Sarre, Friedrich Paul Theodor, 1865-1945 Search this
Extent:
150 Linear feet (circa 30,000 items)
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Blueprints
Journals (accounts)
Photographs
Clippings
Notebooks
Drawings
Sketchbooks
Articles
Paper squeezes
Correspondence
Diaries
Sketches
Rubbings
Place:
Turkey
Mesopotamia
Bakun, Tall-e (Iran)
Iran
Iraq
Lebanon
Persepolis (Iran)
Pasargadae (Extinct city)
Taq-e Bostan Site (Iran)
Sāmarrāʼ (Iraq)
Syria
Date:
1903-1947
Summary:
An outstanding scholar in the field of Iranian studies, Ernst Herzfeld (1879--1948) explored all phases of Near Eastern culture from the prehistoric period to Islamic times. This collection documents Herzfeld's excavations at Samarra, Persepolis, Pasargadae, and Aleppo and includes correspondence; field notebooks; drawings; sketchbooks; inventories of objects; "squeeze" copies of architectural details; and photographs.
Scope and Contents:
Papers (1899--1962) of German born archaeologist Ernst Emil Herzfeld (1879--1948), a preeminent scholar of Near Eastern and Iranian studies. The collection measures 150 linear feet (circa 30,000 items) and documents Herzfeld's work as a pioneer in the field and sheds light on his excavations at Samarra, Persepolis, Pasargadae, and Aleppo. Formats include correspondence; field notebooks; drawings; sketchbooks; inventories of objects; "squeeze" copies of architectural details; and photographs.
Arrangement:
This collection is organized into seven series.
Series 1: Travel journals
Series 2: Sketchbooks
Series 3: Notebooks
Series 4: Photographic files 1-42
Series 5: Drawings and maps
Series 6: Squeezes
Series 7: Samarra Expedition
Biographical / Historical:
The Ernst Herzfeld Papers document the career of Ernst Herzfeld (1879--1948), a German architect, archaeologist, and historian of Islamic and Pre-Islamic studies. After training as an architect he studied archaeology under Delitzch from 1903 to 1906 at the excavations at Assur in Mesopotamia. A student of Latin, Greek, Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and Hebrew, Herzfeld received a doctorate in Humanistic Studies at universities in Munich and Berlin in 1907. His work with Friedrich Sarre to survey the monuments of the Tigris-Euphrates valleys resulted in landmark studies in architectural history, published in 1911 and 1920.
In 1920 Herzfeld was appointed to the chair of Historical Geography in Berlin and began his excavation at Samarra. Herzfeld's work there led to a six-volume publication. He published widely throughout his life on the sources of Islamic architecture and ornament, including the Royal Palace at Persepolis.
From 1934 until the end of his life Herzfeld spent his time producing many books and articles, lecturing, and working at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton (1936--1945.) Many of his works continue to be published post-humously.
1879 July 23 -- Born in Celle, Germany.
1897 -- Received diploma from Joachimsthaler Gymnasium, Berlin.
1897-circa 1898 -- Fulfilled military service.
circa 1899 -- Studied architecture at the Technical University and Assyriology, art history, and philosophy at the Friedrich-Wilhems Universität in Berlin.
1903 -- Passed exam in structural engineering.
1903-1905 -- Assistant to Walter Andrae (1875-1956) in Assur.
1905-1906 -- Traveled throughout Iran and Iraq.
1907 -- Excavation in Cilicia. Passed oral exam in February. Awarded doctorate in Humanistic Studies by Friedrich-Wilhems Universtät zu Berlin. After receiving Ph.D. traveled extensively in Syria and Iraq with Friedrich Sarre, director of the Islamic Museum in Berlin.
1911-1913 -- Field Director under direction of Sarre during expedition to Samarra.
circa 1914 -- Drafted into service in France and Poland during World War I. Sent to Iraq where he functioned as a surveyor.
1916 -- Father died.
1917 -- Appointed associate professor for Historical Geography and Art History of the Ancient Orient at Berlin. Along with Friedrich Sarre and others, founded the German-Persian Society to increase cultural and economic exchange between Germany and Persia.
1920 -- Appointed world's first full professor of Near Eastern Archeology. Begins excavation at Samarra.
1922 -- Mother died.
1923-1934 -- In Persia, where he completed many excavations and studies.
1928 -- Excavation at Pasargadae.
1931-1934 -- Appointed director of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago and moved to Persepolis.
1934 -- As grandson of Jews, Nazi legislation expelling state employees of Jewish descent forced Herzfeld to retire as a professor employed by the state. Moved to London.
1936 -- Delivered Lowell Lectures. Moved to Boston. Lectured on Iranian history and appointed a member of the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study.
1944 -- Retired from Princeton University.
1948 January 20 -- Died.
Provenance:
Ernst Herzfeld donated his papers to the Freer Gallery of Art in 1946.
Restrictions:
Collection is open for research.
Rights:
Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository.
Original caption reads, "Pasargadae. [Signed on the bottom right] F.K. 28."
Arrangement:
Drawings are arranged roughly in sequential number sequences, housed in document boxes or in flat file folders by size, and stored in the map case drawers.
Local Numbers:
D-799
FSA A.06 05.0799
Date/Time and Place of an Event Note:
Ernst Herzfeld first visited the site of Pasargadae in November 1905 while on an expedition from Assur (Kalat Schergat, Iraq) to Shiraz (Iran). In mid-November 1923, he conducted a preleminary campaign, completing various measured plans and drawings. Finally, a four-week session of excavations in April and May 1928, funded by the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft, was carried out by Ernst Herzfeld, assisted by the architect Friedrich Krefter.
Funding note:
The campaign of excavation at Pasargadae (Iran), carried out by Ernst Herzfeld in 1928, was funded by the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft.
Collection Restrictions:
Collection is open for research.
Collection Rights:
Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository.
Drawings are arranged roughly in sequential number sequences, housed in document boxes or in flat file folders by size, and stored in the map case drawers.
Local Numbers:
D-799a
FSA A.06 05.0799a
General:
- Title is provided by Xavier Courouble, FSg Archives cataloger, based on Ernst Herzfeld original drawings'caption and Joseph Upton's Catalogue of the Herzfeld Archive.
Date/Time and Place of an Event Note:
Ernst Herzfeld first visited the site of Pasargadae in November 1905 while on an expedition from Assur (Kalat Schergat, Iraq) to Shiraz (Iran). In mid-November 1923, he conducted a preleminary campaign, completing various measured plans and drawings. Finally, a four-week session of excavations in April and May 1928, funded by the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft, was carried out by Ernst Herzfeld, assisted by the architect Friedrich Krefter.
Funding note:
The campaign of excavation at Pasargadae (Iran), carried out by Ernst Herzfeld in 1928, was funded by the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft.
Collection Restrictions:
Collection is open for research.
Collection Rights:
Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository.
D-802: Excavation of Pasargadae (Iran): Terrace Mound of The Sacred Precinct: Ground Plan and Section of Ruins Displaying Excavated Trenches, probably drawn by Friedrich Krefter
Additional information reads, "Additional drawing on recto."
Arrangement:
Drawings are arranged roughly in sequential number sequences, housed in document boxes or in flat file folders by size, and stored in the map case drawers.
Local Numbers:
D-802
FSA A.06 05.0802
Date/Time and Place of an Event Note:
Ernst Herzfeld first visited the site of Pasargadae in November 1905 while on an expedition from Assur (Kalat Schergat, Iraq) to Shiraz (Iran). In mid-November 1923, he conducted a preleminary campaign, completing various measured plans and drawings. Finally, a four-week session of excavations in April and May 1928, funded by the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft, was carried out by Ernst Herzfeld, assisted by the architect Friedrich Krefter.
Funding note:
The campaign of excavation at Pasargadae (Iran), carried out by Ernst Herzfeld in 1928, was funded by the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft.
Collection Restrictions:
Collection is open for research.
Collection Rights:
Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository.
D-802a: Excavation of Pasargadae (Iran): Terrace Mound of The Sacred Precinct: Ground Plan of Ruins Displaying Excavated Trenches, drawn by Friedrich Krefter
Drawings are arranged roughly in sequential number sequences, housed in document boxes or in flat file folders by size, and stored in the map case drawers.
Local Numbers:
D-802a
FSA A.06 05.0802a
Date/Time and Place of an Event Note:
Ernst Herzfeld first visited the site of Pasargadae in November 1905 while on an expedition from Assur (Kalat Schergat, Iraq) to Shiraz (Iran). In mid-November 1923, he conducted a preleminary campaign, completing various measured plans and drawings. Finally, a four-week session of excavations in April and May 1928, funded by the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft, was carried out by Ernst Herzfeld, assisted by the architect Friedrich Krefter.
Funding note:
The campaign of excavation at Pasargadae (Iran), carried out by Ernst Herzfeld in 1928, was funded by the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft.
Collection Restrictions:
Collection is open for research.
Collection Rights:
Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository.
Drawings are arranged roughly in sequential number sequences, housed in document boxes or in flat file folders by size, and stored in the map case drawers.
Local Numbers:
D-803b
FSA A.06 05.0803b
Date/Time and Place of an Event Note:
Ernst Herzfeld first visited the site of Pasargadae in November 1905 while on an expedition from Assur (Kalat Schergat, Iraq) to Shiraz (Iran). In mid-November 1923, he conducted a preleminary campaign, completing various measured plans and drawings. Finally, a four-week session of excavations in April and May 1928, funded by the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft, was carried out by Ernst Herzfeld, assisted by the architect Friedrich Krefter.
Collection Restrictions:
Collection is open for research.
Collection Rights:
Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository.
Original caption on verso reads, "Pasargadae. FK 28."
Arrangement:
Drawings are arranged roughly in sequential number sequences, housed in document boxes or in flat file folders by size, and stored in the map case drawers.
Local Numbers:
D-807
FSA A.06 05.0807
Date/Time and Place of an Event Note:
Ernst Herzfeld first visited the site of Pasargadae in November 1905 while on an expedition from Assur (Kalat Schergat, Iraq) to Shiraz (Iran). In mid-November 1923, he conducted a preleminary campaign, completing various measured plans and drawings. Finally, a four-week session of excavations in April and May 1928, funded by the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft, was carried out by Ernst Herzfeld, assisted by the architect Friedrich Krefter.
Collection Restrictions:
Collection is open for research.
Collection Rights:
Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository.
Original caption in German reads, "Pasargadae. FK 28."
Arrangement:
Drawings are arranged roughly in sequential number sequences, housed in document boxes or in flat file folders by size, and stored in the map case drawers.
Local Numbers:
D-809a
FSA A.06 05.0809a
Date/Time and Place of an Event Note:
Ernst Herzfeld first visited the site of Pasargadae in November 1905 while on an expedition from Assur (Kalat Schergat, Iraq) to Shiraz (Iran). In mid-November 1923, he conducted a preleminary campaign, completing various measured plans and drawings. Finally, a four-week session of excavations in April and May 1928, funded by the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft, was carried out by Ernst Herzfeld, assisted by the architect Friedrich Krefter.
Funding note:
The campaign of excavation at Pasargadae (Iran), carried out by Ernst Herzfeld in 1928, was funded by the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft.
Collection Restrictions:
Collection is open for research.
Collection Rights:
Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository.
Original caption in German reads, "Pasargadae. FK 28."
Arrangement:
Drawings are arranged roughly in sequential number sequences, housed in document boxes or in flat file folders by size, and stored in the map case drawers.
Local Numbers:
D-809b
FSA A.06 05.0809b
Date/Time and Place of an Event Note:
Ernst Herzfeld first visited the site of Pasargadae in November 1905 while on an expedition from Assur (Kalat Schergat, Iraq) to Shiraz (Iran). In mid-November 1923, he conducted a preleminary campaign, completing various measured plans and drawings. Finally, a four-week session of excavations in April and May 1928, funded by the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft, was carried out by Ernst Herzfeld, assisted by the architect Friedrich Krefter.
Funding note:
The campaign of excavation at Pasargadae (Iran), carried out by Ernst Herzfeld in 1928, was funded by the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft.
Collection Restrictions:
Collection is open for research.
Collection Rights:
Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository.
Drawings are arranged roughly in sequential number sequences, housed in document boxes or in flat file folders by size, and stored in the map case drawers.
Local Numbers:
D-810a
FSA A.06 05.0810a
Date/Time and Place of an Event Note:
Ernst Herzfeld first visited the site of Pasargadae in November 1905 while on an expedition from Assur (Kalat Schergat, Iraq) to Shiraz (Iran). In mid-November 1923, he conducted a preleminary campaign, completing various measured plans and drawings. Finally, a four-week session of excavations in April and May 1928, funded by the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft, was carried out by Ernst Herzfeld, assisted by the architect Friedrich Krefter.
Funding note:
The campaign of excavation at Pasargadae (Iran), carried out by Ernst Herzfeld in 1928, was funded by the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft.
Collection Restrictions:
Collection is open for research.
Collection Rights:
Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository.
Original caption in German reads, "Pasargadae. Palast S, pier 2."
Arrangement:
Drawings are arranged roughly in sequential number sequences, housed in document boxes or in flat file folders by size, and stored in the map case drawers.
Local Numbers:
D-812
FSA A.06 05.0812
Date/Time and Place of an Event Note:
Ernst Herzfeld first visited the site of Pasargadae in November 1905 while on an expedition from Assur (Kalat Schergat, Iraq) to Shiraz (Iran). In mid-November 1923, he conducted a preleminary campaign, completing various measured plans and drawings. Finally, a four-week session of excavations in April and May 1928, funded by the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft, was carried out by Ernst Herzfeld, assisted by the architect Friedrich Krefter.
Collection Restrictions:
Collection is open for research.
Collection Rights:
Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository.
Original caption in German reads, "Pasargadae. FK. 28."
Finding Aid caption reads, "Pasargadae, Palace with the column. Palace "S". Pier 2, elevation and plan."
Arrangement:
Drawings are arranged roughly in sequential number sequences, housed in document boxes or in flat file folders by size, and stored in the map case drawers.
Local Numbers:
D-812a(1)
FSA A.06 05.0812a1
Date/Time and Place of an Event Note:
Ernst Herzfeld first visited the site of Pasargadae in November 1905 while on an expedition from Assur (Kalat Schergat, Iraq) to Shiraz (Iran). In mid-November 1923, he conducted a preleminary campaign, completing various measured plans and drawings. Finally, a four-week session of excavations in April and May 1928, funded by the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft, was carried out by Ernst Herzfeld, assisted by the architect Friedrich Krefter.
Funding note:
The campaign of excavation at Pasargadae (Iran), carried out by Ernst Herzfeld in 1928, was funded by the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft.
Collection Restrictions:
Collection is open for research.
Collection Rights:
Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository.
Finding Aid caption reads, "Pasargadae, Palace with the column. Palace "S". Pier 2, elevation and plan."
Arrangement:
Drawings are arranged roughly in sequential number sequences, housed in document boxes or in flat file folders by size, and stored in the map case drawers.
Local Numbers:
D-812a(2)
FSA A.06 05.0812a2
Date/Time and Place of an Event Note:
Ernst Herzfeld first visited the site of Pasargadae in November 1905 while on an expedition from Assur (Kalat Schergat, Iraq) to Shiraz (Iran). In mid-November 1923, he conducted a preleminary campaign, completing various measured plans and drawings. Finally, a four-week session of excavations in April and May 1928, funded by the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft, was carried out by Ernst Herzfeld, assisted by the architect Friedrich Krefter.
Funding note:
The campaign of excavation at Pasargadae (Iran), carried out by Ernst Herzfeld in 1928, was funded by the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft.
Collection Restrictions:
Collection is open for research.
Collection Rights:
Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository.
Original caption in German reads, "Pasargadae. Palast S. FK. 28."
Finding Aid caption reads, "Pasargadae, Palace with the column. Palace "S". Pier 2, elevation and plan."
Arrangement:
Drawings are arranged roughly in sequential number sequences, housed in document boxes or in flat file folders by size, and stored in the map case drawers.
Local Numbers:
D-812b(1)
FSA A.06 05.0812b1
Date/Time and Place of an Event Note:
Ernst Herzfeld first visited the site of Pasargadae in November 1905 while on an expedition from Assur (Kalat Schergat, Iraq) to Shiraz (Iran). In mid-November 1923, he conducted a preleminary campaign, completing various measured plans and drawings. Finally, a four-week session of excavations in April and May 1928, funded by the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft, was carried out by Ernst Herzfeld, assisted by the architect Friedrich Krefter.
Funding note:
The campaign of excavation at Pasargadae (Iran), carried out by Ernst Herzfeld in 1928, was funded by the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft.
Collection Restrictions:
Collection is open for research.
Collection Rights:
Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository.
Finding Aid title on verso reads, "Pasargadae, Palace with the column. Palace "S". Pier 2, elevation and plan."
Arrangement:
Drawings are arranged roughly in sequential number sequences, housed in document boxes or in flat file folders by size, and stored in the map case drawers.
Local Numbers:
D-812b(2)
FSA A.06 05.0812b2
Date/Time and Place of an Event Note:
Ernst Herzfeld first visited the site of Pasargadae in November 1905 while on an expedition from Assur (Kalat Schergat, Iraq) to Shiraz (Iran). In mid-November 1923, he conducted a preleminary campaign, completing various measured plans and drawings. Finally, a four-week session of excavations in April and May 1928, funded by the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft, was carried out by Ernst Herzfeld, assisted by the architect Friedrich Krefter.
Funding note:
The campaign of excavation at Pasargadae (Iran), carried out by Ernst Herzfeld in 1928, was funded by the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft.
Collection Restrictions:
Collection is open for research.
Collection Rights:
Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository.
Drawings are arranged roughly in sequential number sequences, housed in document boxes or in flat file folders by size, and stored in the map case drawers.
Local Numbers:
D-800
FSA A.06 05.0800
Date/Time and Place of an Event Note:
Ernst Herzfeld first visited the site of Pasargadae in November 1905 while on an expedition from Assur (Kalat Schergat, Iraq) to Shiraz (Iran). In mid-November 1923, he conducted a preleminary campaign, completing various measured plans and drawings. Finally, a four-week session of excavations in April and May 1928, funded by the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft, was carried out by Ernst Herzfeld, assisted by the architect Friedrich Krefter.
Funding note:
The campaign of excavation at Pasargadae (Iran), carried out by Ernst Herzfeld in 1928, was funded by the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft.
Collection Restrictions:
Collection is open for research.
Collection Rights:
Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository.
Drawings are arranged roughly in sequential number sequences, housed in document boxes or in flat file folders by size, and stored in the map case drawers.
Local Numbers:
D-800a
FSA A.06 05.0800a
Date/Time and Place of an Event Note:
Ernst Herzfeld first visited the site of Pasargadae in November 1905 while on an expedition from Assur (Kalat Schergat, Iraq) to Shiraz (Iran). In mid-November 1923, he conducted a preleminary campaign, completing various measured plans and drawings. Finally, a four-week session of excavations in April and May 1928, funded by the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft, was carried out by Ernst Herzfeld, assisted by the architect Friedrich Krefter.
Funding note:
The campaign of excavation at Pasargadae (Iran), carried out by Ernst Herzfeld in 1928, was funded by the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft.
Collection Restrictions:
Collection is open for research.
Collection Rights:
Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository.
Iran -- Fars -- Naqsh-i Rustam -- Tomb of Darius I
Date:
1933
Scope and Contents:
Original caption in German reads, "Grabtür Darius I, von innen gesehen (zu Steinmetztechnik Seite 14. unten. FK. 33."
- Sketchbook in Ernst Herzfeld Papers; SK-4, p.40, 41.
Arrangement:
Drawings are arranged roughly in sequential number sequences, housed in document boxes or in flat file folders by size, and stored in the map case drawers.
Local Numbers:
D-1180
FSA A.06 05.1180
General:
- Title is provided by Xavier Courouble, FSg Archives cataloger, based on Ernst Herzfeld original drawing's caption and Joseph Upton's Catalogue of the Herzfeld Archive.
Date/Time and Place of an Event Note:
Ernst Herzfeld first visited Naqsh-i Rustam in November 1905 during his expedition return from the Assur (Kalat Schergat, Iraq) excavation. During the two last months of 1923 as well as early March 1924, in addition of his work on the terrace of Persepolis, Herzfeld spent time at Naqsh-i Rustam checking the inscriptions. In 1928, the architect Friedrich Krefter joined Herzfeld in Persia, in an expedition funded by the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft, to complete various measured plans and drawings in Persepolis, Pasargadae, and Naqsh-i Rustam. On March 1, 1931, now under the auspices of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, excavations at Persepolis were begun. Ultimately, in 1933, attention was directed to Naqsh-i Rustam, where Herzfeld traced the outer enclosure of the site and copied the inscription on the tomb of Darius I. Ernst Herzfeld left Persepolis permanently in Spring 1934.
Collection Restrictions:
Collection is open for research.
Collection Rights:
Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository.
Drawings are arranged roughly in sequential number sequences, housed in document boxes or in flat file folders by size, and stored in the map case drawers.
Local Numbers:
D-802b
FSA A.06 05.0802b
Date/Time and Place of an Event Note:
Ernst Herzfeld first visited the site of Pasargadae in November 1905 while on an expedition from Assur (Kalat Schergat, Iraq) to Shiraz (Iran). In mid-November 1923, he conducted a preleminary campaign, completing various measured plans and drawings. Finally, a four-week session of excavations in April and May 1928, funded by the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft, was carried out by Ernst Herzfeld, assisted by the architect Friedrich Krefter.
Funding note:
The campaign of excavation at Pasargadae (Iran), carried out by Ernst Herzfeld in 1928, was funded by the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft.
Collection Restrictions:
Collection is open for research.
Collection Rights:
Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository.
Original caption on verso reads, "Qale i Dukhtar, Ardashir I, unpublished."
Additional information reads, "This item is not an original drawing but a blueprint copy."
Vicinity of Firuzabad (Iran): Palace of Ardashir I: Ground Plan, Drawn by Friedrich Krefter [blueprint]
Arrangement:
Drawings are arranged roughly in sequential number sequences, housed in document boxes or in flat file folders by size, and stored in the map case drawers.
Local Numbers:
D-716
FSA A.06 05.0716
Collection Restrictions:
Collection is open for research.
Collection Rights:
Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository.
