Encloses criticisms of James C. Mooney's "Siouan Tribes of the East," Bureau of American Ethnology-Bulletin 22, 1894. Autograph letter signed. 1 page. Autograph document. 4 pages.
Indians of North America -- Great Basin Search this
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Albums
Photographs
Date:
circa 1877
Scope and Contents note:
Albums probably assembled by William Henry Jackson, mostly containing portraits of Native American delegates in Washington, D.C. and photographs made on US Geological Surveys (including the Hayden and Powell surveys). Photographs from the field include John K. Hillers' photographs of the Southwest, photographs of Fort Laramie (possibly by Alexander Gardner), Orloff R. Westmann's photographs of Taos Pueblo, and Jackson's photographs of Crow, Shoshoni, Pawnee, and Nez Perce Tribes and related sites. Most of the photographs were made circa 1860s-1870s.
The albums were probably by Jackson while working under Ferdinand V. Hayden for the United States Geological Survey of the Territories. The reason for their creation is uncertain, though it may have been a project set up by Hayden or a continuation of William Henry Blackmore's tradition of publishing albums. Some of the albums include captions pasted from Jackson's Descriptive Catalogue of Photographs of North American Indians (1877) while others have handwritten captions.
Biographical/Historical note:
William Henry Jackson (1843-1942) was an American painter, photographer and explorer. Born in New York, he sold drawings and retouched photographs from an early age. After serving in the Civil War, he opened a photography studio in Omaha, Nebraska, with his brother Edward. As photographer for the US Geological and Geographical Surveys (1870-1878), he documented the American west and published the first photographs of Yellowstone. When the surveys lost funding in 1879, Jackson opened a studio in Denver, Colorado, and also worked for various railroad companies. Many of Jackson's photographs were displayed at the World's Columbian Exhibition in Chicago (1893), for which he was the official photographer.
Local Call Number(s):
NAA Photo Lot 4420
Location of Other Archival Materials:
Original negatives for many of the photographs in this collection can be found in the National Anthropological Archives in the BAE historical negatives.
The National Museum of the American Indian Archives holds William Henry Jackson photographs and negatives.
Additional Jackson photographs held in National Anthropological Archives Photo Lot 4605, MS 4801, Photo Lot 14, Photo Lot 24, Photo Lot 29, Photo Lot 37, Photo Lot 40, Photo Lot 60, Photo Lot 93, Photo lot 143, Photo Lot 87-2P, Photo Lot 87-20, and Photo Lot 90-1.
Correspondence from Jackson held in the National Anthropological Archives in MS 4517, MS 4881, MS 4821, and collections of personal papers.
Indians of North America -- Southern states Search this
Genre/Form:
Photographs
Citation:
Photo Lot 4420, William Henry Jackson photograph albums based on his Descriptive Catalogue of Photographs of North American Indians, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
List compiled by Mooney. Includes letter from Dorsey to H.W. Henshaw, giving comparative information from other Siouan languages. October 14, 1890. Typescript and autograph letter signed. 2 pages. Also note from Gatschet to Mooney giving some Biloxi, Catawba and Tutelo comparisons. No date. Autograph letter. 1 page.
Photographs made during James Mooney's fieldwork with Apache, Arapaho, Caddo, Cherokee, Cheyenne, Comanche, Dakota/Lakota, Hopi, Kiowa, Navaho, Powhatan, and Wichita communities, as well as in Mexico. Photographs document individuals and families, gatherings, ceremonies and dances, daily activities, games, crafts, landscapes, and burials.
Please note that the contents of the collection and the language and terminology used reflect the context and culture of the time of its creation. As an historical document, its contents may be at odds with contemporary views and terminology and considered offensive today. The information within this collection does not reflect the views of the Smithsonian Institution or Anthropology Archives, but is available in its original form to facilitate research.
Biographical / Historical:
James Mooney (1861-1921) was an American ethnographer whose research focused on Native North Americans. The son of Irish Catholic immigrants, Mooney was born in Richmond, Indiana. His formal education was limited to the public schools of the city; most of his knowledge of anthropology and ethnography was self-taught, largely through his field experience working with various Native communities.
In 1885, Mooney began working for the Smithsonian Institution's Bureau of American Ethnology (BAE) under John Wesley Powell. There, he carried out ethnographic research for more than 30 years. He was a very early adopter of photography and made thouands of photographs in the course of his fieldwork.
Mooney married Ione Lee Gaut in 1897, and had six children. He died in 1921 in Washington, D.C. from heart disease.
For fuller biographies of Mooney see George Ellison's introduction to the 1992 edition of Mooney's History, Myths, and Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees, as well as The Indian Man: A Biography of James Mooney by L.G. Moses (2002).
Chronology
February 10, 1861 -- Born
1878 -- Graduated high school, then taught public school for 1 year
1879 -- Joined the staff of The Richmond Palladium
April 1885 -- Joined the Bureau of American Ethnology (BAE)
May-June 1885 -- Worked with Cherokee Chief N. J. Smith on Eastern Cherokee grammar
Summer 1886 -- Worked with Chief Smith (in D.C.)
Summer 1887 -- First trip to the Eastern Cherokee of the Great Smokey Mountains to study language, collect material culture, and document activities including the Green Corn Dance and Cherokee ball games (3.5 months)
Winter/Spring 1888 -- Studied Iroquoian and Algonquian synonymies and published articles on the Irish and the Cherokee, collected and studied Cherokee sacred formulae
1889 -- Visit to Cherokee (worked with Swimmer, worked on his maps of place names/mound sites, witnessed ball play and the Green Corn Dance, gathered plants and collected objects for the Smithsonian
December 1890 -- Visited Oklahoma Territory to complete research with Western Cherokee, witnessed the Ghost Dance at the Cheyenne/Arapaho Reservation for the first time
1891 -- "The Sacred Formulas of the Cherokee" published Visit to Cherokee in Oklahoma Territory
April 1891 -- Delegated to collect material for Chicago Exposition. Collected for the next 2 years while studying the Ghost Dance
May 1891 -- Photographed Kiowa Mescal (Peyote) Ceremony Headed west for a four month collecting trip for the Chicago exposition, commissioned model tipis and summer houses from the Kiowa
1891-1893 -- Observed/participated in three ghost dances during three seasons of fieldwork among Arapaho, Sioux, Kiowa, and Cheyenne communities
Winter 1892 -- Began intensive field study of Kiowa winter counts and Kiowa heraldry Among the Navajo and Hopi, making collections for Chicago Exposition
Fall 1893 -- Returned to Oklahoma Territory to observe and record Arapaho Sun Dance. Also studied the Hopi Kachina Dance, the Wichita Corn Dance, and possibly also the Arapaho Ghost Dance
May 1895 -- "Siouan Tribes of the East" published
1895 -- Trip to the Southwest, visited Hopi and Navajo communities
1896 -- "The Ghost Dance Religion and the Sioux Outbreak of 1890" published
January 1897 -- At Anadarko
September 28, 1897 -- Married Ione Lee Gaut
Fall 1898 -- Trip to Southwest, visited Hopi and Navajo communities
1898 -- Attended Omaha Fair, helped plan 'Congress of Indians', supervised Frank Rinehart, who photographed many of the Indian delegates to the fair Calendar History of the Kiowa Indians published
Fall 1899 -- For three weeks in the fall traveled with DeLancey Gill to William Co, VA to study and photograph Mattapony and Pamunkey communities; Gill took pictures while Mooney did census work before traveling to the Chickahominy River
1900 -- Myths of the Cherokee published
Spring 1900 -- Studied communities of the Powhatan Confederacy in VA; traveled to VA again with Gill to visit the Pamunkey and Mattapony communities for more pictures and to complete census, then traveled to area south of Portsmouth to find the rural settlement of the Nansemond.
Fall 1901 -- Cooperative agreement with Field Museum and J. Owen Dorsey; Studied Kiowa for BAE, studied Cheyenne for Field Museum (focused on heraldry). This project, with Dorsey working on Arapaho, continued until 1906
1902 -- Fieldwork on heraldry with Kiowa and Apache communities all year except for two brief visits to Washington, D.C. in September and November
July 1903 -- Mooney and Dorsey study Sun Dance on Cheyenne reservation in Oklahoma Territory, brought staff photographer Charles Carpenter. Spent a week attending the Sun Dance and made the first photographs of the skull-dragging ceremony
October 1903 -- Photographed Arapaho Tomahawk Dance
Winter 1903 -- At the Cheyenne-Arapaho agency in Darlington; winter spent with Cheyenne, and finishing Kiowa tipi models for the Bureau's exhibit at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition
March 1904 -- At Mount Scott with Kiowa
June 1904 -- St. Louis Exposition opens
April 1906 -- Last visit to Cheyenne
Summers, 1911-1916 -- Visits to Cherokee
1918 -- Assisted with charting the Native American Church of Oklahoma (the Secretary of the Interior issued a ban on his research)
June 28, 1918 -- Requested by Fewkes to study peyote cult and Kiowa Heraldry (see Mooney Papers, Box 1, Letters, statement dated 1921)
December 22, 1921 -- Died
Restrictions:
The collection is open for research.
Access to the collection requires an appointment.
Rights:
Contact the repository for terms of use.
Genre/Form:
Photographs
Citation:
Photo Lot 74, James Mooney photographs, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Photographs mostly commissioned and collected by personnel in the Bureau of American Ethnology. Most of the photographs are studio portraits of Native Americans made by the Bureau of American Ethnology and Smithsonian Institution, possibly for physical anthropologist Ales Hrdlicka. There are also photographs made by Truman Michelson among the Catawba tribe, copies of illustrations and drawings, and various images of archeological sites and artifacts.
Local Call Number(s):
NAA Photo Lot 87-2M, USNM ACC 42191
Location of Other Archival Materials:
Original negatives for many photographs in this collection held in the National Anthropological Archives in the BAE historical negatives.
Additional Michelson photographs held in National Anthropological Archives Photo Lot 13, Photo Lot 24, MS 2139, and MS 4365-c.
Additional Hillers photographs held in National Anthropological Archives Photo Lot 14, Photo Lot 24, Photo Lot 28, Photo Lot 40, Photo Lot 143, Photo Lot 83-18, Photo Lot 87-2N, Photo Lot 90-1, Photo Lot 92-46, and the BAE historical negatives.
Additional Jackson photographs held in National Anthropological Archives Photo Lot 24, Photo Lot 37, Photo Lot 40, Photo Lot 60, Photo Lot 93, Photo Lot 143, Photo Lot R82-10, Photo Lot 87-2P, Photo Lot 90-1, Photo Lot 92-3, the records of the Department of Anthropology, and the BAE historical negatives.
Additional Smillie photographs held in the National Museum of American History Archives Center in the Frances Benjamin Johnston and Thomas W. Smillie Glass Plate Negatives and in Smithsonian Institution Archives SIA Acc. 05-123.
Additional Gardner photographs held in National Anthropological Archives Photo Lot 24, Photo Lot 80-18, Photo Lot 87-2P, Photo Lot 90-1, and the BAE historical negatives.
Associated busts and molds held in the Department of Anthropology collections in accession 42191.
Restrictions:
The collection is open for research.
Access to the collection requires an appointment.
Rights:
Contact the repository for terms of use.
Topic:
Indians of North America -- Southern states Search this
Photo lot 87-2M, Bureau of American Ethnology photograph collection relating to Native Americans, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
The collection includes posters, flyers, booklets, pamphlets, invitations, bumper stickers, programs, announcements, pins, calendars and other types of ephemera. They concern such matters as elections, legislation, legal matters, education, health (including AIDS), sports, pow wows, dances, art shows, child care, conferences, and rodeos. Some are decorative items. Much of the material concerns the Dakota, although there are several other tribes represented.
Individuals represented include: Arthur Amiotte, David Dancer, R.V. Greeves, Stan Herd, Donald Montileaux, Daryl No Heart, Delbert No Neck, Martin Red Bear, Vic Runnels, Glen Tarnowski, H. Tsinhnahjinnie, Susan Turnbull, and Richard Under Baggage.
Organizations represented include: Akwesasne Mohawk Counselor Organization ; Akwesasne Notes ; American Indian Dance Theatre ; American Indian Heritage Foundation ; American Indian Higher Education Consortium ; American Indian Resources Institute ; Bacone College ; Black Hills State University ; Chadron State College ; Cherokee National Historical Society Inc ; Colorado State University ; Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde ; Coos County Indian Education Coordination Program ; DQ University ; Dallas-Fort Worth Inter-Tribal Association ; Eight Northern Indian Pueblo Council ; Great Plains Indian Rodeo Association ; Idyllwild School and Museum for the Arts ; Institute of American Indian Art ; Lakota Archives and Historical Research Center ; Las Vegas Paiute Tribe ; Miss Arizona Indian Pageant ; National Indian Health Board ; Native Amercian Rights Fund ; Native American Women's Health Education Resource Center ; Northwest Indian Child Welfare Association ; Oglala Lakota College ; Oglala Sioux Black Hills Steering Committee ; Pine Ridge Child Protection Team ; Plains Indian Cultural Center ; Oscar Howe Art Center ; Red Cloud Indian School ; Sinte Gleska College ; St. Francis Indian School ; St Mary's Mission School, Red Lake ; Suquamish Museum ; Tulsa Indian Arts Festival ; United Southern and Eastern Tribes.
Please note that the contents of the collection and the language and terminology used reflect the context and culture of the time of its creation. As an historical document, its contents may be at odds with contemporary views and terminology and considered offensive today. The information within this collection does not reflect the views of the Smithsonian Institution or National Anthropological Archives, but is available in its original form to facilitate research.
Provenance:
Most items have been donated by Michael Her-Many-Horses and by Brother Simon of the American Indian Heritage Center, Red Cloud Indian School.
Restrictions:
Access to the American Indian social and political memorabilia collection requires an appointment.
Rights:
Contact the repository for terms of use.
Genre/Form:
Manuscripts
Ephemera
Citation:
American Indian social and political memorabilia collection, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
This series contains 21 postcards and 1 cabinet card. The images include depictions of Apache, Arapahoe, Dakota (Eastern Sioux), Kiowa, Niitsitapii (Blackfoot/Blackfeet), Oglala Lakota (Oglala Sioux), Pikuni Blackfeet (Piegan), and Tsitsistas/Suhtai (Cheyenne) communities. Individuals specifically identified are Buffalo Calf (Jicarilla Apache), James A. Garfield (Jicarilla Apache), Wenona Turkey Legs (Arapahoe), Kicking Bird (Kiowa), Henry Between Lodge [Niitsitapii (Blackfoot/Blackfeet)], Low Dog [Oglala Lakota (Oglala Sioux)], Nellie Old Man [Tsitsistas/Suhtai (Cheyenne)], Black Eagle, Black Hawk, and Holy Eagle.
Collection Restrictions:
Access to NMAI Archives Center collections is by appointment only, Monday - Friday, 9:30 am - 3:30 pm. Please contact the archives to make an appointment (phone: 301-238-1400, email: nmaiarchives@si.edu).
Collection Rights:
Permission to publish materials from the collection must be requested from National Museum of the American Indian Archives Center. Please submit a written request to nmaiphotos@si.edu. For personal or classroom use, users are invited to download, print, photocopy, and distribute the images that are available online without prior written permission, provided that the files are not modified in any way, the Smithsonian Institution copyright notice (where applicable) is included, and the source of the image is identified as the National Museum of the American Indian. For more information please see the Smithsonian's Terms of Use and NMAI Archives Center's Digital Image request website.
Collection Citation:
Identification of specific item; Date (if known); Dale Jenkins postcard and photograph collection, NMAI.AC.069, Box and Folder Number; National Museum of the American Indian Archives Center, Smithsonian Institution.
Photo Lot 90-1, George V. Allen collection of photographs of Native Americans and the American frontier, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
MS 933-b Biloxi vocabulary with some cognate forms in Catawba, Santee, Yankton and Teton Dakota, Hidatsa, Kansa and Tutelo In Department of the Interior schedule
Creator:
Gatschet, Albert S. (Albert Samuel), 1832-1907 Search this
173 entries in printed U. S. Geographical and Geological Survey "Comparative Vocabulary" form. Corrections of entries 92 and 93 by J. Owen Dorsey.
Local Numbers:
NAA MS 933-b
Local Note:
Autograph document signed
General:
Previously titled"Biloxi vocabulary (collected October - November, 1886) with some cognate forms in Catawba, Santee, Yankton and Teton Dakota, Hidatsa, Kansa and Tutelo."
Topic:
Language and languages -- Documentation Search this
Photographs depicting tribal delegates, probably made by Robert M. Farring during tribal group visits to the Bureau of Indian Affairs Washington office. Many of the photographs were originally mounted in notebooks with identification of pictured individuals and their affiliations.
Biographical/Historical note:
Robert M. Farring, Jr. is an employee in the Tribal Operations office of the Bureau of Indian Affairs in Washington, DC.
Local Call Number(s):
NAA Photo Lot 85-21
Location of Other Archival Materials:
Additional photographs of Native American delegations can be found in the National Anthropological Archives in Photo Lot 4286, MS 4638, Photo Lot 87-2P, Photo Lot 90-1, and the BAE historical negatives.
Indians of North America -- Great Plains Search this
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Pages
Date:
undated
Scope and Contents:
Contents:
1. Myths and customs of the Cherokee, Catawba, and Choctaw, from "Adventures in the Wilds of the United States and British Provinces," by Charles Lanman, 2 volumes, Philadelphia, 1856- 60 pages.
2. Legends of Caddo Paintings by J. M. Stanley, from "Portraits of North American Indians, with sketches of scenery, etc., Washington, 1852. 1 page".
3. Corrections of McNutt's translations of the section on Chicora in Peter Martyr's "De Orbe Novo," by Dr John M. Cooper. 1 page and letter.
4. Memoirs of Berenger, La Harpe's captain on his exploration of the Texas coast. Copied from manuscript in Newberry Library, Chicago. (Linguistic sections omitted but published by Du Terrage and Rivet in Journal de la Societe des Americanistes de Paris. 34 pages.
5. Excerpts from Barcia's "Ensayo Cronologico a la Historia de la Florida." 23 pages.
6. Excerpts from Serrano y Sanz, "Documentos Historicos de la Florida y la Luisiana." 14 pages with additional slips.
7. Excerpts from Eugenio y Caravia, "La Florida." 2 volumes, 12 pages.
8. Extract from the Journal of the Reverend William Capers, printed in the Methodist Magazine for June, 1822, pages 232-236. 4 pages.
9. Extract from Captain Basil Hall's "Travels in North America in the years 1827 and 1828, Philadelphia, 1929. 18 pages (in duplicate.)
10. Notes from Dr Gideon Lincecum's manuscript entitled "Traditional History of the Chahta Nation", owned by the University of Texas, and never published in its entirety though the Choctaw migration legend was primted by the Mississippi Historical Commission. 21 pages.
11. Three pages of Manuscript material from the library of Col. William Preston, in Virginia State Library. 3 pages. Re Cherokee ca. 1780. Cf.Manuscript # 1912, transcript by Mooney, Same ?
12. Notes from Library of Congress copy of French documents by Regis de Roullet; printed also in Journal de la Societe des Americanistes de Paris. 6 pages.
13. Notes on sewan (Wampum) from "Original Narratives of New Netherlands". 2 pages.
14. Notes on Creek Indians from Manuscripts afterward printed by Grant Foreman in "A Traveler in Indian Territory." 23 pages.
15. Excerpts from a Memoir printed at Luxemberg, a copy of which is in the Library of Congress. 5 pages.
16. Excerpts from the "Letters" of Benjamin Hawkins, printed by the Georgia Historical Society. 23 pages.
17. Excerpts from the Narrative of Jean de Ribault from French's Historical Collections of Louisiana, 1875, 159-190. 4 pages.
18. Excerpts from Narrative of Jacques le Moyne translated and printed in Boston, 1875. 3 pages.
19. Excerpt from Oviedo, "Historia General y Natural," volume 3, 630-631. 3 pages.
20. Excerpt from Relation of Penicaut in Margry, V, page 457. 5 pages.
21. Miscellaneous extracts from Barcia's Ensayo (see Number 5). 44 pages and additional slips.
22. Extracts from Rene Gourlaine de Laudonniere, Paris, 1853, "L'Histoire Notable de la Florida." 44 pages.
23. A page on the Natchez language from Le Page du Pratz, "La Louisiane," Paris, 1758; and lists of Natchez and Taensa villages from Margry. 1 page.
24. Relation of Captain Penalosa's voyage to Florida, from Ruidiaz, "La Florida," volume II, pages 473-476. 4 pages.
25. Excerpt from Iberville's Journal in Margry, volume IV, pages 512-514. 2 pages.
26. Excerpt from de Kerelec's Report in Compte Rendu du Congres Internacional des Americanistes, Quebec, 1907. 1 page.
27. Excerpts from Pope's "Tour". 1 page.
28. Excerpt from Journal of Pere du Ru in Journal de la Societe des Americanistes de Paris (N.S.), Volume XVII, pages 119-135. 6 pages.
29. John Smith's version of the "Huskanaw" ceremony, Tyler ed., pages 112-113. 2 pages.
30. Corrections of translations of Fontaneda by an unknown writer and of doubtful value. 23 slips.
Indians of North America -- Southwest, New Search this
Indians of North America -- California Search this
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Date:
undated
Scope and Contents:
On cards compiled from information furnished in reply to letters of inquiry. The information is secondary and lacks documentation. Terms of the following languages are thought to be included: Achomawi, Alibamu, Arikara, Athapascan, Blackfoot, Catawba, Choctaw, Copehan, Creek, Dakota, Hitchiti, Hopi, Iowa, Kansa, Klikitat, Mandan, Muskhogean, Niuskoki, Nez Perce, Omaha, Osage, Oto, Paiute, Pawnee, Piman, Ponka, Quapaw, Santee, Seminole, Shahaptian, Shoshone, Teton, Washakie, Winnebago, Ute, Yankton.
Images of Pee Dee, Edisto, Santee and Catawba people, Native American churches and religious practices, powwows, pottery and pottery making, and the interior of a home at Four Holes Indian Community. The photographs are part of a portfolio that also includes a brochure, entitled "Sara Ayers: the Most Noted Catawba Potter" and an exhibit guide, entitled "Contemporary Native Americans in South Carolina: A Photo Documentation Covering the Years 1983-1985," both illustrated by Gene Crediford photographs.
Biographical/Historical note:
Gene J. Crediford is Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at the University of South Carolina and a professional photographer. He previously taught in the Department of Media Arts at the University of Southern California, and has authored and illustrated books. His photographs have been exhibited in Pennsylvania, South Carolina, North Carolina, and West Virginia.
Local Call Number(s):
NAA Photo Lot 89-31
Location of Other Archival Materials:
The Thomas Cooper Library at the University of South Carolina holds photographs by Crediford.
Restrictions:
The collection is open for research.
Access to the collection requires an appointment.
Rights:
Photographs are under copyright by the photographer.
Northern Tsitsistas (Northern Cheyenne) Search this
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Photographic prints
Photographs
Place:
Fort Laramie (Wyo.)
Kansas
Washington (D.C.)
Date:
1866-1868
Summary:
Alexander Gardner (1821-1882) was a photographer best known for his portraits of President Abraham Lincoln, his American Civil War photographs, and his photographs of American Indian delegations. This collection contains 61 albumen prints that were shot by Gardner circa 1866-1868 and held in General William T. Sherman's personal collection. Photographs depict American Indian tribes and Peace Commissioners involved in the 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty; photographs shot along the Union Pacific Railway, Eastern Division in 1867; and photographs of American Indian delegations visiting Washington, D. C. from 1866-1868.
Scope and Contents:
This collection contains 61 albumen prints that were shot by photographer Alexander Gardner circa 1866-1868 and held in General William T. Sherman's personal collection. Among the photographs are depictions that were shot in and around Fort Laramie, Wyoming during the 1868 peace treaty negotiations between the U.S. Government and tribal leaders from several American Indian Northern Plains tribes including Lakota (Teton/Western Sioux), Apsáalooke (Crow/Absaroke), Northern Tsitsistas (Northern Cheyenne), and Northern Inunaina (Northern Arapaho); survey photographs shot in Kansas in 1867 for the Union Pacific Railway, Eastern Division (later renamed the Kansas Pacific Railway); and portraits of American Indian delegates in Washington, D.C. including Dakota (Eastern Sioux), Kaw (Kansa), Lakota (Teton/Western Sioux), and Sac and Fox (Sauk & Fox) tribes, 1866-1868. Some of the photographs in this collection, particularly those in Series 2, may have been shot by photographers working with Gardner such as Dr. William A. Bell (1841-1921), William Redish Pywell, and Lawrence Gardner (Alexander Gardner's son).
Arrangement:
This collection is intellectually arranged in three series. Series 1: Fort Laramie, Wyoming, Series 2: Kansas Pacific Railroad, Series 3: Portraits of American Indian delegates, Washington, D.C.
The photographs are physically arranged in eight boxes according to the following: size, conservation work, and series. Within each box they are arranged by photo number. The photographs in boxes 1-4 had conservation work performed by a photo conservator in 2014.
Biographical / Historical:
Alexander Gardner (1821-1882) was a photographer best known for his portraits of President Abraham Lincoln, his American Civil War photographs, and his photographs of American Indian delegations.
Gardner was born in Paisley, Scotland on October 17, 1821 to James Gardner and Jean Glenn. He worked in a number of positions including as a jeweler, journalist, and editor before entering the field of photography circa 1855.
In 1856, Gardner immigrated to the United States with his wife Margaret Sinclair Gardner, his son Lawrence Gardner, and his daughter Eliza Gardner and later that year he began working as a photographer in Mathew Brady's gallery in New York. While working for Brady, it is thought that Gardner invented the "imperial print," a large photograph printed on approximately 21 x 17 inch paper that was often enhanced with hand-coloring and ink. Wealthy politicians and businessmen were among the clients who sat for their photographic portraits in the Brady studio and paid as much as $50- $500 per imperial print (today the equivalent of about $1,000 to 10,000).
By 1858, Gardner was managing Brady's gallery at 352 Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, D.C. When the U.S. Civil War broke out in 1861, Gardner was part of Brady's photography team that documented battle aftermaths and military campsites for the Union. Gardner left the Brady studio circa late 1862 and established his own studio in Washington, D.C. where he continued photographing the war along with his brother James Gardner, and other former Brady photographers including Timothy O'Sullivan.
During the war he documented the remnants of important battle scenes including the Battle of Antietam (1862) and the Battle of Gettysburg (1863). Gardner published 100 of his Civil War images in the publication Gardner's Photographic Sketchbook of the War. The two volume work included photographs shot by additional photographers including O'Sullivan and John Reekie.
In addition to war photography, Gardner was also a portrait photographer and photographed many civilians, soldiers, and politicians in Washington, D.C. Between the years 1861-1865, Gardner photographed President Abraham Lincoln on seven different occasions, including both inaugurations, as well as studio portrait sittings. On July 7, 1865, Gardner was the only photographer allowed to photograph the execution of four conspirators in the President Lincoln assassination.
In 1866, Gardner along with Antonio Zeno Shindler and Julian Vannerson were contracted to photograph portraits of American Indian delegates visiting Washington, D.C. Between the years 1866 to 1868, Gardner photographed many tribes in his studio including Iowa, Sac and Fox, Kaw (Kansa), Dakota, and Lakota. In 1868, Gardner was hired by the U.S. Government to serve as photographer for the peace talks that took place in Fort Laramie, Wyoming. During this trip, Gardner photographed the Lakota (Sioux), Apsáalooke (Crow/Absaroke), Northern Tsitsistas (Northern Cheyenne), and Northern Inunaina (Northern Arapaho) tribes. Among the government officials at Fort Laramie that Gardner photographed was General William Tecumseh Sherman (1820-1891). Sherman served as a General for the Union Army during the Civil War and later in 1869 became the Commanding General of the U.S. Army under President Ulysses Grant's administration. A member of the Peace Commission established in 1867, Sherman traveled to negotiate treaties with American Indian Plains tribes.
Upon returning to Washington, D.C., Gardner published a set of his Fort Laramie photographs in the publication, Scenes in Indian Country. Members of the Peace Commission were given photo portfolios and it is believed that the photos in this collection may have been from General Sherman's personal set. Gardner went on to become the official photographer for the Office of Indian Affairs in 1872.
In his later years, Gardner also was involved in philanthropic causes, such as helping to establish the Masonic Mutual Relief Association which aided widows and orphans of Master Masons. He also founded the Saint John's Mite Association which provided aid to the poor in Washington, D.C.
Alexander Gardner died in Washington, D.C. in 1882.
Related Materials:
Alexander Gardner photographs are housed in many archival and museum repositories. Photographs from the Scenes in Indian Country series are also held in the Newberry Library in Chicago, the Missouri Historical Society, the Minnesota Historical Society, and the St. Louis Mercantile Library in Missouri.
Provenance:
The photographs in this collection were originally owned by General William Tecumseh Sherman (1820-1891) and may have been part of a portfolio of photographs that Alexander Gardner gifted to Sherman and other Fort Laramie Treaty peace commissioners. Photographs were then donated to the Museum of the American Indian (MAI) by Sherman's son P(hilemon) Tecumseh Sherman (1867-1941) in May 1932 and by Sherman's granddaughter Eleanor Sherman Fitch (1876-1959) in March 1942.
Restrictions:
Access to NMAI Archive Center collections is by appointment only, Monday - Thursday, 9:30 am - 4:30 pm. Please contact the archives to make an appointment (phone: 301-238-1400, email: nmaiarchives@si.edu).
Rights:
Some images restricted: Cultural Sensitivity
Permission to publish or broadcast materials from the collection must be requested from National Museum of the American Indian Archive Center. Please submit a written request to nmaiarchives@si.edu.
Indians of North America -- Great Plains Search this
Genre/Form:
Photographs
Citation:
Identification of specific item; Date (if known); William T. Sherman collection of Alexander Gardner photographs, P#####; National Museum of the American Indian Archive Center, Smithsonian Institution.
Photographs made by Stanley J. Morrow depicting Plains Indians, agencies, and United States Army installations and expeditions. About half of the subjects relate to American Indians, including Arikara, Hidatsa, Mandan, Ponca, Crow, Cheyenne, Bannock, Hunkpapa, Oglala, and other Teton Sioux including "Loafer Band," Yanktonai, Santee, Sisseton and Wahpeton. The rest include views of Yankton, Vermillion, Deadwood and Rapid City in the 1880s; Civil War scenes; the Battle of Slim Buttes (1876); the reburial expedition at Little Big Horn (1877); and Morrow family portraits. Though the bulk of the photographs appear to have been made by Morrow, some were likely created by other photographers.
Biographical/Historical note:
Stanley J. Morrow (1843-1921) was a pioneer photographer who documented American Indians, forts and agencies, and military expeditions, largely in the Great Plains region. Born in Richland County, Ohio, Morrow received his first training in photography as Matthew B. Brady's volunteer assistant (ca. 1863-1865) in the US Army. Morrow was mustered out of the army in early 1865 and returned to Wisconsin to marry Iza Ketchum. Late in 1868, Morrow and his family moved to Yankton, Dakota Territory, where he opened a studio. In 1874, Morrow opened a branch photo gallery in St. Helena, Nebraska, and photographed the territorial legislature. Morrow was an official photographer under the command of General George Crook after the battle of the Little Big Horn, photographing the Battle of Slim Buttes in September 1876. He was also the photographer for the initial reburial expedition at Little Big Horn under W. K. Sanderson in 1877. The Morrow family moved to Florida in 1883, though Stanley Morrow continued to photograph in the South and East until his death.
Local Call Number(s):
NAA Photo Lot R4468
Location of Other Archival Materials:
Additional Stanley J. Morrow photographs held in National Anthropological Archives Photo lot 140, MS 4751, Photo Lot 90-1, Photo lot 79, MS 4720, and the BAE historical negatives.
The National Museum of the American Indian Archives holds Stanley J. Morrow photographs and negative collection, and Morrow photographs in the General Nelson A. Miles collection.
Contained in:
Numbered manuscripts 1850s-1980s (some earlier)
Restrictions:
The collection is open for research.
Access to the collection requires an appointment.
Rights:
This copy collection has been obtained for reference purposes only. Permission to publish must be obtained from the Over Museum which has the copy negatives and is planning publication of some of the collection.
The collection consists of a pictographic drawing depicting a conflict between the forces of General Sully, including Winnebago scouts and the Dakota Sioux. The drawing is inscribed "Winnebago Sout white hill Fight three over soldar--one Campain" (Winnebago Scout, White Hill Fight. 83 soldiers--1 company) and signed David McKlusky and David M. At lower right, in different handwriting, is further explanation of the picture.
Please note that the contents of the collection and the language and terminology used reflect the context and culture of the time of its creation. As an historical document, its contents may be at odds with contemporary views and terminology and considered offensive today. The information within this collection does not reflect the views of the Smithsonian Institution or National Anthropological Archives, but is available in its original form to facilitate research.
Biographical Note:
David McClusky (also known as David McKlusky, Standing Buffalo and Che-nah-zhi-gah) was Ho-Chunk leader and a private in Stufft's Independent Company Indian Scouts. Commanded by Captain Christian Stufft, the company was part of Brigadier General Alfred Sully's 1864 Expedition against the Sioux.
Local Numbers:
NAA MS 5967
NAA INV 08594000
Variant Title:
Drawing of Battle between General Sully's company of soldiers and Winnebago scouts, and the Sioux (Dakota), at "Hard River" (Heart River?)
Restrictions:
The collection is open for research.
Access to the collection requires an appointment.
Rights:
Contact the repository for terms of use.
Genre/Form:
Works of art
Drawings
Pictographs
Citation:
MS 5967 David McClusky pictographic drawing of 1864 battle at Heart River, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Indians of North America -- Great Plains Search this
Type:
Archival materials
Stereographs
Scope and Contents:
He is sitting with his head in his left hand. These are actually two different photographs. The photograph was taken at Fort Snelling. The item is number 107 of the series Upton's Views of Minnesota and the Northwest.
Local Numbers:
NAA INV.09933500
Other Title:
Upton's Views of Minnesota and the Northwest
Place:
Minnesota -- Fort Snelling
Collection Restrictions:
The collection is open for research.
Access to the collection requires an appointment.
Collection Rights:
Contact the repository for terms of use.
Collection Citation:
Photo Lot 90-1, George V. Allen collection of photographs of Native Americans and the American frontier, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
This series contains 20 albumen prints shot by Alexander Gardner that depict studio portraits of American Indian delegates, interpreters, agents, and commissioners in Washington, D.C. from 1866-1868. The images include delegates from the Dakota (Eastern Sioux), Kaw (Kansa), Lakota (Teton/Western Sioux), and Sac and Fox (Sauk & Fox) tribes. Most American Indians are dressed in traditional clothing, however some are dressed in non-traditional outfits. One photograph of note is image P10142, which was shot by Gardner on February 23, 1867 and depicts American Indian delegates posing outside the White House in Washington, D.C. with President Andrew Johnson (1808-1875), Commissioner Lewis Bogy (1813-1877), and Secretary of the Interior Orville H. Browning (1806-1881). Delegates in this photo include individuals from the Ihanktonwan Nakota (Yankton Sioux), Dakota (Eastern Sioux), Santee, Upper Missouri Sioux, Sac and Fox (Sauk & Fox), Anishinaabe (Chippewa/Ojibwa), Ottawa, Kickapoo, and Miami tribes.
Collection Restrictions:
Access to NMAI Archive Center collections is by appointment only, Monday - Thursday, 9:30 am - 4:30 pm. Please contact the archives to make an appointment (phone: 301-238-1400, email: nmaiarchives@si.edu).
Collection Rights:
Some images restricted: Cultural Sensitivity
Permission to publish or broadcast materials from the collection must be requested from National Museum of the American Indian Archive Center. Please submit a written request to nmaiarchives@si.edu.
Collection Citation:
Identification of specific item; Date (if known); William T. Sherman collection of Alexander Gardner photographs, P#####; National Museum of the American Indian Archive Center, Smithsonian Institution.
American Indian delegates posing with President Andrew Johnson (1808-1875; standing center balcony, third from left) outside the White House in Washington, D.C. Delegates include individuals from the Ihanktonwan Nakota (Yankton Sioux), Dakota (Eastern Sioux), Santee, Upper Missouri Sioux, Sac and Fox (Sauk & Fox), Anishinaabe (Chippewa/Ojibwa), Ottawa, Kickapoo, and Miami tribes. Also included in the photo are Commissioner Lewis Bogy (center balcony, second from left), and Secretary of the Interior Orville H. Browning (center balcony, fourth from left), and Father Pierre-Jean De Smet (right balcony, second from left).
Collection Restrictions:
Access to NMAI Archive Center collections is by appointment only, Monday - Thursday, 9:30 am - 4:30 pm. Please contact the archives to make an appointment (phone: 301-238-1400, email: nmaiarchives@si.edu).
Collection Rights:
Some images restricted: Cultural Sensitivity
Permission to publish or broadcast materials from the collection must be requested from National Museum of the American Indian Archive Center. Please submit a written request to nmaiarchives@si.edu.
Collection Citation:
Identification of specific item; Date (if known); William T. Sherman collection of Alexander Gardner photographs, P#####; National Museum of the American Indian Archive Center, Smithsonian Institution.
