farm consists of approximately 275 acres. In 1981 a state agricultural land preservation district of 222.755 acres was created. This was the first such district in Charles County and one of the first in the state of Maryland.

Via Family

The Via family traces its origins to the colony of Virginia, where the probable progenitor of the line, Amer Via, a French Huguenot, settled in Manakin Town, Albemarle County between 1670-1700. It is impossible to trace the Via line definitively due to the loss of Virginia county records during the Civil War.

The Via family line covered in this collection can be definitively traced to William Via of Fredericksville Parish, Louisa (later Albemarle) County, Virginia. The William Via family lived west of the present day town of Whitehall at the base of the Blue Ridge Mountains, an area commonly known as Sugar Hollow. William Via III served in the Virginia Line during the Revolutionary War. He married Mary Craig, daughter of Thomas Craig and Jane Jameson, on March 17, 1784. William died on June 27, 1836, in Albemarle County (Rev. War Pension Appl. 6363, National Archives). His son Thomas married Sally, widow Griffin, on January 1, 1811 (Albemarle County Marriage Records). Their son, Hiram Karl Via (1812-1893), married Harriet Ardenia Naylor by license dated March 7, 1836 (Albemarle County Marriage Records).

Hiram and Harriet's son, Robert St. Clair Via (1844-1925), served as a private in Company I, 7th Virginia Infantry of the Confederate States Army (CSA Military Service Records, National Archives). After the war he married his first cousin, Mary Frances Naylor, daughter of Samuel Chapman Naylor and Eliza Jane Gardner, on April 3, 1866 in Rockingham County (Rockingham County, Virginia, Marriage Records). Sometime between 1870 and 1872, they moved to Linn County, Missouri, and settled about seven miles from the town of Bucklin. Their son, Hiram Chapman Via (1872-1933), was born there. In 1893, the family returned to Virginia, and settled on a farm in Greene County near the town of Stanardsville.

Hiram Chapman Via operated a mill as well as a farm. On March 15, 1899, he married Adina Eleanor Eusebia Runkle, daughter of Milton D. L. Runkle and Roberta A. Beadles (Greene County, Virginia, Marriage Records). They had three children: Bernice Olive (1902-1999), Robert Milton (1906-1983), and Deward Daniel (1909-1977).

Robert moved to Washington, D.C.. In December 1927 he began employment with the Capitol Traction Company as a streetcar conductor (Robinson and Via Family Papers). During the early 1930s, Robert rented a townhouse at 715 A St., SE, where he lived with his sister Bernice V. McMullan and her son, William C. McMullan; his brother and sister in law, and his parents. Next door, at 717, lived the Moses Albright family, including Moses's stepdaughter Ida Virginia Woods (1914-2010), daughter of Jesse Lee Woods (1894-1918) and Donna Mae Barker (1896-1928) of Frederick County, Maryland. Robert and Virginia began a courtship and on September 3, 1932 were married in Frederick, Frederick County, Maryland (Frederick County, Maryland, Marriage Records).

After their marriage, Robert and Virginia lived in various locations in the Washington metropolitan area. Their first child, Robert Delano, was born on March 24, 1933, and their second child, Adina Mae, was born on April 12, 1937. Virginia was employed outside the home while her children were in school. Her first job before her marriage had been with Woolworth's in Martinsburg, WV working the candy counter and then before the birth of her son at The Hecht Company on F St. in Washington, D.C.. After her marriage she worked briefly for the United States Postal Service in Capitol Heights, Maryland. Beginning in the 1950s, she worked first at the Hecht Company department store on 7th Street in the District and later for Charles of the Ritz as a receptionist in their beauty salon located in Woodward & Lothrop's F Street store in Washington, D.C.. She also worked as salon manager at the Charles of the Ritz salons in the Woodward & Lothrop stores in Seven Corners, Virginia, and Chevy Chase, Maryland. She retired due to health reasons in 1973.

On September 10, 1941, Robert and Virginia purchased Lot #43 in Woodlane subdivision in Prince George's County. (Book 619, pg. 12, Land Records of Prince George's County) A house was designed for them for this lot by Clyde E. Phillips. They did not construct a home on this property due to the outbreak of World War II. Robert, due to his employment in public transportation, did not serve with the Armed Services in World War II. On October 18, 1946, they purchased approximately thirty acres bordering on Burch's Creek near the towns of Clinton, also know as Surrattsville, and T.B. in Prince George's County from Joseph H. and M. Pauline Blandford. (Book 873, pg. 483, Land Records of Prince George's County) Over the next three years, hiring private contractors, doing work themselves, and with the help of Robert's brother Deward, they built the two story house designed by Phillips in 1941. They moved to the farm from Capitol Heights in 1949. Robert raised hogs, small grains and a crop of tobacco yearly on this farm and also maintained his job with Capitol Transit (formerly Capitol Traction). In 1954, Robert and Virginia purchased a farm of approximately 150 acres in Island Creek, Calvert County, Maryland. The intention was for Robert and his son to enter into a full time farming operation on expanded acreage. Robert D. Via, known as Delano, graduated from Gwynn Park High School in June 1951. Delano was a part-time farmer and pursued a career as a country and western singer with Bashful Bob and the Rhythm Rangers, he being Bashful Bob. He was employed in various jobs, and began a tour in the Army in 1953. By the time the Via family moved to Calvert County in 1956, he decided to pursue careers other than farming. He eventually traveled and worked in various parts of the United States. He married first Delores Cooper, second Gloria J. Irick, and finally Candice Marinelli in December 1974, they had two children, Robert Marin (1975) and Kirstin Marin (1976).

On June 1, 1956 Robert resigned from his position at Capitol Transit due to health reasons. He and his family moved to the farm in Island Creek, Calvert County where he began full time farming. He and Virginia sold the thirty-acre farm in Prince George's County on June 21, 1956 to Melvin C. and Geraldine H. Rardia. (Book 2003, pg. 564, Land Records of Prince George's County) Virginia continued her employment with Charles of the Ritz. Adina, now a graduate of Gwynn Park High School, was employed by the USAF at Andrews Air Force Base in Camp Springs, Maryland. They both commuted daily from Calvert County to their places of employment.

Robert farmed in Calvert County, raising hogs, cattle, small grains and tobacco. Over the course of the next twenty-seven years, Robert and Virginia sold smaller parcels off the farm. In 1974, Robert and Virginia built a small retirement home designed for them by Calvert Masonry Contractors. Robert died on December 22, 1983. He was buried beside his daughter Adina in Trinity Memorial Gardens. At the time of Robert's death, the farm consisted of 28.694 acres. In 1998, Virginia deeded the remainder of the farm, then less than six acres, to her grandson, Franklin A. Robinson, Jr. who sold all but a one-acre lot in April 1999.

Virginia continued to live on the farm in Calvert County, maintaining a small herd of cattle. In the fall of 1989 Franklin, Jr. went to live with her. In 1993, the onset of Alzheimer's Disease required her to move to Serenity Farm and take up residence with her granddaughter A. Theresa. Virginia participated in various studies on Alzheimer's Disease conducted by the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland beginning in 1992. She was profiled in the September 1997 issue of Washingtonian Magazine. In October of 1998 she moved to All American Senior Care in Brandywine, Maryland and in 1999 she moved to Morningside, an elderly care facility in Waldorf, Maryland. In 2002, she moved to St. Mary's Nursing Center in Leonardtown, Maryland. The remainder of the farm was sold in 1999 and 2002. She died January 14, 2010 and was buried at Trinity Memorial Gardens in Waldorf.

Adina Mae Via was born April 12, 1937 at the Homeopathic Hospital in Washington, D.C.. Adina grew up in Washington, D.C. attending public schools. She moved with her family to the Burch's Creek farm, Prince George's County, in 1949. She enrolled in the Prince George's County school system, and graduated from Gwynn Park High School in June of 1955. After graduation, she was employed by the USAF at Andrews Air Force Base in Camp Springs.

In July of 1956, she moved with her family to the Via farm in Island Creek, Calvert County. On July 27, 1958 she married Franklin A. Robinson at the Chapel of the Incarnation. They had three children: Franklin Alexander (1959), Robert David (1962) and Adina Theresa (1963). In the fall of 1958, she and Franklin took up residence in the home they had built on Ferndale Farm. She resigned from her position with the USAF in 1959.

On December 14, 1966, at Providence Hospital in Washington, DC, Adina died from complications due to Hodgkin's Disease. She had been battling this disease for many years prior to her death. She was buried in Trinity Memorial Gardens, Charles County.

Related Materials:

Materials at Other Organizations

The Maryland Historical Society holds items (costume, farming related implements) related to the Robinson and Via families.

Separated Materials:

Materials at the National Museum of American History

The Division of Work and Industry (Agriculture Collection) holds agricultural implements and artifacts associated with both the Robinson farms and the Via farm; the Division of Home and Community Life holds clothing, textiles (crib quilt), jewelry, cosmetics and Adina M. Robinson's sewing box and dress patterns; (Costume and Textiles Collection). See accession numbers: 1989.0688, 1990.0394, 1991.0010; 1991.0722, 1992.0184, 1992.0283, 1992.0321, 1992.0474, 1992.3106, 1994.0064, 1994.0304, 1997.0327, 1998.0038, 1998.0129, 2001.0196, 2002.0087, 2003.0015, 2005.0009.

Division of Armed Forces History (now Division of Olitical and Military History, National Numismatics Collection) holds the Robert M. Via Trolley Token Collection.

Provenance:

The collection was donated to the National Museum of American History, Archives Center, by Franklin A. Robinson, Jr., in November 1993.

Restrictions:

Collection is open for research but negatives and audiovisuial materials are stored off-site and special arrangements must be made to work with it. Some papers of living persons are restricted. Access to restricted portions may be arranged by request to the donor. Gloves required for unprotected photographs. Viewing film portions of the collection and listening to LP recording requires special appointment. Contact the Archives Center for information at archivescenter@si.edu or 202-633-3270.

Rights:

The Archives Center does not own exclusive rights to these materials. Copyright for all materials is retained by the donor, Franklin A. Robinson, Jr.; permission for commercial use and/or publication may be requested from the donor through the Archives Center. Military Records for Franklin A. Robinson (b. 1932) and correspondence from Richard I. Damalouji (1961-2014) are restricted; written permission is needed to research these files. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.

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Citation:

The Robinson and Via Family Papers, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution

Sponsor:

Preservation of the 8mm films in this collection was made possible, in part, by a grant from the National Film Preservation Fund.

Identifier:

NMAH.AC.0475

See more items in:

Robinson and Via Family Papers

Archival Repository:

Archives Center, National Museum of American History

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Published Date:

Wed, 27 Sep 2023 01:49:00 GMT

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Powell & Co.  Search this

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John Adam Kasson, 11 Jan 1822 - 19 May 1910  Search this

Robert Cumming Schenck, 4 Oct 1809 - 23 Mar 1890  Search this

Elihu Benjamin Washburne, 23 Sep 1816 - 22 Oct 1887  Search this

Henry Gaither Worthington, 9 Feb 1828 - 29 Jul 1909  Search this

Freeman Clarke, 22 Mar 1809 - 24 Jun 1887  Search this

George Sewall Boutwell, 28 Jan 1818 - 27 Feb 1905  Search this

James Sidney Rollins, 19 Apr 1812 - 9 Jan 1888  Search this

William Windom, 10 May 1827 - 29 Jan 1891  Search this

Edwin Hanson Webster, 31 Mar 1829 - 24 Apr 1893  Search this

William Darrah Kelley, 12 Apr 1814 - 9 Jan 1890  Search this

George Washington Julian, 5 May 1817 - 7 Jul 1899  Search this

Hiram Price, 10 Jan 1814 - 30 May 1901  Search this

James Edward English, 13 Mar 1812 - 2 Mar 1890  Search this

James Gillespie Blaine, 31 Jan 1830 - 27 Jan 1893  Search this

Nathaniel Barratt Smithers, 8 Oct 1818 - 16 Jan 1896  Search this

James Willis Patterson, 2 Jul 1823 - 4 May 1893  Search this

Henry Taylor Blow, 15 Jul 1817 - 11 Sep 1875  Search this

Jacob Beeson Blair, 11 Apr 1821 - 12 Feb 1901  Search this

Portus Baxter, 4 Dec 1806 - 4 Mar 1868  Search this

James Falconer Wilson, 19 Oct 1828 - 22 Apr 1895  Search this

Thaddeus Stevens, 4 Apr 1792 - 11 Aug 1868  Search this

Charles Upson, 19 Mar 1821 - 5 Sep 1885  Search this

James Tracy Hale, 14 Oct 1810 - 5 Apr 1865  Search this

Giles Waldo Hotchkiss, 25 Oct 1815 - 5 Jul 1878  Search this

Edward Henry Rollins, 3 Oct 1824 - 31 Jul 1889  Search this

Joseph Bailey, 18 Mar 1810 - 26 Aug 1885  Search this

John Wesley Longyear, 1820 - 1875  Search this

Justin Smith Morrill, 14 Apr 1810 - 28 Dec 1898  Search this

Ebenezer Dumont, 23 Nov 1814 - 16 Apr 1871  Search this

Augustus Carpenter Baldwin, 24 Dec 1817 - 21 Jan 1903  Search this

Francis Kellogg, 30 May 1810 - 13 Jan 1879  Search this

John Rogers McBride, 22 Aug 1832 - 20 Jul 1904  Search this

Orlando Kellogg, 18 Jun 1809 - 24 Aug 1865  Search this

Nathan Fellows Dixon, 1 May 1812 - 11 Apr 1881  Search this

Henry Wells Tracy, 24 Sep 1807 - 11 Apr 1886  Search this

Sidney Perham, 27 Mar 1819 - 10 Apr 1907  Search this

William Gay Brown, 25 Sep 1800 - 19 Apr 1884  Search this

Henry Laurens Dawes, 30 Oct 1816 - 5 Feb 1903  Search this

Anson Herrick, 21 Jan 1812 - 6 Feb 1868  Search this

Ephraim Ralph Eckley, 9 Dec 1811 - 27 Mar 1908  Search this

Ebon Clark Ingersoll, 12 Dec 1831 - 31 May 1879  Search this

Joseph Washington McClurg, 22 Feb 1818 - 2 Dec 1900  Search this

Thomas Allen Jenckes, 2 Nov 1818 - 4 Nov 1875  Search this

John Martin Broomall, 19 Jan 1816 - 3 Jun 1894  Search this

Amasa Cobb, 27 Sep 1823 - 5 Jul 1905  Search this

Kellian Van Rensalear Whaley, 6 May 1821 - 20 May 1876  Search this

Francis Thomas, 3 Feb 1799 - 22 Jan 1876  Search this

Asahel Wheeler Hubbard, 19 Jan 1819 - 22 Sep 1879  Search this

William Higby, 18 Aug 1813 - 27 Nov 1887  Search this

Ignatius Donnelly, 3 Nov 1831 - 1 Jan 1901  Search this

Martin Russell Thayer, 9 Mar 1845 - 14 Oct 1906  Search this

Fernando Cortez Beaman, 28 Jun 1814 - 27 Sep 1882  Search this

Robert Bruce Van Valkenburgh, 4 Sep 1821 - 1 Aug 1888  Search this

Oakes Ames, 10 Jan 1804 - 8 May 1873  Search this

Rufus Paine Spalding, 3 May 1798 - 20 Aug 1886  Search this

Archibald McAllister, 12 Oct 1813 - 18 Jul 1883  Search this

Ithamar Conkey Sloan, 9 May 1822 - 24 Dec 1898  Search this

Austin Augustus King, 21 Sep 1802 - 22 Apr 1870  Search this

Daniel Morris, 4 Jan 1812 - 22 Apr 1889  Search this

Jesse Olds Norton, 25 Dec 1812 - 3 Aug 1875  Search this

Alexander Hamilton Rice, 30 Aug 1818 - 22 Jul 1895  Search this

John Crispell, 1820 - 1920?  Search this

James Kennedy Moorhead, 7 Sep 1806 - 6 Mar 1884  Search this

John Bassett Alley, 7 Jan 1817 - 19 Jan 1896  Search this

Calvin Tilden Hulburd, 5 Jun 1809 - 25 Oct 1897  Search this

Thomas Dawes Eliot, 20 Mar 1808 - 14 Jun 1870  Search this

James Madison Marvin, 27 Feb 1809 - 25 Apr 1901  Search this

Isaac Newton Arnold, 1815 - 1884  Search this

John Ashley Griswold, 18 Nov 1822 - 22 Feb 1902  Search this

Thomas Williams, 28 Aug 1806 - 16 Jun 1872  Search this

Thomas Treadwell Davis, 22 Aug 1810 - 2 May 1872  Search this

Moses Fowler Odell, 24 Feb 1818 - 13 Jun 1866  Search this

Augustus Brandegee, 15 Jul 1828 - 10 Nov 1904  Search this

Alexander Hamilton Coffroth, 18 May 1828 - 2 Sep 1906  Search this

William Radford, 24 Jun 1814 - 18 Jan 1870  Search this

William Barrett Washburn, 31 Jan 1820 - 5 Oct 1887  Search this

Godlove Stein Orth, 22 Apr 1817 - 16 Dec 1882  Search this

William Harrison Randall, 15 Jul 1812 - 1 Aug 1881  Search this

Glenni William Scofield, 11 Mar 1817 - 30 Aug 1891  Search this

DeWitt Clinton Littlejohn, 7 Jan 1818 - 27 Oct 1892  Search this

George Helm Yeaman, 1 Nov 1829 - 23 Feb 1908  Search this

Cornelius Cole, 17 Sep 1822 - 3 Nov 1924  Search this

Lucian Anderson, 23 Jun 1824 - 18 Oct 1898  Search this

John Hovey Rice, 5 Feb 1816 - 14 Mar 1911  Search this

John Benedict Steele, 28 Mar 1814 - 24 Sep 1866  Search this

John Farson Starr, 25 Mar 1818 - 9 Aug 1904  Search this

Theodore Medad Pomeroy, 31 Dec 1824 - 23 Mar 1905  Search this

Walter Duncan McIndoe, 30 Mar 1819 - 22 Aug 1872  Search this

John Fletcher Driggs, 8 Mar 1813 - 17 Dec 1877  Search this

Homer Augustus Nelson, 31 Aug 1829 - 25 Apr 1891  Search this

William Boyd Allison, 2 Mar 1829 - 4 Aug 1908  Search this

Samuel Franklin Miller, 27 May 1827 - 16 Mar 1892  Search this

Ezra Wheeler, 23 Dec 1820 - 19 Sep 1871  Search this

Ambrose Williams Clark, 19 Feb 1810 - 13 Oct 1887  Search this

James Abram Garfield, 19 Nov 1831 - 19 Sep 1881  Search this

Amos Myers, 23 Apr 1824 - 18 Oct 1893  Search this

Thomas Bowles Shannon, 21 Sep 1827 - 21 Feb 1897  Search this

Abel Carter Wilder, 18 Mar 1828 - 22 Dec 1875  Search this

Frederick Enoch Woodbridge, 29 Aug 1818 - 25 Apr 1888  Search this

Frederick Augustus Pike, 9 Dec 1816 - 2 Dec 1886  Search this

John Franklin Fransworth, 27 Mar 1820 - 14 Jul 1897  Search this

John Ganson, 1 Jan 1818 - 28 Sep 1874  Search this

John Denison Baldwin, 28 Sep 1809 - 8 Jul 1883  Search this

Benjamin Franklin Loan, 4 Oct 1819 - 30 Mar 1881  Search this

Green Clay Smith, 4 Jul 1826 - 29 Jun 1895  Search this

Wells Andrews Hutchins, 8 Oct 1818 - 25 Jan 1895  Search this

Henry Champion Deming, 23 May 1815 - 8 Oct 1872  Search this

Samuel Knox, 21 Mar 1815 - 7 Mar 1905  Search this

Sempronius Hamilton Boyd, 28 May 1828 - 22 Jun 1894  Search this

Jacob Merritt Howard, 10 Jul 1805 - 2 Apr 1871  Search this

Timothy Otis Howe, 24 Feb 1816 - 25 Mar 1883  Search this

Benjamin Franklin Wade, 27 Oct 1800 - 2 Mar 1878  Search this

William Sprague, 12 Sep 1830 - 11 Sep 1915  Search this

Edgar Cowan, 19 Sep 1815 - 29 Aug 1885  Search this

Alexander Ramsey, 8 Sep 1815 - 22 Apr 1903  Search this

Daniel Clark, 24 Oct 1809 - 2 Jan 1891  Search this

Henry Smith Lane, 24 Feb 1811 - 18 Jun 1881  Search this

Zachariah Chandler, 13 Dec 1813 - 1 Nov 1879  Search this

James Dixon, 5 Aug 1814 - 27 Mar 1873  Search this

Peter Godwin Van Winkle, 7 Sep 1808 - 15 Apr 1872  Search this

Benjamin Gratz Brown, 28 May 1826 - 13 Dec 1885  Search this

John Conover Ten Eyck, 12 Mar 1814 - 24 Apr 1875  Search this

William Pitt Fessenden, 16 Oct 1806 - 9 Sep 1869  Search this

James Willis Nesmith, 23 Jul 1820 - 17 Jun 1885  Search this

Waitman Thomas Willey, 18 Oct 1811 - 2 May 1900  Search this

Morton Smith Wilkinson, 22 Jan 1819 - 4 Feb 1894  Search this

Benjamin Franklin Harding, 4 Jan 1823 - 16 Jun 1899  Search this

John Conness, 22 Sep 1821 - 10 Jan 1909  Search this

Lyman Trumbull, 12 Oct 1813 - 25 Jun 1896  Search this

Henry Wilson, 16 Feb 1812 - 22 Nov 1875  Search this

Jacob Collamer, 8 Jan 1792 - 9 Nov 1865  Search this

John Sherman, 10 May 1823 - 22 Oct 1900  Search this

Charles Sumner, 6 Jan 1811 - 11 Mar 1874  Search this

Lafayette Sabine Foster, 22 Nov 1806 - 19 Sep 1880  Search this

James Harlan, 26 Aug 1820 - 5 Oct 1899  Search this

Edwin Denison Morgan, 8 Feb 1811 - 14 Feb 1883  Search this

James Henry Lane, 22 Jun 1814 - 11 Jul 1866  Search this

Ira Harris, 31 May 1802 - 2 Dec 1875  Search this

Henry Bowen Anthony, 1 Jan 1815 - 2 Sep 1884  Search this

Samuel Clarke Pomeroy, 3 Jan 1816 - 27 Aug 1891  Search this

John Brooks Henderson, 16 Nov 1826 - 12 Apr 1913  Search this

Reverdy Johnson, 21 May 1796 - 10 Feb 1876  Search this

John Parker Hale, 31 Mar 1806 - 19 Nov 1873  Search this

Lot Myrick Morrill, 3 May 1812 - 10 Jan 1883  Search this

Solomon Foot, 19 Nov 1802 - 28 Mar 1866  Search this

James Wilson Grimes, 20 Oct 1816 - 7 Feb 1872  Search this

James Rood Doolittle, 3 Jan 1815 - 23 Jul 1897  Search this

Medium:

Albumen silver print

Dimensions:

Image/Sheet: 20.6 x 17.9cm (8 1/8 x 7 1/16")

Mount: 43.7 x 34.7cm (17 3/16 x 13 11/16")

Mat: 55.9 x 40.6cm (22 x 16")

Type:

Photograph

Date:

1865

Topic:

James Edward English: Male  Search this

James Edward English: Business and Finance\Banker  Search this

James Edward English: Politics and Government\US Senator\Connecticut  Search this

James Edward English: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Connecticut  Search this

James Edward English: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Lumber  Search this

James Edward English: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Industrialist\Manufacturer  Search this

James Edward English: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Connecticut  Search this

James Edward English: Politics and Government\State Senator\Connecticut  Search this

James Edward English: Politics and Government\Governor\Connecticut  Search this

Lafayette Sabine Foster: Male  Search this

Lafayette Sabine Foster: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Lafayette Sabine Foster: Journalism and Media\Newspaper editor  Search this

Lafayette Sabine Foster: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Teacher  Search this

Lafayette Sabine Foster: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Professor\College  Search this

Lafayette Sabine Foster: Politics and Government\US Senator\Connecticut  Search this

Lafayette Sabine Foster: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Connecticut  Search this

Lafayette Sabine Foster: Education and Scholarship\Administrator\School administrator  Search this

Lafayette Sabine Foster: Politics and Government\Public official\Mayor\Norwich, CT  Search this

Lafayette Sabine Foster: Law and Crime\Judge\Justice\State Supreme Court Justice\Connecticut  Search this

John Conover Ten Eyck: Male  Search this

John Conover Ten Eyck: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

John Conover Ten Eyck: Politics and Government\US Senator\New Jersey  Search this

James Henry Lane: Male  Search this

James Henry Lane: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

James Henry Lane: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Colonel  Search this

James Henry Lane: Politics and Government\US Senator\Kansas  Search this

James Henry Lane: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Indiana  Search this

James Henry Lane: Politics and Government\Lieutenant Governor\Indiana  Search this

Thaddeus Stevens: Male  Search this

Thaddeus Stevens: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Thaddeus Stevens: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Pennsylvania  Search this

Thaddeus Stevens: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Pennsylvania  Search this

Charles Sumner: Male  Search this

Charles Sumner: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Charles Sumner: Politics and Government\Statesman  Search this

Charles Sumner: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Lecturer  Search this

Charles Sumner: Politics and Government\US Senator\Massachusetts  Search this

James Willis Patterson: Male  Search this

James Willis Patterson: Politics and Government\US Senator\New Hampshire  Search this

James Willis Patterson: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Teacher  Search this

James Willis Patterson: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Professor\College  Search this

James Willis Patterson: Education and Scholarship\Administrator\Smithsonian Institution\Regent of Smithsonian Institution  Search this

James Willis Patterson: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New Hampshire  Search this

James Willis Patterson: Politics and Government\State Legislator\New Hampshire  Search this

Henry Laurens Dawes: Male  Search this

Henry Laurens Dawes: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Henry Laurens Dawes: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Massachusetts  Search this

Henry Laurens Dawes: Journalism and Media\Newspaper editor  Search this

Henry Laurens Dawes: Politics and Government\State Senator\Massachusetts  Search this

Henry Laurens Dawes: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Teacher  Search this

Henry Laurens Dawes: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Massachusetts  Search this

Henry Laurens Dawes: Politics and Government\US Senator\Massachusetts  Search this

Daniel Clark: Male  Search this

Daniel Clark: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Daniel Clark: Law and Crime\Judge  Search this

Daniel Clark: Politics and Government\US Senator\New Hampshire  Search this

Daniel Clark: Politics and Government\State Legislator\New Hampshire  Search this

William Boyd Allison: Male  Search this

William Boyd Allison: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

William Boyd Allison: Politics and Government\US Senator\Majority Leader  Search this

William Boyd Allison: Politics and Government\Politician  Search this

William Boyd Allison: Politics and Government\US Senator\Iowa  Search this

William Boyd Allison: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Iowa  Search this

James Abram Garfield: Male  Search this

James Abram Garfield: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

James Abram Garfield: Natural Resource Occupations\Agriculturist\Farmer  Search this

James Abram Garfield: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\General  Search this

James Abram Garfield: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Teacher  Search this

James Abram Garfield: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Professor\College  Search this

James Abram Garfield: Politics and Government\President of US  Search this

James Abram Garfield: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Ohio  Search this

James Abram Garfield: Education and Scholarship\Administrator\College administrator\President  Search this

James Abram Garfield: Politics and Government\State Senator\Ohio  Search this

James Abram Garfield: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Major General  Search this

James Sidney Rollins: Male  Search this

James Sidney Rollins: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

James Sidney Rollins: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer  Search this

James Sidney Rollins: Education and Scholarship\Administrator\University administrator\University president  Search this

James Sidney Rollins: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Missouri  Search this

James Sidney Rollins: Politics and Government\State Senator\Missouri  Search this

James Sidney Rollins: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Missouri  Search this

Jacob Collamer: Male  Search this

Jacob Collamer: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Jacob Collamer: Military and Intelligence\Soldier  Search this

Jacob Collamer: Law and Crime\Judge  Search this

Jacob Collamer: Politics and Government\Government official\Postmaster\Postmaster General  Search this

Jacob Collamer: Politics and Government\US Senator\Vermont  Search this

Jacob Collamer: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Vermont  Search this

Jacob Collamer: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Vermont  Search this

John Wesley Longyear: Male  Search this

John Wesley Longyear: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

John Wesley Longyear: Law and Crime\Judge  Search this

John Wesley Longyear: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Teacher  Search this

John Wesley Longyear: Politics and Government\Loyalist  Search this

John Wesley Longyear: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Michigan  Search this

William Sprague: Male  Search this

William Sprague: Natural Resource Occupations\Agriculturist  Search this

William Sprague: Education and Scholarship\Administrator\University administrator\University trustee  Search this

William Sprague: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Civil War army officer\Union army officer  Search this

William Sprague: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Industrialist\Manufacturer  Search this

William Sprague: Politics and Government\US Senator\Rhode Island  Search this

William Sprague: Crafts and Trades\Printer  Search this

William Sprague: Politics and Government\Governor\Rhode Island  Search this

Jacob Merritt Howard: Male  Search this

Jacob Merritt Howard: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Jacob Merritt Howard: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Michigan  Search this

Jacob Merritt Howard: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Michigan  Search this

Jacob Merritt Howard: Politics and Government\US Senator\Michigan  Search this

Benjamin Gratz Brown: Male  Search this

Benjamin Gratz Brown: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Benjamin Gratz Brown: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Civil War army officer\Union army officer  Search this

Benjamin Gratz Brown: Politics and Government\US Senator\Missouri  Search this

Benjamin Gratz Brown: Politics and Government\Governor\Missouri  Search this

Benjamin Gratz Brown: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Missouri  Search this

Ignatius Donnelly: Male  Search this

Ignatius Donnelly: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Ignatius Donnelly: Literature\Writer  Search this

Ignatius Donnelly: Politics and Government\Politician  Search this

Ignatius Donnelly: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Minnesota  Search this

Ignatius Donnelly: Politics and Government\Lieutenant Governor\Minnesota  Search this

Ignatius Donnelly: Politics and Government\State Senator\Minnesota  Search this

Justin Smith Morrill: Male  Search this

Justin Smith Morrill: Education and Scholarship\Administrator\University administrator\University trustee  Search this

Justin Smith Morrill: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Merchant  Search this

Justin Smith Morrill: Education and Scholarship\Administrator\Smithsonian Institution\Regent of Smithsonian Institution  Search this

Justin Smith Morrill: Politics and Government\US Senator\Vermont  Search this

Justin Smith Morrill: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Vermont  Search this

James Falconer Wilson: Male  Search this

James Falconer Wilson: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

James Falconer Wilson: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Business executive\Railroad  Search this

James Falconer Wilson: Politics and Government\US Senator\Iowa  Search this

James Falconer Wilson: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Iowa  Search this

James Falconer Wilson: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Iowa  Search this

James Falconer Wilson: Politics and Government\State Senator\Iowa  Search this

Hiram Price: Male  Search this

Hiram Price: Politics and Government\Public official  Search this

Hiram Price: Politics and Government\Statesman  Search this

Hiram Price: Natural Resource Occupations\Agriculturist\Farmer  Search this

Hiram Price: Business and Finance\Banker  Search this

Hiram Price: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Business executive\Railroad  Search this

Hiram Price: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Merchant  Search this

Hiram Price: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Iowa  Search this

Elihu Benjamin Washburne: Male  Search this

Elihu Benjamin Washburne: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Elihu Benjamin Washburne: Politics and Government\Cabinet member\Secretary of State  Search this

Elihu Benjamin Washburne: Politics and Government\Diplomat\Minister  Search this

Elihu Benjamin Washburne: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Illinois  Search this

Elihu Benjamin Washburne: Society and Social Change\Administrator\Historical society administrator  Search this

Robert Cumming Schenck: Male  Search this

Robert Cumming Schenck: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Robert Cumming Schenck: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Professor\University  Search this

Robert Cumming Schenck: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Civil War army officer\Union army officer  Search this

Robert Cumming Schenck: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Brigadier General  Search this

Robert Cumming Schenck: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Ohio  Search this

Robert Cumming Schenck: Politics and Government\Diplomat\Minister  Search this

Robert Cumming Schenck: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Ohio  Search this

Hannibal Hamlin: Male  Search this

Hannibal Hamlin: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Hannibal Hamlin: Politics and Government\Vice-President of US  Search this

Hannibal Hamlin: Natural Resource Occupations\Agriculturist  Search this

Hannibal Hamlin: Military and Intelligence\Soldier  Search this

Hannibal Hamlin: Politics and Government\Diplomat\Minister  Search this

Hannibal Hamlin: Education and Scholarship\Administrator\Smithsonian Institution\Regent of Smithsonian Institution  Search this

Hannibal Hamlin: Crafts and Trades\Printer  Search this

Hannibal Hamlin: Politics and Government\US Senator\Maine  Search this

Hannibal Hamlin: Politics and Government\Governor\Maine  Search this

Hannibal Hamlin: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Maine  Search this

Schuyler Colfax: Male  Search this

Schuyler Colfax: Politics and Government\Vice-President of US  Search this

Schuyler Colfax: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Lecturer  Search this

Schuyler Colfax: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Speaker of the House  Search this

Schuyler Colfax: Journalism and Media\Newspaper publisher  Search this

Schuyler Colfax: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Indiana  Search this

Schuyler Colfax: Business and Finance\Accounting\Auditor  Search this

Lot Myrick Morrill: Male  Search this

Lot Myrick Morrill: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Lot Myrick Morrill: Politics and Government\Cabinet member\Secretary of Treasury  Search this

Lot Myrick Morrill: Politics and Government\US Senator\Maine  Search this

Lot Myrick Morrill: Politics and Government\Governor\Maine  Search this

Lot Myrick Morrill: Politics and Government\State Senator\Maine  Search this

Lot Myrick Morrill: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Maine  Search this

Josiah Bushnell Grinnell: Male  Search this

Josiah Bushnell Grinnell: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Josiah Bushnell Grinnell: Religion and Spirituality\Clergy\Pastor  Search this

Josiah Bushnell Grinnell: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Business executive\Railroad  Search this

Josiah Bushnell Grinnell: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Industrialist\Railroad  Search this

Josiah Bushnell Grinnell: Politics and Government\Legislator  Search this

Josiah Bushnell Grinnell: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Iowa  Search this

Isaac Newton Arnold: Male  Search this

Isaac Newton Arnold: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Isaac Newton Arnold: Education and Scholarship\Scholar\Historian  Search this

Isaac Newton Arnold: Literature\Writer\Biographer  Search this

Isaac Newton Arnold: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Illinois  Search this

Isaac Newton Arnold: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Illinois  Search this

Reverdy Johnson: Male  Search this

Reverdy Johnson: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Reverdy Johnson: Politics and Government\Cabinet member\US Attorney General  Search this

Reverdy Johnson: Politics and Government\Diplomat\Minister  Search this

Reverdy Johnson: Politics and Government\State Senator\Maryland  Search this

Reverdy Johnson: Politics and Government\US Senator\Maryland  Search this

Edward Henry Rollins: Male  Search this

Edward Henry Rollins: Politics and Government\US Senator\New Hampshire  Search this

Edward Henry Rollins: Business and Finance\Banker  Search this

Edward Henry Rollins: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Business executive\Railroad  Search this

Edward Henry Rollins: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Merchant  Search this

Edward Henry Rollins: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New Hampshire  Search this

Edward Henry Rollins: Politics and Government\State Legislator\New Hampshire  Search this

Henry Taylor Blow: Male  Search this

Henry Taylor Blow: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Missouri  Search this

Henry Taylor Blow: Politics and Government\Diplomat\Minister  Search this

Henry Taylor Blow: Politics and Government\State Senator\Missouri  Search this

Henry Taylor Blow: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Mining  Search this

Henry Wilson: Male  Search this

Henry Wilson: Politics and Government\Vice-President of US  Search this

Henry Wilson: Natural Resource Occupations\Agriculturist\Farmer  Search this

Henry Wilson: Journalism and Media\Newspaper editor  Search this

Henry Wilson: Politics and Government\State Senator\Massachusetts  Search this

Henry Wilson: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Teacher  Search this

Henry Wilson: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Massachusetts  Search this

Henry Wilson: Politics and Government\US Senator\Massachusetts  Search this

Henry Wilson: Military and Intelligence\Officer  Search this

Henry Wilson: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Industrialist\Manufacturer\Shoe  Search this

Henry Wilson: Crafts and Trades\Cobbler  Search this

John Adam Kasson: Male  Search this

John Adam Kasson: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

John Adam Kasson: Politics and Government\Cabinet member  Search this

John Adam Kasson: Politics and Government\Diplomat\Minister  Search this

John Adam Kasson: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Iowa  Search this

John Adam Kasson: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Iowa  Search this

Cornelius Cole: Male  Search this

Cornelius Cole: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Cornelius Cole: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Captain  Search this

Cornelius Cole: Politics and Government\US Senator\California  Search this

Cornelius Cole: Natural Resource Occupations\Miner\Gold miner  Search this

Cornelius Cole: Politics and Government\US Congressman\California  Search this

Henry Bowen Anthony: Male  Search this

Henry Bowen Anthony: Journalism and Media\Newspaper editor  Search this

Henry Bowen Anthony: Politics and Government\US Senator\Rhode Island  Search this

Henry Bowen Anthony: Politics and Government\Governor\Rhode Island  Search this

Henry Smith Lane: Male  Search this

Henry Smith Lane: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Henry Smith Lane: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer  Search this

Henry Smith Lane: Business and Finance\Banker  Search this

Henry Smith Lane: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Indiana  Search this

Henry Smith Lane: Politics and Government\State Senator\Indiana  Search this

Henry Smith Lane: Politics and Government\US Senator\Indiana  Search this

Henry Smith Lane: Politics and Government\Governor\Indiana  Search this

Henry Smith Lane: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Indiana  Search this

Solomon Foot: Male  Search this

Solomon Foot: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Solomon Foot: Politics and Government\Politician  Search this

Solomon Foot: Politics and Government\US Senator\Vermont  Search this

Solomon Foot: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Vermont  Search this

Solomon Foot: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Vermont  Search this

James Rood Doolittle: Male  Search this

James Rood Doolittle: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

James Rood Doolittle: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Professor\University  Search this

James Rood Doolittle: Education and Scholarship\Administrator\University administrator\University president  Search this

James Rood Doolittle: Law and Crime\Judge  Search this

James Rood Doolittle: Education and Scholarship\Administrator\University administrator\University trustee  Search this

James Rood Doolittle: Politics and Government\US Senator\Wisconsin  Search this

Theodore Medad Pomeroy: Male  Search this

Theodore Medad Pomeroy: Business and Finance\Businessperson  Search this

Theodore Medad Pomeroy: Politics and Government\State Legislator\New York  Search this

Theodore Medad Pomeroy: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Theodore Medad Pomeroy: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Speaker of the House  Search this

Theodore Medad Pomeroy: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New York  Search this

Theodore Medad Pomeroy: Politics and Government\State Senator\New York  Search this

Theodore Medad Pomeroy: Politics and Government\Public official\Mayor\Auburn, NY  Search this

James Wilson Grimes: Male  Search this

James Wilson Grimes: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

James Wilson Grimes: Politics and Government\US Senator\Iowa  Search this

James Wilson Grimes: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Iowa  Search this

James Wilson Grimes: Politics and Government\Governor\Iowa  Search this

John Parker Hale: Male  Search this

John Parker Hale: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

John Parker Hale: Politics and Government\US Attorney  Search this

John Parker Hale: Politics and Government\Diplomat\Minister  Search this

John Parker Hale: Politics and Government\US Senator\Maine  Search this

John Parker Hale: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Maine  Search this

John Brooks Henderson: Male  Search this

John Brooks Henderson: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

John Brooks Henderson: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Brigadier General  Search this

John Brooks Henderson: Politics and Government\US Senator\Missouri  Search this

John Brooks Henderson: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Missouri  Search this

Edwin Denison Morgan: Male  Search this

Edwin Denison Morgan: Politics and Government\State Legislator\New York  Search this

Edwin Denison Morgan: Politics and Government\US Senator\New York  Search this

Edwin Denison Morgan: Business and Finance\Banker  Search this

Edwin Denison Morgan: Politics and Government\Governor\New York  Search this

Edwin Denison Morgan: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Merchant  Search this

Edwin Denison Morgan: Society and Social Change\Philanthropist\Benefactor  Search this

George Sewall Boutwell: Male  Search this

George Sewall Boutwell: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

George Sewall Boutwell: Politics and Government\Cabinet member\Secretary of Treasury  Search this

George Sewall Boutwell: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Massachusetts  Search this

George Sewall Boutwell: Politics and Government\Governor\Massachusetts  Search this

George Sewall Boutwell: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Teacher  Search this

George Sewall Boutwell: Politics and Government\US Senator\Massachusetts  Search this

George Sewall Boutwell: Politics and Government\Government official\Postmaster  Search this

Timothy Otis Howe: Male  Search this

Timothy Otis Howe: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Timothy Otis Howe: Law and Crime\Judge  Search this

Timothy Otis Howe: Politics and Government\US Senator\Wisconsin  Search this

Timothy Otis Howe: Politics and Government\Government official\Postmaster\Postmaster General  Search this

Timothy Otis Howe: Law and Crime\Judge\Justice\State Supreme Court Justice\Wisconsin  Search this

Zachariah Chandler: Male  Search this

Zachariah Chandler: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Teacher  Search this

Zachariah Chandler: Politics and Government\Cabinet member\Secretary of Interior  Search this

Zachariah Chandler: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Merchant  Search this

Zachariah Chandler: Politics and Government\US Senator\Michigan  Search this

Zachariah Chandler: Politics and Government\Public official\Mayor\Detroit, MI  Search this

Alexander Ramsey: Male  Search this

Alexander Ramsey: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Alexander Ramsey: Politics and Government\Cabinet member\Secretary of War  Search this

Alexander Ramsey: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Pennsylvania  Search this

Alexander Ramsey: Society and Social Change\Administrator\Historical society administrator\President  Search this

Alexander Ramsey: Politics and Government\US Senator\Minnesota  Search this

Alexander Ramsey: Politics and Government\Governor\Minnesota  Search this

Augustus Frank: Male  Search this

Augustus Frank: Business and Finance\Banker  Search this

Augustus Frank: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Business executive\Railroad  Search this

Augustus Frank: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New York  Search this

John Henry Hubbard: Male  Search this

John Henry Hubbard: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

John Henry Hubbard: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Connecticut  Search this

John Henry Hubbard: Politics and Government\State Senator\Connecticut  Search this

Henry Winter Davis: Male  Search this

Henry Winter Davis: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Henry Winter Davis: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Maryland  Search this

James Mitchell Ashley: Male  Search this

James Mitchell Ashley: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

James Mitchell Ashley: Journalism and Media\Newspaper editor  Search this

James Mitchell Ashley: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Business executive\Railroad  Search this

James Mitchell Ashley: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Industrialist\Railroad  Search this

James Mitchell Ashley: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Ohio  Search this

James Mitchell Ashley: Politics and Government\Governor\Montana  Search this

Leonard Myers: Male  Search this

Leonard Myers: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Leonard Myers: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Pennsylvania  Search this

Leonard Myers: Military and Intelligence\Militia\Officer  Search this

Charles O'Neill: Male  Search this

Charles O'Neill: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Charles O'Neill: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Pennsylvania  Search this

Charles O'Neill: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Pennsylvania  Search this

Charles O'Neill: Politics and Government\State Senator\Pennsylvania  Search this

Daniel Wheelwright Gooch: Male  Search this

Daniel Wheelwright Gooch: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Daniel Wheelwright Gooch: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Massachusetts  Search this

Samuel Hooper: Male  Search this

Samuel Hooper: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Massachusetts  Search this

Samuel Hooper: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Importer  Search this

Samuel Hooper: Politics and Government\State Senator\Massachusetts  Search this

Samuel Hooper: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Massachusetts  Search this

Samuel Hooper: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Industrialist\Manufacturer\Iron  Search this

Henry Gaither Worthington: Male  Search this

Henry Gaither Worthington: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Henry Gaither Worthington: Law and Crime\Judge  Search this

Henry Gaither Worthington: Politics and Government\Diplomat\Minister  Search this

Henry Gaither Worthington: Military and Intelligence\Militia\Officer  Search this

Henry Gaither Worthington: Politics and Government\State Legislator\California  Search this

Henry Gaither Worthington: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Nevada  Search this

Freeman Clarke: Male  Search this

Freeman Clarke: Business and Finance\Financier  Search this

Freeman Clarke: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Business executive\Railroad  Search this

Freeman Clarke: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New York  Search this

Freeman Clarke: Business and Finance\Accounting\Accountant\Comptroller  Search this

Edwin Hanson Webster: Male  Search this

Edwin Hanson Webster: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Edwin Hanson Webster: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Colonel  Search this

Edwin Hanson Webster: Business and Finance\Banker  Search this

Edwin Hanson Webster: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Teacher  Search this

Edwin Hanson Webster: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Maryland  Search this

Edwin Hanson Webster: Politics and Government\State Senator\Maryland  Search this

William Darrah Kelley: Male  Search this

William Darrah Kelley: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

William Darrah Kelley: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Pennsylvania  Search this

William Darrah Kelley: Law and Crime\Judge  Search this

William Darrah Kelley: Crafts and Trades\Jeweler  Search this

George Washington Julian: Male  Search this

George Washington Julian: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

George Washington Julian: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Indiana  Search this

George Washington Julian: Politics and Government\Government official\Surveyor  Search this

George Washington Julian: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Indiana  Search this

Nathaniel Barratt Smithers: Male  Search this

Nathaniel Barratt Smithers: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Nathaniel Barratt Smithers: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Delaware  Search this

Jacob Beeson Blair: Male  Search this

Jacob Beeson Blair: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Jacob Beeson Blair: Law and Crime\Judge  Search this

Jacob Beeson Blair: Politics and Government\Diplomat\Minister  Search this

Jacob Beeson Blair: Politics and Government\US Congressman\West Virginia  Search this

Jacob Beeson Blair: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Virginia  Search this

Jacob Beeson Blair: Politics and Government\Government official\Surveyor  Search this

Jacob Beeson Blair: Law and Crime\Judge\Justice\State Supreme Court Justice\Wyoming  Search this

Portus Baxter: Male  Search this

Portus Baxter: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Vermont  Search this

Charles Upson: Male  Search this

Charles Upson: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Charles Upson: Law and Crime\Judge  Search this

Charles Upson: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Teacher  Search this

Charles Upson: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Michigan  Search this

Charles Upson: Politics and Government\State Senator\Michigan  Search this

Charles Upson: Politics and Government\State Attorney General\Michigan  Search this

Charles Upson: Politics and Government\Public official\Mayor\Coldwater, MI  Search this

James Tracy Hale: Male  Search this

James Tracy Hale: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

James Tracy Hale: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Pennsylvania  Search this

James Tracy Hale: Law and Crime\Judge  Search this

Giles Waldo Hotchkiss: Male  Search this

Giles Waldo Hotchkiss: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Giles Waldo Hotchkiss: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New York  Search this

Joseph Bailey: Male  Search this

Joseph Bailey: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Joseph Bailey: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Pennsylvania  Search this

Joseph Bailey: Crafts and Trades  Search this

Joseph Bailey: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Pennsylvania  Search this

Joseph Bailey: Politics and Government\State Senator\Pennsylvania  Search this

Ebenezer Dumont: Male  Search this

Ebenezer Dumont: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Ebenezer Dumont: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\General  Search this

Ebenezer Dumont: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Indiana  Search this

Ebenezer Dumont: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Indiana  Search this

Augustus Carpenter Baldwin: Male  Search this

Augustus Carpenter Baldwin: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Augustus Carpenter Baldwin: Law and Crime\Judge  Search this

Augustus Carpenter Baldwin: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Michigan  Search this

Augustus Carpenter Baldwin: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Michigan  Search this

Augustus Carpenter Baldwin: Politics and Government\Public official\Mayor\Pontiac, MI  Search this

Francis Kellogg: Male  Search this

Francis Kellogg: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Colonel  Search this

Francis Kellogg: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Lumber  Search this

Francis Kellogg: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Alabama  Search this

Francis Kellogg: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Michigan  Search this

Francis Kellogg: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Michigan  Search this

John Rogers McBride: Male  Search this

John Rogers McBride: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

John Rogers McBride: Education and Scholarship\Administrator\Superintendent  Search this

John Rogers McBride: Politics and Government\State Senator\Oregon  Search this

John Rogers McBride: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Oregon  Search this

John Rogers McBride: Law and Crime\Judge\Justice\State Supreme Court Justice\Idaho  Search this

Orlando Kellogg: Male  Search this

Orlando Kellogg: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Orlando Kellogg: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New York  Search this

Nathan Fellows Dixon: Male  Search this

Nathan Fellows Dixon: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Nathan Fellows Dixon: Business and Finance\Banker  Search this

Nathan Fellows Dixon: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Rhode Island  Search this

Nathan Fellows Dixon: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Rhode Island  Search this

Henry Wells Tracy: Male  Search this

Henry Wells Tracy: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Pennsylvania  Search this

Henry Wells Tracy: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Merchant  Search this

Henry Wells Tracy: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Pennsylvania  Search this

Henry Wells Tracy: Science and Technology\Contractor  Search this

Sidney Perham: Male  Search this

Sidney Perham: Natural Resource Occupations\Agriculturist  Search this

Sidney Perham: Education and Scholarship\Administrator\University administrator\University trustee  Search this

Sidney Perham: Politics and Government\Governor\Maine  Search this

Sidney Perham: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Maine  Search this

Sidney Perham: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Maine  Search this

Sidney Perham: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Appraiser  Search this

William Gay Brown: Male  Search this

William Gay Brown: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

William Gay Brown: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Virginia  Search this

William Gay Brown: Politics and Government\US Congressman\West Virginia  Search this

William Gay Brown: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Virginia  Search this

Anson Herrick: Male  Search this

Anson Herrick: Journalism and Media\Journalist  Search this

Anson Herrick: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New York  Search this

Anson Herrick: Crafts and Trades\Printer  Search this

Ephraim Ralph Eckley: Male  Search this

Ephraim Ralph Eckley: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Ephraim Ralph Eckley: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Teacher  Search this

Ephraim Ralph Eckley: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Brigadier General  Search this

Ephraim Ralph Eckley: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Ohio  Search this

Ephraim Ralph Eckley: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Ohio  Search this

Ephraim Ralph Eckley: Politics and Government\State Senator\Ohio  Search this

Ebon Clark Ingersoll: Male  Search this

Ebon Clark Ingersoll: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Ebon Clark Ingersoll: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Illinois  Search this

Ebon Clark Ingersoll: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Illinois  Search this

Joseph Washington McClurg: Male  Search this

Joseph Washington McClurg: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Joseph Washington McClurg: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Colonel  Search this

Joseph Washington McClurg: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Teacher  Search this

Joseph Washington McClurg: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Merchant  Search this

Joseph Washington McClurg: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Merchant\Shipping  Search this

Joseph Washington McClurg: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Missouri  Search this

Joseph Washington McClurg: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Mining  Search this

Joseph Washington McClurg: Politics and Government\Governor\Missouri  Search this

Thomas Allen Jenckes: Male  Search this

Thomas Allen Jenckes: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Thomas Allen Jenckes: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Rhode Island  Search this

Thomas Allen Jenckes: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Rhode Island  Search this

John Martin Broomall: Male  Search this

John Martin Broomall: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

John Martin Broomall: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Pennsylvania  Search this

John Martin Broomall: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Captain  Search this

John Martin Broomall: Law and Crime\Judge  Search this

John Martin Broomall: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Teacher  Search this

John Martin Broomall: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Pennsylvania  Search this

Amasa Cobb: Male  Search this

Amasa Cobb: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Amasa Cobb: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Brigadier General  Search this

Amasa Cobb: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Wisconsin  Search this

Amasa Cobb: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Mining  Search this

Amasa Cobb: Politics and Government\Public official\Mayor\Lincoln, NE  Search this

Amasa Cobb: Law and Crime\Judge\Justice\State Supreme Court Justice\Nebraska  Search this

Kellian Van Rensalear Whaley: Male  Search this

Kellian Van Rensalear Whaley: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Lumber  Search this

Kellian Van Rensalear Whaley: Politics and Government\US Congressman\West Virginia  Search this

Kellian Van Rensalear Whaley: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Virginia  Search this

Kellian Van Rensalear Whaley: Politics and Government\Government official\Customs Agent  Search this

Francis Thomas: Male  Search this

Francis Thomas: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Francis Thomas: Natural Resource Occupations\Agriculturist  Search this

Francis Thomas: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Business executive\Company president  Search this

Francis Thomas: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Maryland  Search this

Francis Thomas: Politics and Government\Diplomat\Minister  Search this

Francis Thomas: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Maryland  Search this

Francis Thomas: Politics and Government\Governor\Maryland  Search this

Asahel Wheeler Hubbard: Male  Search this

Asahel Wheeler Hubbard: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Asahel Wheeler Hubbard: Natural Resource Occupations\Agriculturist\Farmer  Search this

Asahel Wheeler Hubbard: Business and Finance\Banker  Search this

Asahel Wheeler Hubbard: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Teacher  Search this

Asahel Wheeler Hubbard: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Industrialist\Railroad  Search this

Asahel Wheeler Hubbard: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Mining  Search this

Asahel Wheeler Hubbard: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Iowa  Search this

Asahel Wheeler Hubbard: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Indiana  Search this

Asahel Wheeler Hubbard: Crafts and Trades\Mason  Search this

William Higby: Male  Search this

William Higby: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

William Higby: Journalism and Media\Newspaper editor  Search this

William Higby: Natural Resource Occupations\Agriculturist\Horticulturist  Search this

William Higby: Politics and Government\US Congressman\California  Search this

William Higby: Politics and Government\State Senator\California  Search this

Martin Russell Thayer: Male  Search this

Martin Russell Thayer: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Martin Russell Thayer: Literature\Writer  Search this

Martin Russell Thayer: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Pennsylvania  Search this

Martin Russell Thayer: Law and Crime\Judge  Search this

Fernando Cortez Beaman: Male  Search this

Fernando Cortez Beaman: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Fernando Cortez Beaman: Law and Crime\Judge  Search this

Fernando Cortez Beaman: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Teacher  Search this

Fernando Cortez Beaman: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Michigan  Search this

Fernando Cortez Beaman: Politics and Government\Public official\Mayor\Adrian, MI  Search this

Robert Bruce Van Valkenburgh: Male  Search this

Robert Bruce Van Valkenburgh: Politics and Government\State Legislator\New York  Search this

Robert Bruce Van Valkenburgh: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Robert Bruce Van Valkenburgh: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Colonel  Search this

Robert Bruce Van Valkenburgh: Politics and Government\Diplomat\Minister  Search this

Robert Bruce Van Valkenburgh: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New York  Search this

Robert Bruce Van Valkenburgh: Law and Crime\Judge\Justice\State Supreme Court Justice\Florida  Search this

Oakes Ames: Male  Search this

Oakes Ames: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Massachusetts  Search this

Oakes Ames: Business and Finance\Financier  Search this

Oakes Ames: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Industrialist\Railroad\Railroad promoter  Search this

Oakes Ames: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Industrialist\Manufacturer\Tool  Search this

Rufus Paine Spalding: Male  Search this

Rufus Paine Spalding: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Ohio  Search this

Rufus Paine Spalding: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Ohio  Search this

Rufus Paine Spalding: Law and Crime\Judge\Justice\State Supreme Court Justice\Ohio  Search this

Archibald McAllister: Male  Search this

Archibald McAllister: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Pennsylvania  Search this

Archibald McAllister: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Industrialist\Manufacturer\Iron  Search this

Austin Augustus King: Male  Search this

Austin Augustus King: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Austin Augustus King: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Colonel  Search this

Austin Augustus King: Law and Crime\Judge  Search this

Austin Augustus King: Law and Crime\Jurist  Search this

Austin Augustus King: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Missouri  Search this

Austin Augustus King: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Missouri  Search this

Ithamar Conkey Sloan: Male  Search this

Ithamar Conkey Sloan: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Ithamar Conkey Sloan: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Wisconsin  Search this

Ithamar Conkey Sloan: Education and Scholarship\Administrator\University administrator\Dean  Search this

Daniel Morris: Male  Search this

Daniel Morris: Politics and Government\State Legislator\New York  Search this

Daniel Morris: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Daniel Morris: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New York  Search this

Jesse Olds Norton: Male  Search this

Jesse Olds Norton: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Jesse Olds Norton: Law and Crime\Judge  Search this

Jesse Olds Norton: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Illinois  Search this

Jesse Olds Norton: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Illinois  Search this

Alexander Hamilton Rice: Male  Search this

Alexander Hamilton Rice: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Massachusetts  Search this

Alexander Hamilton Rice: Politics and Government\Governor\Massachusetts  Search this

Alexander Hamilton Rice: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Industrialist\Manufacturer  Search this

Alexander Hamilton Rice: Politics and Government\Public official\Mayor\Boston, MA  Search this

John Crispell: Male  Search this

John Crispell: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

John Crispell: Business and Finance\Banker  Search this

John Crispell: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Maryland  Search this

John Crispell: Politics and Government\Government official\Postmaster\Postmaster General\US Postmaster General  Search this

John Crispell: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Maryland  Search this

John Crispell: Politics and Government\Government official\Postmaster\Postmaster General  Search this

John Crispell: Politics and Government\US Senator\Maryland  Search this

James Kennedy Moorhead: Male  Search this

James Kennedy Moorhead: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Pennsylvania  Search this

James Kennedy Moorhead: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Business executive\Company president  Search this

James Kennedy Moorhead: Crafts and Trades\Leatherworker\Tanner  Search this

James Kennedy Moorhead: Science and Technology\Contractor  Search this

John Bassett Alley: Male  Search this

John Bassett Alley: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Massachusetts  Search this

John Bassett Alley: Politics and Government\State Senator\Massachusetts  Search this

John Bassett Alley: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Business executive\Railroad  Search this

John Bassett Alley: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Industrialist\Manufacturer\Shoe  Search this

John Bassett Alley: Crafts and Trades\Cobbler  Search this

John Bassett Alley: Business and Finance\Transportation\Riverboat captain  Search this

Calvin Tilden Hulburd: Male  Search this

Calvin Tilden Hulburd: Politics and Government\State Legislator\New York  Search this

Calvin Tilden Hulburd: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Calvin Tilden Hulburd: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New York  Search this

Thomas Dawes Eliot: Male  Search this

Thomas Dawes Eliot: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Thomas Dawes Eliot: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Massachusetts  Search this

Thomas Dawes Eliot: Politics and Government\State Senator\Massachusetts  Search this

Thomas Dawes Eliot: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Massachusetts  Search this

James Madison Marvin: Male  Search this

James Madison Marvin: Politics and Government\State Legislator\New York  Search this

James Madison Marvin: Business and Finance\Banker  Search this

James Madison Marvin: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New York  Search this

James Madison Marvin: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Hotelier  Search this

John Ashley Griswold: Male  Search this

John Ashley Griswold: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

John Ashley Griswold: Law and Crime\Judge  Search this

John Ashley Griswold: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New York  Search this

Thomas Williams: Male  Search this

Thomas Williams: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Thomas Williams: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Pennsylvania  Search this

Thomas Williams: Politics and Government\State Senator\Pennsylvania  Search this

Thomas Treadwell Davis: Male  Search this

Thomas Treadwell Davis: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Thomas Treadwell Davis: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New York  Search this

Moses Fowler Odell: Male  Search this

Moses Fowler Odell: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New York  Search this

Moses Fowler Odell: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Appraiser  Search this

Augustus Brandegee: Male  Search this

Augustus Brandegee: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Augustus Brandegee: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Connecticut  Search this

Augustus Brandegee: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Connecticut  Search this

Alexander Hamilton Coffroth: Male  Search this

Alexander Hamilton Coffroth: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Alexander Hamilton Coffroth: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Pennsylvania  Search this

Alexander Hamilton Coffroth: Journalism and Media\Newspaper publisher  Search this

William Radford: Male  Search this

William Radford: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Merchant  Search this

William Radford: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New York  Search this

William Barrett Washburn: Male  Search this

William Barrett Washburn: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Massachusetts  Search this

William Barrett Washburn: Politics and Government\Governor\Massachusetts  Search this

William Barrett Washburn: Business and Finance\Banker  Search this

William Barrett Washburn: Politics and Government\State Senator\Massachusetts  Search this

William Barrett Washburn: Education and Scholarship\Administrator\University administrator\University trustee  Search this

William Barrett Washburn: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Business executive\Railroad  Search this

William Barrett Washburn: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Industrialist\Manufacturer  Search this

William Barrett Washburn: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Massachusetts  Search this

William Barrett Washburn: Politics and Government\US Senator\Massachusetts  Search this

Godlove Stein Orth: Male  Search this

Godlove Stein Orth: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Godlove Stein Orth: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Captain  Search this

Godlove Stein Orth: Politics and Government\Diplomat\Minister  Search this

Godlove Stein Orth: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Indiana  Search this

Godlove Stein Orth: Politics and Government\State Senator\Indiana  Search this

William Harrison Randall: Male  Search this

William Harrison Randall: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

William Harrison Randall: Law and Crime\Judge  Search this

William Harrison Randall: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Kentucky  Search this

Glenni William Scofield: Male  Search this

Glenni William Scofield: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Glenni William Scofield: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Pennsylvania  Search this

Glenni William Scofield: Law and Crime\Judge  Search this

Glenni William Scofield: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Teacher  Search this

Glenni William Scofield: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Pennsylvania  Search this

Glenni William Scofield: Crafts and Trades\Printer  Search this

Glenni William Scofield: Politics and Government\State Senator\Pennsylvania  Search this

DeWitt Clinton Littlejohn: Male  Search this

DeWitt Clinton Littlejohn: Politics and Government\State Legislator\New York  Search this

DeWitt Clinton Littlejohn: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Industrialist\Manufacturer  Search this

DeWitt Clinton Littlejohn: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Brigadier General  Search this

DeWitt Clinton Littlejohn: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Merchant  Search this

DeWitt Clinton Littlejohn: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New York  Search this

DeWitt Clinton Littlejohn: Politics and Government\Government official\Postmaster  Search this

DeWitt Clinton Littlejohn: Politics and Government\Public official\Mayor\Oswego, NY  Search this

George Helm Yeaman: Male  Search this

George Helm Yeaman: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

George Helm Yeaman: Literature\Writer  Search this

George Helm Yeaman: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Lecturer  Search this

George Helm Yeaman: Politics and Government\Diplomat\Minister  Search this

George Helm Yeaman: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Kentucky  Search this

George Helm Yeaman: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Kentucky  Search this

Lucian Anderson: Male  Search this

Lucian Anderson: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Lucian Anderson: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Kentucky  Search this

Lucian Anderson: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Kentucky  Search this

John Hovey Rice: Male  Search this

John Hovey Rice: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

John Hovey Rice: Law and Crime\Police\Sheriff  Search this

John Hovey Rice: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Merchant  Search this

John Hovey Rice: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Maine  Search this

John Benedict Steele: Male  Search this

John Benedict Steele: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

John Benedict Steele: Law and Crime\Judge  Search this

John Benedict Steele: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New York  Search this

John Farson Starr: Male  Search this

John Farson Starr: Business and Finance\Banker  Search this

John Farson Starr: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Merchant  Search this

John Farson Starr: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New Jersey  Search this

John Farson Starr: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Industrialist\Manufacturer\Iron  Search this

Walter Duncan McIndoe: Male  Search this

Walter Duncan McIndoe: Business and Finance\Businessperson  Search this

Walter Duncan McIndoe: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Lumber  Search this

Walter Duncan McIndoe: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Wisconsin  Search this

John Fletcher Driggs: Male  Search this

John Fletcher Driggs: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Colonel  Search this

John Fletcher Driggs: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Real estate agent  Search this

John Fletcher Driggs: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Industrialist\Manufacturer  Search this

John Fletcher Driggs: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Michigan  Search this

John Fletcher Driggs: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Michigan  Search this

John Fletcher Driggs: Crafts and Trades\Mechanic  Search this

John Fletcher Driggs: Crafts and Trades\Carpenter  Search this

Homer Augustus Nelson: Male  Search this

Homer Augustus Nelson: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Homer Augustus Nelson: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Colonel  Search this

Homer Augustus Nelson: Law and Crime\Judge  Search this

Homer Augustus Nelson: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New York  Search this

Homer Augustus Nelson: Politics and Government\State Senator\New York  Search this

Samuel Franklin Miller: Male  Search this

Samuel Franklin Miller: Politics and Government\State Legislator\New York  Search this

Samuel Franklin Miller: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Samuel Franklin Miller: Natural Resource Occupations\Agriculturist  Search this

Samuel Franklin Miller: Natural Resource Occupations\Agriculturist\Farmer  Search this

Samuel Franklin Miller: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Colonel  Search this

Samuel Franklin Miller: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Lumber  Search this

Samuel Franklin Miller: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New York  Search this

Ezra Wheeler: Male  Search this

Ezra Wheeler: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Ezra Wheeler: Law and Crime\Judge  Search this

Ezra Wheeler: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Wisconsin  Search this

Ezra Wheeler: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Wisconsin  Search this

Ambrose Williams Clark: Male  Search this

Ambrose Williams Clark: Politics and Government\Diplomat  Search this

Ambrose Williams Clark: Journalism and Media\Newspaper publisher  Search this

Ambrose Williams Clark: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New York  Search this

Amos Myers: Male  Search this

Amos Myers: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Amos Myers: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Pennsylvania  Search this

Amos Myers: Religion and Spirituality\Clergy\Minister  Search this

Thomas Bowles Shannon: Male  Search this

Thomas Bowles Shannon: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Merchant  Search this

Thomas Bowles Shannon: Politics and Government\Government official\Surveyor  Search this

Thomas Bowles Shannon: Politics and Government\US Congressman\California  Search this

Thomas Bowles Shannon: Politics and Government\State Legislator\California  Search this

Abel Carter Wilder: Male  Search this

Abel Carter Wilder: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Captain  Search this

Abel Carter Wilder: Journalism and Media\Newspaper publisher  Search this

Abel Carter Wilder: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Merchant  Search this

Abel Carter Wilder: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Kansas  Search this

Abel Carter Wilder: Politics and Government\Public official\Mayor\Rochester, NY  Search this

Abel Carter Wilder: Business and Finance\Banker\Bank director  Search this

Frederick Enoch Woodbridge: Male  Search this

Frederick Enoch Woodbridge: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Frederick Enoch Woodbridge: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Industrialist\Railroad  Search this

Frederick Enoch Woodbridge: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Vermont  Search this

Frederick Enoch Woodbridge: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Vermont  Search this

Frederick Enoch Woodbridge: Politics and Government\State Senator\Vermont  Search this

Frederick Enoch Woodbridge: Politics and Government\Public official\Mayor\Vergennes, VT  Search this

Frederick Augustus Pike: Male  Search this

Frederick Augustus Pike: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Frederick Augustus Pike: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Maine  Search this

Frederick Augustus Pike: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Maine  Search this

Frederick Augustus Pike: Politics and Government\Public official\Mayor\Calais, ME  Search this

John Franklin Fransworth: Male  Search this

John Franklin Fransworth: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

John Franklin Fransworth: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Brigadier General  Search this

John Franklin Fransworth: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Illinois  Search this

John Ganson: Male  Search this

John Ganson: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

John Ganson: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Business executive\Railroad  Search this

John Ganson: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New York  Search this

John Ganson: Politics and Government\State Senator\New York  Search this

John Denison Baldwin: Male  Search this

John Denison Baldwin: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Massachusetts  Search this

John Denison Baldwin: Religion and Spirituality\Clergy\Pastor  Search this

John Denison Baldwin: Journalism and Media\Journalist\Reporter\Newspaper  Search this

John Denison Baldwin: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Massachusetts  Search this

Benjamin Franklin Loan: Male  Search this

Benjamin Franklin Loan: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Benjamin Franklin Loan: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Brigadier General  Search this

Benjamin Franklin Loan: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Missouri  Search this

Green Clay Smith: Male  Search this

Green Clay Smith: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Green Clay Smith: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\General  Search this

Green Clay Smith: Religion and Spirituality\Clergy\Minister  Search this

Green Clay Smith: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Kentucky  Search this

Green Clay Smith: Religion and Spirituality\Preacher\Evangelist  Search this

Green Clay Smith: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Kentucky  Search this

Green Clay Smith: Politics and Government\Governor\Montana  Search this

Wells Andrews Hutchins: Male  Search this

Wells Andrews Hutchins: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Wells Andrews Hutchins: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Teacher  Search this

Wells Andrews Hutchins: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Ohio  Search this

Wells Andrews Hutchins: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Ohio  Search this

Henry Champion Deming: Male  Search this

Henry Champion Deming: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Henry Champion Deming: Literature\Writer  Search this

Henry Champion Deming: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Colonel  Search this

Henry Champion Deming: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Connecticut  Search this

Henry Champion Deming: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Connecticut  Search this

Henry Champion Deming: Politics and Government\State Senator\Connecticut  Search this

Henry Champion Deming: Politics and Government\Public official\Mayor\Hartford, CT  Search this

Henry Champion Deming: Politics and Government\Public official\Mayor\New Orleans, LA  Search this

Samuel Knox: Male  Search this

Samuel Knox: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Samuel Knox: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Missouri  Search this

Sempronius Hamilton Boyd: Male  Search this

Sempronius Hamilton Boyd: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Sempronius Hamilton Boyd: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Colonel  Search this

Sempronius Hamilton Boyd: Law and Crime\Judge  Search this

Sempronius Hamilton Boyd: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Teacher  Search this

Sempronius Hamilton Boyd: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Industrialist\Railroad  Search this

Sempronius Hamilton Boyd: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Missouri  Search this

Sempronius Hamilton Boyd: Politics and Government\Diplomat\Minister  Search this

Sempronius Hamilton Boyd: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Industrialist\Manufacturer\Wagon  Search this

Sempronius Hamilton Boyd: Natural Resource Occupations\Prospector  Search this

Sempronius Hamilton Boyd: Politics and Government\Public official\Mayor\Springfield, MO  Search this

Edgar Cowan: Male  Search this

Edgar Cowan: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Edgar Cowan: Politics and Government\US Senator\Pennsylvania  Search this

Edgar Cowan: Crafts and Trades\Boat builder  Search this

James Dixon: Male  Search this

James Dixon: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

James Dixon: Literature\Writer  Search this

James Dixon: Politics and Government\US Senator\Connecticut  Search this

James Dixon: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Connecticut  Search this

James Dixon: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Connecticut  Search this

Peter Godwin Van Winkle: Male  Search this

Peter Godwin Van Winkle: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Peter Godwin Van Winkle: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Business executive\Railroad  Search this

Peter Godwin Van Winkle: Politics and Government\US Senator\West Virginia  Search this

James Willis Nesmith: Male  Search this

James Willis Nesmith: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

James Willis Nesmith: Natural Resource Occupations\Agriculturist\Farmer  Search this

James Willis Nesmith: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Colonel  Search this

James Willis Nesmith: Law and Crime\Judge  Search this

James Willis Nesmith: Politics and Government\US Senator\Oregon  Search this

James Willis Nesmith: Natural Resource Occupations\Agriculturist\Livestock  Search this

James Willis Nesmith: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Oregon  Search this

Waitman Thomas Willey: Male  Search this

Waitman Thomas Willey: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Waitman Thomas Willey: Politics and Government\US Senator\Virginia  Search this

Waitman Thomas Willey: Politics and Government\US Senator\West Virginia  Search this

Morton Smith Wilkinson: Male  Search this

Morton Smith Wilkinson: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Morton Smith Wilkinson: Politics and Government\US Senator\Minnesota  Search this

Morton Smith Wilkinson: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Minnesota  Search this

Morton Smith Wilkinson: Politics and Government\State Senator\Minnesota  Search this

Morton Smith Wilkinson: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Minnesota  Search this

Benjamin Franklin Harding: Male  Search this

Benjamin Franklin Harding: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Benjamin Franklin Harding: Natural Resource Occupations\Agriculturist\Farmer  Search this

Benjamin Franklin Harding: Politics and Government\US Senator\Oregon  Search this

Benjamin Franklin Harding: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Oregon  Search this

John Conness: Male  Search this

John Conness: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Merchant  Search this

John Conness: Politics and Government\US Senator\California  Search this

John Conness: Natural Resource Occupations\Miner  Search this

John Conness: Politics and Government\State Legislator\California  Search this

John Conness: Crafts and Trades\Pianoforte maker  Search this

Ira Harris: Male  Search this

Ira Harris: Politics and Government\State Legislator\New York  Search this

Ira Harris: Politics and Government\US Senator\New York  Search this

Ira Harris: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Ira Harris: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Lecturer  Search this

Ira Harris: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Professor\College  Search this

Ira Harris: Law and Crime\Jurist  Search this

Ira Harris: Politics and Government\State Senator\New York  Search this

Ira Harris: Law and Crime\Judge\Justice\State Supreme Court Justice\New York  Search this

Samuel Clarke Pomeroy: Male  Search this

Samuel Clarke Pomeroy: Business and Finance\Financier  Search this

Samuel Clarke Pomeroy: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Massachusetts  Search this

Samuel Clarke Pomeroy: Politics and Government\US Senator\Kansas  Search this

Samuel Clarke Pomeroy: Politics and Government\Public official\Mayor\Atchison, KS  Search this

James Gillespie Blaine: Male  Search this

James Gillespie Blaine: Politics and Government\Presidential candidate  Search this

James Gillespie Blaine: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Speaker of the House  Search this

James Gillespie Blaine: Journalism and Media\Newspaper editor  Search this

James Gillespie Blaine: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Teacher  Search this

James Gillespie Blaine: Politics and Government\Cabinet member\Secretary of State  Search this

James Gillespie Blaine: Politics and Government\US Senator\Maine  Search this

James Gillespie Blaine: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Maine  Search this

James Gillespie Blaine: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Maine  Search this

Benjamin Franklin Wade: Male  Search this

Benjamin Franklin Wade: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Benjamin Franklin Wade: Law and Crime\Judge  Search this

Benjamin Franklin Wade: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Teacher  Search this

Benjamin Franklin Wade: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Business executive\Railroad  Search this

Benjamin Franklin Wade: Politics and Government\US Senator\Ohio  Search this

William Pitt Fessenden: Male  Search this

William Pitt Fessenden: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

William Pitt Fessenden: Literature\Writer  Search this

William Pitt Fessenden: Politics and Government\Cabinet member\Secretary of Treasury  Search this

William Pitt Fessenden: Politics and Government\US Senator\Maine  Search this

William Pitt Fessenden: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Maine  Search this

William Pitt Fessenden: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Maine  Search this

Lyman Trumbull: Male  Search this

Lyman Trumbull: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Lyman Trumbull: Politics and Government\US Senator\Illinois  Search this

Lyman Trumbull: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Illinois  Search this

Lyman Trumbull: Law and Crime\Judge\Justice\State Supreme Court Justice\Illinois  Search this

John Sherman: Male  Search this

John Sherman: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

John Sherman: Politics and Government\Cabinet member\Secretary of Treasury  Search this

John Sherman: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Ohio  Search this

John Sherman: Politics and Government\Cabinet member\Secretary of State  Search this

John Sherman: Politics and Government\US Senator\Ohio  Search this

John Sherman: Politics and Government\US Senator\Majority Leader  Search this

John Sherman: Politics and Government\US Senator\Minority Leader  Search this

John Sherman: Politics and Government\Politician  Search this

Abraham Lincoln: Male  Search this

Abraham Lincoln: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

Abraham Lincoln: Military and Intelligence\Soldier  Search this

Abraham Lincoln: Politics and Government\President of US  Search this

Abraham Lincoln: Society and Social Change\Reformer\Environmentalist  Search this

Abraham Lincoln: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Merchant  Search this

Abraham Lincoln: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Illinois  Search this

Abraham Lincoln: Politics and Government\Government official\Surveyor  Search this

Abraham Lincoln: Politics and Government\State Senator\Illinois  Search this

Abraham Lincoln: Politics and Government\Government official\Postmaster  Search this

Abraham Lincoln: Crafts and Trades\Boat builder  Search this

James Harlan: Male  Search this

James Harlan: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

James Harlan: Law and Crime\Judge  Search this

James Harlan: Politics and Government\Cabinet member\Secretary of Interior  Search this

James Harlan: Education and Scholarship\Administrator\School administrator  Search this

James Harlan: Education and Scholarship\Administrator\College administrator\President  Search this

James Harlan: Politics and Government\US Senator\Iowa  Search this

William Windom: Male  Search this

William Windom: Law and Crime\Lawyer  Search this

William Windom: Politics and Government\Cabinet member\Secretary of Treasury  Search this

William Windom: Politics and Government\US Senator\Minnesota  Search this

William Windom: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Minnesota  Search this

Portrait  Search this

Credit Line:

National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; gift of John O'Brien

Object number:

NPG.91.207

Restrictions & Rights:

CC0

See more items in:

National Portrait Gallery Collection

Data Source:

National Portrait Gallery

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/sm448742bca-3f29-4802-993c-4d7d5601bc38

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:npg_NPG.91.207

Discipline:

Mineral Sciences  Search this

Region:

US Mid Atlantic (PA, NJ, MD, DE, DC, VA, WV)  Search this

Object Type:

Education and Outreach collections

Collecting Locality:

Mineral Hill Mine, North America, United States, Maryland, Carroll County

Topic:

Education & Outreach  Search this

Scientific Name:

Phosphate Mineral Pseudomalachite

USNM Number:

EO40780

See more items in:

Q?rius, The Coralyn W. Whitney Science Education Center

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/310f2c5eb-0e5d-4a7c-aecf-2139a3eea2e4

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmnheducation_10017823

Biogeographical Region:

78 - Southeastern U.S.A.  Search this

Collector:

Ivar F. Tidestrom  Search this

Place:

Near Copper Mine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States, North America

Collection Date:

20 Aug 1911

Taxonomy:

Plantae Dicotyledonae Malpighiales Salicaceae Salicoideae

Published Name:

Populus deltoides W. Bartram ex Marshall

Barcode:

00506734

USNM Number:

584747

See more items in:

Botany

Flowering plants and ferns

DC Flora

Data Source:

NMNH - Botany Dept.

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/3bf194c84-5b02-438b-bdca-f76cf943496e

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmnhbotany_2221988

Creator:

Hutton, William R., 1826-1901  Search this

Extent:

30 Cubic feet (33 boxes, 21 oversize folders)

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Photographs

Letterpress copybooks

Blueprints

Diaries

Drawings

Cashbooks

Business records

Business letters

Notebooks

Topographic maps

Tax records

Technical drawings

Stock certificates

Technical literature

Photoengravings

Notes

Maps

Microfilms

Linen tracings

Letter books

Letters

Land titles

Legal documents

Sketches

Salted paper prints

Reports

Receipts

Plans (drawings)

Photostats

Photographic prints

Architectural drawings

Administrative records

Albumen prints

Albums

Annual reports

Booklets

Account books

Books

Family papers

Financial records

Cyanotypes

Correspondence

Deeds

Printed material

Contracts

Photograph albums

Specifications

Christmas cards

Menus

Place:

France

Maryland

Chesapeake and Ohio Canal

Panama Canal (Panama)

New Jersey

New York (N.Y.)

Hudson River

Baltimore (Md.)

Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)

New York

Washington Bridge

New Croton Aqueduct

Kanawha River Canal

Washington Aqueduct

Potomac River -- 19th century

Washington Memorial Bridge

Hudson River Tunnel

Date:

1830-1965

Summary:

The papers document the life and work of William R. Hutton, a civil engineer during the late 1800s to the early 1900s. Materials include diaries, notebooks, correspondence, letterpress copy book, printed materials, publications, specifications, photographs, drawings, and maps that document the construction of several architectural and engineering projects during this period. Most notable are the records containing information related to the construction of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, Hudson River Tunnel, the Washington Aqueduct, the Kanawha River Canal, and the Washington/Harlem River Bridge. There are also several records about railroads in the state of Maryland, the District of Columbia and elsewhere, including the Western Maryland Railroad, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, Colorado Midlands Railway, Baltimore and Drum Point Railroad, the Northern Adirondack Railroad, and the Pittsfield and Williamstown Railroad. The records can be used to track the progression of these projects, and engineering innovation during the late 1800s to the early 1900s.

Scope and Contents:

These papers document William R. Hutton's professional career as a civil engineer and his personal affairs. Although the personal materials in the collection provide insight into a man and a family that have been largely forgotten by biographers, it is the professional materials that are perhaps the most interesting to researchers. They provide a compelling narrative of the push to the West that occurred in 19th century America and the internal improvements movement typified by the American System plan proposed by Henry Clay. Perhaps best remembered for the high tariffs that accompanied it, the American System plan was also concerned with the advancement of internal improvements, such as canals, that would unite the East and West in communication, travel, and trade. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal can be seen as one of the products of this movement (1) and was in fact initially heralded as the first great work of national improvement (2).

The papers in this collection that are related to the construction and maintenance of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal are an invaluable documentation of efforts during this turbulent time to unite the eastern and western United States. They provide details of the canal from its initial construction to its decline with the incline at Georgetown project. The canal also serves as an example, or perhaps a warning against, federal involvement in state improvement efforts as it was the first project to be directly funded and staffed by the federal government (3). The groundbreaking ceremony was attended by then President John Quincy Adams whose toast, "to the canal: perseverance," (4) became an ironic omen, as construction of the canal took over twenty-two years to be completed. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal materials can be used as a case study for the problems encountered during canal building (5). These problems are best typified in the collection by the papers relating to the Georgetown incline. This project was headed by Hutton and was plagued with construction problems, boating accidents, and obsolescence from the moment of its completion. Despite these issues, the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal remains a structure of historical significance in America. As the third and last effort to construct an all-water route to the West (6), the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal is an important artifact of 19th century attitudes and efforts towards commerce, trade, travel, and communication between the eastern and western United States. Other significant canals and water structures represented in the collection are the Kanawha Canal, the Washington Aqueduct, and a large collection of materials relating to the Kingston Water Supply (New York).

One of the most significant internal improvements made during this time was the railroad. The legal conflicts that arose between the canal companies and railroads is also represented in the materials relating to the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. These materials specifically deal with the legal conflict's between the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. The development and construction of the railroads is also represented in the materials documenting the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, the Baltimore and Drum Point Railroad, the Northern Adirondack Railroad, the Western Maryland Railroad, the Mexican National Railroad, the Colorado Midlands Railroad, and the Columbia Railroad.

The collection also demonstrates the spirit of innovation and invention that was prevalent in the engineering field in the nineteenth century. Joseph Gies writes, "...one of the distinctive characteristics of the great nineteenth century engineering adventurers was their readiness to gamble on the translation of theory into practice" (7). In this quote, he is speaking of the civil engineer Dewitt Clinton Haskins and a project that truly encapsulates engineering invention in the nineteenth century, the Hudson River Tunnel. Responding to the increase in the population of the City of New York in the late nineteenth century from sixty thousand to three and a half million, the Hudson River Tunnel was originally devised as a way to alleviate traffic and to transport train passengers directly across the Hudson River (8). Beginning with records dating from 1881 to 1901, the Hutton papers can be used to document not only the advances in engineering during this time but also the costs of progress. Haskins' initial efforts to build the tunnel using submerged air pressurized caissons were marked by failure and in some cases fatalities. Workers on the tunnel often suffered from what came to be known as "caisson disease" or "the bends," caused by the immense forces of compression and decompression experienced while working in the tunnels (9). This problem was so prevalent that as construction progressed the rate of worker deaths caused by "the bends" rose to twenty-five percent (10). Materials in the collection document worker complaints and deaths resulting from this disease as well as providing a technical record of the construction of the tunnel. The highlight of the materials relating to the Hudson River Tunnel is an album that contains photographs of workers in the tunnel and a detailed daily report of the construction progress on the tunnel that was maintained by Hutton's assistant, Walton Aims. The first hand account in these reports provides insight not only into the construction of the tunnel, but also the problems encountered.

Another project featured in the Hutton collection that was devised in response to the population explosion in the City of New York in the nineteenth century is the Harlem River Bridge, or as it is now known, the Washington Bridge. Known as one of the longest steel arch bridges of its time, the Harlem River Bridge also represents that spirit of invention and innovation that was prevalent in the civil engineering field during the nineteenth century. The collection provides an invaluable resource for those wishing to track the construction of the bridge from early concept drawings and proposals to finalized plans. Also present are photographs of the construction and workers. Societal response to the bridge in the form of newspaper and magazine clippings help to create the narrative of the Washington Bridge, and these are supplemented by correspondence from the builders, suppliers, and planners.

This collection also includes diaries, 1866-1901; letterpress copybooks, 1858-1901; correspondence on the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, Hudson River Tunnel, Washington Bridge over the Harlem River, and Maryland and Colorado railroads, 1861-1901, and on Hutton's financial and real estate affairs, 1835-1921; construction photographs of the Harlem River, Cairo, Poughkeepsie, Niagara bridges and the Hudson River Tunnel, Washington Aqueduct, and Capitol Dome (in the form of albumen, cyanotype, salted paper print); data and drawings; rolled land profile drawings; canal notes, 1828-1892; Hudson River Tunnel construction reports, 1889-1891; publications, drawings, and maps of railroad routes; pamphlets and reprints on hydraulic works and water supply; road, railway, bridge, and hydraulic construction specifications, 1870-1900; drawings (linen, oil cloth, and heavy drawing paper), and blueprints; account books, 1891-1899; and plans, drawings, field notebooks, and publications on American and European construction projects, especially in Maryland, New York, and France; personal correspondence detailing his role as executor for the estates of Benjamin H. Hutton, Joseph Hutton, Annie Theller, and the Countess H. De Moltke-Hvitfeldt and his relationships with his children, siblings, cousins, and colleagues, 1850-1942.

Materials are handwritten, typed, and printed.

Special note should be made that any materials dated after the year 1901 were added to the collection by another creator who is unidentified. It can be speculated that professional materials added after this date were contributed by his brother and colleague Nathanial Hutton or his son Frank Hutton. Personal materials contributed after this date may have been added by his wife, daughters, or other members of his extended family.

Series 1, Letterpress Copybooks, 1858-1901, consists of twenty seven letterpress copybooks containing correspondence between Hutton and other engineers, architects, and building suppliers. The letterpress copybooks in this series have been arranged chronologically. The books involve a process by which ink is transferred through direct contact with the original using moisture and pressure in a copy press. The majority of the correspondence is business- related. Some letterpress copybooks are devoted to specific projects such as the Washington/Harlem River Bridge, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, Baltimore and Drum Point Railroad, Annapolis and Elk Ridge Railroad, and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. The letterpress copybooks provide a record of correspondence written by Hutton, which makes it distinctive from the other correspondence in the collection. Most of the other correspondence has Hutton as recipient.

The letterpress copybooks also document Hutton's various residences throughout his life and provide a glimpse into the civil engineering profession at the time by demonstrating how engineers shared ideas and comments about projects. This can be supplemented with the printed materials in the collection as many of the authors also appear in the correspondence. Other topics covered in the letterpress copybooks include business reports (specifically the report of the president and directors of the Baltimore and Drum Point Railroad), records of people and companies involved in projects, pasted in engineering sketches, engineering specifications and notes, travel expenses and estimates, construction histories and progress, legal issues with family estates, tax information, Colorado Railroad, payment certificate schedules, St. Paul Railroad, personal correspondence, title guarantees, Hudson River Tunnel, financial matters, real estate matters, insurance information, sketches and drawings, supply lists, cost estimates, the Memorial Bridge, Coffin Valve Company, engineering expenses, engineering calculations, payroll notes for Kingston Water Supply, proposals, account information, Hutton Park, reservoirs, contract drafts, French Society of Civil Engineers, inspection results (specifically Piedmont Bridge), land descriptions, damage reports, Morse Bridge, Illinois Central Railroad, North Sea Canal, moveable dams, iron works, site histories, Potomac Lock and Dock Company, Kanawha River canal (lock quantities, specifications, payroll information), Pennsylvania Canal, and bills for services.

Series 2, Professional Correspondence, 1861-1901, consists of correspondence that relates to Hutton's architectural and engineering projects. This series is further subdivided into two subseries: Project Correspondence and General Correspondence. Subseries 1, Project Correspondence, 1876-1899, correspondence is divided by project and arranged alphabetically. Subseries 2, General Correspondence, 1861-1901, is arranged chronologically. Both series contain handwritten and typed letters. Some letters are on letterpress copybook pages and are most likely copies. Some materials are in French and Spanish. Special note should be made that this series does not contain all of the professional correspondence in the collection. Some correspondence has been separated according to project and placed in Series 8, Professional Projects, 1830-1965, in order to make it easier for researchers to access materials related to those subjects.

Subseries 1, professional correspondence topics include comparisons between construction projects (specifically comparisons of the Kanawha River Canal to other canals), supply lists, location recommendations, sketches, construction plans and modifications, bills for supplies and works, leaks in the gates, cost estimates, Brooklyn Water Supply, use of lake storage (Ramapo Water Supply), water supply to states and counties, damages to water supply pipes, estimates of water quantities, responses to construction reports, legal issues related to projects, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and payment for services.

Subseries 2, general correspondence topics include employment opportunities, committee meetings and elections, land surveys, sketches, engineering plans and ideas, work on projects, dismissal from projects, notes on supplies, Washington Aqueduct, construction progress, land purchases, Civil War, Jones Falls, cost of water pumps, steam drills, lots divisions and prices, repairs, report of the engineering bureau, tidewater connection at Annapolis, bridge construction, construction costs, statement of vessels that entered and cleared Baltimore, technical questions from colleagues, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, supply costs, letters of introduction, requests for reference, changes to plans and designs, survey reports, St. Andrew's lot, Canal Coal Company, publication process, American Society of Civil Engineers and its members, responses to project inquiries, Graving Dock gross revenue, job offers, specifications, trade figures, contracts, water levels, appointment dates and times, moveable dams, proposals for membership, salaries, Piedmont Coal Lands, maps, land profiles, Washington Bridge, board payments, Nicaragua Canal, Grant Coal Company, statistics, engineering notes, Hartford Bridge, water pressures, coal deposits, Colorado Coal, pipe lines, reservoirs, boat costs for canals, floods, bridges, letters of resignation, engines, Ruxton Viaduct, Colorado and Midland Railroad, Morse Bridge, share values, railroad locations, membership invitations, call for submissions, structural tests, record of accounts for room and board, appointments, water rights (Putnam County), publications, blueprints, visitation programs, cotton compresses, street trenches, pressures in dams, level tests, Portland Transportation bureau, trade information, concrete steel, Chicago drainage canal, ship canals, Augusta Cotton and Compress Company, Sooysmith case, Consolidated Gas Company, masonry, book binding, Columbia Railway Company, jetties, land grades, Chesapeake and Delaware canal, water wheels, pneumatic lock, tunnel arches, rifton power, Hutton's health, elevators, Brooklyn Bridge Terminals, girder weights, legal issues and their results, rating table for the Potomac, land profiles, transmission lines, transformers, water turbines, and water power on the Potomac River.

Correspondents for this series include the following: Captain Montgomery C. Meigs, Captain T.W. Symons, William Bryan, Ernest Flagg, John Hurd, Jake Wolfe, J.C. Saunders, J.H. Dolph, Charles J. Allen, G.H. Mendell, Virgil S. Bogue, B.A. Mounnerlyn, Edward Burr, H.G. Prout, R. William, H. Dodge, C.R. Suter, M. Mink, W.R. King, John Lyons, Alex Brown and Sons, John G. Butler, D. Condon, Bernard Carter, R.P. McCormick, D.R. Magruder, Andrew Banks, Isaac Solomon, C.J. Mayer, C.W. Kern, John Herring, James S. Mackie, D.R. Magunde, D. Rittaguide, R.S. Stevens, J.L. Raudolph (Baltimore and Ohio Railroad), J.M. Lane, W.D. Stuart, W.G.P. Palmer (Committee Church of the Ascension), C. Crozet, General W. Hughes, V.R. Maus, J.M. Hood (Western Maryland Railroad Company), Ernest Pontzen, M. Haus, William F. Craighill, Harry Hutton, John W. Pearce, Reverend James A. Harrald, William Watson, A.L. Rives, Thomas Monro, A.F. Croswan (Commander United States Navy), H.R. Garden, William McAlpine, James Forrest, Wm. Bloomsfield, Daniel Ammen, Linel Wells, A. and Otto Sibeth, Alfred Noble, Clemens Hershel, Sidney Warner, E.H. de Rheville, Theodore Cooper, William Findlay Shunk, Lewis S. Wolfe, Rufus Mead, Theodore F. Taylor, John Bogart, J. Whaler, B. Williamson, Colonel F.V. Greene, Robert H. Sayre (Lehigh Valley Railroad Company), Charles W. Pussey, Louis Q. Rissel, V.C. Bogue, H.C. Eckenberger, Melville E.G. Leston, Edwin Parson, Rudolph Hering, R.S. Hale, F.M. Turner, Thosl Martindale, Justus C. Strawbridge, William M. Ayresm, R.L. Austin, A.M. Miller, P. Livingston Dunn, T.J. Cleaver, C.S. Dutton, H.A. Carson, William Bainbridge Jaudon, H.A. Presset, Thomas H. McCann, Russel Sturgis, H.G. Prout, Alexis H. French, John K. Cowen, F.W. Williams, J. Waldorf, B.H. Byrant, B.H. Jones, M.H. Rogers, J.W. Ogden, General W. Cashing, William Longhudge, A.J. Cameron, T.L. Patterson, J.J. Hagerman, H. Wigglesworth, Charles B. Rowland, E. Bantz, W.G. Lathrop, Clarence King, George Rowland, George A. Tibbals (Continental Iron Works), George N. Vanderbilt, Eugene C. Lewis, F.P. Burt, Colonel John C. Clarke, Lieutenant Thomas Turtle, W.S.M. Scott, E. Bates Dorsey, Bernard Carter, George M. Shriver (Baltimore and Ohio Railroad), Russel Sturgis, Macmillan Publishing, James Abernethy, B. Baker, J.G.W. Fynje, A. Mallet, Jean Hersuy, L.F. Vernon Horcourt, Robert Lilley, A.J. Johnson, F.M. Colby, Henry D. Loney, A.S. Cameron, James A. Harrald, William Watson, John B. Lervis, A.L. Rives, Edwin F. Bidell, Frank H. Stockett, E. McMahon, C.F. Elgin, Enrique Budge, G. Clayton Gardiner, Dwight Porter, William A. Chapman, T.E. Sickels, Theodore Cooper, C.J. Warner, Institution of Civil Engineers, Robert Gordon, United States Coast of Geodetic Survey Office, C.P. Pattun, J.N. Putnam, Sidney B. Warner, H.D. Fisher, Union Pacific Railway Company, Lewis S. Wolle, George E. Waring Junior, The American Exhibition, G.F. Swain, American Society of Civil Engineers, N.H. Whitten, U.S. Engineer Office, Government Works Committee, J.J. Hagerman, D. Jackson, Sterling Iron and Railway Company, E.P. Alexander, E. Williamson, Central Railway Company of New Jersey, William A. Underwood, F. Collingwood, James Dun (Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad Company), Henry F. Kilburn, Louis A. Bissell, Virgil G. Boque, H.C. Eckenberger, Melville Egleston, Charles Parson, George Swain, Continental Iron Works, Rudolph Hering, J.B. Gordon, Mayor's Office (Baltimore), Harry Robinson, Pennsylvania Railway Company, W.H. Gahagan, L. Luiggi, B.H. Bryant, T.J. Cleaver (Chesapeake and Delaware Canal Company), H.A. Carson, H.A. Presset (Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey), John K. Cowen, Vernon H. Brown, J. Waldorf, B.H. Bryant, L.F. Root, P.W. White, Metropolitan Railroad Company, Charles F. Mayer (Consolidated Coal Company, Cumberland and Pennsylvania Railroad Company), J.M. Lane (Western Maryland Railroad), Dr. R.S. Stewart (Annapolis and Elk Ridge Railroad), Baltimore and Drum Point Railroad (John Lyons, John G. Butler, D. Candon, R.P. McCormick, Andrew Banks), Thomas F. Rowland, J.A. Bensel, Walton Aims, S.D. Coykendall, H.C. Rogers, John F. Ward, T.B. Jewell, H.A. Pressey, C.S. Armstrong, J. Nennett, V.G. Bague.

Series 3, Personal Correspondence, 1850-1942, contains correspondence with immediate and extended family, specifically the heirs to the Benjamin H. Hutton and Joseph Hutton estates and Adele Gorman. Correspondence is primarily arranged chronologically, but some files have been divided based on subject or author (the Deer Park and Adele Gorman files), or by form (the Telegrams, and Cablegrams file). Special note is made of the posthumous correspondence file, which includes correspondence both relating to Hutton's death and correspondence that was written by family members after the years of his death. The series contains both hand written and typed letters. Some correspondence is in French. The correspondence demonstrates his relationship with his children specifically Elizabeth (Bessie) Hutton, and illuminates his role in his family. This series also provides details about nineteenth century upper class society and activities. Special note should be made that this folder does not contain all of the personal correspondence contained in the collection. Some correspondence has been separated according to recipient, or subject in order to make researching these recipients or subjects easier.

Series 3 correspondence topics include: estate payments, distribution of assets, funds transfers, estate lines, conflicts with tenants, sketches, lot maintenance, real estate sales, deeds, real estate sales negotiations, congratulations wishes on new babies, family illnesses, family affairs and travels, traveling directions, personal investments, invitations for social occasions, family debts, professional interests, professional and personal appointments, family issues, requests for money, sketches, advice to children (specifically Frank Hutton), life insurance, books, letters of introduction, legal issues, funeral expenses, charity donations, advertisements, minutes from professional organizations, army enlistment, deaths of friends and family, recipes, estimates of personal expenses, renovations, stock certificates (Great Northern Railway Company, New York), food, social activities, the weather, marriages, real estate and construction plans, and loan agreements.

Correspondents include the following: Frank Hutton, Thomas B. Brookes, J.L. Marcauley, C.M. Matthews, Edward J. Hancy, John M. Wilson, H.A. Carson, William H. Wiley (of John Wiley and Sons Scientific Publishers, New York), Georgina Hutton, Pierre and Jane Casson, George McNaughlin, Henrietta Hutton, Aaron Pennington Whitehead, J.B. Wheeler, B. Williamson, Robert De Forest, Elizabeth (Bessie) Hutton, Grace Beukard, J.C. Saunders, Mary Hutton, William J. Pennington, C.S. Hurd, Henry C. Cooper, Henry J. Segers, S.F. Miller, Annie Theller, Alfred Noble, Maria Burton, Joseph Hobson, E. Lennon, F. Hulberg, Charles Gordon Hutton, Edward C. Ebert, A. William Lewin, E.R. Dunn, William P. Craighill, Theodore Cooper, P.I. Chapelle, Anita McAlpine, Clarence King, Victoria Raymond, and Adele Gorman.

Series 4, Personal Materials, 1835-1946, contains documentation about Hutton's personal finances, role as executor of the Benjamin H. Hutton, Joseph Hutton, Annie Theller, and Countess H. De Moltke-Hvitfeldt estates, Mary Augusta Hutton (wife), Mary Hutton (daughter), Frank Hutton, John Caulfield (son-in-law), and B.F. and C.H. Hutton. The series has been divided into four subseries: Financial Records, 1876-1901, Estate and Real Estate Records, 1835-1921, Other Huttons, 1876-1936, and Personal Material, 1878-1946. Subseries 2, Estate and Real Estate Records, 1835-1921, contains correspondence relating to specific family estates and family members. This correspondence was separated from Series 3, Personal Correspondence, 1850-1942, to make it easier for researchers to access all records relating to the family estates. This series includes hand written, typed, and printed materials. Some materials are in French. All material dated after 1901 has been added to the collection by other creators such as Hutton's wife and children.

Subseries 1, Financial Records, 1876-1901, includes account books, account records, correspondence related to bank accounts, bank statements, financial notes, bills and proofs of payment, rent receipts, tax bills (New York, Flatbush, Montgomery County), checks, money exchanges, receipts for tax payments, real estate receipts, stock and bond certificates, loan agreements, executor accounts, rebate calculation sheet, and tax and insurance payments.

Subseries 2, Estate and Real Estate Records, 1835-1921, includes property maps and information (rent, mortgage costs, deeds), correspondence, notes on estate distribution, estate assets, value of estate and estate payments, account records, loan agreements, receipts, proof of payments, checks, financial records, legal documents, insurance documents, tax bills, auction receipts, and wills relating to the estates of Benjamin H. Hutton, Joseph Hutton, Countess H. de Moltke-Hivtfeldt, Annie Theller, and William R. Hutton. Also included are correspondence, property maps and information, and deeds and mortgages on Hutton properties.

Subseries 2, the estate and real estate records correspondence topics include: Virginia state building codes, construction costs, construction notices, purchasing offers for property, real estate prices, receipts of payments, property lines, real estate purchases and sales, real estate sales negotiations, deeds insurance estimates and costs, loan costs, property estimates, renovation costs, mortgages, property damages and repairs, property tax payments, insurance rates and payments, rent payments, telephone installation, building permits, rental agreements, reports on property condition, contracts of sale, conflicts with tenants, changes of address, deeds, distribution of estate monies, details about the Countess' illness, estate arrangements, changes of address, problems arising out of estate distribution, payment of debts, will details, selling of mortgage shares, accounts, estate settlement, money cables and transfers, dealings with lawyers, rent on Hutton Park property, legal and accounting fees, power of attorney transfer, investments, property security, land appraisals, lists of assets, legacy taxes, mortgages transfers, property management, Flatbush property, property rent and values, and physicians bills.

Correspondents include the following: A.C. Weeks, Walter I. Green, John D. Probsh, A.G. Darwin, Thomas H. McCann, Allan Farguhar, Thomas Dawson, Potter and Crandall Real Estate and Insurance Brokers, George C. Tilyou, H.D. Olephant, F. Winston, Richard E. Calbraith, Frank P. Martin, Henry DeForest, Henry C. Cooper, Metropolitan Telephone and Telegraph Company, John Ecker, C.K. Avevill, Georgina Hutton, Edward J. Hancy, Robert Graham, W.M. Bennett, Willis E. Merriman, Nathan L. Miller, Harry Hutton, Marquise de Portes (Adele Gorman), Annie Theller, Samuel L. Theller, Mrs. R. Locke, Frank Z. Adams, John Palmer (Secretary of State, New York), J.T. Cammeyer, Frank P. Martin, Florence Theller, Francis H. Seger, Henry C. Cooper, D.W.G. Cammeyer, Campbell W. Adams, Jane Casson, Elizabeth Hutton, Rene de Portes, H.G. Atkins, Grace Beukard, Aaron Pennington Muikhead, J.E. Delapalme, T.H. Powers, Egerton L. Winthrop Junior, George B. Glover, William Jay and Robert W. Candler, B. Williamson, J.E. Knaff, Cornelius C. Vermeule, S.V. Hayden, Charles G. Landon[?], H.A. Hurlbert, F.A. Black, John L. Calwalder, the Health Department of New York, A.G. Darwin, William Laue, Frederick Frelinghuysen, Charles S. Brown, Henrietta Hutton, Edward Gelon.

Subseries 3, Other Huttons, 1874-1936, includes professional drawings and proposals, checks, insurance information, correspondence, tax information, medical information, tax bills, relating to Mary Augusta Hutton (wife), Mary Hutton (daughter), Henry and Harry Hutton, Frank Hutton (son), John Caulfield (son-in-law), B.F. Hutton, and C.H. Hutton.

Subseries 4, Personal Materials, 1878-1946, contains handwritten property notes, school notes, sermons, travel documents, menus, Christmas cards, jewelry box, postal guide, typed religious materials and flyers.

Series 5, Diaries, 1866-1901, contains twenty nine diary books that document both Hutton's personal and professional life. These diaries provide not only a record of Hutton's life, but were also used by Hutton himself as a reference tool. When working on projects he would refer to notes and observations he made in his diary (as evidenced by notes made in his diaries). The first pages of the diaries often list his height, weight and clothing sizes as they varied from year to year. A researcher could probably use the cashbooks (see Series 7) and the diaries in conjunction as both detail the purchases made by Hutton. Many of the diaries also include a short record of accounts in the back. The diaries are arranged chronologically.

Topics found in the diaries include short form accounts of daily activities and appointments, records of the weather, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal project, construction progress on projects, steam pumps, sketches and calculations, extension of Washington railroads, cost of food, work supplies, travel costs, costs of goods and food, work deadlines, home renovations, visits to family, cash accounts, accounts of household duties, produce on Woodlands property, records of deaths, debts owed, account of clearing Woodlands property, church visits, Hancock and Tonoloway Aqueduct, canals, Drum Point Railroad, Montgomery C. Meigs, Washington Aqueduct, Annapolis Water Works, telegram costs, wages for Chesapeake and Ohio Canal project, William Craighill, Morris Canal, Annapolis Railroad and Canal, professional duties (inspections), Kanawha River Canal, travel schedules, professional expenses, cash received from Chesapeake and Ohio Canal project, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, John's Dam, cathedral construction (St. Patricks?), Piedmont Bridge, Cumberland, account of farm property belonging to Major Campbell Bruns, Cunard Pier, Marquise de Portes, rent costs, Baltimore Canal, Kingston Water Supply, Croton Orange Estate, Pierre Casson, Hudson River Tunnel, Washington/Harlem River Bridge, entertainment costs, Greenwood cemetery, train schedule, notes on illness, real estate sales, Hutton Park, Benjamin H. Hutton estate and heirs, estimates, accounts of correspondence received and sent, Central Railroad, rent on Orange properties, addresses, contracts and building supplies for projects, personal finances, Joseph Hutton property on Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, amounts paid and received, medical appointments, Ramapo Water Company, drawing progress of maps and diagrams, Harbor Board (New York), property repairs, inspection and test reports, reservoirs, lists of birthdays, Boston Tunnel, family financial issues, tax payments, and prayers.

Series 6, Notebooks, 1860-1900, document the engineering and architectural projects worked on by Hutton. The series has been divided into three subseries: Subseries 1, Engineering and Survey Field Notes, 1860-1899; Subseries 2, Notebooks, 1871-1886; and Subseries 3, Notes, 1863-1900. Subseries 1, Engineering and Survey Field Notes, 1860-1899, contains sixteen field notebooks used by Hutton. Subseries 2, Notebooks, 1871-1886, contains seven notebooks. Subseries three, Notes, 1863-1900, contains four documents.

Some notebooks correspond to specific projects such as the Kanawha River Canal (lockgate and Phoenix Waterline), Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, Buffalo Reservoir, Potomac Lock and Dock Company, Northern Adirondack Railroad account, Washington Aqueduct, Little Rock Bridge, Wilson-Adam Dock, Croten Brick Works, Hutton Park, Centennial Iron Works, Cumberland Canal, Williamsport Aqueduct, Catoctin Aqueduct, Alexandria Canal, Miller's Saw Mill, Seneca Dam, Union Tunnel, Cumberland Waterworks, Victoria Bridge, Welland Canal, North Sea Canal, Ramapo Water Company, Annapolis Water Company, Antietam Aqueduct, Interoceanic Canal, San Quentin Canal, Suez Canal, Amsterdam Canal, Harlem Bulkhead, Morris Canal, Blue Lake Canal, and Nicaragua Canal.

These notebooks should be used in conjunction with the other materials in the collection related to professional projects, as they often provide more detailed accounts of the construction and land surveys. Some of the notebooks contain entries from several different sources. The notebooks were probably shared among the engineers working on these projects. The notebooks also contain looseleaf ephemera such as hand written calculations, newspaper clippings, and blueprints. Languages found in this series are English and French.

Notebook topics include construction projects, supply needs, costs for labor, sketches (Woodland Mills, landscapes, dams, railway cars, Noland Tunnel), costs of crops, survey measurements, cost of livestock, aqueducts, inspections, canal bridges, seed prices, dams, measurements, coffer dam, canal maintenance, worker salaries, calculations, towpath sketches and measurements, shipping rates, worker accidents, water and coal used, geometrical sketches (Washington Aqueduct), locks, damage reports, interactions with other engineers (William Reading), coal shipments on the canal, travel expenses, land survey notes, drafts for correspondence, William Craighill, Victoria docks, lists of personal supplies used, construction time estimates, surveying expenses, telegram costs, sand pump, canal from Sherling to Tuxedo Bay, analysis of several artificial lakes and reservoirs, distances of reservoirs to main pipes, calculations for the Austin Wheel, engine construction, bridges, gauging water depth, results and observations of tests and performance, problems with construction, to-do lists, cost of land surrounding towpaths, Fawcett's Lock, Tarman's Lock, comparison of costs in transporting coal by water and by rail, inspection notes, iron work, drainages, leaks, cost of supplies, watergates, harbor ferries, railroad station distances, flood protection, Panama Canal via the Nicaraguan route, cost of jetties, water levels, pressure of steam, boilers, steam and water cycle, water depth, cement, Great Falls, Virginia, waterflow, soundings, time of floats, flow of currents, rain fall measurements, tunnel measurements, cost of trenching San Francisco water supply, record of livestock, cost of food, rates of sawing woods and mills, preliminary railroad line measurements, profile of final line, and railroad line profiles.

Series 7, Cash Books, 1856-1899, contains seven cashbooks which list prices for personal items purchased by Hutton. Topics include groceries, church dues, clothes, hygiene products, cigars, some short journal entries about his work (Williamstown), concerts, dinners, family addresses, cakes, meals, cars, stamps, office supplies (pencils and papers), valentines, glasses, gloves, fabric, medicine, needles, diapers, tobacco, shoes (adult and childrens), travel expenses, telegrams, candles, newspapers, liquor, coal oil, jewelry, allowances given to family members, bank deposits, monies paid and received, taxes, subscriptions, tailoring costs, deposits and payments into estate trusts, and notes about payments to Benjamin H. Hutton heirs. The cashbooks also contain some personal loose leaf ephemera such as prayers, sketches, and engineering notes collected by Hutton.

Series 8, Professional Projects, 1830-1965, contains documents about engineering and architectural projects throughout Hutton's career, including information about the professional organizations and the legal issues in which he was involved. This series has been divided into eight subseries based on project, document form, and document subject. Some materials are in French and Italian.

Series 8, Professional Projects, also includes correspondence related to specific projects, primarily the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, the Hudson River Tunnel, the Washington/Harlem River Bridge, and the Georgetown Incline.

Topics include construction and repair to the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, engineering and use of Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, worker contracts, supply and labor purchases, design plans and proposals, construction and repair costs, supply notes and costs of supplies, water pressure and power, shipping materials and routes (specifically the shipping of coal), inspections and their findings, condition of canal dam and locks, water supply, drainage, sketches, board proceedings, business meetings, deeds, cost comparisons to other shipping methods, hiring processes, wages, cost estimates, Hutton's consulting fees, measurements and calculations, funding issues, worker conflicts, negotiations with municipal governments, payment schedules, bills for services, air pressure in Hudson River Tunnel, permission for construction, specifications, mortality rate among workers on the Hudson River Tunnel, construction reports, outlet incline, proposals for construction, letters of introduction, railroad versus water for trade, controversy with Tiersey, construction contracts, construction schedules, construction issues, construction progress, construction damage, basis for estimates, supply requests, internal politics, changes to construction plans, contract and price adjustments, issues with suppliers, construction delays, work permits, bills, worker issues, engineering notes, construction excavations, expenses, construction instructions, Union Bridge Company, lighting installations, construction processes, hiring practices, electrical conductors, water proofing, hydraulics, cement, concrete, payment of contributors, processes of approval for construction, meeting dates of the Harlem River Bridge Commission, and contract restrictions.

Correspondents include the following: W.W.M. Kaig, Henry Dodge, E. Mulvany, John Shay, James Clarke, H.D. Whitcomb, Horace Benton, J. Rellan, J.R. Maus, W.E. Merrill, A.P. Gorman, J.H. Staats, Vernon H. Brown, Charles H. Fisher (New York Central and Hudson River Railway Company), B. Baker, John Fowler, Benjamin and John Dos Passos, Charles B. Colby, Charles B. Brush, S. Pearson, Stanford White, Horace E. Golding, R.H. Smith, Daniel Lord, A. Fteley, Herbert Hinds, J.R. Bartlett, D.M. Hirsch, M.H. Bartholomew, Thomas O. Driscoll, W.E. Porter, Thomas F. Rowland, George Edward Harding, R.H. Dames, William Watson, James B. Eads, J.D. Bright, H. Aston, Charles Suley, A.M. Maynard, W.R. Henton, G. Geddes, H.P. Gilbut, Malcolm W. Niver (Secretary of the Harlem River Bridge Commission), J.D. Patterson, George Devin (Assistant Engineer Washington/ Harlem River Bridge), J.B. Wheeler, John Bogart, Charles Burns, J. McClellon, Rob Bassee, B. Williamson, Theodore Cooper, Lewis Cass Ledyard, R.M. Hunt, John Cooper, Henry Wilson, A.A. Caille, Myles Tierney, W. Pentzen, L.B. Cantfield, George Q. Grumstaid Junior, M.J. Funton, George Pierce, W.O. Fayerweather, Noah S. Belthen, Herbert Steward, W.M. Habirsham. Subseries 1, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 1828-1965, consists of plans, blueprints, land profiles, drawings, boat rates, contract forms, order forms, descriptions of the canal, design information, engineering data, sketches, cost estimates, land titles, microfilm, business papers, supply bills, patent bills, news clippings, reports, specifications, stockholder's reports, receipts, water leases, printed materials, and correspondence.

The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal project was started in 1828 and completed twenty two years later in 1850. The canal's main objective was to connect Georgetown to the coal banks above Cumberland, Maryland, providing a short and cheap trade route between the eastern and western United States. It was also hoped that the canal would provide greater communication and travel between these two regions. Plagued by natural disasters, and construction setbacks, the canal was never completed in time to be useful and became obsolete shortly after its completion. Canal trade was eventually put out of business by the increase of railroads. Although it was an important development in engineering at its inception, the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal is no longer in use and has become what locals affectionately refer to as "the old ditch." The canal was designated a National Historical Park in 1971 and consists of 184.5 miles of hiking and biking trails.

Subseries 2, Hudson River Tunnel, 1887-1901, consists of agreements for construction, certificates, contracts, and cost estimates, construction reports, engineering notebooks, engineering notes, sketches, land profiles, maps, progress profiles, plans, proposals, printed material, statements of expenses, and correspondence.

The Hudson River Tunnel project was started in 1874, and the final tubes were opened in 1910 after several construction setbacks. The tunnel connects Weehawken, New Jersey and Pennsylvania Station in Manhattan, New York City. Today the Hudson River Tunnel, known as the North River Tunnels is used by Amtrak's Northeast Corridor and New Jersey Transit rail lines.

Subseries 3, Harlem River Bridge, 1878-1982, consists of blueprints, printed materials, photographs, engineer's estimates, schedules, costs, reports, proposals, contracts, specifications, and correspondence.

The Harlem River Bridge project was started in 1885 and was completed in 1889. It spans the Harlem River in New York City, New York and connects the Washington Heights section of Manhattan with the Bronx. It was later named and is still known as the Washington Bridge and has been adapted over time to carry highway traffic. These adaptations have allowed the bridge to remain in use today.

Subseries 4, Other Projects, 1858-1832, consists of drawings, maps, blueprints, plans, proposals, cost estimates, bills, correspondence, sketches, land profiles, dimensions, engineering notes, account records, photostats, supply lists, calculations, legal documents, surveys, inspection reports, financial data, and measurements on architectural and engineering projects. Highlights of this subseries include: Western Maryland Railroad, Washington Aqueduct, Panama Canal, Ramapo Water Company, Piedmont Bridge, Northern Adirondack Railroad, Columbia Railroad, Morris Canal, Pittsfield and Williamstown Railroad, Suez Canal, St. Gothard Canal, Tansa Dam, Colorado Midland Railroad Company, Memorial Bridge, Mersey Tunnel, Little Rock Bridge, Kingston Water Supply, Kanawha River Canal, Florida Ship Canal, East Jersey Water Company, Consolidated Coal Company, Dismal Swamp Canal, Boston and Baltimore Tunnels, St. Patrick's Cathedral, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, Annapolis Water Company, Baltimore and Drum Point Railroad Company, and the Baltimore Beltline.

Subseries 5, Unidentified Project Files, 1872-1900, consists of bills of sale, engineering forms and regulations, cement test results and methods, census bulletin, contracts, cost estimates, correspondence, notes on publications, engineering data and notes, drawings, surveys, sketches, payrolls, photographs, and reports.

Subseries 6, Specifications, 1870-1900, consists of documents related to some of Hutton's projects, including specifications for bridges, reservoirs, canals, viaducts, docks, buildings, water works, and tunnels. Some specifications are more general, and some are blank proposal/specification forms. There are also proposals for estimates and a "call" or advertisement to contractors to bid on certain projects. Many of the specifications deal with projects in New York State, but projects in Pennsylvania, the City of Baltimore, and Europe are represented. The materials are arranged alphabetically by project name. There is one folder of documentation for the Potomac River Bridge (Arlington Memorial Bridge) in Washington, D.C. The Arlington Memorial Bridge was part of the 1901 McMillan Commission's plan for restoring Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant's original plan for the capital. Two decades passed before construction was initiated by the architectural firm McKim, Mead, and White. The documentation for the Memorial Bridge consists of calculations and monetary figures for materials such as granite.

Subseries 7, Legal Documents, 1886, contains documents related to a patent infringement suit for moveable dams involving Alfred Pasqueau vs. the United States. This file contains both a printed version of the case and a handwritten statement from Hutton.

Subseries 8, Professional Organizations, 1870-1902, contains documents related to professional organizations where Hutton held membership. Specific organizations represented are American Institute of Architects, American Society of Civil Engineers, Institution of Civil Engineers, Boston Society of Civil Engineers, Societe des Ingenieurs Civils de France, Librarie Polytechnique, American Agency of "Engineering" in London, Imperial Institute, League of Associated Engineers, Railroad Corporation, American Institute of Mining Engineers, and the Century Association. Material in the subseries includes correspondence, candidates for membership, membership payments, membership lists, meeting minutes, schedule of terms, professional practices, charges, articles of association, invitations for membership, and election notes. Some materials are in French.

Series 9, Printed Materials, 1850-1913, contains a variety of printed materials relating to engineering and architectural projects written by Hutton and fellow engineers. This series can be used to examine not only professional developments of the period and responses to those developments, but also to track how ideas were transferred between engineers across countries and continents. This series should be used in conjunction with the professional correspondence found in this collection, as many of the authors also appear there. Some materials are in French, German, Spanish, and Italian.

Subseries 1, Printed Materials by Hutton, 1852-1900, includes printed papers on the Missouri flood wave, the Ravine du Sud, the Potomac waterfront, the Colorado midlands, and the application of water supply machinery.

Subseries 2, Printed Materials by Others, 1826-1913, includes printed materials on the Chesapeake and Ohio Canals, Tehuantec Ship Railway, Interoceanic canals and railways, jetties, Nicaragua Canal, uses of cements, mortars, concretes, steam power, harbors, Niagara Falls, Kanawha River canal, Mississippi River, Hudson River Bridge, sewage disposal, Washington Aqueduct, specifications, construction progress reports, hydraulic experiments, water supply, drainage, road surfacing, sea walls, water-cooling apparatus, pollution reports, bridges, pipes, channels, reservoirs, irrigation, water power, and sewers.

Subseries 2 contains an issue of The North American Review in which Hutton has specifically highlighted an article entitled, "The Inter-Oceanic Canal." Please see the container list for names of authors.

Subseries 3, Printed Materials with No Author, 1852-1903, includes printed materials on harbor reports, Annapolis Water Company, Ramapo Water Company, water departments and boards, maps, engineer's reports, sea walls, preservation of structures, annual reports, Coal and Iron Railway Company, sewers, Baltimore and Drum Point Railroad, contract specifications, proposals, social club life, Croton Water Supply, law suits, water supplies, moveable dams, reservoirs, East River Bridge, Eastern Canal, water filtration, Kingston New Water Supply, water pipes, locks, docks, contracts, construction reports, Croton Water Supply, and surveys. Also included are issues of journals such as Le Correspondant, Circular of the Office of Chief Engineers, The Club, VIII Congres International de Navigation, Journal of the Association of Engineering Studies, and Journal of the Franklin Institute.

Subseries 4, Newspaper, Journals and Magazine Clippings, 1873-1900, contains clippings from a variety of newspapers such as Scientific American, andRailroad Gazette. Subjects included are the Union Tunnel opening in Baltimore, Drum Point Railroad, railroad company conflicts, Washington/Harlem River Bridge, Metropolitan Railroad, Western Maryland Railroad, crop prospects, lumber trade, North Avenue Bridge, Nicaraguan Canal, harbors, river improvements, reactions to engineering projects, Belt tunnel, city transit, Washington, D.C. flood in 1880, tunnel shields, Springfield Bridge, railroad patents, Panama Canal, jetties, Hudson Tunnel, steel boilers, composition and use of cement, and the Brooklyn Bridge.

Subseries 5, Oversized Printed Materials, 1889-1892, contains large printed materials related to the Washington Aqueduct, General Post Office Building, subway arches, cornices, Warwick's Castle, Neuschwanstein Castle, Renaissance paintings, botanical drawings, school buildings, church architecture, the Hospital for the Insane of the Army and Navy and the District of Columbia, the Panama Canal, Morningside Park, and the Mississippi Jetties. Also includes engravings of Hutton, T.N. Talfound, and F. Jeffrey and photographs of Montgomery C. Meigs, and Hutton. Some materials are in German and French.

References:

1. Ward, George Washington, "The Early Development of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Project," Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science Series XVII, no. 9-11 (1899): 8.

2. Ibid., 88.

3. Ibid., 55.

4. Ibid., 90.

5. Sanderlin, Walter S., "The Great National Project: A History of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal," Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science Series LXIV, no. 1 (1946): 21.

6. Ibid., 282.

7. Gies, Joseph, Adventure Underground (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday and Company Inc., 1962): 134.

8. Ibid., 131-132.

9. Ibid., 135-136.

10. Ibid., 145.

Arrangement:

The collection is arranged into ten series.

Series 1, Letterpress Copybooks, 1858-1901

Series 2, Professional Correspondence, 1861-1901

Subseries 1, Project Correspondence, 1876-1899

Subseries 2, General Correspondence, 1861-1901

Series 3, Personal Correspondence, 1850-1942

Series 4, Personal Materials, 1835-1946

Subseries 1, Financial Records, 1876-1901

Subseries 2, Estate and Real Estate Records, 1835-1921

Subseries 3, Other Huttons, 1874-1936

Subseries 4, Personal Materials, 1878-1946

Series 5, Diaries, 1866-1901

Series 6, Notebooks, 1860-1900

Subseries 1, Engineering and Survey Field Notes, 1860-1899

Subseries 2, Notebooks, 1871-1886

Subseries 3, Notes, 1863-1900

Series 7, Cashbooks, 1856-1899

Series 8, Professional Projects, 1830-1965

Subseries 1, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 1828-1965

Subseries 2, Hudson River Tunnel, 1887-1901

Subseries 3, Harlem River Bridge, 1878-1892

Subseries 4, Other Projects, 1858-1932

Subseries 5, Identified Project Files, 1872-1900

Subseries 6, Specifications, 1870-1900

Subseries 7, Legal Documents, 1886

Subseries 8, Professional Organizations, 1870-1902

Series 9, Printed Materials, 1826-1913

Subseries 1, Printed Materials by Hutton, 1852-1900

Subseries 2, Printed Materials by Others, 1826-1913

Subseries 3, Newspaper, Journals, and Magazine Clippings, 1855-1901

Subseries 4, Oversized Printed Material, 1889-1892

Series 10: Drawings, 1875, 1883

Biographical / Historical:

Not much is known about the history of William Rich Hutton outside of his role in architectural and engineering projects of the late 1800s and early 1900s. In many cases, he is spoken of only in reference to his projects, and the short biographies that have been written read more like a resume than a life story. Because of this lack of information, this note will focus on Hutton's professional accomplishments, but will attempt to make some comments on his personal life.

William Rich Hutton was born on March 21, 1826 in Washington, D.C., the eldest son of James Hutton (died 1843) and his wife, the former Salome Rich (1). He was educated at the Western Academy (Washington, D.C.) from 1837-1840 under George J. Abbot and then at Benjamin Hallowell's School in Alexandria, Virginia, where he received special training in mathematics, drawing, and surveying (2). Hutton began his professional career in California when he, along with his younger brother James, accompanied their uncle William Rich to work for the United States Army. His uncle was a paymaster for the army and Hutton became his clerk. They traveled around the new state paying the various platoons stationed there, but Hutton also occupied his time by drawing the landscapes and structures he saw in the settlements of Los Angeles, San Francisco, La Paz, Mazatlan, Santa Barbara, Monterey, San Pedro, San Diego, and Cape San Lucas (3). These drawings are now held by the Huntington Library in San Marino, California. Hutton held the position of clerk until the spring of 1849, and in July of that year he began working with Lieutenant Edward O.C. Ord and completed the first survey of Los Angeles and its surrounding pueblo lands and islands. Hutton continued surveying in California from 1850-1851. He was hired by William G. Dana to survey the Nipomo Ranch in San Luis Obispo County and also surveyed the ranches Santa Manuela and Huer-Huero, both owned by Francis Z. Branch. After his employment with Dana, he became the county surveyor for San Luis Obispo County, where he prepared the first survey and map of the region. He also continued to survey ranches for Captain John Wilson during this time. In August 1851, he resigned from his position as county surveyor and moved to Monterey where he worked as an assistant to Captain (later General) Henry W. Hallack, superintendent of the New Almaden Quicksilver Mine in Santa Clara County (4). He remained in this position until March, 1853 when he returned to Washington, D.C. by way of Mexico (5).

Hutton began his career as a civil engineer in Washington, D.C. He was first assigned to the position of assistant engineer on a survey of the projected Metropolitan Railroad in 1853, which was chartered to connect Washington, D.C. with the mainline of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. In 1855 he began his professional relationship with Montgomery C. Meigs when he was appointed to the position of assistant engineer on the Washington Aqueduct. He also served as division engineer on this project until construction was shut down in 1861 because of the outbreak of the Civil War. Fortunately for Hutton, the construction on the Aqueduct was resumed in 1862, and when Congress transferred the supervision of the aqueduct project from the War Department to the Department of the Interior, Hutton was made chief engineer. By the end of the Civil War, Hutton's reputation as a civil engineer was established (6).

During this decade Hutton also served as the chief engineer for the Annapolis Water Works (1866) and as chief engineer for one of his most famous projects, the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal (1869-1871). Although some historians minimize Hutton as just one of many engineers to work on the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, he did make one major contribution to its construction: the Georgetown Canal Incline. Perhaps the final effort of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal company to compete with the emerging and fast expanding railroad, the Georgetown Incline was designed to allow canal boats to travel through the canal with low water levels and to alleviate canal congestion. Unfortunately, by the time the incline was completed use of the canal had decreased so significantly that it was no longer needed to help control traffic (7). Despite this, Hutton continued to work as a consulting engineer for the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company until 1881, when he was let go because of the dwindling fortunes of the company (7).

In the 1870s and 1880s Hutton was busy with several engineering projects. During 1871-1873, he was the chief engineer in the completion of the Western Maryland Railroad to Hagerstown and Williamsport (9). He also practiced as an architect with his brother, the prominent Baltimore architect Nathanial Henry Hutton, during the years 1873-1880. He relocated to New York in 1880, serving as chief engineer for the Washington Bridge in 1888 and 1889 and the Hudson River Tunnel from 1889 to 1891. In 1886, he became the consulting engineer for the New Croton Aqueduct and served in the same position for the Colorado Midland Railway between the years of 1886-1889 (10).

As his personal and professional correspondence shows, Hutton continued to work on various engineering and architectural projects until his death on December 11, 1901. In addition to these projects, he also invented the innovative system of locks and moveable dams used in the Kanawha River Canal. He was awarded the Diplome d'Honneur for this featat the Paris Exposition in 1878 (11). His correspondence also demonstrates how Hutton was respected within his professional community. These letters refer to the accuracy of his work, his willingness to help other colleagues and supply them with reference materials and information, and, in addition to all this, his politeness. It seems that these qualities defined not only his personality but also his ideology. In one of the cashbooks in the collection, dated 1899, a hand written note contains a religious parable of "The Straw." The phrase in this parable that speaks most to Hutton's work ethic, and to the spirit of inventors everywhere, is this: "Even so however lowly may be the act, however little opportunities we may have of assisting others, we may still do something. Let us beg to fulfil our duty in this regards by making ourselves useful to others by some little act of thoughtful charity..." (12). Hutton, in his dedication to civil engineering, seems to have lived up to this virtue, and in his work he changed the landscape of Washington, D.C. and New York.

The Fairy Godfather: Hutton's Personal History

His professional records reveal a man who was fiercely dedicated to his work. His obituary references his professional life more than his personal life (13). Despite his reputation in the professional engineering community, his personal records demonstrate that Hutton was also dedicated to his family and children. In 1855, he married Montgomery County native Mary Augusta Clopper (died 1915). Together they lived on her family's estate known as the Woodlands, and had five children: Frank C. Hutton, Mary Hutton, Elizabeth Hutton (later Caulfield), Rosa Hutton, and Annie Salome Hutton (14). It is at this estate that Hutton died and was buried. The personal letters to his wife found in the Woodlands Collection held at the Montgomery County Historical Society show a man in love and willing to take time from his work to write to his wife. His letters to his children show a similar interest and compassion. In the many letters found in this collection from his daughter Elizabeth (Bessie) one can see a father who is interested in not only his daughter's activities abroad, but also in her opinion. This interest also extends to his son Frank Hutton, as their correspondence shows Hutton offering his son advice on his own engineering projects.

Hutton also served as executor to many of his extended family's estates. Many letters show the conflicts that Hutton had to mediate and the dependence of his cousins on him for advice and money. Although his family was wealthy (his cousin was Benjamin H. Hutton whose daughters married into the court of Napoleon III), they were volatile, and his records seem to indicate that he served as a mediator for many of their disputes. In addition to this, as his nickname of Fairy Godfather suggests, Hutton was always willing to lend his family either financial or moral support when needed. Unfortunately, little other documentation concerning Hutton's personal life exists outside of this collection and the one held at the Montgomery County Historical Society.

References:

1. Waters, Willard O., "Introduction," California 1847-1852 (San Marino: The Huntington Library, 1942).

2. Waters, Willard O., "Memoir," Glances at California 1847-1853 (San Marino: The Huntington Library, 1942): ix.

3. Waters, Willard O., "Introduction," California 1847-1852 (San Marino: The Huntington Library, 1942). and Waters, Willard O., "Memoir," Glances at California 1847-1853 (San Marino: The Huntington Library, 1942): x-xi.

4. Waters, Willard O., "Introduction," California 1847-1852 (San Marino: The Huntington Library, 1942).

5. Waters, Willard O., "Memoir," Glances at California 1847-1853 (San Marino: The Huntington Library, 1942): xvii.

6. Waters, Willard O., "Memoir," Glances at California 1847-1853 (San Marino: The Huntington Library, 1942): xvii-xviii.

7. Skramstad, Harold, "The Georgetown Canal Incline," Technology and Culture, Vol. 10, no. 4 (Oct. 1969): 555.

8. Business Correspondence, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 22 February 1881, William R. Hutton Papers, 1830-1965, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, box number 27, folder number 29.

9. "William Rich Hutton," The Club: A Journal of Club Life for Men and Women,(July 1894):37

10. Ibid.

11. Monzione, Joseph, "William R. Hutton," A.P.W.A. Reporter (Sept. 1977): 7.

12. Cashbook, 1899, William R. Hutton Papers, 1830-1965, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, box number 23, folder number 5.

13. The Woodlands Collection, Montgomery County Historical Society.

Related Materials:

Materials in the Archives Center

The Montgomery C. Meigs Papers, 1870-1890, (AC0987). Contains materials relating to the construction of the Washington Aqueduct including a book of drawings illustrating reservoirs, tunnels, culverts, and other structural elements, a Government Senate Document relating to construction progress, scrapbooks created by Meigs that include newspaper clippings about the Washington Aqueduct project, water supply, engineering projects, building construction, architecture and other subjects. Collection is currently unprocessed, but is available for research.

Materials in Other Organizations:

The William Rich Hutton Papers, 1840-1961, are located at the Huntington Library in California (see http://catalog.huntington.org).

The collection contains 95 drawings, 13 letters, and 39 facsimile copies of letters and manuscripts. The illustrative material includes both watercolor and pencil drawings of California (including Los Angeles, Monterey, San Francisco, the New Almaden Quicksilver Mine, and the California missions), Baja California, Mexico, and Peru. There are also five pieces in the collection related to the author María Amparo Ruiz de Burton. In 1942, the Huntington Library published Glances at California 1847--853: Diaries and Letters of William Rich Hutton, Surveyor and California 1847--852: Drawings by William Rich Hutton.

The Hutton family papers are located at the Montgomery County Historical Society, Sween Library (see http://www.montgomeryhistory.org/sites/default/files/Family_Files.pdf).

The collection contains account books from the Woodlands estate, recipe books, livestock records, records of Mary Augusta Hutton (wife), Mary and Rose Hutton (daughters), newspaper clippings (including his obituary), correspondence, record books, deeds, bills and receipts, engineering papers, religious momentos (funeral service cards), and insurance papers.

Provenance:

The collection was donated by Mr. and Mrs. James J. Madine, a relative of Hutton's and last owners of the Woodlands estate; the Department of Forests and Parks, Maryland; Louis Fischer; and Mr. and Mrs. Mayo S. Stuntz, 1965-1966, 1974.

Restrictions:

Collection is open for research but is stored off-site and special arrangements must be made to work with it. Contact the Archives Center for information at archivescenter@si.edu or 202-633-3270.

Rights:

Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning copyright restrictions. Other intellectual property rights may apply. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.

Topic:

Dams  Search this

Hydraulic engineering  Search this

Canals  Search this

Underwater tunnels  Search this

Railroad bridges  Search this

Railroad construction  Search this

Water-supply  Search this

Construction workers  Search this

Construction equipment  Search this

Concrete construction  Search this

Concrete  Search this

Coal -- Transportation  Search this

Civil engineers  Search this

Civil engineering  Search this

Canals -- Panama  Search this

Canals -- Washington (D.C.)  Search this

Canals -- Maryland  Search this

Canals -- Design and construction  Search this

Bridges -- United States  Search this

Waterworks  Search this

Tunnels  Search this

Tunnels -- New York (N.Y.)  Search this

Construction -- Washington (D.C.)  Search this

Underground construction  Search this

Locks and dams  Search this

Shipping  Search this

Iron and steel bridges  Search this

Sewage disposal  Search this

Railroads -- Maryland  Search this

Railroads -- 19th century  Search this

Railroad engineering  Search this

Railroad companies  Search this

Aqueducts  Search this

Arch bridges  Search this

Architects -- 19th century  Search this

Books  Search this

Bridges -- New York (N.Y.)  Search this

Bridges -- Design and construction  Search this

Bridge construction industry -- United States  Search this

Engineering notebooks  Search this

Docks  Search this

Domestic and family life  Search this

Architecture -- United States  Search this

Architecture -- Washington (D.C.)  Search this

Harlem River Bridge  Search this

Western Maryland Railroad  Search this

Annapolis Waterworks  Search this

Steam engineering  Search this

Harlem River Bridge Commission  Search this

Washington (D.C.) -- 19th century  Search this

Reservoirs  Search this

Patents  Search this

Genre/Form:

Photographs

Letterpress copybooks

Blueprints

Diaries

Drawings

Photographs -- 19th century

Cashbooks

Business records -- 19th century

Business letters

Notebooks

Topographic maps

Tax records

Technical drawings

Stock certificates

Technical literature

Photoengravings

Notes

Maps -- 19th century

Microfilms

Linen tracings

Letter books

Letters

Land titles

Legal documents

Sketches

Salted paper prints

Reports

Receipts

Plans (drawings)

Photostats

Photographic prints

Architectural drawings

Administrative records

Albumen prints

Albums

Annual reports

Booklets

Account books -- 19th century

Books -- 19th century

Family papers -- 18th century

Financial records -- 19th century

Diaries -- 19th century

Drawings -- 19th century

Cyanotypes

Correspondence -- 19th-20th century

Deeds

Printed material

Correspondence

Contracts

Photograph albums

Specifications

Christmas cards

Menus

Citation:

William R. Hutton Papers, dates, Archives Center, National Museum of American History

Identifier:

NMAH.AC.0987

See more items in:

William R. Hutton Papers

Archival Repository:

Archives Center, National Museum of American History

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep84f6824ce-7291-4ac4-ab0f-abaa2071815e

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nmah-ac-0987

Discipline:

Mineral Sciences  Search this

Region:

US Mid Atlantic (PA, NJ, MD, DE, DC, VA, WV)  Search this

Object Type:

Education and Outreach collections

Collecting Locality:

Mineral Hill Mine, North America, United States, Maryland, Carroll County

Topic:

Education & Outreach  Search this

Scientific Name:

Phyllosilicate Mineral Talc

USNM Number:

EO40764

See more items in:

Q?rius, The Coralyn W. Whitney Science Education Center

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/3837043cd-5328-4f49-9712-d482fe7fc5a2

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmnheducation_10017807

Creator:

Warshaw, Isadore, 1900-1969  Search this

Extent:

60.54 Cubic feet (consisting of 131 boxes, 13 folders, 17 oversize folders, 20 map case folders, 2 flat boxes (1 full, 1 partial), plus digital images of some collection material.)

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Business ephemera

Ephemera

Date:

1832-1977

Summary:

A New York bookseller, Warshaw assembled this collection over nearly fifty years. The Warshaw Collection of Business Americana: Railroads forms part of the Warshaw Collection of Business Americana, Subseries 1.1: Subject Categories. The Subject Categories subseries is divided into 470 subject categories based on those created by Mr. Warshaw. These subject categories include topical subjects, types or forms of material, people, organizations, historical events, and other categories. An overview to the entire Warshaw collection is available here: Warshaw Collection of Business Americana

Scope and Contents:

Railroad materials comprise the largest subject category in the Warshaw Collection. These materials document a major industry and important transportation system that was instrumental in the western expansion of the United States. Railroads opened the way for the development of many other industries including mining, farming and manufacturing. The earliest materials document railroad lines operating on the east coast of the United States in the 1830s. The United States did not have the technical and manufacturing capabilities of some of the European nations. Cheaper land for railroad right of way and a government policy that guaranteed loans and provided grants to railroad companies based on the amount of track laid, however, encouraged rapid growth. Railroad companies in turn would sell land to settlers. Materials in this collection include the advertisements created to lure settlers west by promising this cheap and abundant land. The railroads were instrumental in transporting goods from the farm belt to the east coast and to Europe thus making the country a major trading post. Railroads also expedited the movement of troops during the Civil War which was the first war to employ the rails. Later in the century the growth of the far west is facilitated by passenger trains linking east and west. As the rail network became more efficient and capable of transporting raw materials, the United States became a world leader in coal and pig iron production. Evidence of the transporting of goods is found among these materials. The affluence of the late nineteenth century is reflected in the amount of materials in the collection that promoted luxury travel by rail. The rise of great railroad fortunes such as those of Vanderbilt, Harriman and Gould soon followed industry growth, as did scandal and corruption which in turn was followed by government regulation in the form of the Interstate Commerce Act and railroad legislation during Theodore Roosevelt's administration.

The twentieth century witnessed great efficiencies in locomotive car and track design and large increases in freight ton mileage as is reflected in the materials. There was, however, failure or downsizing of many railroad lines. Total passenger mileage declined over the years due to competition from other forms of transportation, the rise of the labor movement, increasing government control, a reduction in profits and the

The material consists primarily of correspondence, reports, patent records, pass books, resort guides, timetables, maps, periodicals, articles, printed advertisements, tickets, photographs, postcards and images from railroad companies. There is also a substantial amount of material from manufacturers and dealers of railroad equipment and supplies and from railroad organizations. Reference materials including articles and periodicals are also included among the materials. The materials are divided into six series.

Railroad Companies forms the largest amount of material in this category. This series is divided into two subseries. Subseries one is American railroad companies and subseries two is foreign companies.

American Companies document transportation service throughout the United States by the railroad lines including Albany and Susquehanna Railroad Company, Northern Railroad Corporation, Concord and Claremont, Contoocook River Railroad, Illinois Central Railroad, New York Central Railroad Company, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, Sullivan, Central Vermont, Philadelphia and Reading Rail Road Company, Providence and Worcester Railroad Company, Pennsylvania Rail Road Company, Southern Pacific, Vermont Central Railroad Corporation and Union Pacific Railroad. There is a substantial amount of material from each company. The materials are arranged in alphabetical order by the name of the company or railroad line (s).

Foreign Companies includes companies servicing countries outside of the United States. Countries include Canada, England, France, India, Ireland, Scotland, Mexico and Switzerland. The materials are arranged in alphabetical order by the name of the company or railroad line (s).

Manufacturers and Distributors of Railroad Cars, Equipment and Supplies includes scattered correspondence on letterhead stationery, printed advertisements, patents, catalogues, bills and receipts. Many of the companies produced cars for the railroad companies but also supplied equipment and parts. The materials are arranged in alphabetical order by the name of the company.

Organizations, Associations and Clubs includes material from groups that represented the interests of railroad companies, employees and tradesmen. Organizations include American Association of General Passenger and Ticket Agents, American Association of Passenger Traffic Officers, American Association for Railroad and Locomotive History, American Electric Railway Association, American Electric Railway Manufacturers Association, American Electric Railway Transportation and Traffic Association, American Iron and Steel Association, American Railway Association, American Railway Bureau, American Railway Master Mechanics Association, American Street and Interurban Railway Accountants Association, Association of American Railroads, Association of General Freight Agents of New England, Association of Railway Executives, Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen- Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, Brotherhood Railroad Signalmen of America, Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen, Convention of Railroad Commissioners, Eastern Railroad Association, International Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, Master Car Builders' Association, National Association of General Passenger and Ticket Agents, National Council of Traveling Salesmen's Association of America, New England Association of Railroad Superintendents, New England Association of Superintendents of Steam Railways, New England General Ticket and Passenger Agents Association, New England Railroad Club, New England Railway Car Accounting Association, New England Summer Resort Association, North-Western, Railroadmen, Railroadians of America, Railway Business Association, Railway Car Accountants' Association, Railway Clearing House Association, Railway Club of Pittsburgh, Railway Educational Association, Railway Officials of America, Railway Storekeeping Association, Railway and Supplymen's Mutual Catalog Company, South-Western Passenger Association, South-Western Railway Association, Street Railway Association, Terminal Railroad Association of Saint Louis, Train Central Corporation of America, Transcontinental Association, United American Mechanics, United States Railroad Administration, Western Association of General Passenger and Ticket Agents, Western Land Association of Minnesota, Western Railroad Association, Western Railways' Committee on Public Relations, Western States Passenger Association and the Yard Master's Mutual Benefit Association.

Images includes unidentified photographs, postcards, lithographs and sketches of locomotive cars, bridges, tunnels, accidents, collisions, depot stations, equipment, freight and shipping alternatives, Hancock Junction, horse-drawn railroads, memorials featuring trains, menus, tracks, employees working with trains, trademarks, cartoons, caricatures, illustrations from children's books, West Point and the second locomotive built in the United States. The materials that can be identified to a railroad company or line are found in series one. Most of the material are undated and is arranged in alphabetical order by subject.

General Files includes audit reports, Windsor Vermont Convention, income and expense accounts, mortgage bonds, bond offerings, export and import documents, financial records and stock lists, Florence and Keyport Company charter, Interstate Commerce Commission, legal records from states such as Connecticut, District of Columbia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, United States and Vermont patent records, Philadelphia Company balance sheets, Railroad Administration, Rand's Rating Agency, taxation documents, Thompson and Bachedler track and switch specifications, pass, time sheets, freight documents, maps, destination literature, tours, ticket sales, passenger rate sheets, checks, receipts and invoices, tickets, guides, maps, timetables, transportation of freight documents, pass books, passenger proportions, freight rates, free pass policy of numerous railroad companies, freight rates, freight transportation documents for Empire Line Great Western, Great Central, Bitner's Despatch Line, Merchant's Despatch line, National Despatch line, and various companies, time sheets, transportation of freight documents, maps and destination literature, maps and destination literature, map of Great Britain, Dinsmore, map of the United States and Canada Railways, fares and schedules, official documents, special trip offers, tariffs for passengers, freight and grain, tariffs for livestock and merchandise, passenger rate sheets, Walker's Railway tables, baggage checks, checks, receipts and invoices, ticket sales, Dover, ticket agents, tickets,

Publications includes articles, reports, clippings, histories, fiction, periodicals for the railroad trade and general periodicals. The series is divided into three subseries: Subseries 1, Articles, Reports, Clippings, Histories, and Fiction; Subseries 2, Periodicals for the Railroad Trade; Subseries 3, General Periodicals.

Materials in the Archives Center:

Archives Center Collection of Business Americana (AC0404)

Forms Part Of:

Forms part of the Warshaw Collection of Business Americana.

Missing Title

Series 1: Business Ephemera

Series 2: Other Collection Divisions

Series 3: Isadore Warshaw Personal Papers

Series 4: Photographic Reference Material

Provenance:

Railroads is a portion of the Business Ephemera Series of the Warshaw Collection of Business Americana, Accession AC0060 purchased from Isadore Warshaw in 1967. Warshaw continued to accumulate similar material until his death, which was donated in 1971 by his widow, Augusta. For a period after acquisition, related materials from other sources (of mixed provenance) were added to the collection so there may be content produced or published after Warshaw's death in 1969. This practice has since ceased.

Restrictions:

Collection is open for research. Some items may be restricted due to fragile condition.

Rights:

Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning copyright restrictions. Other intellectual property rights may apply. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.

Genre/Form:

Business ephemera

Ephemera

Citation:

Warshaw Collection of Business Americana Subject Categories: Railroads, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution

Sponsor:

Funding for partial processing of the collection was supported by a grant from the Smithsonian Institution's Collections Care and Preservation Fund (CCPF).

Identifier:

NMAH.AC.0060.S01.01.Railroads

See more items in:

Warshaw Collection of Business Americana Subject Categories: Railroads

Archival Repository:

Archives Center, National Museum of American History

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep860f3e0d4-3fed-46ba-9679-02db5f1c18cc

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nmah-ac-0060-s01-01-railroads

Biogeographical Region:

North American Terrestrial  Search this

Collector:

Collector unknown  Search this

Microhabitat Description:

Marine  Search this

Recent/Fossil:

Fossil  Search this

Site Name:

USGS diatom locality 3079  Search this

Preparation:

Microslide (individual)

Type Citation:

Lohman, K. E. 1948. MD. Dept. Mines & Geology. Bulletin 2: 159, plate VI, fig. 1.

Type Status:

Holotype

Place:

Larry G. Hammond Well No. 1, Ohio Oil Company, near Salisbury [Calvert Formation, Middle Miocene], 1077 feet, Wicomico, Maryland, United States, North America

Collection Date:

1 May 1945

Taxonomy:

Protista Bacillariophyta Coscinodiscales Coscinodiscaceae

Published Name:

Coscinodiscus arcus K.E. Lohman

Barcode:

01023438

USNM Number:

LA2376

See more items in:

Botany

Diatoms

Collection of K.E. Lohman/G.W. Andrews

Type Register

Data Source:

NMNH - Botany Dept.

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/38fb496bb-eb5c-4fb2-86b7-96634810b807

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmnhbotany_2861750

Biogeographical Region:

North American Terrestrial  Search this

Collector:

Collector unknown  Search this

Recent/Fossil:

Fossil  Search this

Site Name:

USGS diatom locality 3080  Search this

Preparation:

Microslide (individual)

Type Citation:

Lohman, K. E. 1948. MD. Dept. Mines & Geology. Bulletin 2: 168, plate IX, fig. 5.

Type Status:

Holotype

Place:

Larry G. Hammond Well No. 1, Ohio Oil Company, near Salisbury, depth 1108 feet [Calvert Formation, Middle Miocene], Wicomico, Maryland, United States, North America

Collection Date:

1 May 1945

Taxonomy:

Protista Bacillariophyta

Published Name:

Cladogramma dubium K.E. Lohman

Barcode:

01023439

USNM Number:

LA2377

See more items in:

Botany

Diatoms

Collection of K.E. Lohman/G.W. Andrews

Type Register

Data Source:

NMNH - Botany Dept.

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/30e240d9b-4e58-425f-bd9f-232fa697ecd7

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmnhbotany_2861754

Biogeographical Region:

North American Terrestrial  Search this

Collector:

Collector unknown  Search this

Recent/Fossil:

Fossil  Search this

Site Name:

USGS diatom locality 3081  Search this

Preparation:

Microslide (strewn)

Type Citation:

Lohman, K. E. 1948. MD. Dept. Mines & Geology. Bulletin 2: 168, plate 9, fig. 4.

Type Status:

Holotype

Place:

Larry G. Hammond No, 1 well, Ohio Oil Company, near Salisbury [Calvert Formation, Middle Miocene, Wicomico, Maryland, United States, North America

Collection Date:

1 May 1945

Taxonomy:

Protista Bacillariophyta

Published Name:

Cladogramma ellipticum K.E. Lohman

Barcode:

01023434

USNM Number:

LA2368

See more items in:

Botany

Diatoms

Collection of K.E. Lohman/G.W. Andrews

Type Register

Data Source:

NMNH - Botany Dept.

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/3ae407405-87b6-424f-8bcf-5135674dc086

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmnhbotany_2861755

Biogeographical Region:

North American Terrestrial  Search this

Collector:

Collector unknown  Search this

Recent/Fossil:

Fossil  Search this

Site Name:

USGS diatom locality 3081  Search this

Preparation:

Microslide (strewn)

Type Citation:

Lohman, K. E. 1948. MD. Dept. Mines & Geology. Bulletin 2: 166, plate VIII, figs. 1, 2.

Type Status:

Holotype

Place:

Larry G. Hammond No, 1 well, Ohio Oil Company, near Salisbury [Calvert Formation, Middle Miocene, Wicomico, Maryland, United States, North America

Collection Date:

1 May 1945

Taxonomy:

Protista Bacillariophyta Coscinodiscales Coscinodiscaceae

Published Name:

Cestodiscus marylandicus K.E. Lohman

Barcode:

01023434

USNM Number:

LA2368

See more items in:

Botany

Diatoms

Collection of K.E. Lohman/G.W. Andrews

Type Register

Data Source:

NMNH - Botany Dept.

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/34aa67fc8-ada6-41d0-b7f3-d5d87c8d696e

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmnhbotany_2861756

Biogeographical Region:

North American Terrestrial  Search this

Collector:

Collector unknown  Search this

Microhabitat Description:

Marine  Search this

Recent/Fossil:

Fossil  Search this

Site Name:

USGS diatom locality 3074  Search this

Preparation:

Microslide (individual)

Type Citation:

Lohman, K. E. 1948. MD. Dept. Mines & Geology. Bulletin 2: 164, plate VII, fig. 5.

Type Status:

Holotype

Place:

Larry G. Hammon Well No. 1, Ohio Oil Company, near Salisbury, depth 1000-1010 feet [Calvert Formation, Middle Miocene], Wicomico, Maryland, United States, North America

Collection Date:

1 May 1945

Taxonomy:

Protista Bacillariophyta Coscinodiscales Coscinodiscaceae

Published Name:

Coscinodiscus salisburyanus K.E. Lohman

Azpeitia salisburyana (K.E. Lohman) P.A. Sims in G.A. Fryxell et al.

Barcode:

01023435

USNM Number:

LA2370

See more items in:

Botany

Diatoms

Collection of K.E. Lohman/G.W. Andrews

Type Register

Data Source:

NMNH - Botany Dept.

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/36e50e5f2-31fd-48f1-bd84-b804232283f2

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmnhbotany_2861757

Biogeographical Region:

North American Terrestrial  Search this

Collector:

Collector unknown  Search this

Recent/Fossil:

Fossil  Search this

Site Name:

USGS diatom locality 3079  Search this

Preparation:

Microslide (strewn)

Type Citation:

Lohman, K. E. 1948. MD. Dept. Mines & Geology. Bulletin 2: 165, plate VIII, fig. 5.

Type Status:

Holotype

Place:

Larry G. Hammond Well No. 1, Ohio Oil Company, near Salisbury [Calvert Formation, Middle Miocene], 1077 feet, Wicomico, Maryland, United States, North America

Collection Date:

1 May 1945

Taxonomy:

Protista Bacillariophyta

Published Name:

Liradiscus bipolaris K.E. Lohman

Barcode:

01023433

USNM Number:

LA2366

See more items in:

Botany

Diatoms

Collection of K.E. Lohman/G.W. Andrews

Type Register

Data Source:

NMNH - Botany Dept.

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/3704df536-350a-4472-a5db-d13a256f7a82

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmnhbotany_2861763

Biogeographical Region:

North American Terrestrial  Search this

Collector:

Collector unknown  Search this

Recent/Fossil:

Fossil  Search this

Site Name:

USGS diatom locality 3081  Search this

Preparation:

Microslide (strewn)

Type Citation:

Lohman, K. E. 1948. MD. Dept. Mines & Geology. Bulletin 2: 165, plate VIII, fig. 4.

Type Status:

Holotype

Place:

Larry G. Hammond No, 1 well, Ohio Oil Company, near Salisbury [Calvert Formation, Middle Miocene, Wicomico, Maryland, United States, North America

Collection Date:

1 May 1945

Taxonomy:

Protista Bacillariophyta

Published Name:

Liradiscus minimus K.E. Lohman

Barcode:

01023434

USNM Number:

LA2368

See more items in:

Botany

Diatoms

Collection of K.E. Lohman/G.W. Andrews

Type Register

Data Source:

NMNH - Botany Dept.

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/31086a53b-d401-46d4-8f06-c45dc69164ac

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmnhbotany_2861764

Biogeographical Region:

North American Terrestrial  Search this

Collector:

Collector unknown  Search this

Recent/Fossil:

Fossil  Search this

Site Name:

USGS diatom locality 3076  Search this

Preparation:

Microslide (strewn)

Type Citation:

Lohman, K. E. 1948. MD. Dept. Mines & Geology. Bulletin 2: 156, plate V, figs. 1-7.

Type Status:

Holotype

Place:

Larry G. Hammond Well No. 1, Ohio Oil Company, near Salisbury, depth 1020-1030 feet [Calvert Formation, Middle Miocene], Wicomico, Maryland, United States, North America

Collection Date:

1 May 1945

Taxonomy:

Protista Bacillariophyta Melosirales Melosiraceae

Published Name:

Melosira complexa K.E. Lohman

Barcode:

01023432

USNM Number:

LA2363

See more items in:

Botany

Diatoms

Collection of K.E. Lohman/G.W. Andrews

Type Register

Data Source:

NMNH - Botany Dept.

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/3b8d35201-5252-4769-b4d4-34952bf6c20f

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmnhbotany_2861765

Biogeographical Region:

North American Terrestrial  Search this

Collector:

Collector unknown  Search this

Recent/Fossil:

Fossil  Search this

Site Name:

USGS diatom locality 3075  Search this

Preparation:

Microslide (individual)

Type Citation:

Lohman, K. E. 1948. MD. Dept. Mines & Geology. Bulletin 2: 182, plate XI, fig. 6.

Type Status:

Holotype

Place:

Larry G. Hammond Well No. 1, Ohio Oil Company, near Salisbury, depth 1020-1030 feet [Calvert Formation, Middle Miocene], Wicomico, Maryland, United States, North America

Collection Date:

1 May 1945

Taxonomy:

Protista Bacillariophyta Rhaphoneidales Rhaphoneidaceae

Published Name:

Rhaphoneis immunis K.E. Lohman

Barcode:

01023436

USNM Number:

LA2371

See more items in:

Botany

Diatoms

Collection of K.E. Lohman/G.W. Andrews

Type Register

Data Source:

NMNH - Botany Dept.

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/3ad2def8d-11c6-4a05-a5e6-1909329a6100

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmnhbotany_2861785

Biogeographical Region:

North American Terrestrial  Search this

Collector:

Collector unknown  Search this

Recent/Fossil:

Fossil  Search this

Site Name:

USGS diatom locality 3078  Search this

Preparation:

Microslide (individual)

Type Citation:

Lohman, K. E. 1948. MD. Dept. Mines & Geology. Bulletin 2: 183, plate XI, fig. 9.

Type Status:

Holotype

Place:

Larry G. Hammond Well No. 1, Ohio Oil Company, near Salisbury, depth 1040 feet [Calvert Formation, Middle Miocene], Wicomico, Maryland, United States, North America

Collection Date:

1945

Taxonomy:

Protista Bacillariophyta Rhaphoneidales Rhaphoneidaceae

Published Name:

Rhaphoneis wicomicoensis K.E. Lohman

Barcode:

01023437

USNM Number:

LA2375

See more items in:

Botany

Diatoms

Collection of K.E. Lohman/G.W. Andrews

Type Register

Data Source:

NMNH - Botany Dept.

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/3cc828dca-1115-4532-bb6e-703e42be9068

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmnhbotany_2861786