Search Results

Creator:

Fleischman, Lawrence A. (Lawrence Arthur), 1925-1997  Search this

Names:

American Federation of Arts  Search this

Archives of American Art  Search this

Corcoran Gallery of Art  Search this

Detroit Institute of Arts  Search this

Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum  Search this

Kennedy Galleries  Search this

Kraushaar Galleries  Search this

M. Knoedler & Co.  Search this

Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.)  Search this

Midtown Galleries (New York, N.Y.)  Search this

Milwaukee Art Center  Search this

Museum of Modern Art (New York, N.Y.)  Search this

National Gallery of Art (U.S.)  Search this

Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts  Search this

Philadelphia Museum of Art  Search this

United States Information Agency  Search this

University of Michigan. Museum of Art  Search this

Whitney Museum of American Art  Search this

Allston, Washington, 1779-1843  Search this

Arms, John Taylor, 1887-1953  Search this

Bailey, Grace  Search this

Bailey, Truman E., 1902?-1959  Search this

Bohrod, Aaron  Search this

Burchfield, Charles Ephraim, 1893-1967  Search this

Culver, Charles B. (Charles Beach), 1908-1967  Search this

Eakins, Thomas, 1844-1916  Search this

Evergood, Philip, 1901-1973  Search this

Fleischman, Barbara  Search this

Gentle, Esther, 1900-  Search this

Krentzin, Earl, 1929-  Search this

Marin, John, 1870-1953  Search this

Pollack, Peter, 1909-1978  Search this

Rattner, Abraham  Search this

Richardson, Constance, 1905-  Search this

Richardson, Edgar Preston, 1902-1985  Search this

Ryder, Albert Pinkham, 1847-1917  Search this

Sellers, Charles Coleman, 1903-  Search this

Watkins, Franklin Chenault, 1894-1972  Search this

Extent:

4.9 Linear feet

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Typescripts

Photographs

Date:

1837-1984

bulk 1935-1979

Summary:

The papers of art collectors, art patrons, and philanthropists Lawrence and Barbara Fleischman measure 4.9 linear feet and date from 1837 to 1984, with the bulk of the materials dating from 1935-1979. The papers are comprised mostly of correspondence with artists, museums, and arts organizations. Also found are scattered biographical materials, artists' autograph letters purchased by the Fleischmans, exhibition files, notes and writings, printed material, and photographs.

Scope and Contents:

The papers of art collectors, art patrons, and philanthropists Lawrence and Barbara Fleischman measure 4.9 linear feet and date from 1837 to 1984, with the bulk of the materials dating from 1935-1979. The papers are comprised mostly of correspondence with artists, museums, and arts organizations. Also found are scattered biographical materials, artists' autograph letters purchased by the Fleischmans, exhibition files, notes and writings, printed material, and photographs.

One folder of biographical material includes a biographical account and a certificate of appreciation from the Common Council for the City of Detroit.

The bulk of the collection is comprised of correspondence documenting the Fleischman's art related activities and interests primarily during the 1950s and 1960s. Individual correspondents include Aaron Bohrod, Charles E. Burchfield, Charles B. Culver, Philip Evergood, Earl Krentzin, John Marin, Jr., Abraham Rattner and Esther Gentle, Peter Pollack, Edgar P. and Constance Richardson, Charles Coleman Sellers, and Franklin Watkins. One letter from Charles E. Burchfield includes four etching plates used to create the color print of Hot September Wind.

Arts organizations and galleries represented in the correspondence include the American Federation of Arts, the Archives of American Art, the Arts Commission of the City of Detroit, the Corcoran Gallery of Art, the Detroit Institute of Art, Kennedy Galleries, M. Knoedler and Co., Inc., Kraushaar Galleries, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Midtown Galleries, the Museum of Modern Art, the National Gallery of Art, the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the School of the Society of Arts and Crafts, the United States Information Agency, the Whitney Museum of American Art, and the Winterthur Museum.

Autograph letters purchased by the Fleischmans include letters written by artists Washington Allston (addressed to Thomas Sully), Albert Pinkham Ryder, and John Taylor Arms.

Exhibition files document the various exhibitions of art work from the Lawrence and Barbara Fleischman Collection at the University of Michigan Museum of Art; the Detroit Institute of Art; in Central and South America; in Greece, Israel and Russia; and at the Milwaukee Art Center. The files contain letters, notes, printed material, and photographs.

Three folders of notes and writings include "Introduction to Earl Krentzin Catalog" by Lawrence Fleischman and "Selection of Excerpts from the Soviet Press and Radio Attacking U. S. Culture" by unidentified authors.

Scattered printed material includes miscellaneous clippings and catalogs not connected with the Exhibition Files series. There is also a book John Marin: The Man and his Work by E. M. Benson that was autographed by Marin to the Fleischmans in 1953.

Photographs include portrait photographs of Lawrence Fleischman, photographs of Lawrence and Barbara Fleischman with colleagues, of art work from the Fleischman Collection, of Truman and Grace Bailey in their studio, and a copy photograph of Thomas Eakins as a boy.

Arrangement:

The collection is arranged as 7 series:

Missing Title

Series 1: Biographical Material, 1958 (Box 1; 1 folder)

Series 2: Correspondence, 1949-1984 (Boxes 1-4, 7; 3.8 linear feet)

Series 3: Autograph Letters, 1837-1942 (Box 4; 4 folders)

Series 4: Exhibition Files, 1953-1960 (Boxes 4-5, 7; 0.5 linear feet)

Series 5: Notes and Writings, 1957-1962 (Box 5; 3 folders)

Series 6: Printed Material, 1935-1969 (Box 5-6; 6 folders)

Series 7: Photographs, 1953-1965 (Box 6; 13 folders)

Biographical / Historical:

Lawrence Fleischman (1925-1997) of New York City was an American art collector, patron, philanthropist, and benefactor. He and his wife, Barbara Greenberg Fleischman, assembled an impressive collection of art and artifacts that they shared with the public as part of their philanthropic activities aimed at fostering a wider appreciation of the arts around the world.

Lawrence Fleischman was born on February 14, 1925 in Detroit, Michigan, the son of Stella and Arthur Fleischman, the owner of a large carpet business. He attended the Western Military Academy in Alton, Illinois, and studied engineering at Purdue University. In 1942, he interrupted his studies to volunteer for service in the U.S. Army during World War II. While serving in France, he met a doctor who further fostered Fleischman's ever growing interest in American art. Following the war, he graduated with a degree in physics from the University of Detroit. Fleischman met Barbara Greenberg in Detroit and they were married in 1948.

Beginning in the late 1940s, Fleischman established a fledgling television station, developed holdings in real estate, and began purchasing art work. Initially the Fleischmans collected undervalued 20th century American art and were friends with several artists, including John Marin, Charles Burchfield, Stuart Davis, and Ben Shahn. They also expanded the scope of their collection to include 19th century American works.

During the 1950s, Lawrence Fleischman realized how there were few American art historians and college departments, as well as a lack of primary source material. Fleischman worked with Edgar P. Richardson, then director of the Detroit Institute of Art, to raise funds and they founded the Archives of American Art at the Detroit Institute of Art in 1954. The Archives of American Art was, and still is, dedicated to the collection, preservation, and study of primary source records that document the history of the visual arts in the United States. Lawrence A. Fleischman is a founding Trustee of the AAA and served as the Chairman of the Board from 1958 to 1966. His wife, Barbara joined the Board of Trustees in 1997 and served as Chair from 2003 to 2007. She is a Trustee Emerita.

Lawrence Fleischman's business and philanthropic interests included the Arthur Fleischman Carpet Company, the Lee Plaza Hotel-Motel in Detroit, Art Adventurers, the Art School of the Society of Arts and Crafts in Detroit, the Friends of the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York, the Cultural Committee of the United States Information Agency, and the Art Commission of Detroit, which governed the Detroit Institute of Art. He also served as an officer of the Board for many of the arts-related organizations.

In 1996, the Fleischmans moved their family from Detroit to New York City, where Lawrence Fleischman became a partner in the Kennedy Galleries.

The Fleischmans philanthropic activities include generous support of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Detroit Institute of Art, the Cleveland Museum, the British Museum, the Vatican Museum, and lifelong support of the Archives of American Art.

Lawrence Fleischman died on January 31, 1997 in London, England. Barbara Fleischman lives in New York City and continues to be an active supporter of the visual arts.

Related Materials:

Among the Archives holdings are two oral history interviews with Lawrence A. Fleischman. The first was conducted by Paul Cummings in 1970 and the second conducted by Gail Stavitsky in 1994 . Both interviews have transcripts available.

Separated Materials:

The Archives of Art also holds microfilm of material lent for microfilming, the majority of which was later donated, except for five letters on reel D197. These include one postcard from Constance Richardson, 1956; one letter from Constance Richardson, 1957; one letter from Franklin Watkins, 1955; one letter from Lawrence Fleischman to Wilbur H. Hunter, 1960; and one letter from Richard D. Tucker, 1960. This material remains with lender and is not described in the collection container inventory.

Provenance:

The Lawrence and Barbara Fleischman papers were donated in several accretions by Lawrence and Barbara Fleischman from 1954 to 2007. Letters were also loaned for microfilming in 1965, but nearly all of them were subsequently donated.

Restrictions:

Use of original papers requires an appointment and is limited to the Archives' Washington, D.C. Research Center. Contact Reference Services for more information.

Rights:

The Archives of American Art makes its archival collections available for non-commercial, educational and personal use unless restricted by copyright and/or donor restrictions, including but not limited to access and publication restrictions. AAA makes no representations concerning such rights and restrictions and it is the user's responsibility to determine whether rights or restrictions exist and to obtain any necessary permission to access, use, reproduce and publish the collections. Please refer to the Smithsonian's Terms of Use for additional information.

Occupation:

Painters -- United States  Search this

Topic:

Painting, American  Search this

Art patrons Michigan Detroit  Search this

Artists' studios -- Photographs  Search this

Philanthropists  Search this

Art -- Collectors and collecting -- United States  Search this

Genre/Form:

Typescripts

Photographs

Citation:

Lawrence and Barbara Fleischman Papers, 1837-1984. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.

Sponsor:

Funding for the digitization of this collection was provided by the Terra Foundation for American Art.

Identifier:

AAA.fleilawr

See more items in:

Lawrence and Barbara Fleischman papers

Archival Repository:

Archives of American Art

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/mw92905ad60-9c85-493f-90b7-272f1486ef69

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-aaa-fleilawr

Creator:

National Museum of American History  Search this

Type:

YouTube Videos

Uploaded:

2016-12-12T19:54:12.000Z

YouTube Category:

Education  Search this

Topic:

American History  Search this

See more by:

SmithsonianAmHistory

Data Source:

National Museum of American History

YouTube Channel:

SmithsonianAmHistory

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:yt_7gG1hYCHk0c

Former owner:

Penn, William  Search this

Pastorius, Francis Daniel  Search this

Du Barry, Joseph  Search this

Sheridan, Owen  Search this

Taylor, Frederick Winslow, 1856-1915  Search this

Taylor, Frederick Winslow, Mrs.  Search this

Peck, Frederick W. G.  Search this

Peck, Frederick W. G. Mrs.  Search this

Architect:

Fielding, Mantle, 1865-1941  Search this

Landscape architect:

Gallagher, Percival  Search this

Peck, Frederick W. G.  Search this

Olmsted Brothers  Search this

Civil engineer:

Vandu Zee, Harold (civil engineer)  Search this

Gardener:

Bender, Robert  Search this

Provenance:

The Garden Club of Philadelphia  Search this

Collection Creator:

Garden Club of America  Search this

Type:

Archival materials

Place:

Boxly (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)

United States of America -- Pennsylvania -- Philadelphia County -- Philadelphia

Scope and Contents:

The folders include worksheets, photocopies of newspaper and other printed references about the garden, and photocopies of photographs of the garden when it was owned by Mr. and Mrs. Frederick Winslow Taylor (before 1951).

General:

"Boxly" was originally established by Joseph Du Barry (a friend of Joseph Bonaparte) as "Mulberry Farm." The property was the center of an unsuccessful silk industry in the early 19th century. It was later purchased by the famous efficiency engineer Frederick Winslow Taylor, who built the first undulating putting green (for golf) in America at the property. He renamed it "Boxly" because of its then 100-year-old boxwood bushes. The property was redesigned in the 1950s and 1960s.

Persons associated with the property include: William Penn (former owner, 1681-1683); Francis Daniel Pastorius (former owner, 1683-?); Joseph Du Barry (former owner, 1803-?); Owen Sheridan (former owner, 1833-?); Mr. and Mrs. Frederick Winslow Taylor (former owners, 1901-1951); Mr. and Mrs. Frederick W. G. Peck (former owners and landscape architect, 1951-1998); Mantle Fielding (architect, 1901-1905); the Olmsted Brothers (landscape architects, 1901-1910); Percival Gallagher (landscape architect, 1901-1910); Harold Vandu Zee (civil engineer, 1901-1915); and Robert Bender (gardener, 1902-?).

Related Materials:

Boxly related holdings consist of 3 folders (4 glass lantern slides; 63 35 mm. slides; 17 photonegatives)

Records related to this site can be found at the Frederick Law Olmsted National Historic Site, Olmsted Job Number 00168, F. W. Taylor (Clark, J.S.).

See others in:

Maida Babson Adams American Garden Collection, ca. 1960-1994.

Collection Restrictions:

Access to original archival materials by appointment only. Researcher must submit request for appointment in writing. Certain items may be restricted and not available to researchers. Please direct reference inquiries to the Archives of American Gardens: aag@si.edu.

Collection Rights:

Archives of American Gardens encourages the use of its archival materials for non-commercial, educational and personal use under the fair use provision of U.S. copyright law. Use or copyright restrictions may exist. It is incumbent upon the researcher to ascertain copyright status and assume responsibility for usage. All requests for duplication and use must be submitted in writing and approved by Archives of American Gardens. Please direct reference inquiries to the Archives of American Gardens: aag@si.edu.

Topic:

Gardens -- Pennsylvania -- Philadelphia  Search this

Collection Citation:

Smithsonian Institution, Archives of American Gardens, The Garden Club of America collection.

Sponsor:

A project to describe images in this finding aid received Federal support from the Smithsonian Collections Care Initiative, administered by the National Collections Program.

Identifier:

AAG.GCA, File PA009

See more items in:

The Garden Club of America collection

The Garden Club of America collection / Series 1: United States Garden Images / Pennsylvania

Archival Repository:

Archives of American Gardens

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/kb6eecd6092-7c89-4e8f-9859-2299b3d74d87

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-aag-gca-ref16501

Engineer:

Blake, William P. (William Phipps), 1826-1910  Search this

Former owner:

Blake, William P. (William Phipps), 1826-1910  Search this

Blake, Whitney  Search this

Whitney, Stephen Mr. Mrs.  Search this

Fulton, John, MD  Search this

Fulton, Lucia Pickering  Search this

Gardener:

Fulton, Lucia Pickering  Search this

Photographer:

Radford, Jennifer  Search this

Owner:

Axion Cushing-Fulton Corporation  Search this

Provenance:

Garden Club of New Haven  Search this

Collection Creator:

Garden Club of America  Search this

Type:

Archival materials

Place:

Mill Rock (Hamden, Connecticut)

United States of America -- Connecticut -- New Haven County -- Hamden

General:

"The English manor style house was built in 1870 by William Phipps Blake, a grand nephew of Eli Whitney. Blake was a geologist for the Union Pacific Railroad; later he became Director of the School of Mines at the University of Arizona. He was appointed by the Smithsonian Institution as Executive Commissioner for the Centennial Exposition of 1876 in Philadelphia. His late 19th century garden layout is down a sheltered southern slope. Massive retaining walls, masonry pillars linked by copper chains, and glazed brick paths, bricked-edged, have proved a very durable hardscape. Some features were added mid 20th century including the small fountain pool."

Persons associated with the property include: William Phipps Blake (former owner and engineer); Whitney Blake (former owner); Mr. and Mrs. Stephen Whitney (former owner);John Fulton, MD (former owner); Lucia Pickering Fulton (former owner); Axion Cushing-Fulton Corporation (owner); Jennifer Radford (photographer).

Related Materials:

Mill Rock related holdings consist of 1 folder (24 35 mm. slides)

Collection Restrictions:

Access to original archival materials by appointment only. Researcher must submit request for appointment in writing. Certain items may be restricted and not available to researchers. Please direct reference inquiries to the Archives of American Gardens: aag@si.edu.

Collection Rights:

Archives of American Gardens encourages the use of its archival materials for non-commercial, educational and personal use under the fair use provision of U.S. copyright law. Use or copyright restrictions may exist. It is incumbent upon the researcher to ascertain copyright status and assume responsibility for usage. All requests for duplication and use must be submitted in writing and approved by Archives of American Gardens. Please direct reference inquiries to the Archives of American Gardens: aag@si.edu.

Topic:

Gardens -- Connecticut -- Hamden  Search this

Collection Citation:

Smithsonian Institution, Archives of American Gardens, The Garden Club of America collection.

Sponsor:

A project to describe images in this finding aid received Federal support from the Smithsonian Collections Care Initiative, administered by the National Collections Program.

Identifier:

AAG.GCA, File CT187

See more items in:

The Garden Club of America collection

The Garden Club of America collection / Series 1: United States Garden Images / Connecticut

Archival Repository:

Archives of American Gardens

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/kb663dc62eb-162a-4e40-8877-7edda60b3c53

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-aag-gca-ref21521

Artist:

C. F. May, 1800 - 1900?  Search this

Sitter:

Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard, 28 May 1818 - 20 Feb 1893  Search this

Judah Philip Benjamin, 6 Aug 1811 - 6 May 1884  Search this

Milledge Luke Bonham, 1813 - 1890  Search this

Braxton Bragg, 22 Mar 1817 - 27 Sep 1876  Search this

John Cabell Breckinridge, 15 Jan 1821 - 17 May 1875  Search this

Simon Bolivar Buckner, 1 Apr 1823 - 8 Jan 1914  Search this

Franklin Buchanan, 1800 - 1874  Search this

Frederick Chatard, 1800 - 1900?  Search this

Benjamin Franklin Cheatham, 1820 - 1886  Search this

Thomas Lanier Clingman, 27 July 1812 - 3 Nov 1897  Search this

Jefferson Davis, 3 Jun 1808 - 6 Dec 1889  Search this

John Buchanan Floyd, 01 Jun 1806 - 26 Aug 1863  Search this

Robert Selden Garnett, 1819 - 1861  Search this

William Joseph Hardee, 12 Oct 1815 - 6 Nov 1873  Search this

Roger Weightman Hanson, 1827 - 1863  Search this

Charles Frederick Henningsen, 1815 - 1877  Search this

Ambrose Powell Hill, 9 Nov 1825 - 2 Apr 1865  Search this

Thomas Carmichael Hindman, 1828 - 1868  Search this

George Nichols Hollins, 1799 - 1878  Search this

Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter, 21 Apr 1809 - 18 Jul 1887  Search this

Thomas Jonathan Jackson, 21 Jan 1824 - 10 May 1863  Search this

Joseph Eggleston Johnston, 3 Feb 1807 - 21 Mar 1891  Search this

Robert Edward Lee, 19 Jan 1807 - 12 Oct 1870  Search this

John Letcher, 1813 - 1884  Search this

Mansfield Lovel, 1822 - 1884  Search this

John Bankhead Magruder, 1810 - 1871  Search this

Ben McCulloch, 1808 - 1895  Search this

James Murray Mason, 3 Nov 1798 - 28 Apr 1871  Search this

Humphrey Marshall, 13 Jan 1812 - 28 Mar 1872  Search this

Matthew Fontaine Maury, 14 Jan 1806 - 1 Feb 1873  Search this

John Hunt Morgan, 1 Jun 1825 - 4 Sep 1864  Search this

Mosby Munroe Parsons, 1822 - 1865  Search this

Albert Pike, 1809 - 1891  Search this

Gideon Johnson Pillow, 1806 - 1878  Search this

Leonidas Polk, 10 Apr 1806 - 14 Jun 1864  Search this

Sterling Price, 20 Sep 1809 - 29 Sep 1867  Search this

Edward Price, 19th century  Search this

Gabriel James Rains, 1803 - 1881  Search this

Raphael Semmes, 27 Sep 1809 - 30 Aug 1877  Search this

John Slidell, 1793 - 29 Jul 1871  Search this

Edmund Kirby Smith, 16 May 1824 - 28 Mar 1893  Search this

Alexander Hamilton Stephens, 11 Feb 1812 - 4 Mar 1883  Search this

David Emanuel Twiggs, 1790 - 1862  Search this

Lloyd Tilghman, 1816 - 1863  Search this

M. Jeff Thompson, 1800 - 1900?  Search this

Robert Augustus Toombs, 2 Jul 1810 - 15 Dec 1885  Search this

Earl Van Dorn, 1820 - 1863  Search this

James S. West, 1800 - 1900?  Search this

Louis Trezevant Wigfall, 21 Apr 1816 - 18 Feb 1874  Search this

Medium:

Albumen print on paper

Dimensions:

Image/Sheet: 17.8 × 25.5 cm (7 × 10 1/16")

Mount: 27.5 × 35 cm (10 13/16 × 13 3/4")

Type:

Print

Date:

c. 1861-65

Topic:

Personal Attribute\Facial Hair\Mustache  Search this

Personal Attribute\Facial Hair\Beard  Search this

Costume\Dress Accessory\Epaulet  Search this

Jefferson Davis: Male  Search this

Jefferson Davis: Literature\Writer  Search this

Jefferson Davis: Natural Resource Occupations\Agriculturist\Farmer  Search this

Jefferson Davis: Military and Intelligence\Soldier  Search this

Jefferson Davis: Politics and Government\Confederate President  Search this

Jefferson Davis: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Mississippi  Search this

Jefferson Davis: Politics and Government\US Senator\Mississippi  Search this

Jefferson Davis: Politics and Government\Cabinet member\Secretary of War  Search this

Jefferson Davis: Politics and Government\Governor\Mississippi  Search this

Edmund Kirby Smith: Male  Search this

Edmund Kirby Smith: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Civil War army officer\Confederate army officer  Search this

Edmund Kirby Smith: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Professor\University  Search this

Edmund Kirby Smith: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Captain  Search this

Edmund Kirby Smith: Education and Scholarship\Administrator\University administrator\University president  Search this

John Hunt Morgan: Male  Search this

John Hunt Morgan: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Civil War army officer\Confederate army officer  Search this

Robert Edward Lee: Male  Search this

Robert Edward Lee: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Civil War army officer\Confederate army officer  Search this

Robert Edward Lee: Education and Scholarship\Administrator\College administrator\President  Search this

Braxton Bragg: Male  Search this

Braxton Bragg: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Civil War army officer  Search this

Braxton Bragg: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\General  Search this

Braxton Bragg: Science and Technology\Engineer\Civil engineer  Search this

Earl Van Dorn: Male  Search this

Earl Van Dorn: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Civil War army officer\Confederate army officer  Search this

John Buchanan Floyd: Male  Search this

John Buchanan Floyd: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

John Buchanan Floyd: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Civil War army officer\Confederate army officer  Search this

John Buchanan Floyd: Politics and Government\Governor\Virginia  Search this

Milledge Luke Bonham: Male  Search this

Milledge Luke Bonham: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Civil War army officer\Confederate army officer  Search this

Milledge Luke Bonham: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Brigadier General  Search this

Milledge Luke Bonham: Politics and Government\Governor\South Carolina  Search this

Simon Bolivar Buckner: Male  Search this

Simon Bolivar Buckner: Natural Resource Occupations\Agriculturist\Farmer  Search this

Simon Bolivar Buckner: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\General  Search this

Simon Bolivar Buckner: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Civil War army officer\Confederate army officer  Search this

Simon Bolivar Buckner: Journalism and Media\Newspaper editor  Search this

Simon Bolivar Buckner: Politics and Government\Vice-Presidential Candidate  Search this

Simon Bolivar Buckner: Politics and Government\Governor\Kentucky  Search this

Simon Bolivar Buckner: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Insurance agent  Search this

Frederick Chatard: Male  Search this

Frederick Chatard: Military and Intelligence\Navy\Officer\Civil War\Confederate  Search this

Benjamin Franklin Cheatham: Male  Search this

Benjamin Franklin Cheatham: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Civil War army officer\Confederate army officer  Search this

Robert Selden Garnett: Male  Search this

Robert Selden Garnett: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Civil War army officer  Search this

Roger Weightman Hanson: Male  Search this

Roger Weightman Hanson: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Civil War army officer\Confederate army officer  Search this

Charles Frederick Henningsen: Male  Search this

Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter: Male  Search this

Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter: Politics and Government\US Senator\Virginia  Search this

Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Virginia  Search this

Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter: Politics and Government\Statesman\Confederate statesman  Search this

John Letcher: Male  Search this

Mansfield Lovel: Male  Search this

Humphrey Marshall: Male  Search this

Humphrey Marshall: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\General  Search this

Humphrey Marshall: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Civil War army officer\Confederate army officer  Search this

Humphrey Marshall: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Kentucky  Search this

Mosby Munroe Parsons: Male  Search this

Mosby Munroe Parsons: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Civil War army officer  Search this

Albert Pike: Male  Search this

Albert Pike: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Albert Pike: Literature\Writer  Search this

Albert Pike: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Civil War army officer\Confederate army officer  Search this

Albert Pike: Literature\Writer\Poet  Search this

Albert Pike: Law and Law Enforcement\Judge\Justice\State Supreme Court Justice  Search this

Edward Price: Male  Search this

Raphael Semmes: Male  Search this

Raphael Semmes: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Raphael Semmes: Literature\Writer  Search this

Raphael Semmes: Military and Intelligence\Navy\Officer\Civil War\Confederate  Search this

David Emanuel Twiggs: Male  Search this

Lloyd Tilghman: Male  Search this

M. Jeff Thompson: Male  Search this

James S. West: Male  Search this

Louis Trezevant Wigfall: Male  Search this

Louis Trezevant Wigfall: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Louis Trezevant Wigfall: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\General  Search this

Louis Trezevant Wigfall: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Civil War army officer\Confederate army officer  Search this

Louis Trezevant Wigfall: Politics and Government\US Senator\Texas  Search this

Louis Trezevant Wigfall: Politics and Government\Statesman\Confederate statesman  Search this

Louis Trezevant Wigfall: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Texas  Search this

Louis Trezevant Wigfall: Politics and Government\State Senator\Texas  Search this

Thomas Jonathan Jackson: Male  Search this

Thomas Jonathan Jackson: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\General  Search this

Thomas Jonathan Jackson: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Civil War army officer\Confederate army officer  Search this

Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard: Male  Search this

Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard: Literature\Writer  Search this

Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\General  Search this

Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Civil War army officer\Confederate army officer  Search this

John Cabell Breckinridge: Male  Search this

John Cabell Breckinridge: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

John Cabell Breckinridge: Politics and Government\Presidential candidate  Search this

John Cabell Breckinridge: Politics and Government\Vice-President of US  Search this

John Cabell Breckinridge: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Civil War army officer  Search this

John Cabell Breckinridge: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Business executive\Railroad  Search this

John Cabell Breckinridge: Politics and Government\Cabinet member\Secretary of War\Confederate Secretary of War  Search this

John Cabell Breckinridge: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Kentucky  Search this

John Cabell Breckinridge: Politics and Government\US Senator\Kentucky  Search this

Matthew Fontaine Maury: Male  Search this

Matthew Fontaine Maury: Literature\Writer  Search this

Matthew Fontaine Maury: Military and Intelligence\Navy\Officer  Search this

Matthew Fontaine Maury: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Professor\College  Search this

Matthew Fontaine Maury: Science and Technology\Scientist\Earth scientist\Oceanographer  Search this

Joseph Eggleston Johnston: Male  Search this

Joseph Eggleston Johnston: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Civil War army officer\Confederate army officer  Search this

Ambrose Powell Hill: Male  Search this

Ambrose Powell Hill: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Civil War army officer\Confederate army officer  Search this

Alexander Hamilton Stephens: Male  Search this

Alexander Hamilton Stephens: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Alexander Hamilton Stephens: Journalism and Media\Newspaper publisher  Search this

Alexander Hamilton Stephens: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Georgia  Search this

Alexander Hamilton Stephens: Politics and Government\Governor\Georgia  Search this

Alexander Hamilton Stephens: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Georgia  Search this

Alexander Hamilton Stephens: Politics and Government\Confederate Vice President  Search this

Robert Augustus Toombs: Male  Search this

Robert Augustus Toombs: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Robert Augustus Toombs: Politics and Government\Statesman  Search this

Robert Augustus Toombs: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Civil War army officer  Search this

Robert Augustus Toombs: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Civil War army officer\Confederate army officer  Search this

Robert Augustus Toombs: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Georgia  Search this

Robert Augustus Toombs: Natural Resource Occupations\Agriculturist\Planter  Search this

Robert Augustus Toombs: Politics and Government\US Senator\Georgia  Search this

Leonidas Polk: Male  Search this

Leonidas Polk: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Civil War army officer\Confederate army officer  Search this

Leonidas Polk: Religion and Spirituality\Clergy\Prelate\Bishop  Search this

Leonidas Polk: Education and Scholarship\Founder\University  Search this

Gabriel James Rains: Male  Search this

Gabriel James Rains: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Civil War army officer  Search this

Sterling Price: Male  Search this

Sterling Price: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Sterling Price: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Civil War army officer  Search this

Sterling Price: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Missouri  Search this

Sterling Price: Politics and Government\Governor\Missouri  Search this

Sterling Price: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Missouri  Search this

John Bankhead Magruder: Male  Search this

John Bankhead Magruder: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Civil War army officer  Search this

Gideon Johnson Pillow: Male  Search this

Gideon Johnson Pillow: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Gideon Johnson Pillow: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Civil War army officer\Confederate army officer  Search this

Gideon Johnson Pillow: Politics and Government\Politician  Search this

Judah Philip Benjamin: Male  Search this

Judah Philip Benjamin: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Judah Philip Benjamin: Politics and Government\Statesman\Confederate statesman  Search this

Judah Philip Benjamin: Politics and Government\US Senator\Louisiana  Search this

Franklin Buchanan: Male  Search this

Franklin Buchanan: Military and Intelligence\Navy\Officer\Civil War\Confederate  Search this

Thomas Carmichael Hindman: Male  Search this

Thomas Carmichael Hindman: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Thomas Carmichael Hindman: Politics and Government\Congressman  Search this

Thomas Carmichael Hindman: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Civil War army officer\Confederate army officer  Search this

Thomas Carmichael Hindman: Journalism and Media\Editor  Search this

Thomas Carmichael Hindman: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Major General  Search this

Thomas Lanier Clingman: Male  Search this

Thomas Lanier Clingman: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\General  Search this

Thomas Lanier Clingman: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Civil War army officer\Confederate army officer  Search this

Thomas Lanier Clingman: Politics and Government\US Senator\North Carolina  Search this

Ben McCulloch: Male  Search this

George Nichols Hollins: Male  Search this

George Nichols Hollins: Military and Intelligence\Navy\Officer  Search this

George Nichols Hollins: Military and Intelligence\Navy\Officer\Civil War\Confederate  Search this

William Joseph Hardee: Male  Search this

William Joseph Hardee: Literature\Writer  Search this

William Joseph Hardee: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Civil War army officer\Confederate army officer  Search this

William Joseph Hardee: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Mexican War army officer  Search this

John Slidell: Male  Search this

John Slidell: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

John Slidell: Politics and Government\Diplomat  Search this

John Slidell: Politics and Government\Confederate official  Search this

John Slidell: Politics and Government\US Senator\Louisiana  Search this

John Slidell: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Louisiana  Search this

James Murray Mason: Male  Search this

James Murray Mason: Politics and Government\Diplomat  Search this

James Murray Mason: Politics and Government\US Senator\Virginia  Search this

James Murray Mason: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Virginia  Search this

Portrait  Search this

Credit Line:

National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution

Object number:

S/NPG.84.421

Restrictions & Rights:

CC0

See more items in:

National Portrait Gallery Collection

Data Source:

National Portrait Gallery

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/sm45ea8e948-d94c-46ab-b21a-e4047db4e069

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:npg_S_NPG.84.421

Creator:

National Museum of American History  Search this

Type:

YouTube Videos

Uploaded:

2016-12-12T19:54:12.000Z

YouTube Category:

Education  Search this

Topic:

American History  Search this

See more by:

SmithsonianAmHistory

Data Source:

National Museum of American History

YouTube Channel:

SmithsonianAmHistory

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:yt_edGVNM06rUs

Author:

Garrett, John W. (John Work), 1820-1884  Search this

Latrobe, Benj. H. (Benjamin Henry), 1807-1878  Search this

Creator:

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company  Search this

Collector:

National Museum of American History (U.S.). Division of History of Technology  Search this

National Museum of American History (U.S.). Division of Mechanical and Civil Engineering  Search this

Extent:

33 Cubic feet (76 boxes, 46 map-folders)

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Tracings

Correspondence

Drawings

Date:

1827-1987

Summary:

The collection consists of correspondence, invoices, drawings, photographs, and negatives and other printed literature documenting the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad from its inception in 1827 to its merger with the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad in the 1960s.

Scope and Contents:

The collection consists of correspondence, engineering drawings, notes, photographs, transparencies, negatives, glass plate negatives, printed materials, and newspaper clippings documenting the Baltimore and Ohio railroad from its inception in 1827 to its merger with the Chesapeake and Ohio in the 1960s.

Arrangement:

The records are arranged into ten series.

Series 1, Historical Background, 1827-1987

Series 2, Bridge Histories, 1867-1966

Series 3, President's Office, 1826-1880

Series 4, Correspondence, 1826-1859

Series 5, Business Records, 1894-1914, and undated

Series 6, Agreement, 1870

Series 7, Drawings, 1858-1957, and undated

Subseries 7.1, Indices and Lists, 1924-1943, undated

Subseries 7.2, Bailey's Station, 1887; 1899; 1901

Subseries 7.3, Baltimore Belt Railroad, 1895, undated

Subseries 7.4, Bay View and Canton Bridges, 1884-1885

Subseries 7.5, Big Seneca Creek Viaduct, 1905

Subseries 7.6, Bollman Bridges, undated

Subseries 7.7, Boyds, Maryland Station, 1886; 1927

Subseries 7.8, Bridewell Station, undated

Subseries 7.9, Bridges (general), 1893-1917

Subseries 7.10, Brunswick, Maryland, 1890-1907

Subseries 7.11, Building Materials List, undated

Subseries 7.12, Building Signs, 1911-1912

Subseries 7.13, Camden Station, 1881-1942 (not inclusive)

Subseries 7.14, Camden Station (related), 1881-1915

Subseries 7.15, Centenary Bridge Models, 1927

Subseries 7.16, Central Office Building, undated

Subseries 7.17, Chestnut Street Station, 1925-1952

Subseries 7.18, Coaling facilities, water tanks, turntables, and miscellaneous structures, 1888-1912

Subseries 7.19, Cumberland Station, 1910-1955

Subseries 7.20, Curtis Bay Branch, 1900-1911

Subseries 7.21, Frederick Station, 1908-1915

Subseries 7.22, Hyattsville Station, 1913

Subseries 7.23, Keedysville Station, undated

Subseries 7.24, Laurel Station, undated

Subseries 7.25, Ledger, undated

Subseries 7.26, Lieperville Station, 1889

Subseries 7.27, Locust Point, 1881-1957

Subseries 7.28, Maps, 1862; 1918

Subseries 7.29, Martinsburg, West Virginia, 1913-1927

Subseries 7.30, Miscellaneous Buildings, 1875-1956

Subseries 7.31, Miscellaneous Large Photographs, undated

Subseries 7.32, Miscellaneous Structures, 1890-1916

Subseries 7.33: Mt. Clare (general)

Subseries 7.34, Mt. Clare New Blue Line Stable, 1899; 1905

Subseries 7.35, Mt. Clare New Car Shops, undated

Subseries 7.36, Mt. Royal Station, undated

Subseries 7.37, Newton Falls and Fairpoint, Ohio, 1909

Subseries 7.38, Patapsco River Bridge, 1883

Subseries 7.39, Plans for house no. 1846 (N. Gay Street, Baltimore, Maryland), undated

Subseries 7.40, Point of Rocks Station, 1951

Subseries 7.41, Scales, 1903

Subseries 7.42, Signal towers, 1900-1908

Subseries 7.43, Stations (general), 1866-1907

Subseries 7.44, Sykesville Station, undated

Subseries 7.45, Untitled, undated

Subseries 7.46, Warnings, 1894-1911

Subseries 7.47, Woodstock Station, undated

Subseries 7.48, Miscellaneous (rolled), 1858-1930 (not inclusive)

Series 8, Photographs and Copy Prints, 1872-1980s (not inclusive)

Subseries 8.1, Photographs, 1872-1980s

Subseries 8.2, Copy prints, 1901-1931, undated

Subseries 8.3, Indices and Lists, 1909-1920

Series 9, Negatives, 1850-1983 (bulk 1920s-1930s)

Subseries 9.1, Glass plate negatives (unidentified), undated

Subseries 9.2, Glass plate negatives (numbered), 1850-1957 (bulk 1920s-1930s)

Subseries 9.3, Negatives by number, undated

Subseries 9.4, Negatives by location, 1870; 1978-1983

Subseries 9.5, Negatives by subject, 1922-1930s, undated

Series 10, Stations and Buildings, 1884-1982

Biographical / Historical:

The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) was the nation's first extensive steam powered railroad. It was founded by Baltimore merchants in 1827 as a means of promoting trade and making Baltimore competitive with other east coast ports. The original intent of the founders was to provide direct and fast access to the Ohio River, and the markets that the river reached. The railroad, however, went beyond the Ohio River and its lines went as far west as St. Louis and Chicago. The B&O was also known for its use of an electric locomotive in the mid 1890s. It also had a completely air conditioned train, and it was a forerunner in the use of diesel-electric locomotives. Company activities paralleled those of other American railroads and over the course of its life included expansion, near bankruptcy, innovations, regulations, and finally buy out. In February 1963, the Chesapeake and Ohio (C&O) completed its purchase of the B&O. Today, B&O is part of the CSX Transportation (CSX) network.

John Work Garrett president of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 1858-1884, was born in Baltimore, Maryland July 31, 1820. He was the second son of Elizabeth Stouffer and Robert Garrett. He married Rachel Ann Harrison, the daughter of Thomas Harrison, a Baltimore merchant. They had one daughter, Mary and two sons Robert and Thomas Harrison Garrett.

After attending Lafayette College (Pennsylvania) for two years John W. Garrett left in 1836 to become associated with his father's commission business in Baltimore. The commission house which dealt in wholesale groceries, produce, forwarding and a commission business expanded to establish direct connections with Latin America, seek outlets in Europe and develop its own banking operations. In time its financial operations overshadowed the commission and shipping business.

When John W. Garrett began to invest heavily in Baltimore and Ohio Railroad stock, the road was in competition with the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal and the stock was not popular. Its value rose steadily over the years. Mr. Garrett was elected a director of the railroad in 1855. His report as chairman of a subcommittee on the need for additional funds to complete the line to the Ohio River led to his election to the presidency of the road on November 17, 1858, a position he held for 26 years. New policies with emphasis on economy, personal supervision and gradual expansion were inaugurated and consistently maintained, in spite of a general financial crisis, Mr. Garrett's first year in office showed a net gain in earnings.

Sympathetic to his southern friends during the Civil War, Mr. Garrett nevertheless supported the Union. He recognized the inevitability of Confederate defeat by superior northern resources. Confederate leaders blamed him for their inability to seize Washington and he received warm appreciation for his services to the Union cause from President Lincoln. The railroad stretched along the theater of war and twice crossed Confederate territory. It was, therefore, a main objective for southern attack. Branches were frequently damaged by Confederate raids, but the main line to Washington became important for the transport of troops and supplies. The Baltimore and Ohio carried out the first military rail transport in history and the transfer of 20,000 men from the Potomac to Chattanooga in 1863 was a major triumph for its president.

With the advent of peace Mr. Garrett turned to rebuilding and strengthening the railroad. He replaced equipment and track damaged by the war, then extended the system by securing direct routes to Pittsburgh and Chicago and arranging an independent line into New York. Wharves were built at Locust Point for ocean liners and a system of elevators erected. The B&O. built its own sleeping and dining cars, established hotels in the mountains and created its own express company. By 1880, after battles over rates with other trunk lines, a costly rivalry with the Pennsylvania Railroad over the eastern route and charges of discrimination against local shippers Mr. Garrett was at the height of his success. He cooperated in establishing the B. and 0. Employees Relief Association for accident and life insurance, a hospital system, saving and building funds, and arrangements for improving sanitation in the work place. He was on friendly terms with Johns Hopkins, a trustee of John Hopkins Hospital, and with George Peabody, founder of the Peabody institute of which he was also a trustee. Garrett County, Maryland was named in his honor.

John W. Garrett died on September 26, 1884 within a year of his wife's death in a carriage accident. During his connection with the railroad the stock increased from $57 to $200; at the outbreak of the Civil War the railroad was operating 514 miles of rail, gross earnings were $4,000,097 and net per mile was $4246.1 By 1864 gross earnings were $10,138,876 and net per mile, $7113.2 By the end of his presidency mileage had increased to 1711 miles and net earnings were $4535 per mile.3

References

1 -- National Cyclopedia of American Biography -- Vol. 18:3

2 -- National Cyclopedia of American Biography -- Vol. 18:3

3 -- National Cyclopedia of American Biography -- Vol. 18:3

Related Materials:

Materials at Other Organizations

Maryland Historical Society

Baltimore and Ohio Museum

Provenance:

This collection was donated to the National Museum of American History by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in the 1960s.

Restrictions:

The collection is open for research use. Researchers must handle unprotected photographs and glass plate negatives with gloves.

Rights:

Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning copyright restrictions. Other intellectual property rights may apply. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.

Topic:

Railroads  Search this

Engineering -- 19th century  Search this

Repairing -- Railroads  Search this

Railway engineering -- 1860-1890  Search this

Bridges  Search this

Construction  Search this

Genre/Form:

Tracings

Correspondence -- 19th century

Drawings -- 1860-1890

Citation:

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Records, Archives Center, National Museum of American History

Identifier:

NMAH.AC.1086

See more items in:

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Records

Archival Repository:

Archives Center, National Museum of American History

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep8e652d903-bb57-46a8-a205-c7cbfe89f444

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nmah-ac-1086

Creator:

Rudolph Wurlitzer Company  Search this

Names:

All-American Mohawk Company  Search this

Apollo Piano Company  Search this

Beach-Carlisle Violin Company  Search this

Caldwell Piano Company  Search this

Central Discount Company  Search this

Dayton Photo Products Company  Search this

DeKalb Piano Company  Search this

Dekleist Musical Instruments Company  Search this

Deutsch Wurlitzer  Search this

Eagle Radio Company  Search this

Everett Piano Company  Search this

Fox Theatres Corporation  Search this

Lyric Piano Company  Search this

Milner Music Company  Search this

Morsatti, Inc.  Search this

North Tonawanda Barrel Organ Company  Search this

Robert L. Loud Music Company  Search this

Rudolph Wurlitzer Company  Search this

Southern Ohio Radio Corporation  Search this

Western Industries Corporation  Search this

Wunderlich Piano Company  Search this

Wurlbild Corporation  Search this

Wurlitzer Acceptance Corporation  Search this

Wurlitzer Company  Search this

Wurlitzer Company of California  Search this

Wurlitzer Grand Piano Company  Search this

Youngstown Music Company  Search this

Rolfing, R.C.  Search this

Wurlitzer, Farny  Search this

Wurlitzer, Rembert  Search this

Wurlitzer, Rudolph  Search this

Extent:

56 Cubic feet

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Minute books

Account books

Financial records

Stock records

Reports

Advertisements

Sales records

Audits

Cashbooks

Ledgers (account books)

Annual reports

Photographs

Journals (accounts)

Price lists

Trade catalogs

Publications

Employee records

Marketing records

Commercial catalogs

Place:

DeKalb (Ill.)

North Tonawanda (N.Y.)

Corinth (Miss.)

Cincinnati (Ohio)

Date:

1860-1984

Summary:

The collection documents the history and development of the Wurlitzer Company and consists of company publications, business records, employee files, manufacturing records, sales and marketing records, product information, publicity, advertising, photographs, audiovisual materials, and organ installation drawings.

Scope and Contents:

The collection documents the history and the development of the Wurlitzer Company. Materials include company publications, business records, employee files, manufacturing records, sales and marketing records, product information, publicity, advertising, photographs, audiovisual materials, and organ installation drawings. The material in the collection spans from 1856-1986, although information prior to 1899 is sparse.

Arrangement:

The Collection is arranged into fourteen series.

Series 1: Wurlitzer Company Histories, Company Events, and General Business Materials, circa 1880-1987; undated

Series 2: Publications, 1910-1989; undated

Series 3: Advertising and Promotional Materials, 1911-1978

Series 4: Product Information, 1860-1984; undated

Series 5: Photographs of Wurlitzer Manufacturing Plants, Employees, Stores, and Dealerships, 1869-1970; undated

Series 6: Photographs of Wurlitzer Products and Product Sales Promotions, 1900-1978; undated

Series 7, Photographs Used in Wurlitzer Advertising and Public Relations, 1904-1970; undated

Series 8: Wurlitzer Employee Records and Related Materials, 1909-1961; undated

Series 9: Production and Shipping Records, 1905-1987

Series 10: Shipping and Sales Records for Wurlitzer Dealerships, Wurlitzer Retail Stores, and Rembert Wurlitzer, Incorporated, 1917-1952

Series 11, Records of Stock Certificates, Meeting Minutes, and Related Financial and Legal Documents, 1907-1972

Series 12, Rudolph Wurlitzer Company Financial Records, 1893-1986

Series 13, Maps and Charts, 1931-1976

Series 14, Organ Installation Drawings, 1920-1931; undated

Historical Note:

The Wurlitzer Company began in 1856 when Rudolph Wurlitzer, a Cincinnati bank clerk, sold seven hundred dollars worth of musical instruments he had bought from family and friends in Germany. The busi¬ness was incorporated in Ohio in 1890 under the name the Ru¬dolph Wurlitzer Company." For the first fifty years, Wurlitzer was primarily a retail instrument business operating out of its Cincinnati Store headquarters. Although fire destroyed the com¬pany's headquarters in 1904, a new building was completed in time to celebrate Wurlitzer's fiftieth anniversary in 1906.

In 1908, the Wurlitzer Company bought the DeKleist Musical In¬strument Manufacturing Company in North Tonawanda, New York. The Rudolph Wurlitzer Manufacturing Company continued produc¬tion of automatic musical instruments including player pianos, military bands and pianorchestras. In 1910, the Wurlitzer Company bought the Hope-Jones Organ Company and began to manufacture unit-or¬chestra pipe organs at their North Tonawanda plant. These were pipe organs equipped with bells, gongs, horns and sirens. They became known as Mighty Wurlitzers and provided the musical back¬ground in silent movie houses all over the world and were also built for churches and private homes. In 1919, Wurlitzer bought the Melville-Clark Piano Company of DeKalb, Illinois. Wurlitzer pianos were then manufactured at the DeKalb facilities under a variety of names: the Apollo Piano Company, the DeKalb Piano Company and the Wurlitzer Grand Piano Company. Each name des¬ignated a different quality, price range and style.

With the decline of sales during the 1920s and 1930s, pro¬duction of automatic musical instruments ceased until the manu¬facture of the first jukebox in 1934. In 1930, the Julius Bauer Piano Company was purchased and continued to build pianos in that name until shortly before World War II. For a brief time, radios and refrigerators were made by the Wurlitzer controlled Air-Amer¬ican Mohawk Corporation. It was not a successful venture and ended in the mid-1930s. Many of the Wurlitzer retail stores were, at that time, in bad locations and needed repairs. The solutions to these problems came about with a reorganization of the company in 1935. With the reorganization, many retail stores were sold, piano manufacturing was consolidated in DeKalb and many subsidiaries were dissolved or absorbed completely into the Wurlitzer Company.

During World War II, Wurlitzer halted production of musical in¬struments. The company's defense production efforts were rec¬ognized in 1943 and 1944 when it is North Tonawanda and DeKalb plants received the Army-Navy "E" Award. In 1946, peacetime production resumed and the Wurlitzer Company introduced two new instruments: the electric organ in 1947 and the electric piano in 1954. In 1956, the Wurlitzer Company celebrated its centennial. That same year a new plant at Corinth, Mississippi, was completed. Later, plants were opened in Holly Springs, Mississippi (1961), Logan, Utah (1970) and Hullhorst, West Germany, (1960). The new facilities replaced those at North Tonawanda and DeKalb. The North Tonawanda plant ceased production of jukeboxes in 1974, becoming the company's engineering and research center. In 1973, the DeKalb plant ended production of pianos maintaining only mar¬keting and administrative offices. In 1977, the Wurlitzer Com¬pany's corporate headquarters moved to DeKalb, including the en¬gineering and research center from North Tonawanda.

Wurlitzer's three sons had assumed leadership of the company after his death in 1914. Each son acted as president then, chair of the board, successively. The company hired R.C. Rolfing in 1934 as vice-president and general manager. His re¬organization helped the company through the Depression years. Rolfing succeeded the last of the founder's sons in 1941 as pres¬ident of the company and in 1966 as chair of the board. Farny Wurlitzer, Rudolph's youngest son, died in 1972. A.D. Arsem succeeded Rolfing in 1974 as chair of the board. George B. Howell succeeded W. N. Herleman as president of the company.

Related Materials:

Materials in the Archives Center

Steinway & Sons Records and Family Papers, 1857-1919 (AC0178)

Chickering & Sons Piano Company Collection, 1864-1985 (AC0264)

Sohmer & Company Records, 1872-1989 (AC0349)

William J. Lenz Piano Tuning Collection, circa 1903-1955 (AC0511)

Janssen Piano Company Records, 1901-1929 (AC0512)

John R. Anderson Piano Trade Literature and Ephemera Collection, circa 1850-1990 (AC1257)

Warshaw Collection of Business America's Piano and Organ related materials (AC0060)

Provenance:

Collection donated by Northern Illinois University, and Regional History Center, 1994, November 11.

Restrictions:

Collection is open for research.

Rights:

Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning copyright restrictions. Other intellectual property rights may apply. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.

Topic:

Violin -- Manufacture  Search this

Radio -- Receivers and reception  Search this

Coin-operated machines  Search this

Accordion  Search this

Jukeboxes -- Manufacture  Search this

Harp -- Manufacture  Search this

Piano -- History  Search this

Player organ  Search this

Accordion -- Manufacture  Search this

Piano makers  Search this

Organ -- Manufacture  Search this

Organ -- History  Search this

Wurlitzer organ  Search this

Musical instrument makers  Search this

Mechanical organs  Search this

Mechanical musical instruments  Search this

Musical instruments  Search this

Genre/Form:

Minute books

Account books

Financial records

Stock records

Reports

Advertisements

Sales records

Audits

Cashbooks

Ledgers (account books)

Annual reports

Photographs -- 19th century

Journals (accounts)

Price lists

Trade catalogs

Publications

Employee records

Marketing records

Commercial catalogs

Citation:

Wurlitzer Company Records, 1860-1984, Archives Center, National Museum of American History

Identifier:

NMAH.AC.0469

See more items in:

Wurlitzer Company Records

Archival Repository:

Archives Center, National Museum of American History

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep8b6b1ed59-da9e-468e-ae2e-8bcd065f8cb2

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nmah-ac-0469

Maker:

unknown  Search this

Physical Description:

painted (overall production method/technique)

fabric, pressed felt (overall material)

multicolored (decoration (eagle) color)

eagle (decoration (eagle) motif)

brown (overall color)

green; black (underbrim color)

gold (lettering color)

yellow (decoration (banner) color)

paint (overall material)

Measurements:

overall: 6 1/4 in x 12 in x 13 3/8 in; 15.875 cm x 30.48 cm x 33.9725 cm

Object Name:

hat, fire

Place made:

United States

Date made:

1810-1860

Subject:

Anchors  Search this

Eagles  Search this

Fire Fighting  Search this

Fraternal Associations  Search this

Related Publication:

McCosker, M.J.. The Historical Collection of the Insurance Company of North America

Credit Line:

Gift of CIGNA Museum and Art Collection

ID Number:

2005.0233.0029

Catalog number:

2005.0233.0029

Accession number:

2005.0233

See more items in:

Home and Community Life: Fire Fighting and Law Enforcement

Cultures & Communities

Clothing & Accessories

Fire Hats

Work

Firefighting Collection

Art

Data Source:

National Museum of American History

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ng49ca746ac-06c3-704b-e053-15f76fa0b4fa

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmah_1318657

Maker:

Cornell, Silas  Search this

Erastus Darrow & Brother  Search this

Physical Description:

paper (overall material)

aluminum (overall material)

Measurements:

average spatial: 24.2 cm; 9 17/32 in

overall: 16 1/8 in x 11 1/2 in; 40.9575 cm x 29.21 cm

Object Name:

globe

Place made:

United States: Massachusetts, Boston

United States: New York, Rochester

Associated place:

United States: Illinois, Chicago

Date made:

mid 19th century

Subject:

Geography  Search this

ID Number:

1986.0820.01

Catalog number:

1986.0820.01

Accession number:

1986.0820

See more items in:

Medicine and Science: Physical Sciences

Globes

Measuring & Mapping

Data Source:

National Museum of American History

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ng49ca746a8-fc8d-704b-e053-15f76fa0b4fa

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmah_1064464

Creator:

Mayer, Ralph, 1895-1979  Search this

Mayer, Bena Frank, 1898-1991  Search this

Subject:

Biddle, George  Search this

Bishop, Isabel  Search this

Brook, Alexander  Search this

Burchfield, Charles Ephraim  Search this

Florsheim, Richard A.  Search this

Hammer, Victor Karl  Search this

Hirsch, Stefan  Search this

Hurd, Peter  Search this

MacKendrick, Lilian  Search this

Miller, Kenneth Hayes  Search this

Pach, Walter  Search this

Rattner, Abraham  Search this

Sloan, John  Search this

Smith, David  Search this

Citation:

Ralph and Bena Frank Mayer papers, [ca. 1920]-1964. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.

Topic:

Artists' materials  Search this

Art -- Conservation and restoration  Search this

Art -- Technique  Search this

Theme:

Lives of artists  Search this

Record number:

(DSI-AAA_CollID)7091

(DSI-AAA_SIRISBib)209224

AAA_collcode_mayeralp

Theme:

Lives of artists

Data Source:

Archives of American Art

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:AAADCD_coll_209224

Creator:

Mayer, Ralph, 1895-1979  Search this

Mayer, Bena Frank, 1898-1991  Search this

Names:

Biddle, George, 1885-1973  Search this

Bishop, Isabel, 1902-1988  Search this

Brook, Alexander, 1898-1980  Search this

Burchfield, Charles Ephraim, 1893-1967  Search this

Florsheim, Richard A., 1916-1979  Search this

Hammer, Victor Karl, 1882-  Search this

Hirsch, Stefan, 1899-1964  Search this

Hurd, Peter, 1904-1984  Search this

MacKendrick, Lilian  Search this

Miller, Kenneth Hayes, 1876-1952  Search this

Pach, Walter, 1883-1958  Search this

Rattner, Abraham  Search this

Sloan, John, 1871-1951  Search this

Smith, David, 1906-1965  Search this

Extent:

4.5 Linear feet ((partially microfilmed on 3 reels))

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Date:

[ca. 1920]-1964

Scope and Contents:

Correspondence, writings, photographs, art work, subject files, scrapbooks, and printed material.

REELS D211-D213: Ralph Mayer's correspondence is with artists, conservators, museum directors, publishers, art organizations, and others. Notebooks contain data on 19th century canvas makers and dealers of artists' materials. Also included are correspondence and a ledger regarding restoration and conservation of paintings, 1929-1963; files on Columbia University, the National Academy of Design, the Newark Museum, The New York State Department of Commerce, the Whitney Museum of Art, subway murals, and other subjects; and correspondence with the U.S. Department of Commerce regarding standards for paints and pigments. Photographs are of Ralph Mayer's paintings. Correspondents include: George Biddle, Isabel Bishop, Alexander Brook, Charles Burchfield, Richard A. Florsheim, Victor Hammer, Stefan Hirsch, Peter Hurd, Lilian MacKendrick, Kenneth H. Miller, Walter Pach, Abraham Rattner, John Sloan, and David Smith.

Bena Frank Mayer's papers consist of biographical material, clippings, correspondence, exhibition catalogs and announcements, and photographs of her paintings. Two scrapbooks contain printed material, letters, and photographs regarding the Mayers' careers.

UNMICROFILMED: Correspondence includes Ralph Mayer's, 1930-1964, mainly concerning the use of artists' materials, Bena Frank correspondence, 1910-1977, and letters concerning Mayer's book, The Painter's Craft, 1948. Among his correspondents are Josef Albers, Thomas Hart Benton, Isabel Bishop, Georgia O'Keeffe, Walter Pach, Paul Sample, John Sloan, and Frederic Taubes. Subject files are on the Artists' Laboratory, the Art Students League, Gustav Berger, Huntington Hartford, the MacDowell Colony, the National Academy of Design, Diego Rivera murals, subway murals, and other subjects. Writings consist of papers on commercial standards of paint, a typescript of The Painter's Craft, and lecture notes from classes Mayer taught at the Art Students League and Columbia University.

Art work consists of sketchbooks and sketches. Photographs are of the Mayers, their studios, family, friends, and paintings. Printed material includes exhibition catalogs and announcements, brochures, clippings, and posters. There are also six scrapbooks, ca. 1930-1940, containing clippings, photographs, letters received, and printed material.

Biographical / Historical:

Ralph Mayer: conservator, restorer, painter. Died 1979. Bena Frank Mayer: painter. They lived in New York. Ralph Mayer was educated as a chemical engineer, and spent several years working in the manufacture of paints and varnishes. He also studied painting at the Art Students League. His work in conservation and artists' materials led him to found the Artists Technical Research Institute in 1959. Author of The Artists Handbook of Materials and Techniques (1940) and The Painter's Craft (1948), and numerous articles. Taught at Columbia University.

Provenance:

Material on reels D211-D213 was lent for microfilming in 1965 by Ralph Mayer. Portions were subsequently donated along with unmicrofilmed material, 1972-1979, by Ralph and Bena Frank Mayer.

Restrictions:

Use of original papers requires an appointment and is limited to the Archives' Washington, D.C., Research Center. Microfilmed materials must be consulted on microfilm. Contact Reference Services for more information.

Occupation:

Art restorers  Search this

Conservators  Search this

Restorers  Search this

Painters -- New York (State) -- New York  Search this

Topic:

Artists' materials  Search this

Art -- Conservation and restoration  Search this

Art -- Technique  Search this

Identifier:

AAA.mayeralp

Archival Repository:

Archives of American Art

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/mw9dd9999e2-6a80-4d08-9531-d0f9c0ecb497

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-aaa-mayeralp

Former owner:

Penn, William  Search this

Pastorius, Francis Daniel  Search this

Du Barry, Joseph  Search this

Sheridan, Owen  Search this

Taylor, Frederick Winslow, 1856-1915  Search this

Taylor, Frederick Winslow, Mrs.  Search this

Peck, Frederick W. G.  Search this

Peck, Frederick W. G. Mrs.  Search this

Architect:

Fielding, Mantle, 1865-1941  Search this

Landscape architect:

Gallagher, Percival  Search this

Peck, Frederick W. G.  Search this

Olmsted Brothers  Search this

Creator:

Vandu Zee, Harold (civil engineer)  Search this

Gardener:

Bender, Robert  Search this

Collection Creator:

Adams, Molly, 1918-2003  Search this

Type:

Archival materials

Place:

Boxly (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)

United States of America -- Pennsylvania -- Philadelphia County -- Philadelphia

Scope and Contents:

The folders include worksheets, photocopies of newspaper and other printed references about the garden, and photocopies of photographs of the garden when it was owned by Mr. and Mrs. Frederick Winslow Taylor (before 1951).

General:

"Boxly" was originally established by Joseph Du Barry (a friend of Joseph Bonaparte) as "Mulberry Farm." The property was the center of an unsuccessful silk industry in the early 19th century. It was later purchased by the famous efficiency engineer Frederick Winslow Taylor, who built the first undulating putting green (for golf) in America at the property. He renamed it "Boxly" because of its then 100-year-old boxwood bushes. The property was redesigned in the 1950s and 1960s.

Persons associated with the property include: William Penn (former owner, 1681-1683); Francis Daniel Pastorius (former owner, 1683-?); Joseph Du Barry (former owner, 1803-?); Owen Sheridan (former owner, 1833-?); Mr. and Mrs. Frederick Winslow Taylor (former owners, 1901-1951); Mr. and Mrs. Frederick W. G. Peck (former owners and landscape architect, 1951-1998); Mantle Fielding (architect, 1901-1905); the Olmsted Brothers (landscape architects, 1901-1910); Percival Gallagher (landscape architect, 1901-1910); Harold Vandu Zee (civil engineer, 1901-1915); and Robert Bender (gardener, 1902-?).

Related Materials:

Boxly related holdings consist of 3 folders (4 glass lantern slides; 63 35 mm. slides; 17 photonegatives)

Records related to this site can be found at the Frederick Law Olmsted National Historic Site, Olmsted Job Number 00168, F. W. Taylor (and J.S. Clark).

See others in:

Garden Club of America Collection, ca. 1920-[ongoing].

Collection Restrictions:

Access to original archival materials by appointment only. Researcher must submit request for appointment in writing. Certain items may be restricted and not available to researchers. Please direct reference inquiries to the Archives of American Gardens: aag@si.edu.

Collection Rights:

Archives of American Gardens encourages the use of its archival materials for non-commercial, educational and personal use under the fair use provision of U.S. copyright law. Use or copyright restrictions may exist. It is incumbent upon the researcher to ascertain copyright status and assume responsibility for usage. All requests for duplication and use must be submitted in writing and approved by Archives of American Gardens. Please direct reference inquiries to the Archives of American Gardens: aag@si.edu.

Topic:

Gardens -- Pennsylvania -- Philadelphia  Search this

Collection Citation:

Smithsonian Institution, Archives of American Gardens, Maida Babson Adams American garden collection.

Identifier:

AAG.ADM, File PA009

See more items in:

Maida Babson Adams American garden collection.

Maida Babson Adams American garden collection. / Series 1: Garden Images / Pennsylvania

Archival Repository:

Archives of American Gardens

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/kb6be08fde3-fe26-40ad-8b94-da06b91c20fb

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-aag-adm-ref1485

Collection Creator:

Junkin, Hattie Meyers, 1896-1985  Search this

Container:

Box 5, Folder 5

Type:

Archival materials

Text

Collection Restrictions:

No restrictions on access

Collection Rights:

Material is subject to Smithsonian Terms of Use. Should you wish to use NASM material in any medium, please submit an Application for Permission to Reproduce NASM Material, available at Permissions Requests.

See more items in:

Hattie Meyers Junkin Papers

Hattie Meyers Junkin Papers / Series 3: General materials of Hattie Meyers Junkin

Archival Repository:

National Air and Space Museum Archives

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/pg2f9c2563e-5c4a-47d6-abbb-276111be86a4

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-nasm-xxxx-0171-ref141

Collection Creator:

Ya-Ching, Lee  Search this

Container:

Box 15, Folder 4

Type:

Archival materials

Text

Date:

1940 - 1945

Collection Restrictions:

No restrictions on access.

Collection Rights:

Material is subject to Smithsonian Terms of Use. Should you wish to use NASM material in any medium, please submit an Application for Permission to Reproduce NASM Material, available at Permissions Requests.

Collection Citation:

Lee Ya-Ching Papers, NASM.2008.0009, National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution.

See more items in:

Lee Ya-Ching Papers

Lee Ya-Ching Papers / Series 2: Professional

Archival Repository:

National Air and Space Museum Archives

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/pg2834c8d49-a046-4aad-8f4c-60f3d801b422

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-nasm-2008-0009-ref134

Creator:

United Telegraph Workers.  Search this

Western Union Telegraph Company  Search this

Extent:

452 Cubic feet (871 boxes and 23 map folders)

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Administrative records

Articles

Books

Clippings

Contracts

Drawings

Photographs

Patents

Newsletters

Photograph albums

Scrapbooks

Specifications

Technical documents

Date:

circa 1820-1995

Summary:

The collection documents in photographs, scrapbooks, notebooks, correspondence, stock ledgers, annual reports, and financial records, the evolution of the telegraph, the development of the Western Union Telegraph Company, and the beginning of the communications revolution. The collection materials describe both the history of the company and of the telegraph industry in general, particularly its importance to the development of the technology in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The collection is useful for researchers interested in the development of technology, economic history, and the impact of technology on American social and cultural life.

Scope and Contents:

The collection is divided into twenty-six (26) series and consists of approximately 400 cubic feet. The collection documents in photographs, scrapbooks, notebooks, correspondence, stock ledgers, annual reports, and financial records, the evolution of the telegraph, the development of the Western Union Telegraph Company, and the beginning of the communications revolution. The collection materials describe both the history of the company and of the telegraph industry in general, particularly its importance to the development of the technology in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The collection is useful for researchers interested in the development of technology, economic history, and the impact of technology on American social and cultural life.

Arrangement:

The collection is divided into twenty-seven series.

Series 1: Historical and Background Information, 1851-1994

Series 2: Subsidiaries of Western Union, 1844-1986

Series 3: Executive Records, 1848-1987

Series 4: Presidential Letterbooks and Writings, 1865-1911

Series 5: Correspondence, 1837-1985

Series 6: Cyrus W. Field Papers, 1840-1892

Series 7: Secretary's Files, 1844-1987

Series 8: Financial Records, 1859-1995

Series 9: Legal Records, 1867-1968

Series 10: Railroad Records, 1854-1945

Series 11: Law Department Records, 1868-1979

Series 12: Patent Materials, 1840-1970

Series 13: Operating Records, 1868-1970s

Series 14: Westar VI-S, 1974, 1983-1986

Series 15: Engineering Department Records, 1874-1970

Series 16: Plant Department Records, 1867-1937, 1963

Series 17: Superintendent of Supplies Records, 1888-1948

Series 18: Employee/Personnel Records 1852-1985

Series 19: Public Relations Department Records, 1858-1980

Series 20: Western Union Museum, 1913-1971

Series 21: Maps, 1820-1964

Series 22: Telegrams, 1852-1960s

Series 23: Photographs, circa 1870-1980

Series 24: Scrapbooks, 1835-1956

Series 25: Notebooks, 1880-1942

Series 26: Audio Visual Materials, 1925-1994

Series 27: Addenda

Biographical / Historical:

In 1832 Samuel F. B. Morse, assisted by Alfred Vail, conceived of the idea for an electromechanical telegraph, which he called the "Recording Telegraph." This commercial application of electricity was made tangible by their construction of a crude working model in 1835-36. This instrument probably was never used outside of Professor Morse's rooms where it was, however, operated in a number of demonstrations. This original telegraph instrument was in the hands of the Western Union Telegraph Company and had been kept carefully over the years in a glass case. It was moved several times in New York as the Western Union headquarters building changed location over the years. The company presented it to the Smithsonian Institution in 1950.

The telegraph was further refined by Morse, Vail, and a colleague, Leonard Gale, into working mechanical form in 1837. In this year Morse filed a caveat for it at the U.S. Patent Office. Electricity, provided by Joseph Henry's 1836 "intensity batteries", was sent over a wire. The flow of electricity through the wire was interrupted for shorter or longer periods by holding down the key of the device. The resulting dots or dashes were recorded on a printer or could be interpreted orally. In 1838 Morse perfected his sending and receiving code and organized a corporation, making Vail and Gale his partners.

In 1843 Morse received funds from Congress to set-up a demonstration line between Washington and Baltimore. Unfortunately, Morse was not an astute businessman and had no practical plan for constructing a line. After an unsuccessful attempt at laying underground cables with Ezra Cornell, the inventor of a trench digger, Morse switched to the erection of telegraph poles and was more successful. On May 24, 1844, Morse, in the U.S. Supreme Court Chambers in Washington, sent by telegraph the oft-quoted message to his colleague Vail in Baltimore, "What hath God wrought!"

In 1845 Morse hired Andrew Jackson's former postmaster general, Amos Kendall, as his agent in locating potential buyers of the telegraph. Kendall realized the value of the device, and had little trouble convincing others of its potential for profit. By the spring he had attracted a small group of investors. They subscribed $15,000 and formed the Magnetic Telegraph Company. Many new telegraph companies were formed as Morse sold licenses wherever he could.

The first commercial telegraph line was completed between Washington, D.C., and New York City in the spring of 1846 by the Magnetic Telegraph Company. Shortly thereafter, F. O. J. Smith, one of the patent owners, built a line between New York City and Boston. Most of these early companies were licensed by owners of Samuel Morse patents. The Morse messages were sent and received in a code of dots and dashes.

At this time other telegraph systems based on rival technologies were being built. Some companies used the printing telegraph, a device invented by a Vermonter, Royal E. House, whose messages were printed on paper or tape in Roman letters. In 1848 a Scotch scientist, Alexander Bain, received his patents on a telegraph. These were but two of many competing and incompatible technologies that had developed. The result was confusion, inefficiency, and a rash of suits and counter suits.

By 1851 there were over fifty separate telegraph companies operating in the United States. This corporate cornucopia developed because the owners of the telegraph patents had been unsuccessful in convincing the United States and other governments of the invention's potential usefulness. In the private sector, the owners had difficulty convincing capitalists of the commercial value of the invention. This led to the owners' willingness to sell licenses to many purchasers who organized separate companies and then built independent telegraph lines in various sections of the country.

Hiram Sibley moved to Rochester, New York, in 1838 to pursue banking and real estate. Later he was elected sheriff of Monroe County. In Rochester he was introduced to Judge Samuel L. Selden who held the House Telegraph patent rights. In 1849 Selden and Sibley organized the New York State Printing Telegraph Company, but they found it hard to compete with the existing New York, Albany, and Buffalo Telegraph Company.

After this experience Selden suggested that instead of creating a new line, the two should try to acquire all the companies west of Buffalo and unite them into a single unified system. Selden secured an agency for the extension throughout the United States of the House system. In an effort to expand this line west, Judge Selden called on friends and the people in Rochester. This led, in April 1851, to the organization of a company and the filing in Albany of the Articles of Association for the "New York and Mississippi Valley Printing Telegraph Company" (NYMVPTC), a company which later evolved into the Western Union Telegraph Company.

In 1854 there were two rival systems of the NYMVPTC in the West. These two systems consisted of thirteen separate companies. All the companies were using Morse patents in the five states north of the Ohio River. This created a struggle between three separate entities, leading to an unreliable and inefficient telegraph service. The owners of these rival companies eventually decided to invest their money elsewhere and arrangements were made for the NYMVPTC to purchase their interests.

Hiram Sibley recapitalized the company in 1854 under the same name and began a program of construction and acquisition. The most important takeover was carried out by Sibley when he negotiated the purchase of the Morse patent rights for the Midwest for $50,000 from Jeptha H. Wade and John J. Speed, without the knowledge of Ezra Cornell, their partner in the Erie and Michigan Telegraph Company (EMTC). With this acquisition Sibley proceeded to switch to the superior Morse system. He also hired Wade, a very capable manager, who became his protege and later his successor. After a bitter struggle Morse and Wade obtained the EMTC from Cornell in 1855, thus assuring dominance by the NYMVPTC in the Midwest. In 1856 the company name was changed to the "Western Union Telegraph Company," indicating the union of the Western lines into one compact system. In December, 1857, the Company paid stockholders their first dividend.

Between 1857 and 1861 similar consolidations of telegraph companies took place in other areas of the country so that most of the telegraph interests of the United States had merged into six systems. These were the American Telegraph Company (covering the Atlantic and some Gulf states), The Western Union Telegraph Company (covering states North of the Ohio River and parts of Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and Minnesota), the New York Albany and Buffalo Electro-Magnetic Telegraph Company (covering New York State), the Atlantic and Ohio Telegraph Company (covering Pennsylvania), the Illinois & Mississippi Telegraph Company (covering sections of Missouri, Iowa, and Illinois), and the New Orleans & Ohio Telegraph Company (covering the southern Mississippi Valley and the Southwest). All these companies worked together in a mutually friendly alliance, and other small companies cooperated with the six systems, particularly some on the West Coast.

By the time of the Civil War, there was a strong commercial incentive to construct a telegraph line across the western plains to link the two coasts of America. Many companies, however, believed the line would be impossible to build and maintain.

In 1860 Congress passed, and President James Buchanan signed, the Pacific Telegraph Act, which authorized the Secretary of the Treasury to seek bids for a project to construct a transcontinental line. When two bidders dropped out, Hiram Sibley, representing Western Union, was the only bidder left. By default Sibley won the contract. The Pacific Telegraph Company was organized for the purpose of building the eastern section of the line. Sibley sent Wade to California, where he consolidated the small local companies into the California State Telegraph Company. This entity then organized the Overland Telegraph Company, which handled construction eastward from Carson City, Nevada, joining the existing California lines, to Salt Lake City, Utah. Sibley's Pacific Telegraph Company built westward from Omaha, Nebraska. Sibley put most of his resources into the venture. The line was completed in October, 1861. Both companies were soon merged into Western Union. This accomplishment made Hiram Sibley leader of the telegraph industry.

Further consolidations took place over the next several years. Many companies merged into the American Telegraph Company. With the expiration of the Morse patents, several organizations were combined in 1864 under the name of "The U.S. Telegraph Company." In 1866 the final consolidation took place, with Western Union exchanging stock for the stock of the other two organizations. The general office of Western Union moved at this time from Rochester to 145 Broadway, New York City. In 1875 the main office moved to 195 Broadway, where it remained until 1930 when it relocated to 60 Hudson Street.

In 1873 Western Union purchased a majority of shares in the International Ocean Telegraph Company. This was an important move because it marked Western Union's entry into the foreign telegraph market. Having previously worked with foreign companies, Western Union now began competing for overseas business.

In the late 1870s Western Union, led by William H. Vanderbilt, attempted to wrest control of the major telephone patents, and the new telephone industry, away from the Bell Telephone Company. But due to new Bell leadership and a subsequent hostile takeover attempt of Western Union by Jay Gould, Western Union discontinued its fight and Bell Telephone prevailed.

Despite these corporate calisthenics, Western Union remained in the public eye. The sight of a uniformed Western Union messenger boy was familiar in small towns and big cities all over the country for many years. Some of Western Union's top officials in fact began their careers as messenger boys.

Throughout the remainder of the nineteenth century the telegraph became one of the most important factors in the development of social and commercial life of America. In spite of improvements to the telegraph, however, two new inventions--the telephone (nineteenth century) and the radio (twentieth century)--eventually replaced the telegraph as the leaders of the communication revolution for most Americans.

At the turn of the century, Bell abandoned its struggles to maintain a monopoly through patent suits, and entered into direct competition with the many independent telephone companies. Around this time, the company adopted its new name, the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T).

In 1908 AT&T gained control of Western Union. This proved beneficial to Western Union, because the companies were able to share lines when needed, and it became possible to order telegrams by telephone. However, it was only possible to order Western Union telegrams, and this hurt the business of Western Union's main competitor, the Postal Telegraph Company. In 1913, however, as part of a move to prevent the government from invoking antitrust laws, AT&T completely separated itself from Western Union.

Western Union continued to prosper and it received commendations from the U.S. armed forces for service during both world wars. In 1945 Western Union finally merged with its longtime rival, the Postal Telegraph Company. As part of that merger, Western Union agreed to separate domestic and foreign business. In 1963 Western Union International Incorporated, a private company completely separate from the Western Union Telegraph Company, was formed and an agreement with the Postal Telegraph Company was completed. In 1994, Western Union Financial Services, Inc. was acquired by First Financial Management Corporation. In 1995, First Financial Management Corporation merged with First Data Corporation making Western Union a First Data subsidiary.

Many technological advancements followed the telegraph's development. The following are among the more important:

The first advancement of the telegraph occurred around 1850 when operators realized that the clicks of the recording instrument portrayed a sound pattern, understandable by the operators as dots and dashes. This allowed the operator to hear the message by ear and simultaneously write it down. This ability transformed the telegraph into a versatile and speedy system.

Duplex Telegraphy, 1871-72, was invented by the president of the Franklin Telegraph Company. Unable to sell his invention to his own company, he found a willing buyer in Western Union. Utilizing this invention, two messages were sent over the wire simultaneously, one in each direction.

As business blossomed and demand surged, new devices appeared. Thomas Edison's Quadruplex allowed four messages to be sent over the same wire simultaneously, two in one direction and two in the other.

An English automatic signaling arrangement, Wheatstone's Automatic Telegraph, 1883, allowed larger numbers of words to be transmitted over a wire at once. It could only be used advantageously, however, on circuits where there was a heavy volume of business.

Buckingham's Machine Telegraph was an improvement on the House system. It printed received messages in plain Roman letters quickly and legibly on a message blank, ready for delivery.

Vibroplex, c. 1890, a semi-automatic key sometimes called a "bug key," made the dots automatically. This relieved the operator of much physical strain.

Related Materials:

Materials in the Archives Center

Additional moving image about Western Union Telegraph Company can be found in the Industry on Parade Collection (AC0507). This includes Cable to Cuba! by Bell Laboratory, AT & T, featuring the cable ship, the C.S. Lord Kelvin, and Communications Centennial! by the Western Union Company.

Materials at Other Organizations

Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.

Western Union International Records form part of the MCI International, Inc. Records at the First Data Corporation, Greenwood Village, Colorado.

Records of First Data Corporation and its predecessors, including Western Union, First Financial Management Corporation (Atlanta) and First Data Resources (Omaha). Western Union collection supports research of telegraphy and related technologies, and includes company records, annual reports, photographs, print and broadcast advertising, telegraph equipment, and messenger uniforms.

Smithsonian Institution Archives

Western Union Telegraph Expedition, 1865-1867

This collection includes correspondence, mostly to Spencer F. Baird, from members of the Scientific Corps of the Western Union Telegraph Expedition, including Kennicott, Dall, Bannister, and Elliott; copies of reports submitted to divisional chiefs from expedition staff members; newspaper clippings concerning the expedition; copies of notes on natural history taken by Robert Kennicott; and a journal containing meteorological data recorded by Henry M. Bannister from March to August, 1866.

Separated Materials:

Artifacts (apparatus and equipment) were donated to the Division of Information Technology and Society, now known as the Division of Work & Industry, National Museum of American History.

Provenance:

The collection was donated by Western Union in September of 1971.

Restrictions:

Collection is open for research but Series 11 and films are stored off-site. Special arrangements must be made to view some of the audiovisual materials. Contact the Archives Center for information at archivescenter@si.edu or 202-633-3270.

Rights:

Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning copyright restrictions. Other intellectual property rights may apply. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.

Topic:

Communications equipment  Search this

Communication -- International cooperation  Search this

Electric engineering  Search this

Electric engineers  Search this

Electrical equipment  Search this

Electrical science and technology  Search this

Telegraphers  Search this

Telegraph  Search this

Genre/Form:

Administrative records

Articles

Books

Clippings

Contracts

Drawings

Photographs -- 19th century

Patents

Photographs -- 20th century

Newsletters

Photograph albums

Scrapbooks -- 19th century

Scrapbooks -- 20th century

Specifications

Technical documents

Citation:

Western Union Telegraph Company Records, Archives Center, National Museum of American History

Identifier:

NMAH.AC.0205

See more items in:

Western Union Telegraph Company Records

Archival Repository:

Archives Center, National Museum of American History

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep8b72e8493-288c-4bd0-84d5-011155da30a7

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nmah-ac-0205

Creator:

Warshaw, Isadore, 1900-1969  Search this

Extent:

0.82 Cubic feet (consisting of 1.5 boxes, 5 folders, 2 oversize folders.)

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Business ephemera

Ephemera

Date:

1848-1963

Summary:

A New York bookseller, Warshaw assembled this collection over nearly fifty years. The Warshaw Collection of Business Americana: Engineering forms part of the Warshaw Collection of Business Americana, Subseries 1.1: Subject Categories. The Subject Categories subseries is divided into 470 subject categories based on those created by Mr. Warshaw. These subject categories include topical subjects, types or forms of material, people, organizations, historical events, and other categories. An overview to the entire Warshaw collection is available here: Warshaw Collection of Business Americana

Scope and Contents:

General materials consist of items related to engineering, covering topics such as professional associations, building plans, caricatures of famous engineers, and a sample engineer's celluloid protractor. Under associations, there is a list of membership candidates for the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1897. There is also a preliminary list and a final ballot list of applications to be considered for the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1894. The material is arranged alphabetically by subject.

Publications contain published matter related to engineering, including articles, directories, pamphlets and periodicals. Articles include "On the Loss of Head Resulting from the Passage of Water Through a 24-inch Stop Valve" from the American Society of Civil Engineering (1892) and an 1890 sheet from Engineering News. There are three editions of "The Engineer" directory, 1908, 1914, and undated as well as an undated directory of the latest engineering books supplied by The Engineering News Publishing Company Pamphlets include "Power and the Engineer" (no date), "Engineers' License Law" (circa 1891), "Earthwork and its Cost" (1903), "Tables of Circles and Other Specimen Pages from Trautwine's Civil Engineers' Pocket-Book" (1893), "The Mechanical Engineer: His Preparation and His Work" (1875), "The Investigation of Engineering Education and Related Activities (1934), "Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers" (1893), and "Engineers of America: an Encyclopedia" (1913). Under periodicals, there is a 1962 and 1963 magazine "Reproduction Engineer", "Third Meeting of the Michigan Association of Surveyors and Civil Engineers" (1882), and the "Journal of the Western Society of Engineers" (1910). The bulk of the materials are from the late 19th century and early 20th century. Materials are arranged alphabetically by subject.

Materials in the Archives Center:

Archives Center Collection of Business Americana (AC0404)

Forms Part Of:

Forms part of the Warshaw Collection of Business Americana.

Missing Title

Series 1: Business Ephemera

Series 2: Other Collection Divisions

Series 3: Isadore Warshaw Personal Papers

Series 4: Photographic Reference Material

Provenance:

Engineering is a portion of the Business Ephemera Series of the Warshaw Collection of Business Americana, Accession AC0060 purchased from Isadore Warshaw in 1967. Warshaw continued to accumulate similar material until his death, which was donated in 1971 by his widow, Augusta. For a period after acquisition, related materials from other sources (of mixed provenance) were added to the collection so there may be content produced or published after Warshaw's death in 1969. This practice has since ceased.

Restrictions:

Collection is open for research. Some items may be restricted due to fragile condition.

Rights:

Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning copyright restrictions. Other intellectual property rights may apply. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.

Topic:

Engineering  Search this

Genre/Form:

Business ephemera

Ephemera

Citation:

Warshaw Collection of Business Americana Subject Categories: Engineering, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution

Sponsor:

Funding for partial processing of the collection was supported by a grant from the Smithsonian Institution's Collections Care and Preservation Fund (CCPF).

Identifier:

NMAH.AC.0060.S01.01.Engineering

See more items in:

Warshaw Collection of Business Americana Subject Categories: Engineering

Archival Repository:

Archives Center, National Museum of American History

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep892a6ae22-edd7-4459-bb60-13a5499053c6

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nmah-ac-0060-s01-01-engineering

Series Creator:

Warshaw, Isadore, 1900-1969  Search this

Type:

Archival materials

Date:

circa 1875-1963, undated

Scope and Contents:

This subseries consists of published matter related to engineering, including articles, directories, pamphlets and periodicals. Articles include "On the Loss of Head Resulting from the Passage of Water Through a 24-inch Stop Valve" from the American Society of Civil Engineering (1892) and an 1890 sheet from Engineering News. There are three editions of "The Engineer" directory, 1908, 1914, and undated as well as an undated directory of the latest engineering books supplied by The Engineering News Publishing Company Pamphlets include "Power and the Engineer" (undated), "Engineers' License Law" (circa 1891), "Earthwork and its Cost" (1903), "Tables of Circles and Other Specimen Pages from Trautwine's Civil Engineers' Pocket-Book" (1893), "The Mechanical Engineer: His Preparation and His Work" (1875), "The Investigation of Engineering Education and Related Activities (1934), "Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers" (1893), and "Engineers of America: an Encyclopedia" (1913). Under periodicals, there is a 1962 and 1963 magazine "Reproduction Engineer", "Third Meeting of the Michigan Association of Surveyors and Civil Engineers" (1882), and the "Journal of the Western Society of Engineers" (1910). The bulk of the materials are from the late 19th century and early 20th century. Materials are arranged alphabetically by subject.

Series Restrictions:

Collection is open for research. Some items may be restricted due to fragile condition.

Series Rights:

Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning copyright restrictions. Other intellectual property rights may apply. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.

Series Citation:

Warshaw Collection of Business Americana Subject Categories: Engineering, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution

Sponsor:

Funding for partial processing of the collection was supported by a grant from the Smithsonian Institution's Collections Care and Preservation Fund (CCPF).

Identifier:

NMAH.AC.0060.S01.01.Engineering, Subseries 3

See more items in:

Warshaw Collection of Business Americana Subject Categories: Engineering

Warshaw Collection of Business Americana Subject Categories: Engineering / Business Records, Marketing Material, and Other

Archival Repository:

Archives Center, National Museum of American History

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep8d6df27b3-e8ff-4c1a-808d-1c4694247a9f

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-nmah-ac-0060-s01-01-engineering-ref607

Creator:

Warshaw, Isadore, 1900-1969  Search this

Extent:

3.01 Cubic feet (consisting of 6.5 boxes, 2 folders, 2 oversized folders.)

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Trade cards

Business records

Commercial catalogs

Reports

Business ephemera

Catalogs

Periodicals

Legal documents

Manufacturers' catalogs

Invoices

Advertising mail

Printed ephemera

Ephemera

Publications

Sales records

Trade catalogs

Sales letters

Manuals

Business letters

Letterheads

Advertising

Advertising cards

Receipts

Advertisements

Print advertising

Commercial correspondence

Patents

Advertising fliers

Printed materials

Printed material

Sales catalogs

Illustrations

Catalogues

Business cards

Correspondence

Date:

1829-1957

Summary:

A New York bookseller, Warshaw assembled this collection over nearly fifty years. The Warshaw Collection of Business Americana: Engines forms part of the Warshaw Collection of Business Americana, Subseries 1.1: Subject Categories. The Subject Categories subseries is divided into 470 subject categories based on those created by Mr. Warshaw. These subject categories include topical subjects, types or forms of material, people, organizations, historical events, and other categories. An overview to the entire Warshaw collection is available here: Warshaw Collection of Business Americana

Scope and Contents:

Covers all manner of engines including: boilers, gasoline, steam, water motors, automatic shut off, self-oiling, portable, vertical, mining, marine, diesel, crude oil, stationary, generators, compound, pumping, silent, alcohol, turbine, kerosene, hydrolic, caloric pumping, sectional, gasolene, iron man, single cylinder, slide valve, apparatus, cut-off, wind, horse, air cooled, valueless, two cycle, and the Corliss engine. Some of the following include engines used in portable sawing outfits, powered mills for grinding grain, feed cookers, boilers, injectors, and generators.

Materials represent a sampling of catalogues, correspondence, invoices, receipts, advertising and marketing material, bulletins, advertising cards, caricatures, seals, product specifications, booklets, price lists, company histories, order forms, prospectus, a few photographs, contracts, a legal opinion on a patent dispute (Novelty Iron Works, 1856), an operations guide 80-foot Elco Submarine Chacer Instructions, Care and Operations of Machinery Plant (Standard Motor Construction Company, 1917), patents and patent circulars, and a promotional diary. Many items are illustrated with print drawings and schematics of engines and associated equipment, plus some images of manufacturing facilities. No extensive runs or complete records exist for any single company or brand, and no particular depth is present for any singular subtopic, although some publications may provide general and historical overviews of a person, company, or a facet of industry.

Arrangement:

Engines is arranged in three subseries.

Business Records and Marketing Material

Genre

Subject

Forms Part Of:

Forms part of the Warshaw Collection of Business Americana.

Missing Title

Series 1: Business Ephemera

Series 2: Other Collection Divisions

Series 3: Isadore Warshaw Personal Papers

Series 4: Photographic Reference Material

Provenance:

Engines is a portion of the Business Ephemera Series of the Warshaw Collection of Business Americana, Accession AC0060 purchased from Isadore Warshaw in 1967. Warshaw continued to accumulate similar material until his death, which was donated in 1971 by his widow, Augusta. For a period after acquisition, related materials from other sources (of mixed provenance) were added to the collection so there may be content produced or published after Warshaw's death in 1969. This practice has since ceased.

Restrictions:

Collection is open for research. Some items may be restricted due to fragile condition.

Rights:

Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning copyright restrictions. Other intellectual property rights may apply. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.

Topic:

Diesel engines  Search this

Engines  Search this

advertising -- Business ephemera  Search this

advertising -- Brand name products  Search this

Steam engineering  Search this

Marine engines  Search this

Rotary steam engines  Search this

Sales promotion  Search this

Corliss steam-engine  Search this

Advertising, Direct-mail  Search this

Steam-engines  Search this

Diesel motor  Search this

Genre/Form:

Trade cards

Business records -- 20th century

Commercial catalogs

Reports

Business ephemera

Catalogs

Periodicals

Legal documents

Manufacturers' catalogs

Invoices

Advertising mail

Printed ephemera

Ephemera

Publications

Sales records

Trade catalogs

Sales letters

Manuals

Publications -- Business

Business letters

Letterheads

Advertising

Advertising cards

Receipts

Advertisements

Print advertising

Commercial correspondence

Patents

Advertising fliers

Printed materials

Printed material

Sales catalogs

Illustrations

Business records

Catalogues

Business cards

Business records -- 19th century

Correspondence

Citation:

Warshaw Collection of Business Americana Subject Categories: Engines, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution

Sponsor:

Funding for partial processing of the collection was supported by a grant from the Smithsonian Institution's Collections Care and Preservation Fund (CCPF).

Identifier:

NMAH.AC.0060.S01.01.Engines

See more items in:

Warshaw Collection of Business Americana Subject Categories: Engines

Archival Repository:

Archives Center, National Museum of American History

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep860336834-ce45-44c8-9472-11151d04605f

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nmah-ac-0060-s01-01-engines

Creator:

J. & W. Jolly Company.  Search this

Names:

Holyoke Water Power Company.  Search this

Lombard Governor Company.  Search this

Former owner:

National Museum of American History (U.S.). Division of Mechanical and Civil Engineering  Search this

National Museum of American History (U.S.). Division of Work and Industry  Search this

Extent:

2.4 Cubic feet (3 boxes)

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Drawings

Reports

Photographs

Place:

Ashland (Mass.)

Holyoke (Mass.)

Date:

1880-1924

Scope and Contents note:

These records document the activities of the J. & W. Jolly Company of Holyoke, Massachusetts. Included are turbine test reports from the testing flume of the Holyoke Water Power Company, 1890-1912; photographs of vertical water turbine assemblies and parts, ca 1880; a record of wheels, and turbines, ca1896-1921; and tracings of governors for turbines from the Lombard Governor Company of Ashland, Massachusetts, ca1900-1924.

Arrangement:

1 series. Arrangement: By type of collection and chronologic thereunder.

Provenance:

Immediate source of acquisition unknown.

Restrictions:

Collection is open for research.

Rights:

Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning copyright restrictions. Other intellectual property rights may apply. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.

Topic:

Hydraulic governors  Search this

Hydraulic turbines  Search this

Hydraulic testing  Search this

Genre/Form:

Drawings

Reports

Photographs -- 19th century

Citation:

J. & W. Jolly Company Records, 1880-1924, Archives Center, National Museum of American History.

Identifier:

NMAH.AC.1009

See more items in:

J. & W. Jolly Company Records

Archival Repository:

Archives Center, National Museum of American History

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep8b238f689-1400-418b-bada-b62bd89af96a

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nmah-ac-1009