Photographs from an album compiled by Christian Barthelmess for a fellow soldier, O.S. Gordon. The bulk of the images relate to American Indians and the United States army and include studio portraits; images of dwellings and camps; cowboys; Zuni and Navajo performing daily activities; Cheyenne and Zuni dances; a Cheyenne travois; fishing and hunting parties; and American Indian scouts for the army. There are also scenic views of Colorado, Zuni Pueblo, Santa Fe, Custer (Little Bighorn) Battlefield, Camp Proctor, and Forts Merritt and Keogh. The collection also includes some images from Germany, including images of a German singing club and the Bavarian town of Klingenberg on the Main. One photograph was made by W. J. Carpenter, a Colorado photographer.
Biographical/Historical note:
Christian Barthelmess (1854-1906) was born in Bavaria and immigrated to the United States in the early 1870s. Enlisting in the U.S. Army in 1876, he directed military bands and was an official army photographer. Barthelmess retired from the Army in 1903, but remained post photographer for Fort Keogh until his death in 1906.
Local Call Number(s):
NAA Photo Lot R87-1
Reproduction Note:
Copy negatives made by Smithsonian Institution, 1989.
Location of Other Archival Materials:
Additional photographs by Barthelmess can be found in the National Anthropological Archives in MS 4423, Photo Lot 24, and the BAE historical negatives.
The Dr. Kenneth J. LaBudde Department of Special Collections at the University of Missouri-Kansas City and the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University hold photographs by Barthelmess.
The Montana Historical Society Archives holds the Barthelmess Family Papers, 1926-1971, including a series relating to Christian Barthelmess.
Restrictions:
The collection is open for research.
Access to the collection requires an appointment.
Rights:
This copy collection has been obtained for reference purposes only. Contact the repository for terms of use and access.
Photo Lot R87-1, Copies of Christian Barthelmess photographs of American Indians and United States Army, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Northern Cheyenne Tribe of the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation, Montana
Rosebud County (Mont.)
Cheyenne-Arapaho Tribes of Oklahoma
Glacier National Park (Mont.)
Lame Deer (Mont.)
Washita County (Okla.)
Date:
1902-1910
Summary:
The core of this photographic collection (1902-1904) was taken during Grinnell's visits among the Northern (Montana, Rosebud County and Rosebud River, Lame Deer) and Southern (Washita County, Oklahoma) Tsitsistas/Suhtai (Cheyenne). The photographs document domestic and daily life on the reservation (especially activies involving women), religious ceremonies, camps and dwellings, and important officials. The attributions of the photographs in this collection are far from certain. While many of these images appear to have been taken by Grinnell himself, a substantial portion were also taken by his wife Elizabeth Curtis Grinnell (b. 1876) and their friend Julia E. Tuell. A very small subset of these images (3) also depicts mountains and vistas in Glacier National Park (Flathead County, Glacier County) Montana.
Arrangement note:
negatives: organized in 6 boxes; arranged numerically by image number
Biographical/Historical note:
George Bird Grinnell, naturalist, conservationist and Indian rights activist, was born into a prominent family in Brooklyn, New York. He attended Yale University, receiving his B.A. in 1870 and a Ph.D. in paleontology in 1880. While at Yale, Grinnell participated in a paleontological expedition to the central Plains, Wyoming and Utah. In 1874 he served as naturalist and paleontologist in Lt. Colonel George Armstrong Custer's Black Hills expedition and, in 1875, was a member of William Ludlow's expedition surveying the Yellowstone. In 1899 Grinnell was a naturalist on Edward H. Harriman Expedition to Alaska. Grinnell's lifelong interest in the west was well established long before he left Yale. In 1876, four years before he earned his Ph.D., Grinnell became the editor-in-chief and soon-to-be owner of Forest and Stream magazine. Under his leadership, it became the country's foremost natural history magazine. Grinnell was the magazine's editor from 1876 until 1911, and he used its pages to help promote the creation of national parks. Grinnell played a pivotal role in the creation of Glacier National Park in 1910.
Grinnell's interest in the west extended to its native inhabitants. He was deeply interested in Plains Indians and, year after year, spent his summers visiting different reservations. He had befriended Frank North and his Pawnee scouts, and accompanied them on buffalo and elk hunts. Grinnell witnessed the destruction of game animals, brought about by commercial hunters, and was cognizant of its impact on Plains Indians' way of life. Grinnell, a prolific writer, authored several books and many articles on Cheyenne, Blackfoot, and Pawnee Indians, the most well-know of which was the two volume work entitled "The Cheyenne Indians: Their History and Way of Life," first published in 1923. Until his death, he remained a staunch supporter of Cheyenne rights.
Grinnell was a founding member of both the Audubon Society and Boone and Crockett Club (with Theodore Roosevelt). He chaired the Council on National Parks, Forests and Wildlife, and was president of the National Parks Association. He was a trustee of the New York Zoological Society. Grinnell was also a prominent member of many other associations, such as the American Association of the Advancement of Science and New York Academy of Science. Grinnell was 89 years old when he died in New York City.
Location of Other Archival Materials Note:
See manuscript items in the Museum of the American Indian/Heye Foundation records at the NMAI Archive Center. See also the George Bird Grinnell photograph collection at the Braun Research Library, Southwest Museum, Autry National Center in Los Angeles.
Restrictions:
Researchers must contact the NMAI Archives for an appointment to access the collection.
Access to NMAI Archive Center collections is by appointment only, Monday - Friday, 9:30 am - 4:30 pm. Please contact the archives to make an appointment (phone: 301-238-1400, email: nmaiarchives@si.edu).
Collection Rights:
Single photocopies may be made for research purposes. Permission to publish or broadbast materials from the collection must be requested from National Museum of the American Indian Archive Center. Please submit a written request to nmaiarchives@si.edu.
Collection Citation:
Identification of specific item; Date (if known); Collection Title, Box and Folder Number; National Museum of the American Indian Archive Center, Smithsonian Institution.
Indians of North America -- Great Plains Search this
Type:
Archival materials
Photographs
Place:
Montana -- Lame Deer, Cheyenne Agency
Local Numbers:
OPPS NEG.347 B
Local Note:
T.M. Galey to M.W. Stirling. May 19, 1931. Independence, Kansas. "Refer to the negative among the bunch I sent you, showing a Cheyenne dog travois with Indian woman. I had two dog and pony travois made for me by Black Horse and his squaw. They are all thong tied and are precisely as used in the old time except that cow hide is used for the "floor" of the basket rather than buffalo hide. ... The basket is of willows."
T.M. Galey to M.W. Stirling. No date [received October 6, 1932.] Owensboro, Kentucky. "I had four travois made about 10 years ago by real old time Cheyennes who were in the wars. They got good and aged under a shed in Lame Deer, Mont. I am glad to say a pair of each, pony and dog travois, are in the Museum of Transportation in Chicago and in the Museum of the American Indian, NY, my donation. I had paid the trader 40 dollars to be credited to Black Horse and his squaw and they were annoyed because I insisted the ties be made with thongs when bail wire was handy. Dr Grinnellwas with me, or rather I was with him, on that fine visit to Lame Deer."
Does not include Hrdlicka's photographs from Alaska (including Eskimo) or his non-North American Indian photos.
Catalog Number 4877: Acoma "Acomita (1900)," handwritten on front of mount, (6 1/2" x 8") mounted Photographer: Ales Hrdlicka Date: 1900. "Acoma (1900)," handwritten on front of mount, (6 1/2" x 8") mounted Ales Hrdlicka 1900. Numbers written on front of prints: 4755, and 4757, appear to be negative numbers but were not found in MNH lab., as of July, 1970. Apach: (Folder 1): 28 Baker and Johnston prints, (3 duplicates), 19 with original numbers, 9 unnumbered. Quoted information printed or handwritten on mounts. Photographer: Baker & Johnston B & J #71 "Huera" Photographer: Baker & Johnston. B & J #72 "Tonse (Crawler)" Photographer: Baker & Johnston. B & J #73 "Counetza (Bummer)," (1 duplicate) Baker & Johnston. Same as Negative Number 29,784. B & J #74 "Neschila (The Woman who winks) and two children" Baker & Johnston. B & J #75 "Gazie (Twisted) and two children" Baker & Johnston. B & J #76 "Marianetta" Baker & Johnston Same as Negative Number 29,778. B & J #77 "Taz-ayz-Slath and one child" Baker & Johnston. B & J "Tascelona" Baker & Johnston. B & J #79 "Ba-keitz-ogie (The Yellow Coyote) called Dutchy" Baker & Johnston See Negative Number 2575-R for different view. B & J #82 "Fel-ay-tay" Baker and Johnston. B & J #83 "Esh-kin-tsay-gizah (Mike)" Baker & Johnston. B & J #84 "Ba-cluth (Roaming Coyote)," (1 duplicate) Baker & Johnston Same as Negative Number 29,782. B & J #86 "Al-chi-say" (1 duplicate) Baker & Johnston. B & J #88 "Yuma Apache scout" Baker & Johnston Negative Number 56,889. B & J #89 "Na-din-praquai-gizay" Baker & Johnston. B & J #90 "Group of prisoners" Baker & Johnston. "Apache said to be 115 years old" Baker & Johnston. "Apache Boys" Baker & Johnston. "Apache scouts" Baker & Johnston. "Mohave Apaches," 2 prints Baker & Johnston. "White Mountain Apache" Baker & Johnston. "General Crook, Al-chi-say and Dutchy" Baker & Johnston. "Captain Jack Crawford and Lieut. MacDonald" Baker & Johnston Same as Negative Number 46,503-A. (Folder 2) "Geronimo," handwritten on mount Photographer: A. Frank Randall (Baker & Johnston mount) Same as BAE Negative Number 2508. "Got-ha, WArm Spring Apache, Granfather of his tribe," apparently written on negative (7 1/2" x 4 1/2") mounted A. Frank Randall Sames as Negative Number BAE 2580-b-11. "Apache squaw with cradle," handwritten on back of mount, (6" x 4") mounted [A. Frank Randall ?] See Negative Number BAE 2575-q for a different view. "Natz Chi Verat," handwritten on back of mount, (6" x 4") mounted H. S. Poley. "Chigo [Chiquito] and his wife, Pinal Apache," apparently written on negative, (5 3/4" x 4") mounted C. M. Bell Same as BAE Negative Number 2553-b. "Grey Eagle, Apache," apparently written on negative, (5 3/4 x 4") mounted C. M. Bell Same as BAE Negative Number 31,383-F (cropped). "White Mountain Apache children asleep and awake," handwritten on back of mount, (6" x 4") mounted See Negative Number 2580-b-13 for different view. "Polly, Mohave Apache squaw-'69," handwritten in ink on print, (6" x 4") mounted. [Models of Apache man and woman for museum display], (8" X 6") mounted. 3 pen and ink drawings of Apache men, one of which appears to be Gerinimo, (various sizes) Artist: B. E.
Catalog Number 4877: Apache: Jicarilla (folder 3) 6 prints, (8" x 6") mounted. Individual portraits of Jicarilla Apache men. Numbers written on front of prints: 4555-57, 4561, 4569, appear to be negative numbers, but were not found in MNH lab., as of July, 1970 Photographer: Ales Hrdlicka Date: 1900-1905]-Approximate date taken from Ales Hrdlicka, "Notes on the San Carlos Apache," American Anthropologist, n.s., volume 7, number 3, 1905, page 480. Apache: Lipan, Mescalero "Lipan tends (Mescal Resrv.)," 2 prints, (3 1/2" x 4 3/4") mounted Ales Hrdlicka [1900-1905] Negative Number 34,156-K J. "Grandmother with a scowling granddaughter," 2 prints, (4 1/4" x 3 1/2") mounted Ales Hrdlicka [1900-1905]. 22 prints, (various sizes) mounted, including: "Mescalero school girls;" and individual and group portraits of men and girls. Numbers written on front of prints: 4540, [4545], 4546, 4550, 4552, appear to be negative numbers, but were not found in MNH lab., as of July, 1970 Negative Number BAE 2575-C same as Hrdlicka 4545. Apache: San Carlos "San Carlos Apache flute," (3" x 9 1/2") mounted. Reproduced in Ales Hrdlicka, "Notes on the San Carlos Apache," American Anthropologist, n. s. volume 7, number 3, 1905, plate 31 Ales Hrdlicka [1900-1905] "Children's graves, San Carlos Apache," 2 prints, (2 1/2" x 3 3/4") mounted. Reproduced in Ales Hrdlicka, NOtes on the San CArlos Apache," American Anthropologist, n. s., volume 7, number 3, 1905, plate 32 Ales Hrdlicka [1900-1905] "Children's graves, San Carlos Apache," 2 prints, (2 1/2" x 3 3/4") mounted Ales Hrdlicka [1900-1905] Negative Number 34,156- C D. "San Carlos Apache graves (in talus)," 2 prints, (2 1/2" x 3 3/4") mounted. Top picture reproduced in Ales Hrdlicka, "Notes on the San CArlos Apache," American Anthropologist, n. s. volume 7, number 3, 1905, plate 32 Ales Hrdlicka [1900-1905]. "San Carlos Apache dwellings (near Rice school)," 3 prints, (various sizes) mounted. Top two pictures reproduced in Ales Hrdlicka, "Notes on the San Carlos Apache," American Anthropologist, n.s. volume7, number 3, 1905, plate 30. 23 prints, (various sizes) mounted, including: "Apache dwellings;" and individual and group portraits of Apache men and women. Original numbers 12, 14, 18, 22, 36, 46, 52, 66, 72; numbers written on front of prints: 4499, 4501, 4504, 4506, 4509-13, 4515, 4519, 4523-27, 4529, appear to be negative nimbers, but were not found in MNH lab., as of July, 1970. Apache: White Mountain and White River (folder 5): 30 prints, (2 duplicates), (various sizes) mounted. Individual and group portraits of men, women and children, including: "John Riley, White Mountain (Arizona) Apache (1900)," (1 duplicate); "White Mountain (Arizona) Apache woman making a basket." Original numbers 95, and 117, and numbers written on front of prints: 4429, 4431, 4433-35, 4437 (1 duplicate), 4439 (1 duplicate), 4440, 4442-43, 4445-49, 4452, 4455, 4457-58, 4463, 4466, 4472, 4474, 4477-78, 4533-34, 4542, appear to be negative numbers, but were not found in the MNH lab., as of July, 1970. Two prints reproduced in Ales Hrdlicka, Beauty among the American Indians," Boas Anniversary Volume, New York, 1906, plates 4 and 6. "Kumbata, White River Apache, age 65 y., Measurement #72 in Hrdlicka's notebook," hand written on back of mount, (8" x 6") mounted Ales Hrdlicka [1900-1905]. Arapaho: 16 Baker & Johnston prints, 15 with original numbers, 1 unnumbered: B & J #36 Photographer: Baker & Johnston Same as Negative Number 42,017 D. B & J #38 (1 duplicate) Baker & Johnston. B & J # 39 (1 duplicate) Baker & Johnston Same as NEgative NUmber 29,779. B & J #44 Baker & Johnston. B & J #45 Baker & Johnston. B & J #47 (?) (1 duplicate) Baker & Johnston Same as Negative Number 29,785. B & J #48 (?) Baker & Johnston Same as Negative Number 42,017B. B & J #49 Baker & Johnston. B & J #50 Baker & JOhnston Same as Negative Number 42,021B. B & J #51 Baker & Johnston. B & J #52 Baker & Johnston. B & J #52 Baker & Johnston. B & J #53 "Arapahoes" Baker & Johnston. "Little Raven, Arapaho," written on negative C. M. Bell Negative Number BAE 148-a-1 and 2. Assiniboin "Stoney Indian Girl, #528," written on negative; "Sioux linguist family," handwritten on front of postcard Byron [M]armon, Banff, Canada. "Stoney Indian and squaw, #506," written on negative; "Canadian Rockies- Sioux Family," handwritten on front of postcard Byron [H]armon, Banff, Canada. Bannock "Bannock (bust) Ya'Mu' (age 84)," handwritten on back of mounted print; 2 prints (front and profile) A. Hrdlicka 1912 Negative Number BAE 1708a; BAE 1708b. "A Family of Sheepeater Bannocks," printed on negative C. M. Bell mount Negative Number BAE 1713, credited to W. H. Jackson, 1871.
Catalog Number 4877: Blackfoot Group of 7 snapshots and 1 duplicate, some mounted, some originally in brown Smithsonian envelope marked, "Photograophs of Blackfoot Indians at Union Station Plaza, Washington, D. C., 1922." Date may be incorrectly given, as all Indians in first five prints may be identified by individual Bureau of American Ethnology portraits taken by D. L. Gill in Washington, D. C., in 1923. All identification will read left to right as follows: Group of Indians in outdoors, in street dress; back row: Charles Iron-Breast (BAE 415-A), Owen Heavy-Breast (BAE 420-a); second row: Chief Bird-Rattler (BAE 398-a); Chief Yellow-Kidney (BAE 392-a), Aims-Back (BAE 404-A), Joe Heavy-Breast (BAE 419-a), front: Julia Wades-in-Water (BAE 397-A), Mrs Yelllow Kidney (BAE 417-a), Mrs Aims-Back (BAE 405-a), Mrs After-Bird-Rattler (BAE 413) or Mrs Heavy-Breast (BAE 421-a). [subject wears same belt as subject in BAE 413-a, but different dress.] Photographer: [A. Hrdlicka ?] Date: [1923 ?]. (2) Group of Indians sitting on steps of Union Station Plaza; back row: Joe Heavy Breast (BAE 419 a), Mrs Walks in Water (BAE 395-a), Mrs Minnie Aims-Back (BAE 405-a), Mrs After-Bird-Rattler (BAE 413-a), Mrs Heavy- Breast (BAE 421-a), Mrs Julia Wades-in-Water (BAE 397-a); second row: Charles Iron-Breast (BAE 415-A), Aims-Back (BAE 404 A), Chief Bird-Rattler (BAE 398-a), Chief Yellow Kidney (BAE 392), Wades-in water (BAE 396-a); front: child, Owen Heavy-Breast (BAE 40-a), Two-Guns White Calf (BAE 412 A). (3) Indian, probably Two-Guns White CAlf (BAE 412-a-b-) and boy, in Indian dress, with headdresses, in front of tipi. (1 duplicate) [ A. Hrdlicka ?] [1923 ?]. (4) Group of 4 Indians, 1 child, outdoors: [Aims-Back ? (BAE 404-a)], Two-Guns White Calf (BAE 412-a), Charles Iron-Breast (BAE 418-A), Mrs Walks-in-Water Iron Breast (BAE 395-a) [A. Hrdlicka ?] [1923 ?]. (5) Three Indians, one white woman, outdoors in same place as #4. [Aims-Back (BAE 404-a)], unidentified white woman, Two-Guns White Calf (BAE 418-a) and child [A. Hrdlicka ?] [1923 ?]. (6) Group of Indians outside tipis, all in street dress. Portion of Lincoln memorial in middle of extreme right edge [A. Hrdlicka ?] [1923 ?]. (7) Group of Indians, some standing, some sitting, outside tipis. White man in center of the group. All in street dress [A. Hrdlicka ?] [1923 ?]. (8-10) 3 snapshot photographs of Blackfoot pictographs on rocks. (11) "Mrs Walks in Water Iron Breast (1) 44 yrs., Property of the U. S. National Museum, Wm. H. Egbert," handwritten on back of print D. L. Gill, Bureau of American Ethnology 1923 BAE Negative Number 395-a. (12) "White Calf," handwritten in pencil on back of print. cf. BAE 401 for identification (although subject is younger in this print). Catawba "Grand child of Ruben Quick Bear," handwritten in pencil on back of mount. Print shows woman holding young baby, outdoors. Cherokee "Col Geo[rge] W. Pascal, Washington, D. C.," handwritten on back of print in ink; "Cherokee family," handwritten on back of print in pencil. "Agnes Paschal McNeir" written on top of negative; "Cherokee family" handwritten on back of print in pencil. "Ridge Paschal" written on top of negative; "H. R. Marks, Austin, Texas," printed underneath on mount; "Pascal," handwritten in ink on back of print; "Cherokee family," handwritten on back of print in pencil Photographer: H. R. Marks. "Miss Marcia Pascal," handwritten in ink on back of print; "part Cherokee," handwritten in pencil on back of print. "Photo of Woolsley Hale [Hall ?]. His father was a mulatto. His mother was a Cherokee. His grandfather's side was white, and his grandmother on his father's side was an African slave," handwritten in ink on back of prints. 2 prints, front and profile.
Catalog 4877: Cheyenne "Little Robe, Cheyenne," written on negative Photographer: C. M. Bell mount Same as BAE Negative Number 313-a-b, credited to J. Gurnet & son, 1871. "Grover Cleveland," handwritten on front of print (postcard). "Mrs Grover Cleveland," handwritten on front of print. "Cheyenne mother and child (husband= #2)," handwritten on back of print. "Henry Roman Nose, Wowgini- Yellow Bear, Nugkuftiyuwais- Lame Man, or Cohoe, Nuguinkus, Southern Cheyennes," handwritten on front of print D. L. Gill, BAE 1899 Negative Number BAE 345. "Chief Two Moons--Northern Cheyenne," printed on photoengraving "Copr. Rodman Wanamaker [?]." "Esh-Sha-A-Nish-Is- Cheyenne, Lame Deer , Mont., 1912, Sawyer," in raised letters (photo of bas-relief bust of Two Moons, cf. BAE 260-a-b-c). [Moe correct rendering of Indian name is "Ishere-nishes."] Artist: WElls M. Sawyer 1912. Chippewa (folder 1) (1) "Robert McKee & wife & boy child (girl = relation), Ponsford, Minn., Chippewa," handwritten on back of postcard. (2) Group of 4 girls, standing in snow, "All four of these girls say they are full bloods, O. O. B.," handwritten on front of postcard. (3) Group of 21 young women, all wearing same uniform (except for younger girl, with slightly different version of uniform), posed outdoors. "Chippewa," handwritten on back of postcard. (4) "Chippewa Braves, Mille Lacs Indian Trading Post," apparently printed on negative of postcard. Group of 5 men, one wearing war bonnet, all in Indian dress. (5) "Ka-be-na-gwe-wes, John Smith," apparently written on negative; "This picture taken about 1912," handwritten on front of print. cf. BAE 562 for identification of subject ca. 1912. (6) "Mike Denver, Chippewa Chief, (7) Songukomigouse, age 56, Chippewa mixed," handwritten on back of prints; 2 prints, front and profile D. L. Gill, BAE 1913 Negative Number BAE 496-a and b. (8) Edawigilig, Ojibwa 5.," apparently written on negative, "Ojibwa Tribe, (Algonquian stock)," printed on label pasted on mount below print C. M. Bell 1880-81 Same as Negative Number BAE 547a. (9)(10) "William J. Parker, Chippewa.," handwritten in ink on back of mount. 2 prints, front and profile. (11)-(30) 20 snapshots (3" x 4 1/2") with negatives, 3 additional negatives with no accompanying prints; some published, Ales Hrdlicka, "Trip to the Chippewa Indians of Minnesota," Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collection, Volume LXVI, Number 3, Washington, D. C., 1916, pages 7-75. Handwritten descriptions on backs of prints as follows: "Chippewa jurta-like tipi, Round Lake, Minnesota, birch bark," (published); "Chippewa houses, Leach Lake;" Mix-blood (white and India
Biographical / Historical:
Ales Hrdlicka joined the Smithsonian staff in 1903 as head of the Division of Physical Anthropology. Prior to that his work was done under the auspices of the American Museum of Natural History. See Introduction to Bureau of American Ethnology-Bulletin 34, page 1, for summary of his field work from 1898-1905 and tribes visited.
