Indians of North America -- Great Plains Search this
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Drawings (visual works)
Pictographs
Ledger drawings
Date:
1875-1878
Scope and Contents:
The manuscript contains 28 drawings depicting warfare, courting, hunting, dances, a horse race, and an intertribal meeting. The drawings also include 5 pages with pictographs representing various words and the names of the prisoners. Included in the manuscript are rosters of the Ft. Marion prisoners listing the prisoners' names and tribal affiliations. Several drawings are inscribed with the name of Koba, some with the name Etahdleuh. Most were probably drawn by Koba.
Biographical / Historical:
Koba (Wild Horse) was born in 1848. During the Red River War he was a member of the Kiowa band that surrendered on February 18, 1875. Following his surrender, he was confined at Fort Sill, Indian Territory. He was accused of stealing horses and mules in Texas and participating in the August 22, 1874 skirmish at the Wichita Agency, one of the opening engagements of the Red River War. He was among the Kiowa prisoners who were incarcerated in Fort Marion in St. Augustine, Florida following the end of the conflict. He arrived at Fort Marion on May 21, 1875. After his release from Ft. Marion, Koba attended the Hampton Institute in Virginia. He arrived at Hampton on April 14, 1878. In June of 1879, he left Hampton to work on a farm in Lee, Massachusetts. He then enrolled in the Carlisle Institute in Pennsylvania, where he studied to be a tinsmith. He arrived at Carlisle on October 7, 1879. On September 10, 1880, Koba left Carlisle on what was intended to be a brief trip to Indian Territory. Although his health was failing, he was deemed fit to travel. He died of consumption on September 24, 1880, only three days after arriving at his destination.
Etahdleuh (1856-1888) was also known as Etahdleeuh, Etadeleuh, Etahdleuh Doanmoe, Boy, and Boy Hunting. He was imprisoned at Fort Marion in St. Augustine, Florida from 1875-1878. After his release from Fort Marion, he attended the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute in Virginia, arriving in April, 1878. In 1879, he travelled to the Indian Territory to recruit pupils to attend the Carlisle Institute in Pennsylvania, where he would study and work on and off from 1879 to 1887. He made two extended trips back to the reservation during this period and from February to May 1880, he worked at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC. He was trained as a Presbyterian missionary and returned to the reservation in January 1888 to serve in this capacity.
For further biographical information on Koba or Etahdleuh see Karen Daniels Petersen, Plains Indian Art from Fort Marion, University of Oklahoma Press, 1971.
Fort Marion, also known as Castillo de San Marco, is a stone fortress in St. Augustine, Florida. Between 1875 and 1878, seventy-two prisoners from the southern plains were incarcerated in the fort. Captain Richard Pratt supervised the prisoners during their incarceration at Fort Marion. The prisoners consisted of 27 Kiowas, 33 Cheyennes, 9 Comanches, 2 Arapahos, and a single Caddo. With the exception of one Cheyenne woman, all the prisoners were men. They had been accused of participating in the recent Red River War, earlier hostilities, or both. With the exception of the wife and daughter of one of the Comanche men, the prisoners families were not allowed to accompany them to Fort Marion. For further information on Fort Marion see Karen Daniels Petersen, Plains Indian Art from Fort Marion, University of Oklahoma Press, 1971 and Richard Pratt, Battlefield and Classroom, ed. by R. M. Utley, Yale University Press, 1964.
Indians of North America -- Great Plains Search this
Type:
Archival materials
Drawings (visual works)
Ledger drawings
Date:
1875-1877
Scope and Contents:
Drawing depicts one man wearing a feathered headdress witha trailer and another wearing a lizard hair ornament. Verso inscribed "Apache medicine men Koba".
Local Numbers:
NAA INV 08547618
OPPS NEG 91-1996
OPPS NEG 92-11267
NAA MS 39C
Album Information:
MS 39C 015
Genre/Form:
Ledger drawings
Collection Citation:
Manuscript 39C, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Indians of North America -- Great Plains Search this
Type:
Archival materials
Drawings (visual works)
Ledger drawings
Date:
1875-1877
Scope and Contents:
Depicts dismounted men, several of whom are carrying lances, standing near a mounted man wearing a war bonnet, possibly representing a warrior society meeting. A painted horse is picketed in the foreground. Inscriptions on recto read "Etahdleuh", "Koba", and "My friend Burnet I gave this the picture." Inscriptions on verso read "From my friend Koba thank him very much."
Local Numbers:
NAA INV 08547626
OPPS NEG 92-10953
OPPS NEG 77-13
NAA MS 39C
Local Note:
Identified based on a comparison of this item with other works attributed to Etahdleuh.
Album Information:
MS 39C 023
Genre/Form:
Ledger drawings
Collection Citation:
Manuscript 39C, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Indians of North America -- Great Plains Search this
Type:
Archival materials
Leaves
Ledger drawings
Pictographs
Date:
1875-1877
Scope and Contents:
Contains list of English words with drawings representing each word with practice letter written in English. Also contains list of prisoners at Fort Marion with name glyphs. Inscription at head of first leaf reads "Kooba's [sic] Picture Words."
Local Numbers:
NAA INV 08547629-08547635
OPPS NEG 91-1975
OPPS NEG 92-11001
OPPS NEG 92-11449 - 92-11452
OPPS NEG 92-11455 - 92-11456
NAA MS 39C
Album Information:
MS 39C 026
Genre/Form:
Ledger drawings
Pictographs -- Kiowa
Collection Citation:
Manuscript 39C, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
The collection consists of an artist's sketchbook, now disbound and laminated, including twenty-one (21) drawings by Making Medicine of scenes of hunting, life at Fort Marion, wagons, trains, and camp life. The drawings are lettered A-U, and individually captioned by George Fox. Inside the front cover the words "Drawn by" and "Cheyenne" are in handwriting of George Fox; the name "Making Medicine" was written by the artist himself. The collection also includes a note from Fox (undated) and letter of transmittal from the donor, Mrs. Burnside (October 1923).
Please note that the contents of the collection and the language and terminology used reflect the context and culture of the time of its creation. As an historical document, its contents may be at odds with contemporary views and terminology and considered offensive today. The information within this collection does not reflect the views of the Smithsonian Institution or National Anthropological Archives, but is available in its original form to facilitate research.
Biographical Note:
Making Medicine, also known as O-kuh-ha-tuh or "Sun Dancer" and David Pendleton Oakerhater (1844?-1931) was a Cheyenne warrior who became one of the most prolific of the Native American artists at Fort Marion and first sergeant of the company of guards there. When the Fort Marion prisoners were released in the spring of 1878, Making Medicine went to New York to be educated in the Christian ministry. He took the name David Pendleton Oakerhater after the family that sponsored him (the family of Senator George Pendleton), was ordained an Episcopal deacon on 7 June 1881, and worked as a missionary among the Plains tribes for many years. In 1985, he was the first Native American Anglican to be designated by the Episcopal Church as a saint.
George W. Fox (1853-1886) worked as a trader with John "Jack" S. Evans at Fort Sill, Indian Territory, and became an interpreter for Comanche. From 1875 to March 1877, Fox worked with Richard H. Pratt (1840-1924) and prisoners of war from the southern plains at Fort Marion in St., Florida.
Historical Note:
Fort Marion, also known as Castillo de San Marco, is a stone fortress in St. Augustine, Florida. Between 1875 and 1878, seventy-two prisoners from the southern plains were incarcerated in the fort under supervision of Lt. Richard H. Pratt. The prisoners consisted of 27 Kiowas, 33 Cheyennes, 9 Comanches, 2 Arapahos, and a single Caddo. With the exception of one Cheyenne woman, all the prisoners were men. They had been accused of participating in the recent Red River War, earlier hostilities, or both. With the exception of the wife and daughter of one of the Comanche men, the prisoners families were not allowed to accompany them to Fort Marion.
Local Numbers:
NAA MS 39B
OPPS NEG 55,047-55,068
Related Materials:
A similar book of drawings by Making Medicine containing some of the same scenes and dated July 1876 is in the collection of the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum, Oklahoma City.
Restrictions:
The collection is open for research.
Access to the collection requires an appointment.
Rights:
Contact the repository for terms of use.
Genre/Form:
Ledger drawings
Works of art
Drawings
Citation:
MS 39-b Making Medicine book of drawings, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
One drawing on two leaves. A small steam locomotive pulling two decorated passenger cars. One train car has a man smoking pipe visible in window, probably George Fox, collector of the book. This is probably a small excursion train based near Saint Augustine, Florida. Inscription reads: "Indian Prisoner's Attempt."
Local Numbers:
NAA MS 39B 010
NAA INV 08547110
NAA INV 08547111
OPPS NEG 55056
OPPS NEG 55056A
OPPS NEG 55057
OPPS NEG 55057A
Collection Restrictions:
The collection is open for research.
Access to the collection requires an appointment.
Collection Rights:
Contact the repository for terms of use.
Collection Citation:
MS 39-b Making Medicine book of drawings, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Wagons holding prisoners traveling under Army guard through a wooded area. Figure smoking pipe probably George Fox, collector of the book. Inscription reads: "Indian Prisoners enroute to Florida."
Local Numbers:
NAA MS 39B 011
NAA INV 08547112
OPPS NEG 55058
OPPS NEG 55058A
Collection Restrictions:
The collection is open for research.
Access to the collection requires an appointment.
Collection Rights:
Contact the repository for terms of use.
Collection Citation:
MS 39-b Making Medicine book of drawings, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
