Search Results

Creator:

Gray, Cleve, 1918-2004  Search this

Subject:

Richter, Hans  Search this

Marin, John  Search this

Lipchitz, Jacques  Search this

Pollock, Jackson  Search this

Grace, Louise N.  Search this

Gray, Francine du Plessix  Search this

Duchamp, Marcel  Search this

Dillenberger, Jane  Search this

Gabo, Naum  Search this

Ernst, Jimmy  Search this

Davis, Jim  Search this

Calder, Alexander  Search this

Barzun, Jacques  Search this

Weber, Nicholas Fox  Search this

Smith, David  Search this

Villon, Jacques  Search this

Pratt Institute  Search this

Rhode Island School of Design  Search this

Neuberger Museum of Art  Search this

Jacques Seligmann & Co  Search this

Betty Parsons Gallery  Search this

Connecticut. Commission on Arts, Tourism, Culture, History and Film  Search this

Princeton University  Search this

Berry-Hill Galleries  Search this

Type:

Poems

Articles

Photographs

Reviews (documents)

Notes

Illustrations

Notebooks

Sketches

Drafts (documents)

Video recordings

Sound recordings

Interviews

Manuscripts

Paintings

Prints

Watercolors

Drawings

Lectures

Citation:

Cleve Gray papers, 1933-2005. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.

Topic:

Art, Modern -- 20th century -- United States  Search this

Vietnam War, 1961-1975 -- Protest Movements -- United States  Search this

Designers  Search this

Women artists  Search this

Women painters  Search this

Women sculptors  Search this

Theme:

Lives of artists  Search this

Record number:

(DSI-AAA_CollID)9567

(DSI-AAA_SIRISBib)211768

AAA_collcode_grayclev

Theme:

Lives of artists

Data Source:

Archives of American Art

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:AAADCD_coll_211768

Creator:

Mowbray, Harry Siddons, 1858-1928  Search this

Subject:

McKim, Charles Follen  Search this

Mowbray, Florence Millard  Search this

Mead, William Rutherford  Search this

Mowbray, George S.  Search this

Mowbray, George Mordey  Search this

Sherwood, Herbert F. (Herbert Francis)  Search this

Mowbray, Helen Amelia  Search this

American Academy in Rome  Search this

Pierpont Morgan Library  Search this

University Club (New York, N.Y.)  Search this

United States. Commission of Fine Arts  Search this

Type:

Scrapbooks

Photographs

Prints

Sketches

Etchings

Diaries

Place:

Larz Anderson Park (Brookline, Mass.)

Citation:

Harry Siddons Mowbray and Mowbray family papers, 1872-1976. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.

Topic:

Muralists -- New York (State) -- New York  Search this

Mural painting and decoration  Search this

Flags -- United States  Search this

Painters -- New York (State) -- New York  Search this

Theme:

Diaries  Search this

Lives of artists  Search this

Record number:

(DSI-AAA_CollID)7034

(DSI-AAA_SIRISBib)209167

AAA_collcode_mowbharr

Theme:

Diaries

Lives of artists

Data Source:

Archives of American Art

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:AAADCD_coll_209167

Creator:

Reed, Robert, 1938-2014  Search this

Names:

Albers, Josef  Search this

Extent:

3.4 Linear feet

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Date:

1961-2020

Scope and Contents:

The papers of artist and teacher Robert Reed measure 3.4 linear feet and date from 1960-2020. The collection documents Reed's extensive career as an exhibition artist as well as his teaching activities. The latter includes over four decades at the Yale School of Art. The papers include extensive printed material such as rare catalogs, gallery cards, and exhibition mailers. There is also correspondence from students and peers in the art world, notably including painter Philip Guston. At the beginning of his career, Reed was tasked by Josef Albers with mixing colors and creating color plates for Albers' book Interaction of Color, Yale University Press, 1963. Some of these tests are included in the papers, along with a transcription of Reed's interview by the Albers Foundation.

Biographical / Historical:

Robert Reed (1938-2014) was a painter and educator in New Haven, Conn.­ Reed was especially influential in the history of abstraction and African American art in the twentieth century.

Provenance:

Donated in 2022 by Susan Whetstone, Robert Reed's widow and by Dr. Lisabeth Jordan and Mark A. Reed, Robert Reed's children.

Restrictions:

Test plates made by Reed at the request of Josef Albers for Albers' book Interaction of Color are access restricted; written permission is required. Contact Reference Services for more information. Access to original papers requires an appointment and is limited to the Archives' Washington, D.C. Research Center.

Rights:

The Archives of American Art makes its archival collections available for non-commercial, educational and personal use unless restricted by copyright and/or donor restrictions, including but not limited to access and publication restrictions. AAA makes no representations concerning such rights and restrictions and it is the user's responsibility to determine whether rights or restrictions exist and to obtain any necessary permission to access, use, reproduce and publish the collections. Please refer to the Smithsonian's Terms of Use for additional information.

Occupation:

Painters -- Connecticut -- New Haven  Search this

Educators -- Connecticut -- New Haven  Search this

Topic:

African American artists  Search this

Identifier:

AAA.reedrobe

Archival Repository:

Archives of American Art

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/mw91b46191f-a69d-4af4-aeef-b0cc9e43aaf4

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-aaa-reedrobe

Creator:

Mowbray, H. Siddons (Harry Siddons), 1858-1928  Search this

Names:

American Academy in Rome  Search this

Pierpont Morgan Library  Search this

United States. Commission of Fine Arts  Search this

University Club (New York, N.Y.)  Search this

McKim, Charles Follen, 1847-1909  Search this

Mead, William Rutherford, 1846-1928  Search this

Mowbray, Florence Millard  Search this

Mowbray, George Mordey, d. 1891  Search this

Mowbray, George S.  Search this

Mowbray, Helen Amelia, d. 1910  Search this

Sherwood, Herbert F. (Herbert Francis), 1872-  Search this

Extent:

7.5 Linear feet

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Scrapbooks

Photographs

Prints

Sketches

Etchings

Diaries

Place:

Larz Anderson Park (Brookline, Mass.)

Date:

1872-1976

Summary:

The papers of painter and muralist Harry Siddons Mowbray (1858-1928) and the Mowbray family measure 7.5 linear feet and date from 1872 to 1976. The papers document Mowbray's career as a painter and decorative muralist as well as his activities with the Commission of Fine Arts, the American Academy in Rome, and the Sculpture Commission of Connecticut. The papers include biographical materials, scattered correspondence, nineteen diaries, personal business records, commission files, organization files, writings and notes, printed materials, three scrapbooks, photographs, and artworks. There are scattered family papers of Helen Mowbray, Florence Mowbray, George Mowbray, and George Siddons Mowbray.

Scope and Contents:

The papers of painter and muralist Harry Siddons Mowbray (1858-1928) and the Mowbray family measure 7.5 linear feet and date from 1872 to 1976. The papers document Mowbray's career as a painter and decorative muralist as well as his activities with the Commission of Fine Arts, the American Academy in Rome, and the Sculpture Commission of Connecticut. The papers include biographical materials, scattered correspondence, nineteen diaries, personal business records, commission files, organization files, writings and notes, printed materials, three scrapbooks, photographs, and artworks. There are scattered family papers of Helen Mowbray, Florence Mowbray, George Mowbray, and George Siddons Mowbray.

Biographical material includes biographical sketches, certificates, obituaries and estate records, and school material. Also found are printed materials from memorial dedications, ceremonies, and dinners held in Washington, D.C., such as menus, invitations, and admission tickets.

Correspondence is scattered and consists of letters from family, professional colleagues, artists, and architects including Charles McKim and William R. Mead. Florence Mowbray's correspondence includes thank you notes and condolences.

Diaries include seventeen written by Harry Siddons Mowbray, one by Helen Mowbray, and one by Florence Mowbray. Harry Siddons Mowbray's diaries date from 1876 to 1927 and reference a trip to the Azores, current events, his career and works of art, and his service with the Commission of Fine Arts.

Writings and notes consist of Mowbray's handwritten autobiography, school writings, lists, and a biography of Mowbray by Herbert Sherwood.

Personal business records consist of a French military sponsorship, gift acknowledgements and receipts.

Commission files include correspondence, printed materials, and writings relating to Mowbray's works of art at: Larz Anderson House, Appellate Court in New York City; Federal Building in Cleveland, Ohio; Gunn Memorial Library in Washington, CT; the Life of Christ Series; Madison Square Church in New York City; Morgan Library in New York City; St. John's Church in Washington, CT; University Club in New York City; and F. W. Vanderbilt House in Hyde Park, New York.

Organization files document Mowbray's participation with the American Academy in Rome, the Commission of Fine Arts, and the Sculpture Commission of Connecticut. Files generall include organizational history, correspondence, printed material, writings, reports, meeting minutes, and printed material. Of note are materials relating to the standardization of the flag of the United States.

Printed material includes blank stationery and postcards, clippings, exhibition announcements and catalogs, and an issue of Collector's News.

Photographs include two photo albums complied by the Mowbray family, portraits of Mowbray, snapshots with colleagues and friends, and photos of works of art.

One scrapbook compiled by Harry Siddons Mowbray relates to his travels in Rome in 1903-1904. Annother documents his artwork and career, and the third contains clippings concerning his chemical inventions.

Artworks include sketches, prints, and etchings by Harry Siddons Mowbray and others.

Arrangement:

This collection is arranged as 11 series. Glass plate negatives are housed separately and closed to researchers.

Missing Title

Series 1: Biographical Information, 1872-1965 (0.4 linear feet; Box 1, 13, 15)

Series 2: Correspondence, 1873-1957 (0.4 linear feet; Box 1)

Series 3: Diaries, 1876-1929 (1.2 linear feet; Box 1-2)

Series 4: Writings and Notes, circa 1870-circa 1930 (0.2 linear feet; Box 3)

Series 5: Personal Business and Financial Records, 1877-1966 (3 folders; Box 3)

Series 6: Commission Files, 1896-1979 (0.4 linear feet; Box 3)

Series 7: Organization Files, 1904-1928 (0.7 linear feet; Box 3-4, 13, 15-16)

Series 8: Printed Material, 1876-1976 (0.2 linear feet; Box 4, 16)

Series 9: Photographs, circa 1874-circa 1928 (4.7 linear feet; Box 4-14, 17-18)

Series 10: Scrapbooks, circa 1890-1920 (0.3 linear feet; Box 5, 13-14)

Series 11: Artwork, 1870-1910 (3 folders; Box 5, 13)

Biographical / Historical:

Harry Siddons Mowbray (1858-1928) was a painter, muralist, and public servant who was active in New York, Connecticut, and Washington, D.C..

Born in Alexandria, Egypt in 1858, Harry Siddons was orphaned at an early age. He was sent to live with his mother's sister Annie and uncle, George Mowbray, whose name he adopted. Harry Siddons Mowbray attended West Point Military Academy but left to pursue a career as a painter. Upon moving to Paris, Mowbray enrolled at the Atelier Bonnant where he studied under Léon Bonnat. Mowbray received attention for his decorative murals thoughout the East Coast of the United States. His commissions included the J.P. Morgan Library, F. W. Vanderbilt house, Larz Anderson house, Appellate Courthouse of New York City, St. John's Church in Washignton Connecticut, and the Federal Building in Cleveland, Ohio. Later in his career, Mowbray returned to painting and completed theLife of Christ series of works.

In addition to painting, Mowbray served on public commissions and committees. He was a member of the federal Commission of Fine Arts from 1921 until his death in 1928. During this time, he was involved in the planning of many Washington, D.C. memorials and public works including the standardization of the flag of the United States of America. He served as director of the American Academy in Rome from 1903-1904.

Harry Siddons Mowbray married Helen Amelia Millard in 1888. They had one child, George Siddons Mowbray. After his wife's death, Mowbray married her sister, Florence in 1915. Together, Florence and Mowbray had two children. He died in 1928. After her husband's death, Florence Mowbray was active in publishing her husband's autobiography.

Separated Materials:

The Archives of American Art also holds material lent for microfilming (reel 2895) including Mowbray's letters to his son George, travel diaries of Helen Mowbray, writings, artworks, and a photograph. Lent materials were returned to the lender and are not described in the collection container inventory.

Provenance:

The Harry Siddons Mowbray and Mowbray family papers were donated in multiple accretions by Mrs. Henry S. Mowbray, Mowbray's widow, Hugh McKittrick Jones, Jr., Mowbray's son in law, and Mrs. Helen M. Rogers from 1979-1983. Mrs. Helen M. Rogers also loaned materials for microfilming in 1983.

Restrictions:

Use of original papers requires an appointment.

Rights:

The Archives of American Art makes its archival collections available for non-commercial, educational and personal use unless restricted by copyright and/or donor restrictions, including but not limited to access and publication restrictions. AAA makes no representations concerning such rights and restrictions and it is the user's responsibility to determine whether rights or restrictions exist and to obtain any necessary permission to access, use, reproduce and publish the collections. Please refer to the Smithsonian's Terms of Use for additional information.

Occupation:

Painters -- Connecticut  Search this

Topic:

Muralists -- New York (State) -- New York  Search this

Mural painting and decoration  Search this

Flags -- United States  Search this

Painters -- New York (State) -- New York  Search this

Genre/Form:

Scrapbooks

Photographs

Prints

Sketches

Etchings

Diaries

Citation:

Harry Siddons Mowbray and Mowbray family papers, 1872-1976. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.

Sponsor:

Funding for the processing of this collection was provided by the Terra Foundation for American Art. Glass plate negatives in this collection were digitized in 2019 with funding provided by the Smithsonian Women's Committee.

Identifier:

AAA.mowbharr

See more items in:

Harry Siddons Mowbray and Mowbray family papers

Archival Repository:

Archives of American Art

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/mw9427779e6-0055-4892-aef8-0287d36de439

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-aaa-mowbharr

Creator:

Minkowitz, Norma M., 1937-  Search this

Type:

Sketchbooks

Citation:

Norma Minkowitz papers, 1926-2022, bulk 1970-2022. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.

Topic:

American studio craft movement  Search this

Women artists  Search this

Theme:

Women  Search this

Craft  Search this

Lives of artists  Search this

Record number:

(DSI-AAA_CollID)17351

(DSI-AAA_SIRISBib)380732

AAA_collcode_minknorm

Theme:

Women

Craft

Lives of artists

Data Source:

Archives of American Art

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:AAADCD_coll_380732

Creator:

Starr, Nina Howell, 1903-2000  Search this

Names:

International Women's Art Festival  Search this

Museum of American Folk Art  Search this

Photographic Historical Society of New York  Search this

Professional Women's Photographers, Inc.  Search this

Sharon Arts Center  Search this

Southern Regional Council  Search this

Brandt, Helene, 1936-  Search this

Cohen, Stephenie  Search this

Coke, Van Deren, 1921-  Search this

Connor, Linda  Search this

Daitz, Evelyne Z.  Search this

DiSpirito, Henry, 1898-1995  Search this

Evans, Minnie, 1892-  Search this

Evans, Walker, 1903-1975  Search this

Ghent, Henri, 1926-  Search this

Kanaga, Consuelo, 1894-  Search this

Kernan, Margo, 1927-  Search this

Kruger, Louise, 1924-  Search this

Lippard, Lucy R.  Search this

Macdonald-Wright, Stanton, 1890-1973  Search this

Mainardi, Patricia  Search this

Morgan, Barbara Brooks, 1900-1992  Search this

Putnam, Wallace, 1899-1989  Search this

Ringgold, Faith  Search this

Rose, Ruth Starr, 1887-1965  Search this

Savage, Naomi, 1927-2005  Search this

Sherwood, Maggie, 1922-1984  Search this

Siskind, Aaron  Search this

Strand, Paul, 1890-1976  Search this

Szarwarski, John  Search this

Uelsmann, Jerry, 1934-  Search this

Extent:

21.2 Linear feet

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Scrapbooks

Photographs

Interviews

Drawings

Sketches

Transcripts

Sound recordings

Prints

Date:

circa 1933-1996

Summary:

The papers of photographer and art historian Nina Howell Starr measure 21.2 linear feet and date from circa 1933 to 1996. The papers contain research files about various art historical topics, museums and galleries, photography, and artists. There are extensive files documenting Starr's relationship as researcher, dealer, and friend of folk painter Minnie Evans. Additionally, the papers include biographical materials, writings, speeches, project files, printed material collected or authored by Starr, and hundreds of artistic and documentary photographs and negatives created by Starr depicting her travels, Minnie Evans' paintings, roadside folk art, and other topics.

Scope and Contents:

The papers of photographer and art historian Nina Howell Starr measure 21.2 linear feet and date from circa 1933 to 1996. The papers contain research files about various art historical topics, museums and galleries, photography, and artists. There are extensive files documenting Starr's relationship as researcher, dealer, and friend of folk painter Minnie Evans. Additionally, the papers include biographical materials, writings, speeches, project files, printed material collected or authored by Starr, and hundreds of artistic and documentary photographs and negatives created by Starr depicting her travels, Minnie Evans' paintings, roadside folk art, and other topics.

Biographical materials are scattered and include grant and publication applications, curriculum vitae, lists of artwork, and miscellany.

Starr's lectures, writings, and project files are arranged into one series. They include Starr's student writings, a notebook about Civil Rights, files documenting her work on a Florida public housing project, the Southern Regional Council, and the League of Women Voters. A few files of general writings and lectures mostly concern folk artist Minnie Evans and the exhibition Women Photograph Men, held at the International Women's Arts Festival in 1976.

Subject files on artists, art history topics, photographers and photography (including Starr's work), and on folk artist and friend Minne Evans comprise the bulk of the collection. The files are a mix of collated materials and primary sources created by Starr and others and many contain correspondence, notes, photographs, and a few sketches and orginal prints. Also included are materials related to professional and organizational groups in which Starr was involved, including the Professional Women's Photographers, Inc., the Photographic Historical Society of New York, and the Museum of American Folk Art; files on several of Starr's exhibitions; and files on artists that contain printed materials, correspondence, and photographs. The file on Ruth Starr Rose contains prints and drawings. There are also photographs taken by Stephanie Cohen. Particularly rich files are found for Stephanie Cohen; Van Deren Coke, Director of the George Eastman Company; Evelyn Daitz, Director of the Witkin Gallery; Henry DiSpirito; Walker Evans; the Fotofolio printing company; curator Henri Ghent; photographer Consuelo Kanaga and husband Wallace Putnam; Margot Starr Kernan; Lucy Lippard; Stanton Mac-Donald Wright; Sharon Arts Center; photographer Paul Strand; curator John Szarwarski; and photographer Jerry Uelsman.

The collection also documents the friendship between painter Minnie Evans and Starr, and Starr's business dealings on Evans' behalf. There is correspondence about and with Evans, several sound recordings of interviews conducted by Starr and others with Evans, many with transcripts, financial documents, publications about Evans including exhibition catalogs, clippings, journal articles and monographs, two posters, a scrapbook, and one sketch by Evans.

Printed material includes published articles, exhibition catalogs and announcements, and clippings about Starr.

Photographic materials are extensive and include photographs and slides taken by Starr of friends, family, artwork by Minnie Evans, events, exhibition openings, world travels, and folk art, especially roadside. Prominent artists and art historians photographed include: photographers Maggie Sherwood, Naomi Savage, Barbara Morgan, Linda Connor, Aaron Siskind, Consuelo Kanaga, Faith Ringgold, and Walker Evans; sculptors Louise Kruger and Helene Brandt; feminist and art historian Pat Mainardi; and curators Henri Ghent and John Szarkowski. Starr's artistic photographic work is also represented, and includes two silver gelatin prints of Minnie Evans, and subject studies on hands, people, and nature, among others.

Arrangement:

The collection is arranged as 6 series.

Missing Title

Series 1: Biographical material, 1954-circa 1990 (8 folders; Box 1)

Series 2: Writings, Speeches and Projects, 1933-1995 (1.1 linear feet; Boxes 1-2)

Series 3: Subject Files, circa 1939-1996 (8.3 linear feet; Boxes 2-10)

Series 4: Minnie Evans, 1962-1996 (3.7 linear feet; Boxes 10-13, 23, OV 24)

Series 5: Printed Material, 1936-1995 (2.7 linear feet; Boxes 13-16, 23)

Series 6: Photographic Material, circa 1939-1993 (5.4 linear feet; Boxes 16-23, OV 24)

Biographical / Historical:

Nina Howell Starr (1903-2000) was a photographer, art dealer, and art historian who worked primarily in New York City. Born in Newark, New Jersey in 1903 as Cornelia Margaret Howell, Starr attended Wellesley College and graduated from Barnard in 1926. Also in 1926, she married Nathan Comfort Starr, an English professor, and, over the years the couple lived in Massachusetts, Maryland, Florida, and New York City.

In 1963, at the age of 60, Starr received the first M.F.A. in photography granted by the University of Florida. Starr exhibited widely in both solo and group exhibitions, including Magic Lantern (Photographer's Gallery, London, 1976), and the Strength of Women (Witken Gallery, 1991), and numerous shows featuring photographs of outsider art. Her "New Yorker" project became an exhibition in 2016. Her work is owned by several prominent museums, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the George Eastman House International Museum of Photography.

As art historian, self-proclaimed critic, and civil rights and feminist advocate, Starr lectured widely, wrote articles and letters to editors, and corresponded with many notable art world figures. She became especially interested in outsider and folk art. Starr met outsider artist Minnie Evans in 1962 and became Evans' lifelong friend, advocate, and representative dealer. She wrote about Evans and introduced Evans' works to galleries and other exhibition spaces in New York, including the Whitney Museum, where she guest-curated an exhibition of Evans' work in 1975.

Starr was an active member of professional organizations including the Photographic Historical Society of New York, Professional Women's Photographers, Inc., and the Museum of American Folk Art where she served on the Advisory Committee.

Nina Howell Starr died in 2000 in Connecticut at the age of 97.

Provenance:

The Nina Howell Starr papers were donated by Nina Howell Starr in 1996.

Restrictions:

Use of original papers requires an appointment and is limited to the Archives' Washington, D.C. Research Center. Use of archival audiovisual recordings with no duplicate access copy requires advance notice. Contact Reference Services for more information.

Rights:

The Archives of American Art makes its archival collections available for non-commercial, educational and personal use unless restricted by copyright and/or donor restrictions, including but not limited to access and publication restrictions. AAA makes no representations concerning such rights and restrictions and it is the user's responsibility to determine whether rights or restrictions exist and to obtain any necessary permission to access, use, reproduce and publish the collections. Please refer to the Smithsonian's Terms of Use for additional information.

Occupation:

Art historians -- New York (State) -- New York  Search this

Photographers -- New York (State) -- New York  Search this

Art dealers -- New York (State) -- New York  Search this

Topic:

Folk art  Search this

Civil rights  Search this

African American art  Search this

Folk art -- Photographs  Search this

Women photographers  Search this

Photography  Search this

African American artists  Search this

Genre/Form:

Scrapbooks

Photographs

Interviews

Drawings

Sketches

Transcripts

Sound recordings

Prints

Citation:

Nina Howell Starr papers, circa 1933-1996. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.

Sponsor:

Funding for the processing of this collection was provided by the Smithsonian's Collections Care and Preservation Fund.

Identifier:

AAA.starnina

See more items in:

Nina Howell Starr papers

Archival Repository:

Archives of American Art

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/mw9dccd352c-b391-49d6-ae20-8b00e1e280d3

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-aaa-starnina

Photographer:

O' Sullivan, Timothy H.  Search this

Moran, John  Search this

Jackson, William Henry, 1843-1942  Search this

Names:

Geological Survey of the Territories (U.S.) (1862-1872) (Hayden Survey)  Search this

United States Darien Exploring Expedition (1870)  Search this

United States Darien Exploring Expedition (1871 and 1873)  Search this

Extent:

40 Prints (mounted)

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Prints

Place:

Great Britain -- Salisbury -- Blackmore Museum

Date:

undated

Scope and Contents:

Contains: Photos relating to the Darien Expedition [1870, 1871, 1873] (28 prints); by W, H. Jackson on the Hayden Survey [1870's] (5 prints); and by others (6 prints).

Catalog Number 4801: (1)-(28) [South America] Description and photographer: Ethnographic views (houses, people, artifacts) and scenery of Panama and/or Colombia, including the following localities: Cartagena, Colombia; Chipigania, Cupica Bay; Inquisition; Limon River and Limon Bay; Pinogana; Santa Maria del Real, Darien; Turbo, Colombia. See copy negatives of two other subjects from this series: South America 45,889-J, -K.

Catalog Number 4801: Historical: By William H. Jackson, Hayden Survey, date not recorded [1870's]. "Views in the Rocky Mountains" (29) "Fremont's Peak (3o) "Teton Range and Jackson's Lake" (31) "Wind River Peak." "Scenery of the Yellowstone National Park:" (32) "Great Falls of the Yellostone" (33) "Falls on Left Fork of Gardiner's River" None of these photographs were reproduced in either Clarence S. Jackson, Picture Maker of the Old West: Wm. H. Jackson, New York, 1947; or Wm. H. Jackson, Time Exposure: The Autobiography of Wm. H. Jackson, New York, 1940. Historical: (34)-(36) Views of unidentified shoreline with sailing vessels. No date. (1 duplication.) (37)-(38) History of Anthropology Anthropological exhibits at the Blackmore Museum, Salisbury, England, 1868. Copy Negatives 56,327-56,328. (39) A young boy, possibly Indian. Bust. By H. Ulke, Washington, D. C.

Biographical / Historical:

Panama and Colombia views were photographed on the "Darien Expedition, Comd'r. Selfridge Comd'g." See "Reports of Explorations and Surveys to Ascertain the Practicability of a Ship-Canal between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans by way of the Isthmus of Darien," by Thomas Oliver Selfridge, 42nd Cong. 3rd Sess. House of Representatives Misc. Doc. No. 113, Washington, D. C., 1874. Three expeditions: 1870 (T. H. O'Sullivan, photographer); 1871 (John Moran, photographer); 1873 (photographer not recorded). Numbers (9), (13), (17) and (18) are reproduced as lithographs in Selfridge, 1874, opposite pages 6, 40, 76 and 54.

Local Numbers:

NAA MS 4801

Local Note:

Filed: Original Prints, Oversize.

Topic:

Photographs  Search this

Colombia  Search this

Panama  Search this

Citation:

Manuscript 4801, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution

Identifier:

NAA.MS4801

Archival Repository:

National Anthropological Archives

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw3a5273581-f45b-400e-8b6c-2b385cb40738

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-naa-ms4801

Creator:

Tainter, Charles Sumner, 1854-1940  Search this

Hartsook Studio (San Diego, Calif.)  Search this

Names:

American Graphophone Company  Search this

Clark, Alvin and Sons Company  Search this

Edison Phonograph Works  Search this

International Graphophone Company  Search this

Volta Graphophone Gompany  Search this

Bell, Alexander Graham, 1847-1922  Search this

Bell, Chichester  Search this

Berliner, Emile, 1851-1929  Search this

Former owner:

National Museum of American History (U.S.). Division of Electricity and Modern Physics  Search this

National Museum of American History (U.S.). Division of Mechanisms  Search this

Extent:

2 Cubic feet (6 boxes)

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Laboratory notebooks

Date:

1878-1937

Summary:

Charles Sumner Tainter has been recognized as the father of the talking machine, and much of the material in this collection represents his experimental work on the graphophone. Alexander Graham Bell, Chichester Bell, and Tainter established the Volta Laboratory Association in 1881. This collection presents a comprehensive picture of the early development of the phonograph and Tainter's substantial contributions to the project.

Scope and Contents:

Charles Sumner Tainter has been recognized as the father of the talking machine, and much of the material in this collection represents his experimental work on the graphophone.

Alexander Graham Bell, in partnership with his cousin Chichester Bell, and Tainter, established the Volta Laboratory Association in 1881, which stayed in operation until 1885. During this time Tainter recorded his experiments on the graphophone in thirteen note books or "Home Notes" and in two large volumes of technical drawings and notes. One of these volumes contains very exact drawings for a multiple record duplicator (1897-1908); the other contains rough sketches of his experiments with various apparatuses (1883-1884).

Tainter also wrote an unpublished, undated manuscript on The Talking Machine and Some Little Known Facts in Connection with Its Early Development. Another document consists of a binder with the printed patent specifications of Tainter, Alexander Graham Bell, and Chichester Bell (1880-1903). All of these documents are contained within this collection, except Volumes 9, 10, and 13 of Tainter's "Home Notes" which were destroyed in a fire in Tainter's Laboratory in Washington, D.C., in September 1897. The other ten volumes were needed in a law suit and were in possession of his attorney at the time of the fire. Records of Court testimony in suits involving the phonograph (1894-1896) are also included in this collection.

Tainter's memoirs, Early History of Charles Sumner Tainter provide a personal account of his childhood and youth, and of his later role as a member of the U. S. Government Expedition to observe the transit of Venus in 1874. Certificates, photographs, clippings, some correspondence, handwritten notes, and articles on the history of the phonograph complete the collection of his papers.

Arrangement:

The collection is divided into three series:

Series 1, Papers, 1878-1937

Series 2, Laboratory Notes, 1881-1908

Series 3, Artifacts, undated

Biographical / Historical:

Charles Sumner Tainter, son of George and Abigail Sanger Tainter, was born on April 25, 1854, in Watertown, Massachusetts, near Boston. His father was an inventor with several patents to his name. In his memoirs Tainter describes his father as "a man of much force of character and inventive ability" and his mother as, "a woman of high character and beloved by all." His school years left him with a terror of public speaking that followed him all his life. He completed public school without much enthusiasm and then became essentially self-educated, studying only subjects that interested him. He obtained scientific and technical books from the public library, and was an avid reader of Scientific American. In his memoirs he recalls: "I believe that this journal had a great influence in molding my thoughts in mechanical and scientific directions as I grew up with it and used to read it regularly."

In 1870 Tainter started to work for Charles Williams, Jr., a manufacturer of telegraphs and electrical apparatus in Boston, for five dollars a week. Two years later he became associated with Johnson and Whittlemore, manufacturers of electrical instruments in Boston. He stayed with them until the business folded in 1873, and then joined Alvan Clark and Sons, a well-known manufacturing company of large telescopes and optical instruments in Cambridgeport, Massachusetts. As a technician at the Alvan Clark and Sons Company, Tainter assisted with the building of the Equatorial Telescope mounted in the U.S. Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C. He also constructed much of the equipment that was used during the U.S. government expedition to observe the transit of Venus in the South Pacific on December 8, 1874. The Secretary of the Navy appointed Tainter a member of this expedition, and Tainter vividly reveals his role in the event in his memoirs: "Early History of Charles Sumner Tainter." See Series 1, Box 1. [Note: Henry Draper, (1837 1882), a scientist whose collection of papers are also stored in the Archives Center, Series 3, Box 6, was superintendent of the government commission for the observation of the transit of Venus.] After he returned from the expedition in 1875, Tainter rejoined Alvan Clark and Sons Company and stayed there for three years.

Tainter started his own business in 1878 in Cambridgeport, Massachusetts, constructing scientific instruments. It was in Cambridgeport, that he met Alexander Graham Bell. A year later Tainter accepted Bell's proposal to join him in Washington, D.C. to establish a small laboratory. After a series of experiments they developed the radiophone, an instrument for transmitting sound to distant points through the agency of light, using sensitive selenium cells. The radiophone was shown at an electrical exhibition in Paris in 1881, where Tainter was awarded a gold medal and diploma for his part in the invention. Between 1879 and 1880, Tainter and Bell also experimented with and tried to improve on Edison's talking machine.

The Academie des Sciences of Paris awarded Bell the Volta prize in 1880 for his development of the telephone. The prize included $10,000 that Bell used a year later to establish the Volta Laboratory Association, a small research laboratory in Washington, D.C. He asked his cousin, Chichester A. Bell, a chemist from London, and Tainter to join him in this venture. Although they devoted much of their attention to electrical and acoustical research, most of their efforts went into the improvement of Edison's talking machine. Edison had used tinfoil as the recording medium for his first phonograph in 1877, but then abandoned the project and turned his attention to the electric light and power distribution system. Meanwhile, Chichester Bell and Tainter saw the fragile tinfoil as a major obstacle in any further development of the instrument, and after much experimenting came upon the idea of replacing the tinfoil with a wax compound onto which they could engrave the sound waves directly. This invention was patented in May 1886 under the name Graphophone. It was an important step in the development of the phonograph since for the first time it was possible to manufacture the device commercially. Tainter recorded his experiments on the graphophone in thirteen notebooks ("Home Notes") and two large volumes of technical drawings and sketches. See: Series 2, Boxes 1, 2, and 3.

Bell and Tainter recognized Edison as the inventor of the talking machine, and they wanted to work with him and carry the costs for all further experiments in exchange for half the share of the profits, but Edison rejected this proposal. He felt that they wanted to steal his invention. In 1885 the partnership between Bell, his cousin, and Tainter was dissolved, and the graphophone rights were given to a group of Washington court stenographers who felt that the graphophone could best be utilized as a dictaphone. The group subsequently formed the Volta graphophone Company where Tainter continued to work for several years. The Volta Graphophone Company was reorganized two years after its formation as the American Graphophone Company. Eventually Edison sued the Volta Graphophone Company (1894), and the American Graphophone Company (1895-96).

In June 1886 Tainter married Lila R. Munro, daughter of William J. Munro of Newport, Rhode Island. Two years later he suffered a severe case of pneumonia, which was to incapacitate him intermittently for the rest of his life.

The Volta Graphophone Company sold the foreign rights for the graphophone in the spring of 1889 to form the International Graphophone Company. Tainter became associated with this new company and went to Europe to look after its interests there. In the same year the graphophone was exhibited at the Paris Exposition and Tainter was awarded the Decoration of "Officier de L Instruction Publique" from the French government for his invention of the graphophone. Upon his return from Europe Tainter established a factory for the International Graphophone Company in Hartford, Connecticut in 1889. When he left the company in 1890, he launched his own laboratory in Washington, D.C., where he continued to improve on the phonograph and a number of new inventions were patented.

At the Chicago Exposition in 1893 Tainter was asked to manage the exhibition of more than a hundred machines for the American Graphophone Company. In 1897 a fire destroyed Tainter's Washington laboratory and much valuable material was lost, including three volumes of his "Home Notes", which contained some of the findings of his experiments on the graphophone. Three years later the city of Philadelphia awarded the John Scott medal to Chichester Bell and Tainter for their work in connection with the graphophone.

Tainter's chronic illness forced him to suspend his work frequently and seek treatment and relief in various sanatoria and spas both in Europe and in the United States. He and his wife eventually moved to California. They settled in San Diego in June of 1903 to enjoy the better climate there. Again Tainter established a laboratory and continued to work whenever his health allowed. In 1915 he was awarded a gold medal and diploma for his work with the graphophone at the San Francisco Exposition. Tainter's wife died in 1924. Four years later he married Laura Fontaine Onderdonk, widow of Charles G. Onderdonk.

At the meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Pittsburgh in December 1934, Tainter was made an Emeritus Life Member, having been a fellow for 55 years. His obituary also mentions that in 1915 Tainter was awarded a gold medal at the Panama Pacific Exposition for his work on the graphophone.

Tainter died on April 20, 1940. He was considered an inventor, a physicist, and a manufacturer of electrical apparatus, but most of all he was known as the father of the talking machine.

Separated Materials:

Materials Located at the National Museum of American History

Medal award given to Charles Sumner Tainter, Exposition Internationale d'Electricite, Paris, 1881. See Accession #: ME*313452.02

Gold medal award given to Charles Sumner Tainter. Panama - Pacific Exposition, 1915. See Accession #: ME*313452.01

Provenance:

The collection was donated by Laura F. Tainter, Charles Sumner Tainter's widow, in 1947 and 1950.

Restrictions:

Collection is open for research. Researchers must handle unprotected photographs with gloves.

Rights:

Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning copyright restrictions. Other intellectual property rights may apply. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.

Topic:

Physicists  Search this

Inventors  Search this

Electrical engineers  Search this

Light machinery  Search this

Mechanical engineering  Search this

Dictating machine  Search this

Sound recording and reproduction  Search this

Talking machine  Search this

Phonograph  Search this

Genre/Form:

Laboratory notebooks

Citation:

Charles Sumner Tainter Papers, Archives Center, National Museum of American History.

Identifier:

NMAH.AC.0124

See more items in:

Charles Sumner Tainter Papers

Archival Repository:

Archives Center, National Museum of American History

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep8887378c2-5b90-4839-90fc-901c69375fb7

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nmah-ac-0124

Creator:

Minkowitz, Norma M., 1937-  Search this

Extent:

3.1 Linear feet

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Sketchbooks

Date:

1926-2022

bulk 1970-2022

Summary:

The papers of fiber artist Norma Minkowitz (1937- ) measure 3.1 linear feet and date from 1926 to 2022 with the bulk of the papers dating from 1970 to 2022. The collection comprises biographical materials consisting of family photographs and papers, interviews with Minkowitz, awards, and a sketchbook; professional files that include gallery records, files for grant and book projects, and other professional activity files; files for the exhibitions Fiber R/Evolution (1986), Weaving the World: Contemporary Art of Linear Construction (1999), Inside the Void, Drawing and Collage by Norma Minkowitz (2014), and several others; printed materials consisting of clippings, announcements and catalogs for Minkowitz's exhibitions, flyers, a few magazines featuring crochet items by Minkowitz, and press releases; and photographic materials containing photographs, slides, negatives and transparencies of Minkowitz's works of art, as well as photographs of Minkowitz with her artwork, her mother, Joan Mondale, Lloyd Herman, and a few others.

Scope and Contents:

The papers of fiber artist Norma Minkowitz (1937- ) measure 3.1 linear feet and date from 1926 to 2022 with the bulk of the papers dating from 1970 to 2022. The collection comprises biographical materials consisting of family photographs and papers, interviews with Minkowitz, awards, and a sketchbook; professional files that include gallery records, files for grant and book projects, and other professional activity files; files for the exhibitions Fiber R/Evolution (1986), Weaving the World: Contemporary Art of Linear Construction (1999), Inside the Void, Drawing and Collage by Norma Minkowitz (2014), and several others; printed materials consisting of clippings, announcements and catalogs for Minkowitz's exhibitions, flyers, a few magazines featuring crochet items by Minkowitz, and press releases; and photographic materials containing photographs, slides, negatives and transparencies of Minkowitz's works of art, as well as photographs of Minkowitz with her artwork, her mother, Joan Mondale, Lloyd Herman, and a few others.

Arrangement:

The collection is arranged as 5 series.

Series 1: Biographical Material, 1926-2015 (0.4 linear feet; Box 1)

Series 2: Professional Files, 1977-2022 (1.1 linear feet; Boxes1, 5

Series 3: Exhibition Files, 1985-2022 1961 (0.2 linear feet; Boxes 1-2)

Series 4: Printed Material, 1970-2016 (0.8 linear feet; Box 2, OV 6)

Series 5: Photographic Material, circa 1972-circa 2010 (0.6 linear feet; Boxes 2-4)

Biographical / Historical:

Norma Minkowitz (1937- ) is a fiber artist in Westport, Connecticut.

Minkowitz was born in New York, N.Y. She attended Music and Art High School, then graduated from Cooper Union Art School in 1958. She is known for using crochet techniques in her artwork. Her work has been exhibited internationally in Poland through the U.S. Art in Embassies Program and the 9th International Triennial of Tapestry Invitational (1998), Japan, Finland, and throughout the U.S. In 2009 she received the Master of the Medium Award from the James Renwick Alliance and is a fellow of the American Craft Council.

Related Materials:

Also found in the Archives of American Art is an oral history interview with Norma Minkowitz conducted by Patricia Malarcher on September 17, 2001 and November 16, 2001 for the Archives of American Art's Nanette L. Laitman Documentation Project for Craft and Decorative Arts in America, in Minkowitz's home in Westport, Connecticut.

Provenance:

The Norma Minkowitz papers were donated in 2016 and 2023 by Norma Minkowitz.

Restrictions:

This collection is open for research. Access to original papers requires an appointment and is limited to the Archives' Washington, D.C. Research Center. Researchers interested in accessing born-digital records or audiovisual recordings in this collection must use access copies. Contact References Services for more information.

Rights:

The Archives of American Art makes its archival collections available for non-commercial, educational and personal use unless restricted by copyright and/or donor restrictions, including but not limited to access and publication restrictions. AAA makes no representations concerning such rights and restrictions and it is the user's responsibility to determine whether rights or restrictions exist and to obtain any necessary permission to access, use, reproduce and publish the collections. Please refer to the Smithsonian's Terms of Use for additional information.

Occupation:

Fiber artists -- Connecticut  Search this

Topic:

American studio craft movement  Search this

Women artists  Search this

Genre/Form:

Sketchbooks

Citation:

Norma Minkowitz papers, 1926-2022, bulk 1970-2022. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.

Identifier:

AAA.minknorm

See more items in:

Norma Minkowitz papers

Archival Repository:

Archives of American Art

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/mw9128d883c-8bef-4b5b-bee8-4509c72a4989

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-aaa-minknorm

Creator:

Gray, Cleve  Search this

Names:

Berry-Hill Galleries  Search this

Betty Parsons Gallery  Search this

Connecticut. Commission on Arts, Tourism, Culture, History and Film  Search this

Jacques Seligmann & Co  Search this

Neuberger Museum of Art  Search this

Pratt Institute  Search this

Princeton University  Search this

Rhode Island School of Design  Search this

Barzun, Jacques, 1907-  Search this

Calder, Alexander, 1898-1976  Search this

Davis, Jim, 1901-1974  Search this

Dillenberger, Jane  Search this

Duchamp, Marcel, 1887-1968  Search this

Ernst, Jimmy, 1920-1984  Search this

Gabo, Naum, 1890-1977  Search this

Grace, Louise N.  Search this

Gray, Francine du Plessix  Search this

Lipchitz, Jacques, 1891-1973  Search this

Marin, John, 1870-1953  Search this

Pollock, Jackson, 1912-1956  Search this

Richter, Hans, 1888-1976  Search this

Smith, David, 1906-1965  Search this

Villon, Jacques, 1875-1963  Search this

Weber, Nicholas Fox, 1947-  Search this

Extent:

9.2 Linear feet

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Poems

Articles

Photographs

Reviews (documents)

Notes

Illustrations

Notebooks

Sketches

Drafts (documents)

Video recordings

Sound recordings

Interviews

Manuscripts

Paintings

Prints

Watercolors

Drawings

Lectures

Date:

1933-2005

Summary:

The Cleve Gray papers, 1933-2005, measure 9.2 linear feet. Papers include biographical material, alphabetical files, writings, artwork, audio/visual records, artifacts, printed material, and photographs. Extensive alphabetical files contain personal and professional correspondence as well as subject files relating to projects and interests. Especially well-documented are: Gray's involvement with the Vietnam protest movement; and Threnody, his best-known work composed of fourteen large panels lamenting the dead of both sides sides in Vietnam, commissioned by the Neuberger Museum of Art.

Scope and Content Note:

The Cleve Gray papers, 1933-2005, measure 9.2 linear feet. Papers include biographical material, alphabetical files, writings, artwork, audio/visual records, artifacts, printed material, and photographs. Extensive alphabetical files contain personal and professional correspondence as well as subject files relating to projects and interests. Especially well-documented are: Gray's involvement with the Vietnam movement; and Threnody, his best-known work composed of fourteen large panels lamenting the dead of both sides sides in Vietnam, commissioned by the Neuberger Museum of Art.

Among the biographical material are award and membership certificates, biographical notes, and personal documentation.

The alphabetical files contain Cleve Gray's personal and professional correspondence, as well as subject files relating to projects and interests. Correspondence is with friends and family, colleagues, publishers, museum curators and directors, art dealers, collectors, and fans. Among the correspondents of note are: Jacques Barzun, James E. Davis, Naum Gabo, Louise N. Grace, Hans and Fridel Richter, and Jacques and Gaby Villon. Other substantial correspondence includes: Berry-Hill Galleries, Betty Parsons Gallery, Connecticut Commission on the Arts, Jacques Seligmann and Co., Neuberger Museum of Art, Pratt Institute, Princeton University, and Rhode Island School of Design. Subject files mostly consist of correspondence, but include printed material and some photographs. Among the subject files are: Art Collection of Cleve and Francine Gray, Artist-Dealer Consignments and Visual Artists' Rights Act of 1989, Artists' Tax Equity Act of 1979, Promised Gifts to Museums, Threnody, Vestments, and Vietnam Protest. Of particular interest are files relating to the Estate of Hans Richter (Cleve Gray, executor), and Gray's research correspondence and illustrations for his Cosmopolitan article "Women-Leaders of Modern Art."

Writings are manuscripts and drafts, research materials, notes, and miscellaneous writings by Cleve Gray and other authors. Those by Gray include articles and catalog introductions on a wide range of art-related topics, as well as book and exhibition reviews. Also found are a book proposal, texts and notes for lectures and talks, miscellaneous notes, poems, political statements, and student papers. Of particular interest are autobiographical notes in the form of a chronology that his biographer, Nicholas Fox Weber, cited as an "autochronology."

Among the writings by other authors are pieces about Cleve Gray including Nicholas Fox Weber's manuscript Cleve Gray. A significant amount of material relates to three books edited by Gray: David Smith by David Smith: Sculpture and Writings, Hans Richter, and John Marin. Research material survives for an unpublished volume, Naum Gabo. Also included are notes relating to his translation of A l'Infinitif by Marcel Duchamp. Jane Daggett Dillenberger is represented by a lecture, "The Resurrection in Art." The remaining items by other authors are unsigned; of particular interest is a small notebook of reminiscences and notes about Jackson Pollock.

Artwork by Cleve Gray consists mostly drawings and sketches, and a small number of paintings, prints, and watercolors. Works by other artists consist are an unsigned mobile of paper cut-outs, possibly by Alexander Calder, and a pencil drawing signed Dick (probably Richard Avedon).

Audio recordings are a radio broadcast featuring Cleve Gray, several lectures by Gray on John Marin, and a lecture titled "Meaning in the Visual Arts." Other recordings are of Hans Richter and an interview with Jimmy Ernst conducted by Francine du Plessix Gray. Also found is a videocassette of "Glenville School Students at SUNY (Lincoln Center Activity)."

Artifacts are a Chinese scroll representative of those that hung in Cleve Gray's studio, two of his paintbrushes, Aberdeen-Angus Breeders' Association blue ribbon, and Neuberger Museum of Art Lifetime Achievement Award.

The vast majority of printed material - articles, clippings, exhibition catalogs and announcements, reproductions of art work, etc. - are about or by Cleve Gray. Miscellaneous items and publications mentioning Gray consist of annual reports, brochures, calendars, newsletters, programs, etc. Clippings about Vietnam and Vietnam protest memorabilia reflect his passionate involvement in the anti-war movement; a small number of these items mention Gray or were written by him.

Photographs are of artwork, events, people, places, and miscellaneous subjects. Most of the art work appearing in the photographs is by Cleve Gray and includes images of destroyed paintings. Also found is an original print of Photo Abstraction by Gray, circa 1934. Of particular note are photographs of Threnody, among them preparatory drawings and views of the work in progress. Photographs of artwork by other artists include Louise N. Grace, Jacques Lipchitz, John Marin, Hans Richter, and Jacques Villon.

Photographs of people are mainly portraits of Gray, and views of him with his wife and sons. Other individuals appearing in photographs are Hans Richter and some of Richter's descendants. Pictures of places consist of Gray's studio.

Events are an unidentified exhibition opening. Miscellaneous subjects are mostly exhibition installations. Illustrations consist of photographs published in David Smith by David Smith: Sculpture and Writings. Also found are small number of negatives and color transparencies.

Arrangement:

The collection is organized into 8 series:

Missing Title

Series 1: Biographical Material, 1943-circa 2001 (Box 1; 0.1 linear ft.)

Series 2: Alphabetical Files, 1936-2005 (Boxes 1-5, 9; 4.3 linear ft.)

Series 3: Writings, 1935-2000 (Boxes 5-6; 0.85 linear ft.)

Series 4: Artwork, circa 1933-1987 (Boxes 6, 9, OV 12; 0.45 linear ft.)

Series 5: Audio/Visual Records, 1971-1989 (Box 6; 0.25 linear ft.)

Series 6: Artifacts, 1957-1999 (Box 6, RD 11; 0.45 linear ft.)

Series 7: Printed Material, 1933-2005 (Boxes 7-8; 1.25 linear ft.)

Series 8: Photographs, circa 1934-2002 (Boxes 8-10; 1.15 linear ft.)

Biographical Note:

Abstract Expressionist painter, sculptor, and writer Cleve Gray (1918-2004) lived and worked in Connecticut where he was politically active in the Vietnam protest movement and other liberal causes.

Born Cleve Ginsberg in New York City (the family changed its name to Gray in 1936), he attended the Ethical Culture School and at a young age developed a fascination with color and paint. At the urging of friends, Cleve's parents allowed him to accompany a school friend for lessons with George Bellows' student Antonia Nell. She encouraged and inspired the young artist, and a still life he painted in her class was shown at the National Academy of Design's 1932 annual exhibition. Miss Nell also introduced him to Louise N. Grace, an artist who became a good friend and had a lasting influence on him. While a student at Phillips Academy, Cleve studied painting with Bartlett Hayes and aspired to paint in France. Upon his graduation in 1936, he was awarded the Samuel F. B. Morse Prize for most promising art student.

Gray's mother was always supportive of his career choice. His businessman father, who didn't understand his son's desire to be an artist, insisted on a college education. Cleve chose Princeton, where he majored in art and archaeology, and studied painting with James E. Davis. His senior thesis was on Chinese landscape painting; both Eastern philosophy and art were long-term influences on Gray's work and outlook. He graduated summa cum laude in 1940, and then spent several months painting while living at the farm of a family friend in Mendham, New Jersey.

When a doctor suggeted that a dry climate might relieve sinus and asthma problems, Gray moved to Tucson, Arizona. Once settled in the desert, he contacted Louise N. Grace, whom he had met as a young teenager through his art instructor. Miss Grace, an artist and daughter of the founder of W. R. Grace and Co., was a highly cultured and independent woman older than his parents. The summer before Gray entered Phillips Academy, she had hired him to brush ground color onto canvases for murals she was painting for "Eleven Arches," her home in Tuscon then under construction. Miss Grace invited Gray to visit "Eleven Arches" to see the completed murals, and despite the substantial age difference, their friendship deepened; Gray found in her intellectual and spiritual guidance that was lacking in his own family. He remained in Tucson until enlisting in the U. S. Army in 1942, and they corresponded frequently during the the war. When a stroke in 1948 prevented Miss Grace from participating in the extensive tour of Europe she was arranging for a small group of friends, including Gray, she provided sufficient funds and insisted he make the trip on his own. Another stroke, suffered while Gray was traveling, left her in a coma; he was not permitted to see her again. Upon her death in 1954, Gray inherited "Eleven Arches."

Between 1943 and 1946, Gray was stationed in England, France, and Germany, serving in Army Signal Intelligence. Most of his work was performed at night, and he spent his free time drawing. While in London, Gray produced many colored pencil drawings of buildings that had been bombed. In France, a Red Cross volunteered to introduce him to Jacques Villon; although unfamiliar with the artist, Gray knew of Villon's brother, Marcel Duchamp, and accepted the invitation. Jacques and Gaby Villon lived near Gray's billet and he became a frequent visitor. Their friendship was important to his development as an artist. After being discharged from the Army in 1946, Gray remained in France to work with Villon who introduced him to the study of color and the concept of intellectual quality in painting. Gray also studied informally with André Lhote, Villon's former teacher. "American Painters in Paris," an exhibition presented in 1946 at Galerie Durand-Ruel, included work by Cleve Gray.

He returned to New York City in 1946. In the tight post-war rental market Gray managed to find a small room upstairs from a grocery store on East 106th Street for use as a studio. He commenced painting the London Ruins series based on drawings he had made during the war, and began thinking about exhibiting in New York. Gray secured introductions to Pierre Matisse, Curt Valentin, and Dorothy Miller. They encouraged him, but no opportunities came his way until Germain Seligmann, whose gallery was expanding its scope to include contemporary art, followed the advice of Curt Valentin and looked at Gray's work. Gary's first solo exhibition, held at Jacques Seligmann and Co., included selections from the London Ruins series, paintings done in Maine and Arizona, and a few portraits. The New York Times called it "an auspicious first," and one of the London Ruins series was selected by Edward Alden Jewell for the "Critic's Exhibition" at Grand Central Gallery.

Gray found New York City too frenetic. In 1949 he bought a large, old house in Warren, Connecticut, and lived and worked at "Graystones" for the remainder of his life. Half of a 6-car garage was converted to a studio; many years later, his studio moved to a barn, its renovation and design planned by sculptor and architect Tony Smith.

He married Francine du Plessix in 1957. Always interested in literature and philosophy, in the 1960s Francine du Plessix Gray began contributing articles to The New Yorker and is still affiliated with the magazine. Her reviews and articles appeared in prominent publications, and she wrote several award-winning novels and biographies. Their sons, Thaddeus and Luke (now a painter), were born in 1959 and 1961. Francine's mother, Tatiana du Plessix (the hat designer Tatiana of Saks), and step-father, the sculptor Alexander Liberman (also former art director of Vogue and later editorial director of Condé Nast publications) became Cleve Gray's closest friends.

The paintings and drawings of Cleve Gray - first consisting of figures and portraits, and then abstract compositions - were often produced in series. The earliest series, London Ruins, grew from the colored pencil drawings made while stationed in London during World War II. Travels to France, Italy, Greece, Morocco, Hawaii, Spain, Egypt, Japan, and Czechoslovakia, inspired many series, among them: Etruscan, Augury, Ceres, Demeter Landscape, Hera, Morocco, Hawaii, Ramses, Perne, Hatshepsut, Roman Walls, Zen, and Prague. His hometown, the Holocaust, and musicians inspired other series: Warren, Sleepers Awake!, Bela Bartok, and Four Heads of Anton Bruckner. Some series were works on paper, others were collage canvases, and a few series later spawned prints. Gray began using acrylics in the 1940s. Although the medium offered many benefits, he did not always like its appearance and frequently returned to oils. Around 1966 Gray was painting almost exclusively with acrylic, and eventually developed a technique of thinning the paint and applying successive layers of color (sometimes by pouring or with a sponge) on cotton duck rather than traditional canvas.

Gray was attracted to sculpture, too, working in that medium at different points in his career. His first sculpture, in plaster, was completed in 1959. In the early 1960s he visited a commercial sand-casting foundry and became excited about learning to cast in bronze. He made about a dozen sculptures to cast in sand, but due to too much undercutting, their casting became too difficult a problem. Lava flows seen while in Hawaii during 1970 and 1971 inspired a return to sculpture. This time, he used wood, papier maché, and metal. Gray then decided these pieces should be cast in bronze, and he was determined to do it himself. Friends taught him the lost wax process and he began working at the Tallix Foundry in Peekskill, New York where, over the next year, he cast about forty bronzes.

Gray's best known work is Threnody, a lament for the dead of both sides in Vietnam. In 1972, Gray received a commission to fill a very large gallery of the soon-to-open Neuberger Museum of Art (State University of New York, College at Purchase) designed by Philip Johnson. Friends of the Neuberger Museum paid his expenses and Gray, who was enormously excited about the project he considered a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity, donated his time. Developing plans for the execution of Threnody consumed most of his time during 1972 and 1973. Composed of a series of fourteen panels, each approximately twenty feet square, the piece presented a number of technical challenges. It was constructed and painted in situ during the summer and early fall of 1973. Since then, Threnody has been reinstalled at the Neuberger Museum of Art on several occasions.

Gray was commissioned to design liturgical vestments for two Episcopal churches in Connecticut in the 1970s. A chasuble, stoles, and a mitre were commissioned by the Episcopal Diocese of Connecticut in 1984.

He won the "Outdoor Art at the Station Competition," for Union Station, Hartford, Connecticut. His very large porcelain enamel tile mural, Movement in Space, was installed on the façade of the transportation center in 1988.

Gray began writing occasional articles and exhibition reviews in the late 1940s. His concern with rational structure in art led him to question Abstract Expressionism and write "Narcissus in Chaos." This article, published in 1959 by The American Scholar, drew considerable attention. In 1960, Cosmopolitan published "Women - Leaders of Modern Art" that featured Nell Blaine, Joan Brown, Elaine de Kooning, Helen Frankenthaler, Sonia Gretchoff, Grace Hartigan, Ethel Magafan, Louise Nevelson, and Georgia O'Keeffe. Between 1960 and 1970, Gray was a contributing editor of Art In America, producing numerous articles (a few co-authored with Francine) and reviews for the periodical. He edited three books, David Smith by David Smith: Scupture and Writings, Hans Richter, and John Marin, all published by Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, and translated Marcel Duchamp's A l'Infinitif.

During the early 1960s, Gray became intensely focused on the situation in Vietnam. His first artistic response came in 1963 with Reverend Quan Duc, painted to commemorate a Buddhist monk who had immolated himself. Francine, too, felt strongly about the issue and over time the couple became increasingly active in the anti-war movement. They joined a number of organizations and helped to found a local chapter of Clergy and Laymen Concerned about Vietnam. The years 1968 and 1969 were an especially intense and active period for the Grays. They protested, wrote and spoke out against the war, raised funds to support anti-war political candidates, and on a few occasions were arrested and jailed. Writing for Art in America, editing the book series, and anti-war activities left little time for his art. In 1970 Gray refocused his attention on painting.

Beginning in 1947, Gray was always represented by a New York Gallery: Jacques Seligmann and Co. (1947-1959), Staempfli Gallery (1960-1965), Saidenberg Gallery (1965-1968), Betty Parsons Gallery (1968-1983), Armstrong Gallery (1984-1987), and Berry-Hill Galleries (1988-2003). He was represented by galleries in other cities, as well, but not as consistently or for such long periods.

He exhibited extensively in group and solo exhibitions throughout the United States and internationally. In addition to numerous solo exhibitions presented by the dealers who represented Gray, there were retrospective exhibitions at: Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Brooklyn Museum, Columbus Museum of Art, Krannert Art Museum (University of Illinois, Champaign), Princeton University Art Museum, Rhode Island School of Design, and Wadsworth Atheneum.

Many museums' permanent collections include the work of Cleve Gray, among them: Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Butler Institute of American Art, Columbus Museum of Art, Neuberger Museum of Art (SUNY, College at Purchase), the Museum of Modern Art (New York), Newark Museum, Oklahoma City Museum of Art, Phillips Collection, Sheldon Memorial Art Gallery (University of Nebraska, Lincoln), Smithsonian Institution, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Whitney Museum of American Art, and Yale University Art Gallery.

Cleve Gray served as artist-in-residence at the Oklahoma City Museum of Art in 1963 and at the Honolulu Academy of Arts in 1970, both sponsored by Ford Foundation programs. In 1980, he was appointed an artist-in-residence at the American Academy in Rome, where Francine concurrently served as a writer-in-residence; they returned for shorter periods during each of the subsequent seven years. Cleve Gray was presented the Connecticut Arts Award in 1987, and the Neuberger Museum of Art Lifetime Achievement Award in 1999. He was awarded an honorary degree by the University of Hartford in 1992, and was elected a member of The American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1998. In addition, he was a trustee of the Neuberger Museum of Art, New York Studio School, Rhode Island School of Design, and Wadsworth Atheneum.

Cleve Gray hit his head and suffered a massive subdural hematoma after falling on ice outside of his home. He died the following day, December 8, 2004.

Separated Material:

Exhibition catalogs and announcements and two scrapbooks donated to the Archives in 1967 and 1968 were microfilmed on reels D314-D315. Items on reel D315, transferred to the Smithsonian American Art Museum Library in 1975, are not described in this finding aid.

Provenance:

The Cleve Gray papers were donated to the Archives of American Art by Mr. Gray in 1967 and 1968. The bulk of the collection was given by his widow, Francine du Plessix Gray, in 2007 and 2008.

Restrictions:

Use of original material requires an appointment. Use of archival audiovisual recordigs with no duplicate access copy requires advance notice.

Rights:

The Archives of American Art makes its archival collections available for non-commercial, educational and personal use unless restricted by copyright and/or donor restrictions, including but not limited to access and publication restrictions. AAA makes no representations concerning such rights and restrictions and it is the user's responsibility to determine whether rights or restrictions exist and to obtain any necessary permission to access, use, reproduce and publish the collections. Please refer to the Smithsonian's Terms of Use for additional information.

Occupation:

Sculptors -- Connecticut  Search this

Painters -- Connecticut  Search this

Topic:

Art, Modern -- 20th century -- United States  Search this

Vietnam War, 1961-1975 -- Protest Movements -- United States  Search this

Designers  Search this

Women artists  Search this

Women painters  Search this

Women sculptors  Search this

Genre/Form:

Poems

Articles

Photographs

Reviews (documents)

Notes

Illustrations

Notebooks

Sketches

Drafts (documents)

Video recordings

Sound recordings

Interviews

Manuscripts

Paintings

Prints

Watercolors

Drawings

Lectures

Citation:

Cleve Gray papers, 1933-2005. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.

Identifier:

AAA.grayclev

See more items in:

Cleve Gray papers

Archival Repository:

Archives of American Art

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/mw92d3d47d0-baa3-4085-80f2-9b5d1730c052

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-aaa-grayclev

Creator:

Steggerda, Morris, 1900-1950  Search this

Names:

Carnegie Institution of Washington. Department of Genetics  Search this

Extent:

70 Prints (silver gelatin)

Culture:

Mayas  Search this

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Prints

Date:

1931

Scope and Contents note:

Anthropometric portraits of Maya people in the vicinity of Chichen Itza, probably made for Steggerda's Carnegie Institution publication 434, "Anthropometry of Adult Maya Indians: A Study of Their Physical and Physiological Characteristics," 1932.

Biographical/Historical note:

Morris Steggerda (1900-1950) was a biological anthropologist who studied Mayan culture. He received his BA from Hope College in Michigan (1922) and his MA (1923) and PhD (1928) from the University of Illinois Department of Zoology. While still in his PhD program, he met Charles Davenport of the Department of Genetics at Carnegie Institution of Washington, with whom he studied the indigenous people of the British West Indies and published Race-Crossing in Jamaica (1929). Steggerda became an assistant professor at Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts, (1928-1930) before joining the research staff of the Carnegie Institution Department of Genetics based in Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, New York. During his fourteen-year career with the Institution, Steggerda did research in Yucatan, Mexico, and wrote two reports that were published by the Carnegie Institution in 1932 and 1941. In 1944, he was appointed professor of Anthropology at Hartford Seminary Foundation (Connecticut), a position which he kept until his death. Steggerda was a founding member of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists in 1930 (later serving on its Executive Committee and as its vice president) and a councilmember for the American Anthropological Association.

Local Call Number(s):

NAA Photo Lot 3319

Location of Other Archival Materials:

Additional Steggerda photographs held in the National Anthropological Archives in the Bureau of American Ethnology-Smithsonian Institution Illustrations.

Correspondence from Steggerda held in the National Anthropological Archives in the Handbook of South American Indians Records, Bureau of American Ethnology General correspondence, John Lawrence Angel Papers, Ales Hrdlicka Papers, and MS 4846.

The Otis Historical Archives, National Museum of Health and Medicine holds the Steggerda Collection of anthropometric records.

Contained in:

Numbered manuscripts 1850s-1980s (some earlier)

Restrictions:

The collection is open for research.

Access to the collection requires an appointment.

Rights:

Contact the repository for terms of use.

Topic:

Photographs  Search this

Citation:

Photo Lot 3319, Morris Steggerda photographs of Mayan peoples, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution

Identifier:

NAA.PhotoLot.3319

Archival Repository:

National Anthropological Archives

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw336a9d6b4-2293-4e3a-958e-fe6751cc5591

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-naa-photolot-3319

Creator:

Rossiter, Thomas Prichard, 1818-1871  Search this

Names:

Archipenko, Alexander, 1887-1964  Search this

Beaux, Cecilia, 1855-1942  Search this

Beckwith, J. Carroll (James Carroll), 1852-1917  Search this

Bevan, Edith Rossiter  Search this

Birch, Reginald Bathurst, 1856-1943  Search this

Cadwalader-Guild, Emma Marie, 1843-1911?  Search this

Castaigne, Andre  Search this

Coffin, William A. (William Anderson), 1855-1925  Search this

Cooper, James Fenimore, 1789-1851  Search this

Cory, Fanny Y.  Search this

Cox, Kenyon, 1856-1919  Search this

Craig, Frank, 1874-1918  Search this

French, Daniel Chester, 1850-1931  Search this

Gibson, Charles Dana, 1867-1944  Search this

Hambidge, Jay, 1867-1924  Search this

Hunt, William Morris, 1824-1879  Search this

Hutt, Henry, b. 1875  Search this

Jay, John, 1817-1894  Search this

Keller, A. J.  Search this

Kensett, John Frederick, 1816-1872  Search this

Kent, Rockwell, 1882-1971  Search this

Kimball, Fiske, 1888-1955  Search this

Low, Will Hicok, 1853-1932  Search this

Melchers, Gari, 1860-1932  Search this

Morris, William, 1834-1896  Search this

Morse, Samuel Finley Breese, 1791-1872  Search this

Mowbray, H. Siddons (Harry Siddons), 1858-1928  Search this

Newell, Peter, 1862-1924  Search this

Nicholls, Rhoda Holmes  Search this

Peabody, George, 1795-1869  Search this

Pearson, Ralph M., 1883-1958  Search this

Remington, Frederic, 1861-1909  Search this

Rossiter, Ehrick Kensett, 1854-1941  Search this

Rossiter, Thomas Prichard, 1818-1871  Search this

Sartain, William, 1843-1924  Search this

Scott-Moncrieff, David  Search this

Soglow, Otto, 1900-1975  Search this

Tack, Augustus Vincent, 1870-1949  Search this

Tryon, Dwight William, 1849-1925  Search this

Whitmore, Elizabeth  Search this

Extent:

0.5 Linear feet

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Sketches

Sketchbooks

Photographs

Scrapbooks

Date:

1840-1961

Summary:

The Thomas Prichard Rossiter and Rossiter Family papers measure 0.5 linear feet and date from 1840 to 1961. Included are letters to painter Thomas Prichard Rossiter and letters to his son, architect Ehrick Kensett Rossiter, documenting their friendships with many artists and Thomas Prichard Rossiter's sketchbook and loose sketches. Edith Rossiter Bevan's papers include her writings on her grandfather, Thomas Prichard Rossiter; a scrapbook; photographs of the Rossiter family; notes by Bevan; news clippings; and other printed material. Also found is Bevan's collection of artists' letters.

Scope and Content Note:

The Thomas Prichard Rossiter and Rossiter Family papers measure 0.5 linear feet and date from 1840 to 1961. Included are letters to painter Thomas Prichard Rossiter and letters to his son, architect Ehrick Kensett Rossiter, documenting their friendships with many artists. Notable letters are from James Fenimore Cooper, William Morris Hunt, John Jay, J. F. Kensett, William H. Morris, Samuel F. B. Morse, George Peabody, Cecelia Beaux, William A. Coffin, Daniel Chester French, Will H. Low, Gari Melchers, William Sartain, Augustus Vincent Tack, Dwight Tryon, and many others.

The collection contains Thomas Prichard Rossiter's sketchbook drawn while living in Italy in 1943, and three other sketches including a portrait of his family.

Also found are letters to Edith Rossiter Bevan and her writings on her grandfather, Thomas Prichard Rossiter, including a biography and checklist of his paintings. Bevan also compiled a scrapbook on his career and family history which includes drawings by Rossiter, photographs of the Rossiter family and his artwork, notes by Bevan, news clippings, and other printed material.

A collection of Edith Rossiter Bevan's artists' letters is found within the papers. Letters are from Alexander Archipenko, J. Carroll Beckwith, Reginald Birch, Emma M. Cadwalader-Guild, Andre Castaigne, Fanny Cory, Kenyon Cox, Frank Craig, Charles Dana Gibson, Jay Hambridge, Henry Hutt, A. J. Keller, Rockwell Kent, Fiske Kimball, David Scott Moncrieff, H. Siddons Mowbray, Peter Newell, Rhoda Holmes Nicholls, Ralph M. Pearson, Frederic Remington, Otto Soglow, and Elizabeth Whitmore.

Arrangement:

The collection is arranged into 2 series:

Missing Title

Series 1: Thomas Prichard Rossiter and Rossiter Family Papers, 1840-1961 (Box 1-2; 0.4 linear feet)

Series 2: Edith Rossiter Bevan Collection of Artists' Letters, circa 1891-1939, 1951 (Box 1; 2 folders)

Biographical Note:

Thomas Prichard Rossiter (1818-1871) was born in New Haven, Connecticut. He first learned painting as an apprentice for a Mr. John Boyd, and also studied with Nathaniel Jocelyn. In 1838 he exhibited two paintings at the National Academy of Design, and in 1939 moved to New York City and opened a studio.

In 1840, Rossiter traveled to Europe with Asher B. Durand, John Kensett, and John Casilaer, and while there visited Rome with Thomas Cole. He decided to stay in Italy until 1846 when he moved to New York City and shared a studio with Kensett and Louis Lang. During this period he relied on portrait painting for his income, but also painted historical and religious paintings.

In 1851 Rossiter married Anna Ehrick Parmly and they toured Europe in 1853. They settled in Paris where Anna gave birth to twins Ehrick Kensett and Charlotte. Rossiter exhibited at the Exposition Universelle in Paris in 1855. Anna died shortly after the birth of their daughter Anna, and the family moved back to New York.

For a brief period of time Rossiter had an art gallery, exhibiting his work and the work of his friends. In 1860 he married Mary (Mollie) Sterling and moved his family to Cold Spring, New York on the Hudson River. He continued to paint portraits, historical, and religious paintings, and exhibited at the National Academy of Design and the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, until his death in 1871.

Ehrick Kensett Rossiter (1854-1941), named after his father's friend John Frederick Kensett, attended Cornell University and became an architect in New York as part of the firm Rossiter & Muller. He was a member of the Architectural League, United States Public Architects' League, and trustee of the American Fine Arts Society. In 1877 he married Mary Heath and they had three sons and a daughter. Their daughter Edith Rossiter Bevan was a historian and avid collector of historical autographs.

Related Material:

Also found in the Archives of American Art is a Thomas Prichard Rossiter letter to Elias Beirs dated January 12, 1840.

Provenance:

A portion of the collection was donated in 1957 by Edith Rossiter Bevan, daughter of Ehrick Kensett Rossiter, and granddaughter of Thomas Prichard Rossiter. Additional material was donated in 2007 by Patti Rossiter Ravenscroft, Rossiter's Great Great Granddaughter.

Restrictions:

Use of original papers requires an appointment.

Rights:

The Archives of American Art makes its archival collections available for non-commercial, educational and personal use unless restricted by copyright and/or donor restrictions, including but not limited to access and publication restrictions. AAA makes no representations concerning such rights and restrictions and it is the user's responsibility to determine whether rights or restrictions exist and to obtain any necessary permission to access, use, reproduce and publish the collections. Please refer to the Smithsonian's Terms of Use for additional information.

Occupation:

Painters -- New York (State)  Search this

Topic:

Architects -- New York (State) -- New York  Search this

Genre/Form:

Sketches

Sketchbooks

Photographs

Scrapbooks

Citation:

Thomas Prichard Rossiter and Rossiter Family papers, 1840-1957. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.

Sponsor:

Funding for the processing and digitization of this collection was provided by the Terra Foundation for American Art.

Identifier:

AAA.rossthom

See more items in:

Thomas Prichard Rossiter and Rossiter Family papers

Archival Repository:

Archives of American Art

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/mw972b743d7-b65e-4f8f-adad-58b96811325f

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-aaa-rossthom

Creator:

Cook Labs  Search this

Cook, Emory, 1913-2002  Search this

Names:

Cook Labs  Search this

Extent:

6.3 Cubic feet (Phonograph albums)

63.5 Cubic feet (Open-reel tapes)

8.75 Cubic feet (Business records)

78.55 Cubic feet

Culture:

Afro-Caribbean cults  Search this

10th Naval District Steel Band  Search this

Almerico, Tony, 1905-  Search this

American Indians  Search this

Audio Engineering Society  Search this

Ast, Anita  Search this

Bach, Johann Sebastian, 1685-1750  Search this

Beethoven, Ludwig van, 1770-1827  Search this

Big Shell Band  Search this

Boston Chorale  Search this

Brahms, Johannes, 1833-1897  Search this

Brokenshire, Norman, 1898-1965  Search this

Brundage, Al (Alfred)  Search this

Brute Force Band  Search this

Camp, Red  Search this

Carroll, Jimmy  Search this

Crowley, Daniel J., 1921-  Search this

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Audiotapes

Photographic prints

Business records

Artifacts

Contracts

Phonograph records

Correspondence

Christmas music

Place:

Cuba

West Indies -- Lesser Antilles

Caribbean Area

Antigua

Barbuda

Amazon River Region

Benítez (Venezuela)

Baja California (Mexico : Peninsula)

Brazil

Connecticut

Cuba

Haiti

Date:

1908-2002, bulk 1948-1965

Summary:

The Cook Labs records, which date from 1939-2002, document the activities of audio engineer Emory Cook and his label Cook Labs. The contents include business records, materials relating to recording artists, photographs, and production materials, as well as phonograph records, master recordings and unpublished recordings produced by or associated with the Cook Labs label. The collection also contains two interviews conducted with Emory Cook in 1990: one by Jeff Place and one by Anthony Seeger and Nicholas Spitzer. There are several physical objects relating to Cook Labs including a bag of powdered vinyl, a binaural playing arm, and a condenser microphone.

Scope and Contents note:

There are two primary components of the Cook Labs records: the records, master tapes and other audio recordings, and the related paper files.

The Cook Labs records contains about 150 of the 200 released Cook recordings, and 739 master tapes. In addition, there are 330 unpublished tapes.

The the paper files include acquisition materials; business correspondence; recording reports; various production notes on records produced; news articles both about and by Emory Cook and Cook Labs; copyright, licensing, and trademark materials; photographs, correspondence, contracts, and other materials relating to recording artists; production materials for each Cook Labs release; and other miscellany. Many contracts are signed by both Cook Labs and the artist. Correspondence is primarily between business associates.

Two interviews were done with Emory Cook in 1990: one by Jeff Place and one by Anthony Seeger and Nicholas Spitzer; both interviews are included in the Cook Labs records.

There are several physical objects relating to Cook Labs including a bag of powdered vinyl, a binaural playing arm, and a condenser microphone.

Arrangement note:

Many of the items in this list have been assigned an accession number, and like materials have been grouped together to create seven series:

Series 1: Business Papers, 1939-1990

Series 2: Recording Artists, 1949-1981, bulk 1950-1959

Series 3: Photographs, undated, 1957

Series 4: Production files, 1948-1995, bulk 1952-1963

Series 5: Objects, undated, 1908-1964

Series 6: Audio Interviews, 1990

Series 7: Audio Recordings

Biographical/Historical note:

Emory Cook (1913-2002) is widely regarded as a highly influencial audio engineer. Born and raised in Albany, New York, he joined the Army Air Corps in 1932. After his discharge in 1934 he obtained his degree from Cornell University and began working for Western Electric in the Audio Engineering Force. During World War II, while still at Western Electric, Cook supervised the creation of a fire-controlled radar "Trainer," for which he received a Commendation from the Service.

In the late 1940's, convinced he could do better than what was on the market, Cook began experimenting with making his own audio equipment. Cook Laboratories was started in 1945 when he developed a new cutting head to be used in record production. Future development of equipment brought about the discovery that he could record frequencies as high as 20,000 hertz, more than any other recording company at the time. He cut a record of piano and organ music to demonstrate this discovery, and took it to the 1949 Audio Fair in New York. When he demonstrated the record with the hopes to sell the recording equipment, he found that people were much more interested in buying the record itself. Shortly after, Sounds of Our Times, later called Cook Records, was born.

Cook Records collected many different sounds and was mostly aimed at the devoted high-fidelity listener. Cook believed that hearing was a sense often overlooked by people, and he wanted listeners of his albums to be able to hear things they might otherwise miss. In a New Yorker profile by Daniel Lang in 1956, Cook claimed that hearing was "always being kicked aside in favor of sight… There's a time and a place for everything, and that includes sound." In order to encourage listening, he put out many albums full of everyday sounds, such as Voice of the Sea, an album of noises of the ocean and Eye of the Storm, recorded during a thunderstorm. One of the most successful albums was Rail Dynamics, an album of steam trains pulling in and out of a station.

Cook Records also produced traditional music albums from its plant in Stamford, Connecticut. The label produced everything from organ music to folk, flamenco guitar, calypso and steel band. Cook had little interest in name musicians and instead searched high and low for anything he thought might be an interesting contribution to his label. He even invited listeners to send in their favorite sounds, some of which he eventually recorded.

Cook had such a large interest in Calypso music that he set up a second pressing plant in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad. There he pressed calypso and steel band music for both a Trinidadian and American audience, and most albums sold well in both countries.

In addition to the wide range of music Cook recorded, he was also an inventor. It was Cook who first came up with the idea of pressing records with powdered, rather than solid, vinyl, a technique he dubbed "microfusion." This technique not only saved money, but cut out many of the traditional crackles and pops associated with records.

He also developed the binaural system of recording and playing records, which he thought was superior to the more commonly used stereo method. Binaural was more precise than stereo, and it required placing two microphones six inches apart, approximately the space between two ears, during the recording. It was then played back with a special two-needle playing arm. Binaural recordings were thought by Cook to best duplicate the original sound.

Emory Cook died at the age of 89 in 2002 after a long hospitalization.

Shared Stewardship of Collections:

The Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage acknowledges and respects the right of artists, performers, Folklife Festival participants, community-based scholars, and knowledge-keepers to collaboratively steward representations of themselves and their intangible cultural heritage in media produced, curated, and distributed by the Center. Making this collection accessible to the public is an ongoing process grounded in the Center's commitment to connecting living people and cultures to the materials this collection represents. To view the Center's full shared stewardship policy, which defines our protocols for addressing collections-related inquiries and concerns, please visit https://doi.org/10.25573/data.21771155.

COOK RECORDINGS - NUMERICAL LISTING:

001 20,000 Cycle Demo (1949) COOK00001

002 Night Rain and Surf COOK00002

003 Specimen Heart Beats COOK00003

004 Katydids, Frogs and Forrest Birds

E101 Grenada Stories and Songs (1957-58) COOK00101

E102 Amazon Sound: Yacu River Tribes (Rituals and Rites) (1954) COOK00102

E103 Music of St. Lucia (1953) COOK00103

E104 Rada (1958) COOK00104

E105 JOSE RAMON FORTUNE AND OLGA MAYNARD Nancy Stories (1956) COOK00105

106 Afro-West Indian Cultural Practices (1957-58) COOK00106

107 ESCOLA DE SAMBA DE BRAZIL The Boli, The Cocolute, and Brazil (1957-58) COOK00107

901 Steelband Jump Up Boys Town, Tropical Harmony, Silvertone COOK00901

904 THE ESSO STEEL BAND Esso Steelband of Bermuda (1958) COOK0904

906 LORD MELODY Lord Melody Sings Calypso (1958-59) COOK00906

911 TOM CHARLES AND HIS SYNCOPATER ORCHESTRA Fete for So! (1959) COOK00911

914 LORD MELODY Again! Lord Melody Sings Calypso (1957-58) COOK00914

916 Calypso Cross Section Young Killer, The Mighty Bomber, Small Island Pride, The Mighty Wrangler (1957-58) COOK00916

920 THE MIGHTY SPARROW King Sparrow's Calypso Carnival (1959) COOK00920

927 LORD MELODY Calypso through the Looking Glass (1959) COOK00927

928 CLARENCE CURVAN His Drums, His Orchestra COOK00928

930 Belly to Belly Clarence Curvan, Johnny Gomez, Tom Charles, Fitz Vaughn Bryan (1960-61) COOK00930

931 LORD MELODY Lord Melody, 1962 COOK0931

1000 TITUS MOODY DDDs of Binaural (1952) COOK01000

1011 The Christmas Music Box (1950) COOK01011

1012 Music Boxes of Long Ago (1950) COOK01012

1013 CHARLIE MAGNANTE Accordion Pops Concert (1954-55) COOK01013

1014 CHARLIE MAGNANTE AND LaVERGNE SMITH His and Hers (1954-55) COOK01014

1020 SAM ESKIN Sam Eskin's Songs of All Time COOK01020

1021 GROUPE MI-O Un Ti Bo (1958) COOK01021

1022 LAVINIA WILLIAMS' GROUPE FOLKLORIQUE Haiti Confidential (1958) COOK01022

1023 The Ramayana (Hindu Ceremony) (1961) COOK01023

1024 GUSTAVO ZEPOLI Concert Guitar (1954) COOK01024

1025 SEAN McGONIGAL AND ST. COLUMCILLE'S UNITED GAELIC PIPE BAND Kilts on Parade (1950) COOK01025

1026 ANITA AST AND THE VIENNA KONZERTSCHRAMMEREIN Inside Vienna (1952) COOK01026

1027 CARLOS MONTOYA AND THE JOSE GRECO TROUPE Fiesta Flamenca (1952) COOK01027

1028 CARLOS MONTOYA Montoya (1952) COOK01028

1030 EDWARD VITO The Harp (1951) COOK01030

1031 EDWARD AND JOSEPH VITO Dual Harp (1951) COOK01031

1032 RUTH WELCOME AND DICK MARTA Zither and Cimbalom (1951) COOK01032

1035 Barrelhouse Piano (1950) COOK01035

1036 FRANK GLAZER Liszt's Paganini Variations (1952) COOK01036

1037 GRETA AND JOSEF DICHLER Two Famous European Pianos (1952) COOK01037

1038 SAMUEL SORIN Piano: The Romantic Fabric (1953) COOK01038

1039 LEONID HAMBRO A Perspective of Beethoven (1953) COOK01039

1040 Steel Band Clash Brute Force Steel Band, Big Shell Band, and Hell Gate Band (1955)

1041 JIMMY CARROLL PERCUSSION EMSEMBLE WITH RED CAMP Speed the Parting Guest (1953) and The Hot Tempered Clavichord (1957) COOK01041

1042 BRUTE FORCE STEEL BAND Brute Force Steel Band of Antigua with Big Shell Band (1955) COOK01042

1043 Three Rituals (1955) COOK01043

1044 The Compleat In Fidelytie: Sounds Natural and Unnatural (1956) COOK01044

1045 Drums of Trinidad (1956) COOK01045

1046 Champion Steel Bands of Trinidad The Highlanders, Southern All Stars, The Katzenjammers, others (1957) COOK01046

1047 THE KATZENJAMMERS The Enchanted Steelband (1957) COOK01047

1048 BRUTE FORCE STEEL BAND Music to Awaken the Ballroom Beast (1957) COOK01048

1049 BRUTE FORCE STEEL BAND Beauty and the Brute Force (1957) COOK01049

1050 MICHAEL CHESHIRE The Pipe Organ, volume 1 (1952) COOK01050

1051 MICHAEL CHESHIRE The Pipe Organ, volume 2 (1952) COOK01051

1052 REGINALD FOORT Percussion and Pedal, volume 3 (1952) COOK01052

1053 REGINALD FOORT Reginald Foort at the Mosque, volume 4 (1952) COOK01053

1054 REGINALD FOORT Organ in Symphony Hall, volume 1 (1954) COOK01054

1055 REGINALD FOORT Organ in Symphony Hall, volume 2 (1954) COOK01055

1056 ALFONSO VEGA NUÑEZ Morelia Cathedral Organ (1954) COOK01056

1057 REGINALD FOORT Foort Pops (1956) COOK01057

1058 REGINALD FOORT Waltz and Ballet: The Mosque Organ (1956) COOK01058

1059 REGINALD FOORT Intermission at the Mosque (1956) COOK01059

1060 NEW ORCHESTRAL SOCIETY OF BOSTON Brahms First Symphony (1954) COOK01060

1061 FESTIVAL CASALS ORCHESTRA Hector Campos Parsi (1958) COOK01061

1062 NEW ORCHESTRAL SOCIETY OF BOSTON Stravinsky, Villa Lobos, and Bach (1955) COOK01062

1063 NEW ORCHESTRAL SOCIETY OF BOSTON Debussy (1955) COOK01063

1064 NEW ORCHESTRAL SOCIETY OF BOSTON Masterpieces of the Dance (1955) COOK01064

1065 NEW ORCHESTRAL SOCIETY OF BOSTON Mozart Symphony No. 40 (1955) COOK01065

1066 NEW ORCHESTRAL SOCIETY OF BOSTON Masterpieces of the Theater (1955) COOK01066

1067 NEW ORCHESTRAL SOCIETY OF BOSTON Beethoven Symphony No. 5 (1955) COOK01067

1068 NEW ORCHESTRAL SOCIETY OF BOSTON New Orchestral Society of Boston (1966) COOK01068

1069 NEW ORCHESTRAL SOCIETY OF BOSTON Haydn Symphony No. 100: Military (1966) COOK01069

1070 Rail Dynamics: Steam Locomotives and Train Sounds (1950-54) COOK01070

1071 Burlesque Uncensored (1954) COOK01071

1072 Jump-up Carnival: Calypso Tent (1956) COOK01072

1073 Holy Week: Malaga (Spain) (1961) COOK01073

1074 Benevolent Society for the Preservation of Ancient Rhymes and Limerix Limerick Party COOK01074

1075 Voices of the Sky: Propellers and Jets (1957) COOK01075

1077 Voice of the Storm (1957-58) COOK01077

1078 A Double Barrel Blast: High Cost of Dying and Computer Conversations (1962) COOK01078

1079 Tour of High Fidelity (1965) COOK01079

1080 TRIO LEONES Trio Leones of Cabrito (1954) COOK01080

1081 LaVERGNE SMITH LaVergne Smith (01014B plus) (1954) COOK01081

1082 Le Jazz Primitif from Trinidad Rupert Clemendore and John Buddy Williams (1961) COOK01082

1083 Jawbone of an Ass: Musica de Cuba (1955) COOK01083

1084 SID DAVILLA AND FREDDIE KOHLMAN'S BAND WITH RED CAMP Blowout at Mardi Gras (1955) COOK01084

1085 TONY ALMERICO'S PARISIAN ROOM BAND Clambake on Bourbon Street (1954-55) COOK01085

1086 WILLIE RODRIGUEZ The Drums of Rodriguez (1953) COOK01086

1087 RED CAMP Camp Inventions: Jazz Piano and Zither Music (1955) COOK01087

1088 RED CAMP Red Camp Horizontal (1954) COOK01088

1089 RED CAMP Red Camp Upright (1954) COOK01089

1090 ARTHUR BILLINGS HUNT Arthur Billings Hunt Sings Hymns (1950) COOK01090

1091 ARTHUR BILLINGS HUNT Hunt Sings Old Favorites (1950) COOK01091

1092 HUFSTADER SINGERS Hufstader Singers (1953) COOK01092

1094 REGINALD FOORT AND THE BOSTON CHORALE The Seven Last Words of Christ (1954) COOK01094

1095 ST. JOHN'S RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHOIR Russian Christmas (Spring Valley, New York) (1961) COOK01095

1096 ST. JOHN'S RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHOIR Russian Easter Midnight Service (Spring Valley, New York) (1961) COOK01096

1097 ST. JOHN'S RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHOIR St. John's Russian Orthodox Choir (1961) COOK01097

1101 THE INVADERS FROM ST. CROIX Steel Band in San Juan (1964) COOK01101

1102 10TH NAVAL DISTRICT STEEL BAND New Paths for Steel Band (1965) COOK01102

1120 BENITEZ-VALENCIA TRIO Ecuador (1958) COOK01120

1121 Island in the Moonlight Trio Los Rubies, Grupo Paquito Lopez Cruz, Las Hermanas Colón, Martita Cuadrado (1958) COOK01121

1122 Hellish Calypso King Fighter, The Mighty Bomber, others (1962) COOK01122

1123 Calypso Atrocities King Fighter, The Mighty Bomber, others COOK01123

1124 HAYWIRE MAC McCook LabsINTOCK Haywire Mac (1951) COOK01124

1125 LORD MYRTLE, CECIL MITCHEL, AND JAMES CONVERY Calypso Jamaica (1960) COOK01125

1126 THE MIGHTY SPARROW Sparrow in Hi-Fi (1963) COOK01126

1127 STEVE CAMACHO Folk and Other Songs (1962) COOK01127

1131 BRUCE PRINCE-JOSEPH The Pedal Harpsichord (1953) COOK01131

1132 SHINCHI YUIZE The Japanese Koto (1955) COOK01132

1133 RED CAMP The New Clavichord (1957) COOK01133

1134 LUIS BONFA Guitar in Brazil (1959) COOK01134

1140 Steelband Promenade Brute Force Steel Band, The Merrymakers, Southern All Stars (1958) COOK01140

1150 BILL FLOYD The King of Organs (1957) COOK01150

1151 REGINALD FOORT The Theatre Organ, volume 2 COOK01151

1152 REGINALD FOORT The Theatre Organ, volume 3 COOK01152

1154 REGINALD FOORT The Theatre Organ, volume 5 COOK01154

1155 REGINALD FOORT The Theatre Organ, volume 6 COOK01155

1156 REGINALD FOORT The Baroque Organ, volume 1 COOK01156

1157 REGINALD FOORT The Baroque Organ, volume 2 COOK01157

1169 NEW ORCHESTRAL SOCIETY OF BOSTON Tchaikovsky: Romeo and Juliet, Serenade for Strings (1962) COOK01169

1180 Dance Calypso Johnny Gomez Band, Small Island Pride, Dictator, others (1956) COOK01180

1181 LIZZIE MILES Lizzie Miles Buglin' Sam DeKemel and the Parisian All Stars (1954-55) COOK01181

1182 LIZZIE MILES Moans and Blues Red Camp and Tony Almerico's All Stars (1956) COOK01182

1183 LIZZIE MILES Hot Songs My Mother Taught Me Red Camp, Tony Almerico's All Stars, Albert French (1956) COOK01183

1184 LIZZIE MILES Torchy Lullabies My Mother Sang Me Red Camp and Tony Almerico's All Stars (1956) COOK01184

1185 Calypso Kings and Pink Gin: Trinidad Carnival Tent Lord Melody, The Might Sparrow, others (1957) COOK01185

1186 ENSEMBLE AUX CALEBASSES Meringue (1958) COOK01186

1187 A Night at the Tropicoro Juan Luis, Oswaldo Seda, and Lito Peña Band (1959) COOK01187

1188 Dirty Jazz from Down South: Trinidadian Instrumentals (1958) COOK01188

1189 Calypso Exposed Lord Melody, Brute Force Steel Band, King Sparrow, The Mighty Cypher, and Skipper (1961) COOK01189

1280 Caribbean Limbo Music Rupert Clemendore Orchestra, Cyril Diaz Orchestra, others COOK01280

1281 Songs from the Garden of Love Jefferson-Jones' Orchestra COOK01281

1282 Italian Moom Jefferson-Jones' Orchestra COOK01282

2004 Tour of Stereo (1958) COOK02004

2066 NEW ORCHESTRAL SOCIETY OF BOSTON Masterpieces of the Dance, volume 3 COOK02066

2070 Aboard a Fast Express / Jet Dynamics COOK02070

4057 REGINALD FOORT The Theater Organ COOK04057

4069 NEW ORCHESTRAL SOCIETY OF BOSTON Hayden Military Symphony COOK04069

5001 American Storytellers, Volume 1 Harry Wass, Master Marriner's Association (1952) COOK05001

5002 K.C. DOUGLAS K.C. Douglas (1952) COOK05002

5003 Caribeana: Hidden Music from the Caribbean (1949) COOK05003

5004 TIRORO Tiroro: Haitian Drummer (1948) COOK05004

5005 RED CAMP Camp Has a Ball (1954) COOK05005

5006 AL BRUNDAGE Square Dance (1951) COOK05006

5007 Mexican Marimba Band (1954) COOK05007

5008 American Storytellers, Volume 2 John Hawley Cook (1954) COOK05008

5009 American Storytellers, Volume 3 Captain Charles A. Chace, Matthew Richards (1954) COOK05009

5010 Calliope, Carousel, and Hand Organ (1953) COOK05010

5011 Voice of the Sea (1954) COOK05011

5012 Earthquake (1953) COOK05012

5013 Ionosphere (1955) COOK05013

5014 Mariachi Music of Mexico (1954) COOK05014

5015 Mexican Firecrackers (1951) COOK05015

5016 Calypso Lore and Legend (1956) COOK05016

5017 Bamboo-tamboo, Bongo, and Belair (1956) COOK05017

5018 East Indian Drums of Tunapuna, Trinidad (1956) COOK05018

5019 ALONZO CRUZ Blind Troubadour of Oaxaca (1956) COOK05019

5020 Epilogue to the String Band Tradition (1956) COOK05020

5022 ABCs of Hi Fi COOK05022

5025 BUCKMINSTER FULLER Buckminster Fuller Speaks His Mind COOK05025

5050 NORMAN BROKENSHIRE Radio Moscow and the Western Hemisphere COOK05050

5051 FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT The Four Inaugural Addresses COOK05051

6061 BUCKMINSTER FULLER The Clock Is Stopping COOK06061

8374 BUCKMINSTER FULLER Dymaxion Ditties: Buckminster Fuller Sings COOK08374

10001 Sound Effects, volume 1 COOK10001

10002 Sound Effects, volume 2 COOK10002

10003 Sound Effects, volume 3 COOK10003

10120 Music Boxes, Carousels, and Hand Organs (01012 and 05010) (1950-53) COOK10120

10248 The Voice of Mexico Gustavo Zepoli, Trio Leones (01024 and 01080) (1954) COOK10248

10251 SEAN McGONIGAL AND ST. COLUMCILLE'S UNITED GAELIC PIPE BAND Kilts on Parade (01025 plus solos) (1950-53) COOK10251

10271 CARLOS MONTOYA AND THE JOSE GRECO TROUPE Fiesta Flamenca (selections from 01027 and 01028) (1952) COOK10271

10289 CARLOS MONTOYA Montoya (selections from 01028 plus) (1952) COOK10289

10301 EDWARD AND JOSEPH VITO The Harp (selections from 01030 and 01031 plus) (1951-54) COOK10301

10326 Cafe Continental Ruth Welcome, Dick Marta, and Anita Ast (selections from 01026 and 01032) (1951-52) COOK10326

10350 Nickelodion and Calliope (selections from 01035 and 05010) (1950-53) COOK10350

10500 REGINALD FOORT The Theater Organ COOK10500

10501 MICHAEL CHESHIRE Pipe Organ in the Mosque (selections from 01050 and 01051) (1952) COOK10501

10523 REGINALD FOORT Percussion and Pedal (selections from 01052 and 01053) (1952) COOK10523

10545 REGINALD FOORT The Organ at Symphony Hall (01054 plus) (1954) COOK10545

10579 REGINALD FOORT Foort Pops (selections from 01057 and 01058) (1956) COOK10579

10646 NEW ORCHESTRAL SOCIETY OF BOSTON Tempo Vivace: Symphonic Masterpieces of Dance & Theater (selections from 01064 and 01066) (1955-56) COOK010646

10657 NEW ORCHESTRAL SOCIETY OF BOSTON Two Classical Symphonies: Mozart Symphony No. 40, Beethoven Symphony No. 5 (01065 and 01067) (1955) COOK10657

10659 NEW ORCHESTRAL SOCIETY OF BOSTON Two Classical Symphonies: Mozart Symphony No. 40, Haydn Symphony No. 100 (01065 and 01069) (1955-56) COOK10659

10683 NEW ORCHESTRAL SOCIETY OF BOSTON Modern Orchestral Textures (01068 and 01063) (1955) COOK10683

10850 RUPERT Cook LabsEMENDORE BAND Le Jazz Trinidad COOK10850

10867 Before and After Willie Rodriguez (selections from 01086 and 05007) (1953-54) COOK010867

10889 RED CAMP Horizontal & Upright & Downright & Dunright (01088 and 01089) (1954) COOK10889

10890 The Castiliane Johnny Gomez Band, John Buddy Williams Band, Girl Pat Steel Band, And Grand Curacaye String Orchestra (1956) COOK10890

11312 BRUCE PRINCE-JOSEPH AND HUFSTADER SINGERS The Forgotten Pedal Harpsichord and Hufstader Singers (01131 and 01092) (1953) COOK11312

11815 TONY ALMERICO'S PARISIAN ROOM BAND AND LIZZIE MILES Clambake on Bourbon Street (1954-55) COOK11815

50130 Tour of Cook Labs COOK50130

70889 RED CAMP Popular Piano and Combo COOK70889

80134 LUIZ BONFA Waterfall: Guitar COOK80134

80417 MARIMBA ORCHESTRA Waterfall: Children's Music COOK80417

80680 NEW ORCHESTRAL SOCIETY OF BOSTON Waterfall: Symphonic COOK80680

XX1 Audio Follies Sampler COOK00XX1

XX2 Calypso Jazz Sampler COOK00XX2

Series 10 Cook Series 10 COOK_Series10

Series 30 Cook Series 30 COOK_Series30

Series 60 Cook Series 60 COOK_Series60

Series 70 Cook Series 70 COOK_Series70

Series 80 Cook Series 80 COOK_Series80

Series 90 Cook Series 90 COOK_Series90

Series 100 Cook Series 100 COOK_Series100

Series 300 Cook Series 300 COOK_Series300

Series 301 Cook Series 301 COOK_Series301

Series 302 Cook Series 302 COOK_Series302

Series 303 Cook Series 303 COOK_Series303

Provenance:

The Smithsonian Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections acquired the Cook Labs Records in 1990, when Emory and Martha Cook donated their company records to the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage. Anthony Seeger, then Director of Smithsonian Folkways Records, received a call from Mr. Cook in the summer of 1989 offering to donate the Cook label to the Smithsonian. Dr. Seeger visited him in August of that year to view the contents of the collection, and the Smithsonian received custody of the collection in May 1990. In return for the donation from Mr. Cook, the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage agreed to keep the record titles available and to store the papers in the archives.

Restrictions:

Access to the Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections is by appointment only. Visit our website for more information on scheduling a visit or making a digitization request. Researchers interested in accessing born-digital records or audiovisual recordings in this collection must use access copies.

Rights:

Permission to publish materials from the collection must be requested from the Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections. Please visit our website to learn more about submitting a request. The Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections make no guarantees concerning copyright or other intellectual property restrictions. Other usage conditions may apply; please see the Smithsonian's Terms of Use for more information.

Topic:

Popular music -- 20th century -- United States  Search this

Wit and humor  Search this

Calypso (Music)  Search this

Folk music -- Caribbean Area  Search this

Folk music  Search this

Sounds  Search this

Music -- 18th century  Search this

Folk music -- United States  Search this

Jazz -- Louisiana -- New Orleans  Search this

Jazz  Search this

Accordion music  Search this

Airplane sounds  Search this

Animal sounds  Search this

Audio equipment industry  Search this

Blues (Music)  Search this

Bonfá, Luiz  Search this

Calypso (Music)  Search this

Burlesque (Theater)  Search this

Calliope music  Search this

Calypso (Music)--Trinidad and Tobago  Search this

Campos Parsi, Héctor, 1922-  Search this

Catholicism  Search this

Christianity  Search this

Christmas  Search this

Cimbalom and zither music  Search this

Clavichord  Search this

Clemendore, Rupert  Search this

Drum  Search this

Genre/Form:

Audiotapes

Photographic prints

Business records

Artifacts

Contracts

Phonograph records

Correspondence

Christmas music

Citation:

Cook Labs records, Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections, Smithsonian Institution.

Identifier:

CFCH.COOK

See more items in:

Cook Labs records

Archival Repository:

Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/bk50980aef1-30c4-4f77-9de4-97337007b9f0

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-cfch-cook

Artist:

Cornell, Joseph  Search this

Names:

Benton, Elizabeth Cornell  Search this

Cornell, Robert  Search this

Extent:

196.8 Linear feet

186 Nitrate negatives

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Nitrate negatives

Photographic photoprints

Photographs

Place:

New York, New York

Date:

1750-1980, bulk 1930-1972

Summary:

The Joseph Cornell Study Center collection measures 196.8 linear feet and dates from 1750 to 1980, with the bulk of the material dating from 1930 to 1972. Documenting the artistic career and personal life of assemblage artist Joseph Cornell (1903-1972), the collection is primarily made up of two- and three-dimensional source material, the contents of the artists' studio, his record album collection, and his book collection and personal library. The collection also includes diaries and notes, financial and estate papers, exhibition materials, collected artifacts and ephemera, photographs, correspondence, and the papers of Robert Cornell (1910-1965) and Helen Storms Cornell (1882-1966), the artist's brother and mother.

Scope and Contents:

The Joseph Cornell Study Center collection measures 196.8 linear feet and dates from 1750 to 1980, with the bulk of the material dating from 1930 to 1972. Documenting the artistic career and personal life of assemblage artist Joseph Cornell (1903-1972), the collection is primarily made up of two- and three-dimensional source material, the contents of the artists' studio, his record album collection, and his book collection and personal library. The collection also includes diaries and notes, financial and estate papers, exhibition materials, collected artifacts and ephemera, photographs, correspondence, and the papers of Robert Cornell (1910-1965) and Helen Storms Cornell (1882-1966), the artist's brother and mother.

Correspondence is with collectors, museums, galleries, artists, friends, family, charity organizations, admirers and those admired by Cornell, and World War II European pen pals. Discussions about the appreciation, donation, sale, purchase, and exhibition of Cornell's works are frequent, with the inclusion of shipping and loan documentation or notices of payment installments. Galleries and museums frequently request that Cornell agree to an exhibition, which he often declines, and fans request free works be mailed or affordable works be sold to them. With friends, artists, and those he admired, Cornell discussed topics that fascinate him, included bits of poetry or philosophical musings, sent clippings or a collaged letter, and occasionally discussed a project or work in process. After World War II, when so many were displaced by the war in Europe, Cornell answered ads for pen pals in the "Christian Science Monitor," often responding to requests for clothing or other goods, and sometimes exchanging many letters over several years. Family correspondence is with his mother, sisters, brother, and others, and often notes activities of the day, foods eaten, and general musings, as well as occasionally mentioning a project or artwork. Correspondents of note include Stan Brakhage, Betty Freeman, Charles Henri Ford, Allegra Kent, Yayoi Kusama, Roberto Matta, Marianne Moore, Octavio Paz, Sonia Sekula, Pavel Tchelitchew, Parker Tyler, Dorothea Tanning, and Betsy von Furstenberg, among others.

Cornell was often preoccupied with his thoughts, feelings, memories, a project or thematic "exploration," and jotted notes on seemingly any surface available. Notes and musings are on napkins, the backs of envelopes, newspaper clippings, and paper bags from record and magazine stores. Frequently, an observation would trigger a lengthy nostalgic moment, or a "feé," fairy-like child or girl, would capture his imagination and lead him to thoughts of 18th-century ballerinas and silent film stars. Cornell wrote longer diary notes, sometimes expanding on an earlier notation or emotion, and often wrote when he experienced trouble sleeping or woke early. Drafted letters to imaginary muses or admired individuals are interspersed among diaries, often revealing Cornell's yearnings to find emotional intimacy and human connection. Over time, Cornell revisited his notes and occasionally made further notations about renewed thoughts on a topic, dating the note with "revisited" or "reviewed." Notes are often written in a stream-of-consciousness style, for example, jumping from the mention of a record album or composer, to a ballerina of the same period, a note about a French poet, the memory of childhood, or an observation made earlier in the day, all in the space of a few lines. Notes about artistic processes or meanings behind works or images do occasionally emerge from the tangled, poetic notations. Notes also often provide insights into Cornell's internal emotional state and give clues about his intentions behind an artwork or a particular thematic fixation.

Financial materials document Cornell's professional and personal business activities, including the sale of artworks, annual expenses for supplies and household incidentals, payments and schedules for personal assistants, receipts for donations to charities and nonprofits, and tax documents. There is also information about who worked as assistants, or "helpers," in his later years and where Cornell purchased art supplies. Additionally, specific details are documented through receipts and invoices, such as what kind of paint he purchased. Estate records include preparations made for Cornell's artworks after his death, and clippings about other deceased artist's estates show that he thought often about such arrangements in his later years.

Exhibition files highlight several select solo exhibitions for Cornell, as well as preparations and planning for the "Robert Cornell: Memorial Exhibition" in honor of his brother in 1966. Also included are several early exhibition catalogs and announcements, including "Surréalisme" (January 9-29, 1932) and "Exhibition of Objects (Bibloquet) by Joseph Cornell" (December 6-31, 1939) at the Julien Levy Gallery, and "Romantic Museum: Portraits of Women, Constructions and Arrangements by Joseph Cornell" (December 1946) at the Hugo Gallery.

Film projects and collected film materials consist of files related to Cornell's various experimental film projects: "Aviary," "Cappuccino," "Centuries of June," "Fable for Fountains," "Nymphlight," "Serafina's Garden," and unrealized film scenario "Monsieur Phot." Files include film-making notes, correspondence, and photographs. Cornell's interest in film also led him to collect film-related materials, such as film stills, film posters, and screening programs. Scattered correspondence documents the interest other institutions and individuals had in purchasing and viewing his collection. Though most of his collected film stills and movie posters were donated to the Anthology Film Archives, film stills from "Escape Me Never" (1935) and "The Passion of Joan of Arc" (1928) are still within the collection, as well as film-screening programs for Cornell's collection of films.

Writing and design projects document Cornell's work authoring articles and designing issues of specialty dance magazine "Dance Index," and his layouts for popular magazines like "Good Housekeeping," "House and Garden," and "Mademoiselle." Other writing projects include brochures dedicated to opera singers Maria Malibran and Giulia Grisi, "Maria" and "Bel Canto Pet." Materials used for these brochures, such as copper photo engraving plates, are also found. Design work includes a series of Christmas cards created with The Museum of Modern Art as well as traced patterns ("textile tracings") and design clippings from Cornell's time working as a "textile designer" for Traphagen Commercial Textile Studio.

Cornell acquired troves of source material from bookstalls, antique stores, sporting good and department stores, hardware stores, and magazine and record shops. He kept boxes and files of material on admired individuals, such as actresses, artists, dancers, and singers, as well as on art projects or thematic "explorations." Files are on general topics such as American history, scientific phenomena, animals, plants, and humankind, as well as on series of artworks, such as "Castles," "Homage to the Romantic Ballet," and "Medici Slot Machines." Focused "exploration" projects include "Celestial Theatre," "Colombier," "GC 44," and "Switzerland," among others. Materials include photographs, photostats, maps, book fragments, autographed letters, notes, collage clippings and cutouts, collected prints and engravings, box and collage fragments, and scattered artifacts.

Collected ephemera includes large amounts of blank postcards and greeting cards, stamps, collected bus and train tickets, food labels and packaging, decals, and other materials. Artifacts are three-dimensional collected objects and source objects, which include found objects from the streets, dried flowers, and pieces of nature gathered from walks around his neighborhood. Cornell may have gathered materials because they inspired a memory or nostalgic feeling, or because they fit with a bin of other similar objects to select from for an artwork in progress.

Photographs found within the collection are of Cornell at work and as a child with family. Also found are assorted personal and family photographs, photographs of Cornell's attic and garage storage, and photographs of his Utopia Parkway house. Photographs of artwork include few installation photographs, in addition to photographs of Cornell's boxes and collages. Collected photographic materials include vintage photographs, such as tintypes, a cyanotype, stereoscopic glass slides, albumen prints, cabinet cards, and cartes-de-visite. Cornell also collected cased photographs, such as daguerreotypes, ambrotypes, and one opalotype. Negatives and photostats were often produced from various prints and even other photographs and used in Cornell's boxes and collages. Images are of men and women, actors, authors, dancers, performers, well-known men and women, royalty, places, and artwork. Photographs of note include those by Hans Namuth of Willem and Lisa de Kooning and of Edward Hopper's bedroom; photographs by Henri Cartier-Bresson; a photograph by Julia Margaret Cameron; photographs by Brassai; and a photogravure by Alfred Stieglitz from "Camerawork."

Also found in the collection are works of art by others, including a sketch by Pavel Tchelitchew, as well as artwork by Cornell, such as unfinished collages, Rorschach drawings or ink blots, and childhood artwork. Printed material includes assorted bulletins, flyers, exhibition materials for other artists, journals, and sent printed membership and charity materials. Magazines, including "View," are also included, and often have annotations by Cornell or a note to "cut" or "review" with page numbers. A large amount of magazine and newspaper clippings are in the collection, sometimes collected with a group of like material by Cornell, and at other times simply gathered in heaps. Occasional annotations are also found on the clippings.

Cornell's personal library and book collection includes over 2500 titles, ranging from fiction, poetry, and cinema, to history, science, and travel. Notable among the titles are "Baedeker's" travel guides that Cornell often sourced for his "Hotel" box series, as well as an influential publication by Max Ernst, "La Femme 100 têtes," which includes a typed letter and exhibition flyer tucked within. Books often have annotations, some fairly extensive, by Cornell, and assorted collected items, notes, and correspondence tucked between pages. Pages were often cut by Cornell, either to make photostats and use in a box, or to file with other thematic "explorations." A wide range of authors and topics provide insight into Cornell's interests and to ideas behind artwork and diary notes. Cornell's collection of record albums includes over 145 records. These contain inserted notes and clippings and are often referenced in diary notes Cornell made, noting a recent album or song listened to while at work in his studio.

The papers of Cornell's mother, Helen Storms Cornell, and his brother, Robert Cornell, are also included in the collection. Both lived with Cornell his whole life, spending the most time with him at their home at 3708 Utopia Parkway. Financial materials document shared responsibilities for billing, utilities, household fixes and chores, and expenditures, and Helen kept detailed financial records in a series of ledgers. Robert notes when he borrowed money from Cornell, or when he means to pay Cornell back for the purchase of a typewriter. Activities documented in diaries also occasionally cross paths with Cornell, noting his visitors or an exchange of letters continued after introductions through Cornell. Personal activities, such as Robert's interest in his train collection and his drawing projects and cartoon series, are also documented.

Arrangement:

The Joseph Cornell Study Center Collection is arranged into 15 series:

Series 1: Biographical Material, 1917-1972 (Boxes 1, 98, OV118; 0.9 linear feet)

Series 2: Correspondence, 1813, 1934-circa 1973 (Boxes 1-8, 86; 6.5 linear feet)

Series 3: Diaries and Notes, 1940-1976 (Boxes 8-10, 98-99, 135, OV108, OV119; 3.5 linear feet)

Series 4: Personal Business and Estate Records, 1950-1978 (Boxes 10-14; 4.1 linear feet)

Series 5: Exhibition Files, 1932-1973 (Box 14; 0.3 linear feet)

Series 6: Film Projects and Collected Film Materials, circa 1924-1972 (Boxes 14-16, 100, 133; 1.6 linear feet)

Series 7: Writing and Design Projects, circa 1910s, 1936-1962 (Boxes 16-18, 86, 100, 131-132, OV109-OV111, OV120-OV122; 3.6 linear feet)

Series 8: Source Material, 1750-circa 1911, 1926-1972 (Boxes 19-49, 86-92, 96, 100-105, 126-130, 132-137, OV112-OV115, OV125; 42.2 linear feet)

Series 9: Artifacts and Ephemera, 1768, circa 1839-1972 (Boxes 49-52; 3.2 linear feet)

Series 10: Photographic Material, circa 1800s-1972 (Boxes 52-56, 80-86, 93, 106, 128, 133, OV116, OV123-OV124; 7.5 linear feet)

Series 11: Artwork, circa 1810-1972 (Boxes 56-57, 107, OV117; 1.2 linear feet)

Series 12: Printed Material, 1855-1972 (Boxes 57-76, 94-96, 107; 16 linear feet)

Series 13: Book Collection and Personal Library, 1722-1980 (99.8 linear feet)

Series 14: Record Album Collection, circa 1925-1974 (3.2 linear feet)

Series 15: Cornell Family Papers, 1910-1980 (Boxes 77-79, 97, 107; 3.2 linear feet)

Biographical / Historical:

Joseph Cornell (1903-1972) was a self-taught assemblage and collage artist, and filmmaker, active in New York City. He was born in Nyack, New York on December 24, 1903, and died of heart failure at his home in Queens, New York on December 29, 1972. The oldest of four children, he was born Joseph I. Cornell to his mother, Helen Storms Cornell (1882-1966), and his father, Joseph I. Cornell (1875-1917). Cornell had two younger sisters, Elizabeth ("Betty") Cornell Benton (1905-2000) and Helen ("Sissy") Cornell Jagger (1906-2001), as well as one brother, Robert Cornell (1910-1965), who had cerebral palsy.

Cornell attended the Phillips Academy, a preparatory boarding school in Andover, Massachusetts, beginning shortly after his father's death in 1917. He attended for four years but did not receive a diploma, and soon began work as a textile salesman for the William Whitman Company in Manhattan. His work took him, by foot, through the city, visiting secondhand bookshops on Fourth Avenue, browsing music stores and magazine shops, and catching early shows at the Metropolitan Opera House. He would occasionally wait outside the stage doors for favorite singers and dancers to emerge, requesting signatures on photographs or bits of costumes.

Around 1926, Cornell joined the Christian Science Church, joined by his brother Robert shortly thereafter, and both continued to be lifelong members. Cornell kept a number of books in his personal library on Christian Science teachings and regularly subscribed to "The Christian Science Monitor."

After living in several rental houses in Bayside, New York, Cornell's mother purchased a house for the family in 1929 in Flushing, Queens. Cornell, along with his mother and brother, would live at 3708 Utopia Parkway, for the rest of their lives. His two sisters soon married and moved away, eventually settling in Westhampton, Long Island and in the poultry-farming business.

With no formal art training to speak of, Cornell's first work was a Max Ernst-inspired collage, "Untitled (Schooner)," created in 1931. He was especially inspired by Ernst's collage novel, "La Femme 100 têtes," published in 1929. French artist Odilon Redon was also among the few artists Cornell named as an influence on his art. His first sculptural works were small, cardboard pill boxes with bits of ephemera, costume adornments, and nature hidden inside. Cornell also created a series of glass bell jar works, placing small trinkets and Victorian-era-like compositions within. It was these early collages and bell jar works that were included in Cornell's debut exhibition, "Surréalisme" (January 9-29, 1932), a group show at the Julien Levy Gallery. Cornell designed the announcement for the show and exhibited alongside Max Ernst, Man Ray, Pierre Roy, Pablo Picasso, Marcel Duchamp, Eugène Atget, George Platt Lynes, Jean Cocteau, and Salvador Dalí. Months later, Cornell was invited to have his first solo show, "Objects by Joseph Cornell: Minutiae, Glass Bells, Shadow Boxes, Coups d'Oeil, Jouets Surréalistes" (November 26-December 30, 1932), also at the Julien Levy Gallery.

In 1932, after eleven years of work, Cornell was laid off from the William Whitman Company due to the Great Depression. Soon after, he took on more responsibility in the church, working part-time as an attendant in the Christian Science Reading Room in Great Neck, New York. Beginning in 1933, he taught Sunday school classes for three years and in 1935, became the Sunday school librarian. However, his religious activities and artistic ventures continued to remain separate.

In the early 1930s, Cornell progressed from movie lover to filmmaker. When Julien Levy began his New York Film Society in 1933, holding screenings of various experimental films in the gallery, Cornell began buying and collecting films and film stills in earnest. He set up a 16-millimeter projector in his home to screen favorites, such as those by Georges Méliès, D.W. Griffith, and Louis Feuillade. His collection quickly grew to over 2,500 film stills and several hundred films, and included silent era films, such as nature documentaries, goofy newsreels, travelogues, early cartoons, and slapstick comedies, as well as several feature films. In 1933, Cornell wrote a screenplay, or "scenario," entitled "Monsieur Phot." Between 1935 and 1937, Cornell also occasionally created publicity photomontages for Universal and Columbia studios. Of the nearly thirty films Cornell created, periods of activity can generally be separated into two areas: collage films of the late 1930s, consisting of combined elements from films in his own collection, and films he directed in the 1950s, which were collaborations with other filmmakers set in New York City. "Rose Hobart," Cornell's most celebrated collage film, was created and shown in the Julien Levy Gallery in 1936 and includes clipped footage from "East of Borneo." Later films were directed and filmed with cinematographers Stan Brakhage, Rudy Burckhardt, and Larry Jordan.

In 1934, Cornell began a job at the Traphagen Commercial Textile Studio as a "textile designer," a job he held for six years. Continuing to work at his kitchen table in the evenings, Cornell completed his first assemblage box construction, "Untitled (Soap Bubble Set)," in 1936. It was first exhibited at The Museum of Modern Art's show, "Fantastic Art, Dada and Surrealism" (December 9, 1936-January 17, 1937). This work was also the first to be acquired by a museum, purchased for $60.00 by the Wadsworth Atheneum in Massachusetts in 1938. Cornell's European debut was also in 1938, as one of three Americans represented in the "Exposition Internationale du Surréalisme" (January 17-Febuary 24, 1938) at the Galerie Beaux-Arts in Paris, alongside Man Ray and Anne Clark.

At the end of 1939, Cornell began corresponding with poet Charles Henri Ford, founder of avant-garde magazine "View," Pavel Tchelitchew, and Parker Tyler. After his "Soap Bubble Sets," this period saw the development of Cornell's homages to singers and actresses, including "Untitled (Fortune-Telling Parrot for Carmen Miranda)," the destroyed "Garbo (Greta Garbo in the Legendary Film 'The Crystal Mask,' c. 1845)," and "Dressing Room for Gilles." He also began using photostats of art reproduction prints, as with the print of Jean Antoine-Watteau's painting, "Pierrot" (circa 1719), used in his "Gilles" box.

In the 1940s, the Romantic ballet emerged as Cornell's new topic of interest. Through his friend Pavel Tchelitchew, Cornell was introduced to the School of American Ballet and New York City Ballet founders, Lincoln Kirstein and George Balanchine. Cornell collected dance memorabilia and had a great love of the Romantic ballet. His favorite dancers were primarily ballerinas of the nineteenth century, including Fanny Cerrito, Marie Taglioni, Fanny Elssler, Lucille Grahn, and Carlotta Grisi. Cornell's "Homage to the Romantic Ballet" works largely took the shape of jewel-box style wooden boxes with glass overlays and included bits of velvet, tulle, sequins, crystals, and chiffon, occasionally collected from dancers themselves. His most well-known work of this series is "Taglioni's Jewel Casket" (1940). Cornell also admired several living ballet dancers, including Tamara Toumanova, Zizi Jeanmaire, and Allegra Kent, who would all make their way into Cornell's box works and/or collages. Collecting for the "exploration," "Portrait of Ondine," Cornell's cased portfolio dedication to Fanny Cerrito and her role in the ballet "Ondine," began in the 1940s, though not completed until around 1960.

In late 1940, Cornell quit his job at Traphagen to concentrate on freelance commercial magazine design and editorial work during the day and his artwork at night. That same year, Charles Henri Ford started "View" magazine to promote Surrealists and Neo-Romantics in New York City and often asked Cornell to contribute. Published in the December 1941-January 1942 issue, one of his early contributions was a collage dedication to stage actress Hedy Lamarr: "Enchanted Wanderer: Excerpt from a Journey Album for Hedy Lamarr" (1941). Along with writing the accompanying text, he created a photomontage of Lamarr with her face overlaying the painted portrait of a Renaissance boy by Italian painter Giorgione. Peggy Guggenheim, at the advice of Marcel Duchamp, purchased multiple Cornell works prior to opening her new gallery, Art of This Century. Cornell also befriended Roberto Matta Echaurren, another Surrealist living in exile, who introduced him to Robert Motherwell.

After deciding to fully dedicate his time to his art in early 1940, he set up a studio in his basement. Complete with floor-to-ceiling wooden shelving, he kept his large collection of boxed source material stacked with handwritten labels in cardboard boxes. Themed folders of materials such as "Stamps" or "Maps" were kept in stacks and works in progress and finished works were stored in the basement, garage, and attic. Entering a renewed period of productivity, Cornell embarked on many new and important box projects in 1942. One of the first boxes created in his new basement studio, and the first of the "Penny Arcade" or "Medici Slot Machine" series, was "Medici Slot Machine" (1942), which includes a photostat of "Portrait of Marquess Massimiliano Stampa" (1557) by Sofonisba Anguissola. Another work from this time is the first of his "Castle" or "Palace" series, "Setting for a Fairy Tale" (1942), which uses a photostat of a French building from Jacques Androuet du Cerceau's book, "Les Plus excellents bastiments de France" (1576). "Untitled (Pharmacy)" (circa 1942) was the first of his "Pharmacy" series and included twenty-two apothecary jars. Cornell tended to work in series and created thirteen "Palace" boxes between 1942 and 1951, and ultimately created six "Pharmacy" works.

In 1943, Cornell began working at an electronics company, the Allied Control Company, Inc., to do his part to contribute to the defense effort during the war. He also sent correspondence and care packages to displaced Europeans, who listed their needs in "The Christian Science Monitor." Influenced by World War II, one of his strongest works to emerge in 1943 was "Habitat Group for a Shooting Gallery." Another notable work to come out of this period, "The Crystal Cage (Portrait of Berenice)," was an excerpt from one of his album "explorations" that was published in the January 1943 issue of "View."

Cornell left his job at Allied Control in 1944, but soon began working at the Garden Centre in Flushing, owned by a fellow Christian Scientist. Cornell was often nostalgic for this time in his life, devoting an entire "exploration" of material fondly remembered as "GC 44." He rode a bicycle to work and enjoyed collecting trips gathering dried grasses, driftwood, shells, and other relics of nature on the same bicycle as he rode through the streets of Queens. During this time, he continued to tend to his projects for "Dance Index," a magazine founded in 1942 by Lincoln Kirstein, but taken over by Donald Windham in 1944. Cornell designed several covers for the magazine and was given control of the entire summer 1944 issue, which he devoted to the Romantic ballet. He also devoted a special 1945 issue to Hans Christian Andersen, making great use of the New York Public Library Picture Collection.

Throughout the 1940s, Cornell continued to support himself with commercial design work for magazines like "Vogue," "Good Housekeeping," "Harper's Bazaar," "Town & Country," and "Mademoiselle." In 1946, after thirteen years at the Julien Levy Gallery, he joined the Hugo Gallery. In December 1946, Cornell's solo exhibition, "Romantic Museum at the Hugo Gallery: Portraits of Women by Joseph Cornell," celebrated his favorite movie stars, singers, and ballet dancers, and included his work created for the show, "Untitled (Penny Arcade Portrait of Lauren Bacall)." Cornell's "Greta Garbo" box, as well as "Souvenir for Singleton," an homage to Jennifer Jones and her role in the film "Love Letters," were also included in the show. In late 1948, his West Coast debut was in the exhibition, "Objects by Joseph Cornell," held at the Copley Gallery. The end of the 1940s saw the final issue of "View" magazine in 1947, the closure of the Julien Levy Gallery in April 1949, and Cornell's departure from the Hugo Gallery after his last show in November 1949.

In late 1949, Cornell joined the Charles Egan Gallery, known primarily for showing Abstract Expressionists. At this time, Cornell was working on a new series of boxes known as his "Aviary" works, most of which include a white-painted box with cutouts of birds mounted on wood. Though he had worked on bird-related boxes before, including an "Owl" series in the mid-1940s, his "Fortune Telling Parrot" (1939), and "Object 1941" (1941), these newer works were stripped of French elements and left "clean and abstract" by design. His first show at the Egan Gallery, "Aviary by Joseph Cornell" (December 7, 1949-January 7, 1950), included twenty-six "Aviary" works, nearly all created in 1949. Donald Windham agreed to write the foreword for the exhibition catalog, a single folded sheet, and Cornell gave him one of the boxes in the show, "Cockatoo: Keepsake Parakeet," in appreciation. Through the Egan Gallery, Cornell became friends with a new group of artists, including Franz Kline, Jack Tworkov, and Willem de Kooning. Cornell also held two screenings of a selection of his collected films at Subjects of the Artist, an art school founded by Robert Motherwell, Mark Rothko, David Hare, and William Baziotes.

In 1950, Cornell's second show at the Egan Gallery, "Night Songs and Other New Work" (December 1, 1950-January 13, 1951), introduced his new "Observatory" series. These works are largely defined by stark, whitewashed spaces with astronomical charts and constellations replacing colorful birds. The Museum of Modern Art purchased its first Cornell work from this show in early 1951, "Central Park Carrousel, in Memoriam" (1950).

For three months in 1951, Cornell was beset by various ailments and had trouble finding the energy to create new work. He worried more for his aging mother and the health of his brother. After a monthlong vacation with his sisters in Westhampton, he returned with renewed interest in Emily Dickinson's poetry. His whitewashed boxes took on a new form in his newest "Dovecote" series, using grids and circular cutouts. The works then transformed into homages to Dickinson, notably "Toward the Blue Peninsula: For Emily Dickinson" (circa 1953), and then to his "Hotel" series. Cornell's "Hotel" boxes include photostats of vintage European ads for hotels collected from vintage travel guides, especially "Baedeker's," adhered to the back walls of the boxes. Another new series of work, his "Juan Gris" series, was dedicated to Cubist artist Juan Gris. Between 1953 and the mid-1960s, Cornell created at least fifteen "Juan Gris" boxes, which often include a cutout of a white cockatoo in a Cubist-collage habitat. Cornell's third and last show at Egan Gallery, "Night Voyage" (February 10-March 28, 1953), included some of these newest works. After leaving Egan Gallery, his work was introduced to Chicago collectors in a solo show at the Frumkin Gallery, "Joseph Cornell: 10 Years of His Art" (April 10-May 7, 1953), which included nearly thirty pieces. Cornell's first museum retrospective was this same show held at the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis (July 12-August 30, 1953).

As New York City continued to change, Cornell grew more nostalgic for the city he had explored since the 1920s. The impending closure of the Third Avenue El train prompted him to dream up a film project to capture its last days, resulting in "Gnir Rednow," a reworking of Stan Brakhage's 1955, "Wonder Ring." During this time, Cornell joined the Stable Gallery, run by Eleanor Ward, interacting often with Robert Rauschenberg, Cy Twombly, and Joan Mitchell, remaining there until the end of the 1950s. His astronomy-themed exhibition, "Winter Night Skies" (December 12, 1955-January 13, 1956), included his "Night Skies" series of work with celestial chart fragments, Greek mythological figures, and paint-splattered "windows" representative of star-filled night skies. In 1956, he became aware of ballerina Allegra Kent, and began a series of work devoted to her, the first of which was "Via Parmigianino (Villa Allegra)" (1956), which included a photostat of a painting by Parmigianino, "The Madonna of the Long Neck" (circa 1540). In late 1957, after two years, Cornell had his last show at Stable Gallery, "Joseph Cornell: Selected Works" (December 2-31, 1957), consisting of a series of "Sand Fountain" boxes and "Space Object" or "Celestial Navigation" works. The "Sand Fountain" boxes included different colors of sand meant to flow within, often from the tops into cordial glasses. His "Celestial Navigations" included galaxy-like compositions set within the boxes, with rolling, painted cork balls, metal rings, and constellation charts, sometimes hovering over cordial glasses or clay pipes. This last Stable Gallery show earned him his first published profile, written by Howard Griffin for the December 1957 issue of "Art News." Also in 1957, he won the Kohnstamm Prize for Construction at the Art Institute of Chicago's 62rd Annual Exhibition of Paintings and Sculpture.

Towards the end of the 1950s, Cornell spent less time creating new bodies of work, and focused more on revisiting previous series and reviewing piles of collected source material. In 1959, Cornell returned to making collages, frequently sourcing popular magazines. In December 1959, Cornell was awarded $1,500 for his "Orion" collage, entered in the Art Institute of Chicago's "63rd American Exhibition of Painting and Sculpture." Also in December, he was offered a show at Bennington College in Vermont, which he titled, "Bonitas Solstitialis: Selected Works by Joseph Cornell and an exploration of the Colombier" (November 20-December 15, 1959). The show included one of his newest "explorations" of collected material related to "colombier," or pigeon houses.

By 1962, Cornell was working diligently on new collages, using Masonite boards and colorful magazine clippings. He also began creating collages using nude images interspersed with constellation clippings or hazy blue dyes. As in previous decades and art movements, Cornell became acquainted with new artists, spending less time in the city and more time hosting visitors at his Utopia Parkway home. Visitors included artists Walter De Maria, Robert Whitman, Andy Warhol, James Rosenquist, and Robert Indiana. Tony Curtis also became a frequent visitor and friend, introduced by Richard Feigen in 1964. The early 1960s was also the first time Cornell put out an advertisement for assistants in the "Long Island Star-Journal," employing a number of young men and women who helped organize clippings and run errands. Cornell also met Joyce Hunter, a young runaway waitress at a city coffee shop, who would occupy his thoughts and diary notes for the next several years. When she was murdered at the end of 1964, Cornell paid for her funeral. He went on to make several "Penny Arcade" collages in memoriam to her, including, "Penny Arcade (re-autumnal)" (1964).

In 1964, Cornell began friendships with several women including artist Carolee Schneeman, who was his first assistant in the early 1960s. He also met artist Yayoi Kusama through art dealer Gertrude Stein. After becoming friends, she visited him often and they exchanged letters and notes. As he did with other artist friends, Cornell supported her by purchasing several of her early watercolor paintings, and they stayed connected until his death in 1972.

Cornell's life greatly changed in 1965 with the death of his brother, Robert. By this time, his mother lived with his sister in Long Island, and Cornell was alone in the Utopia Parkway house for the first time. He exchanged frequent letters and phone calls with his mother and devoted much time to thinking about Robert and Joyce, often aligning them in his diary notations. Cornell also created a series of collages dedicated to his brother's memory, incorporating photostats of Robert's hundreds of drawings into Cornell's work, as with the later collage, "The Heart on the Sleeve" (1972). Cornell's "Time Transfixed" series of collages were also dedications to Robert's memory, referencing Magritte and Robert's love of trains. He mounted an exhibition, "Robert Cornell: Memorial Exhibition" (January 4-29, 1966), at the Robert Schoelkopf Gallery, where he showed Robert's artwork alongside his newly created collage dedications.

After Robert's death, Cornell relied more heavily on assistants, going through many part-time "helpers." In October 1966, Cornell's mother died, adding her to his constant thoughts and diaries. Though he was still grieving, he was given two major retrospectives in 1967. The first was at the Pasadena Art Museum, put on by James Demetrion and Walter Hopps, "An Exhibiton of Works by Joseph Cornell" (January 9-February 11, 1967). The second retrospective was at the Guggenheim Museum just three months later, "Joseph Cornell" (May 4-June 35, 1967), organized by Diane Waldman. After these shows, he was highlighted in the December 15, 1967 issue of "Life" in the article, "The Enigmatic Bachelor of Utopia Parkway."

In 1968, Cornell was given an "award of merit," which included a medal and $1,000, by the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. He was also given a medal and $1,000 by the Brandeis University Creative Arts Awards in the painting category, along with an exhibition. Days later, "The New York Times" announced Cornell the winner, along with Donald Judd, of India's first Triennale of Contemporary World Art. The Brandeis exhibition, "Boxes and Collages by Joseph Cornell" (May 20-June 23, 1968), was organized by William Seitz and concentrated on Cornell's more recent 1960s collages. Cornell was also included in the Metropolitan Museum of Art's hundredth anniversary show, "New York Painting and Sculpture: 1940 to 1970" (October 18, 1969-February 1, 1970), where twenty-two of Cornell's boxes were shown in their own gallery. At the end of 1970, Cornell was given a solo show at the Metropolitan, "Collages by Joseph Cornell" (December 10, 1970-January 24, 1971), which included forty-five of his newest collages.

Now preferring to stay closer to his home in Flushing, Cornell was more interested in sharing his art with young adults and children, than an adult audience. He hosted a group of high school students, sponsored by the Metropolitan Museum of Art's education department, at his home in conjunction with his collage show (1970-1971). He also showed his work in the art department of Queens College of the City University of New York. Cornell still hosted visitors on occasion, having Yoko Ono and John Lennon at his home at least once. Leila Hadley, Betsy von Furstenberg, and Anne Jackson also made frequent visits. With his deteriorating health, Cornell worried about what would happen to his work after his death and hired lawyer Harry Torczyner to help him plan his estate and get his affairs in order.

In 1972, Cornell had a show at the Cooper Union, a college in New York, specifically for children. He displayed his boxes and collages at child-height and had cherry soda and brownies at the opening reception on February 10. He then held a show at the Albright-Knox Art Gallery in Buffalo, also for children: "Children's Preview of the Exhibition of Joseph Cornell – Collages and Boxes (April 18-June 17, 1972). In the winter of 1972, at the request of the Phoenix House drug treatment and prevention program, Cornell contributed to a charity project compiling limited-edition lithographic prints for a portfolio, which included artists like David Hockney, James Rosenquist, and Ellsworth Kelly.

On December 29, 1972, a week after turning sixty-nine, Cornell died of heart failure at his home. He was cremated and interred near the graves of his mother, father, and brother, overlooking the Hudson River in Nyack, New York.

Works Cited:

1. Hartigan, Lynda Roscoe. "Joseph Cornell: Navigating the Imagination." New Haven, Connecticut and London: Yale University Press, 2007. Exhibition Catalog.

2. McShine, Kynaston. "Joseph Cornell." New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1980.

3. San Francisco Cinematheque and The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. "Joseph Cornell: Films." 2007. Exhibition Program. (Presented in conjunction with SFMOMA's exhibition of "Joseph Cornell: Navigating the Imagination").

4. Schaffner, Ingrid and Lisa Jacobs. "Julien Levy: Portrait of an Art Gallery." Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: The MIT Press, 1998.

5. Solomon, Deborah. "Utopia Parkway: The Life and Work of Joseph Cornell." New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1997.

Separated Materials:

The Smithsonian Archives of American Art houses the Joseph Cornell papers, 1804-1986, bulk 1939-1972.

Provenance:

The Joseph Cornell Study Center collection was donated to the Smithsonian American Art Museum by Joseph Cornell's sister and brother-in-law, Elizabeth Cornell Benton and John A. Benton, in 1978, which prompted the creation of the Joseph Cornell Study Center. Additional materials were donated in installments by the artist's estate, the Joseph and Robert Cornell Memorial Foundation, from 1985 to 1997. Elizabeth and John A. Benton originally donated 66 linear feet of three-dimensional and non-textual source material and 50 linear feet of books to the Smithsonian Archives of American Art, which were subsequently transferred to the Smithsonian American Art Museum's Joseph Cornell Study Center in 1994 and 1995.

Restrictions:

Access to the collection requires an advanced appointment. Contact collection staff at least two weeks prior to preferred date, at AmericanArtCornellStudy@si.edu.

Series 9: Artifacts and Ephemera, Series 13: Personal Library and Book Collection, and Series 14: Record Album Collection, are still undergoing processing and preservation and may not be available for research use. Record albums are unavailable for playback. Contact collection staff for full lists of publications and record albums.

Rights:

Unpublished materials are protected by copyright. Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository and the copyright holder.

Occupation:

Collagists -- New York (State) -- New York  Search this

Topic:

Art, Modern -- 20th century -- United States  Search this

Assemblage (Art)  Search this

Assemblage artists -- New York (State) -- New York  Search this

Found objects (Art)  Search this

Works of art  Search this

Celebrities  Search this

Filmmakers -- New York (State) -- New York  Search this

Genre/Form:

Photographic photoprints -- Silver gelatin -- 1900-1950

Photographs -- 1860-1870 -- Black-and-white photoprints -- Silver albumen -- Cartes-de-visite

Photographs -- Daguerreotypes -- 1840-1860

Citation:

Joseph Cornell Study Center collection, 1750-1980, bulk 1930-1972. Joseph Cornell Study Center, Smithsonian American Art Museum.

Sponsor:

Funding for the processing of this collection was generously provided by the Joseph and Robert Cornell Memorial Foundation.

Identifier:

SAAM.JCSC.1

See more items in:

Joseph Cornell Study Center Collection

Archival Repository:

Smithsonian American Art Museum, Research and Scholars Center

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ih7d97fc249-474d-41bf-953d-5305df1e4c06

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-saam-jcsc-1

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Abraham Lincoln, 12 Feb 1809 - 15 Apr 1865  Search this

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James Abram Garfield, 19 Nov 1831 - 19 Sep 1881  Search this

Amos Myers, 23 Apr 1824 - 18 Oct 1893  Search this

Thomas Bowles Shannon, 21 Sep 1827 - 21 Feb 1897  Search this

Abel Carter Wilder, 18 Mar 1828 - 22 Dec 1875  Search this

Frederick Enoch Woodbridge, 29 Aug 1818 - 25 Apr 1888  Search this

Frederick Augustus Pike, 9 Dec 1816 - 2 Dec 1886  Search this

John Franklin Fransworth, 27 Mar 1820 - 14 Jul 1897  Search this

John Ganson, 1 Jan 1818 - 28 Sep 1874  Search this

John Denison Baldwin, 28 Sep 1809 - 8 Jul 1883  Search this

Benjamin Franklin Loan, 4 Oct 1819 - 30 Mar 1881  Search this

Green Clay Smith, 4 Jul 1826 - 29 Jun 1895  Search this

Wells Andrews Hutchins, 8 Oct 1818 - 25 Jan 1895  Search this

Henry Champion Deming, 23 May 1815 - 8 Oct 1872  Search this

Samuel Knox, 21 Mar 1815 - 7 Mar 1905  Search this

Sempronius Hamilton Boyd, 28 May 1828 - 22 Jun 1894  Search this

Jacob Merritt Howard, 10 Jul 1805 - 2 Apr 1871  Search this

Timothy Otis Howe, 24 Feb 1816 - 25 Mar 1883  Search this

Benjamin Franklin Wade, 27 Oct 1800 - 2 Mar 1878  Search this

William Sprague, 12 Sep 1830 - 11 Sep 1915  Search this

Edgar Cowan, 19 Sep 1815 - 29 Aug 1885  Search this

Alexander Ramsey, 8 Sep 1815 - 22 Apr 1903  Search this

Daniel Clark, 24 Oct 1809 - 2 Jan 1891  Search this

Henry Smith Lane, 24 Feb 1811 - 18 Jun 1881  Search this

Zachariah Chandler, 13 Dec 1813 - 1 Nov 1879  Search this

James Dixon, 5 Aug 1814 - 27 Mar 1873  Search this

Peter Godwin Van Winkle, 7 Sep 1808 - 15 Apr 1872  Search this

Benjamin Gratz Brown, 28 May 1826 - 13 Dec 1885  Search this

John Conover Ten Eyck, 12 Mar 1814 - 24 Apr 1875  Search this

William Pitt Fessenden, 16 Oct 1806 - 9 Sep 1869  Search this

James Willis Nesmith, 23 Jul 1820 - 17 Jun 1885  Search this

Waitman Thomas Willey, 18 Oct 1811 - 2 May 1900  Search this

Morton Smith Wilkinson, 22 Jan 1819 - 4 Feb 1894  Search this

Benjamin Franklin Harding, 4 Jan 1823 - 16 Jun 1899  Search this

John Conness, 22 Sep 1821 - 10 Jan 1909  Search this

Lyman Trumbull, 12 Oct 1813 - 25 Jun 1896  Search this

Henry Wilson, 16 Feb 1812 - 22 Nov 1875  Search this

Jacob Collamer, 8 Jan 1792 - 9 Nov 1865  Search this

John Sherman, 10 May 1823 - 22 Oct 1900  Search this

Charles Sumner, 6 Jan 1811 - 11 Mar 1874  Search this

Lafayette Sabine Foster, 22 Nov 1806 - 19 Sep 1880  Search this

James Harlan, 26 Aug 1820 - 5 Oct 1899  Search this

Edwin Denison Morgan, 8 Feb 1811 - 14 Feb 1883  Search this

James Henry Lane, 22 Jun 1814 - 11 Jul 1866  Search this

Ira Harris, 31 May 1802 - 2 Dec 1875  Search this

Henry Bowen Anthony, 1 Jan 1815 - 2 Sep 1884  Search this

Samuel Clarke Pomeroy, 3 Jan 1816 - 27 Aug 1891  Search this

John Brooks Henderson, 16 Nov 1826 - 12 Apr 1913  Search this

Reverdy Johnson, 21 May 1796 - 10 Feb 1876  Search this

John Parker Hale, 31 Mar 1806 - 19 Nov 1873  Search this

Lot Myrick Morrill, 3 May 1812 - 10 Jan 1883  Search this

Solomon Foot, 19 Nov 1802 - 28 Mar 1866  Search this

James Wilson Grimes, 20 Oct 1816 - 7 Feb 1872  Search this

James Rood Doolittle, 3 Jan 1815 - 23 Jul 1897  Search this

Medium:

Albumen silver print

Dimensions:

Image/Sheet: 20.6 x 17.9cm (8 1/8 x 7 1/16")

Mount: 43.7 x 34.7cm (17 3/16 x 13 11/16")

Mat: 55.9 x 40.6cm (22 x 16")

Type:

Photograph

Date:

1865

Topic:

James Edward English: Male  Search this

James Edward English: Business and Finance\Banker  Search this

James Edward English: Politics and Government\US Senator\Connecticut  Search this

James Edward English: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Connecticut  Search this

James Edward English: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Lumber  Search this

James Edward English: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Industrialist\Manufacturer  Search this

James Edward English: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Connecticut  Search this

James Edward English: Politics and Government\State Senator\Connecticut  Search this

James Edward English: Politics and Government\Governor\Connecticut  Search this

Lafayette Sabine Foster: Male  Search this

Lafayette Sabine Foster: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Lafayette Sabine Foster: Journalism and Media\Newspaper editor  Search this

Lafayette Sabine Foster: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Teacher  Search this

Lafayette Sabine Foster: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Professor\College  Search this

Lafayette Sabine Foster: Politics and Government\US Senator\Connecticut  Search this

Lafayette Sabine Foster: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Connecticut  Search this

Lafayette Sabine Foster: Education and Scholarship\Administrator\School administrator  Search this

Lafayette Sabine Foster: Politics and Government\Public official\Mayor\Norwich, CT  Search this

Lafayette Sabine Foster: Law and Law Enforcement\Judge\Justice\State Supreme Court Justice\Connecticut  Search this

John Conover Ten Eyck: Male  Search this

John Conover Ten Eyck: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

John Conover Ten Eyck: Politics and Government\US Senator\New Jersey  Search this

James Henry Lane: Male  Search this

James Henry Lane: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

James Henry Lane: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Colonel  Search this

James Henry Lane: Politics and Government\US Senator\Kansas  Search this

James Henry Lane: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Indiana  Search this

James Henry Lane: Politics and Government\Lieutenant Governor\Indiana  Search this

Thaddeus Stevens: Male  Search this

Thaddeus Stevens: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Thaddeus Stevens: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Pennsylvania  Search this

Thaddeus Stevens: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Pennsylvania  Search this

Charles Sumner: Male  Search this

Charles Sumner: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Charles Sumner: Politics and Government\Statesman  Search this

Charles Sumner: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Lecturer  Search this

Charles Sumner: Politics and Government\US Senator\Massachusetts  Search this

James Willis Patterson: Male  Search this

James Willis Patterson: Politics and Government\US Senator\New Hampshire  Search this

James Willis Patterson: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Teacher  Search this

James Willis Patterson: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Professor\College  Search this

James Willis Patterson: Education and Scholarship\Administrator\Smithsonian Institution\Regent  Search this

James Willis Patterson: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New Hampshire  Search this

James Willis Patterson: Politics and Government\State Legislator\New Hampshire  Search this

Henry Laurens Dawes: Male  Search this

Henry Laurens Dawes: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Henry Laurens Dawes: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Massachusetts  Search this

Henry Laurens Dawes: Journalism and Media\Newspaper editor  Search this

Henry Laurens Dawes: Politics and Government\State Senator\Massachusetts  Search this

Henry Laurens Dawes: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Teacher  Search this

Henry Laurens Dawes: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Massachusetts  Search this

Henry Laurens Dawes: Politics and Government\US Senator\Massachusetts  Search this

Daniel Clark: Male  Search this

Daniel Clark: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Daniel Clark: Law and Law Enforcement\Judge  Search this

Daniel Clark: Politics and Government\US Senator\New Hampshire  Search this

Daniel Clark: Politics and Government\State Legislator\New Hampshire  Search this

William Boyd Allison: Male  Search this

William Boyd Allison: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

William Boyd Allison: Politics and Government\US Senator\Majority Leader  Search this

William Boyd Allison: Politics and Government\Politician  Search this

William Boyd Allison: Politics and Government\US Senator\Iowa  Search this

William Boyd Allison: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Iowa  Search this

James Abram Garfield: Male  Search this

James Abram Garfield: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

James Abram Garfield: Natural Resource Occupations\Agriculturist\Farmer  Search this

James Abram Garfield: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\General  Search this

James Abram Garfield: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Teacher  Search this

James Abram Garfield: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Professor\College  Search this

James Abram Garfield: Politics and Government\President of US  Search this

James Abram Garfield: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Ohio  Search this

James Abram Garfield: Education and Scholarship\Administrator\College administrator\President  Search this

James Abram Garfield: Politics and Government\State Senator\Ohio  Search this

James Abram Garfield: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Major General  Search this

James Sidney Rollins: Male  Search this

James Sidney Rollins: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

James Sidney Rollins: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer  Search this

James Sidney Rollins: Education and Scholarship\Administrator\University administrator\University president  Search this

James Sidney Rollins: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Missouri  Search this

James Sidney Rollins: Politics and Government\State Senator\Missouri  Search this

James Sidney Rollins: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Missouri  Search this

Jacob Collamer: Male  Search this

Jacob Collamer: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Jacob Collamer: Military and Intelligence\Soldier  Search this

Jacob Collamer: Law and Law Enforcement\Judge  Search this

Jacob Collamer: Politics and Government\Government official\Postmaster\Postmaster General  Search this

Jacob Collamer: Politics and Government\US Senator\Vermont  Search this

Jacob Collamer: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Vermont  Search this

Jacob Collamer: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Vermont  Search this

John Wesley Longyear: Male  Search this

John Wesley Longyear: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

John Wesley Longyear: Law and Law Enforcement\Judge  Search this

John Wesley Longyear: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Teacher  Search this

John Wesley Longyear: Politics and Government\Loyalist  Search this

John Wesley Longyear: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Michigan  Search this

William Sprague: Male  Search this

William Sprague: Natural Resource Occupations\Agriculturist  Search this

William Sprague: Education and Scholarship\Administrator\University administrator\University trustee  Search this

William Sprague: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Civil War army officer\Union army officer  Search this

William Sprague: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Industrialist\Manufacturer  Search this

William Sprague: Politics and Government\US Senator\Rhode Island  Search this

William Sprague: Crafts and Trades\Printer  Search this

William Sprague: Politics and Government\Governor\Rhode Island  Search this

Jacob Merritt Howard: Male  Search this

Jacob Merritt Howard: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Jacob Merritt Howard: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Michigan  Search this

Jacob Merritt Howard: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Michigan  Search this

Jacob Merritt Howard: Politics and Government\US Senator\Michigan  Search this

Benjamin Gratz Brown: Male  Search this

Benjamin Gratz Brown: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Benjamin Gratz Brown: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Civil War army officer\Union army officer  Search this

Benjamin Gratz Brown: Politics and Government\US Senator\Missouri  Search this

Benjamin Gratz Brown: Politics and Government\Governor\Missouri  Search this

Benjamin Gratz Brown: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Missouri  Search this

Ignatius Donnelly: Male  Search this

Ignatius Donnelly: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Ignatius Donnelly: Literature\Writer  Search this

Ignatius Donnelly: Politics and Government\Politician  Search this

Ignatius Donnelly: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Minnesota  Search this

Ignatius Donnelly: Politics and Government\Lieutenant Governor\Minnesota  Search this

Ignatius Donnelly: Politics and Government\State Senator\Minnesota  Search this

Justin Smith Morrill: Male  Search this

Justin Smith Morrill: Education and Scholarship\Administrator\University administrator\University trustee  Search this

Justin Smith Morrill: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Merchant  Search this

Justin Smith Morrill: Education and Scholarship\Administrator\Smithsonian Institution\Regent  Search this

Justin Smith Morrill: Politics and Government\US Senator\Vermont  Search this

Justin Smith Morrill: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Vermont  Search this

James Falconer Wilson: Male  Search this

James Falconer Wilson: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

James Falconer Wilson: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Business executive\Railroad  Search this

James Falconer Wilson: Politics and Government\US Senator\Iowa  Search this

James Falconer Wilson: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Iowa  Search this

James Falconer Wilson: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Iowa  Search this

James Falconer Wilson: Politics and Government\State Senator\Iowa  Search this

Hiram Price: Male  Search this

Hiram Price: Politics and Government\Public official  Search this

Hiram Price: Politics and Government\Statesman  Search this

Hiram Price: Natural Resource Occupations\Agriculturist\Farmer  Search this

Hiram Price: Business and Finance\Banker  Search this

Hiram Price: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Business executive\Railroad  Search this

Hiram Price: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Merchant  Search this

Hiram Price: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Iowa  Search this

Elihu Benjamin Washburne: Male  Search this

Elihu Benjamin Washburne: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Elihu Benjamin Washburne: Politics and Government\Cabinet member\Secretary of State  Search this

Elihu Benjamin Washburne: Politics and Government\Diplomat\Minister  Search this

Elihu Benjamin Washburne: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Illinois  Search this

Elihu Benjamin Washburne: Society and Social Change\Administrator\Historical society administrator  Search this

Robert Cumming Schenck: Male  Search this

Robert Cumming Schenck: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Robert Cumming Schenck: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Professor\University  Search this

Robert Cumming Schenck: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Civil War army officer\Union army officer  Search this

Robert Cumming Schenck: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Brigadier General  Search this

Robert Cumming Schenck: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Ohio  Search this

Robert Cumming Schenck: Politics and Government\Diplomat\Minister  Search this

Robert Cumming Schenck: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Ohio  Search this

Hannibal Hamlin: Male  Search this

Hannibal Hamlin: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Hannibal Hamlin: Politics and Government\Vice-President of US  Search this

Hannibal Hamlin: Natural Resource Occupations\Agriculturist  Search this

Hannibal Hamlin: Military and Intelligence\Soldier  Search this

Hannibal Hamlin: Politics and Government\Diplomat\Minister  Search this

Hannibal Hamlin: Education and Scholarship\Administrator\Smithsonian Institution\Regent  Search this

Hannibal Hamlin: Crafts and Trades\Printer  Search this

Hannibal Hamlin: Politics and Government\US Senator\Maine  Search this

Hannibal Hamlin: Politics and Government\Governor\Maine  Search this

Hannibal Hamlin: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Maine  Search this

Schuyler Colfax: Male  Search this

Schuyler Colfax: Politics and Government\Vice-President of US  Search this

Schuyler Colfax: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Lecturer  Search this

Schuyler Colfax: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Speaker of the House  Search this

Schuyler Colfax: Journalism and Media\Newspaper publisher  Search this

Schuyler Colfax: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Indiana  Search this

Schuyler Colfax: Business and Finance\Accounting\Auditor  Search this

Lot Myrick Morrill: Male  Search this

Lot Myrick Morrill: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Lot Myrick Morrill: Politics and Government\Cabinet member\Secretary of Treasury  Search this

Lot Myrick Morrill: Politics and Government\US Senator\Maine  Search this

Lot Myrick Morrill: Politics and Government\Governor\Maine  Search this

Lot Myrick Morrill: Politics and Government\State Senator\Maine  Search this

Lot Myrick Morrill: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Maine  Search this

Josiah Bushnell Grinnell: Male  Search this

Josiah Bushnell Grinnell: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Josiah Bushnell Grinnell: Religion and Spirituality\Clergy\Pastor  Search this

Josiah Bushnell Grinnell: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Business executive\Railroad  Search this

Josiah Bushnell Grinnell: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Industrialist\Railroad  Search this

Josiah Bushnell Grinnell: Politics and Government\Legislator  Search this

Josiah Bushnell Grinnell: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Iowa  Search this

Isaac Newton Arnold: Male  Search this

Isaac Newton Arnold: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Isaac Newton Arnold: Education and Scholarship\Scholar\Historian  Search this

Isaac Newton Arnold: Literature\Writer\Biographer  Search this

Isaac Newton Arnold: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Illinois  Search this

Isaac Newton Arnold: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Illinois  Search this

Reverdy Johnson: Male  Search this

Reverdy Johnson: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Reverdy Johnson: Politics and Government\Cabinet member\US Attorney General  Search this

Reverdy Johnson: Politics and Government\Diplomat\Minister  Search this

Reverdy Johnson: Politics and Government\State Senator\Maryland  Search this

Reverdy Johnson: Politics and Government\US Senator\Maryland  Search this

Edward Henry Rollins: Male  Search this

Edward Henry Rollins: Politics and Government\US Senator\New Hampshire  Search this

Edward Henry Rollins: Business and Finance\Banker  Search this

Edward Henry Rollins: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Business executive\Railroad  Search this

Edward Henry Rollins: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Merchant  Search this

Edward Henry Rollins: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New Hampshire  Search this

Edward Henry Rollins: Politics and Government\State Legislator\New Hampshire  Search this

Henry Taylor Blow: Male  Search this

Henry Taylor Blow: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Missouri  Search this

Henry Taylor Blow: Politics and Government\Diplomat\Minister  Search this

Henry Taylor Blow: Politics and Government\State Senator\Missouri  Search this

Henry Taylor Blow: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Mining  Search this

Henry Wilson: Male  Search this

Henry Wilson: Politics and Government\Vice-President of US  Search this

Henry Wilson: Natural Resource Occupations\Agriculturist\Farmer  Search this

Henry Wilson: Journalism and Media\Newspaper editor  Search this

Henry Wilson: Politics and Government\State Senator\Massachusetts  Search this

Henry Wilson: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Teacher  Search this

Henry Wilson: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Massachusetts  Search this

Henry Wilson: Politics and Government\US Senator\Massachusetts  Search this

Henry Wilson: Military and Intelligence\Officer  Search this

Henry Wilson: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Industrialist\Manufacturer\Shoe  Search this

Henry Wilson: Crafts and Trades\Cobbler  Search this

John Adam Kasson: Male  Search this

John Adam Kasson: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

John Adam Kasson: Politics and Government\Cabinet member  Search this

John Adam Kasson: Politics and Government\Diplomat\Minister  Search this

John Adam Kasson: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Iowa  Search this

John Adam Kasson: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Iowa  Search this

Cornelius Cole: Male  Search this

Cornelius Cole: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Cornelius Cole: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Captain  Search this

Cornelius Cole: Politics and Government\US Senator\California  Search this

Cornelius Cole: Natural Resource Occupations\Miner\Gold  Search this

Cornelius Cole: Politics and Government\US Congressman\California  Search this

Henry Bowen Anthony: Male  Search this

Henry Bowen Anthony: Journalism and Media\Newspaper editor  Search this

Henry Bowen Anthony: Politics and Government\US Senator\Rhode Island  Search this

Henry Bowen Anthony: Politics and Government\Governor\Rhode Island  Search this

Henry Smith Lane: Male  Search this

Henry Smith Lane: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Henry Smith Lane: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer  Search this

Henry Smith Lane: Business and Finance\Banker  Search this

Henry Smith Lane: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Indiana  Search this

Henry Smith Lane: Politics and Government\State Senator\Indiana  Search this

Henry Smith Lane: Politics and Government\US Senator\Indiana  Search this

Henry Smith Lane: Politics and Government\Governor\Indiana  Search this

Henry Smith Lane: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Indiana  Search this

Solomon Foot: Male  Search this

Solomon Foot: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Solomon Foot: Politics and Government\Politician  Search this

Solomon Foot: Politics and Government\US Senator\Vermont  Search this

Solomon Foot: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Vermont  Search this

Solomon Foot: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Vermont  Search this

James Rood Doolittle: Male  Search this

James Rood Doolittle: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

James Rood Doolittle: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Professor\University  Search this

James Rood Doolittle: Education and Scholarship\Administrator\University administrator\University president  Search this

James Rood Doolittle: Law and Law Enforcement\Judge  Search this

James Rood Doolittle: Education and Scholarship\Administrator\University administrator\University trustee  Search this

James Rood Doolittle: Politics and Government\US Senator\Wisconsin  Search this

Theodore Medad Pomeroy: Male  Search this

Theodore Medad Pomeroy: Business and Finance\Businessperson  Search this

Theodore Medad Pomeroy: Politics and Government\State Legislator\New York  Search this

Theodore Medad Pomeroy: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Theodore Medad Pomeroy: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Speaker of the House  Search this

Theodore Medad Pomeroy: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New York  Search this

Theodore Medad Pomeroy: Politics and Government\State Senator\New York  Search this

Theodore Medad Pomeroy: Politics and Government\Public official\Mayor\Auburn, NY  Search this

James Wilson Grimes: Male  Search this

James Wilson Grimes: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

James Wilson Grimes: Politics and Government\US Senator\Iowa  Search this

James Wilson Grimes: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Iowa  Search this

James Wilson Grimes: Politics and Government\Governor\Iowa  Search this

John Parker Hale: Male  Search this

John Parker Hale: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

John Parker Hale: Politics and Government\US Attorney  Search this

John Parker Hale: Politics and Government\Diplomat\Minister  Search this

John Parker Hale: Politics and Government\US Senator\Maine  Search this

John Parker Hale: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Maine  Search this

John Brooks Henderson: Male  Search this

John Brooks Henderson: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

John Brooks Henderson: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Brigadier General  Search this

John Brooks Henderson: Politics and Government\US Senator\Missouri  Search this

John Brooks Henderson: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Missouri  Search this

Edwin Denison Morgan: Male  Search this

Edwin Denison Morgan: Politics and Government\State Legislator\New York  Search this

Edwin Denison Morgan: Politics and Government\US Senator\New York  Search this

Edwin Denison Morgan: Business and Finance\Banker  Search this

Edwin Denison Morgan: Politics and Government\Governor\New York  Search this

Edwin Denison Morgan: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Merchant  Search this

Edwin Denison Morgan: Society and Social Change\Philanthropist\Benefactor  Search this

George Sewall Boutwell: Male  Search this

George Sewall Boutwell: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

George Sewall Boutwell: Politics and Government\Cabinet member\Secretary of Treasury  Search this

George Sewall Boutwell: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Massachusetts  Search this

George Sewall Boutwell: Politics and Government\Governor\Massachusetts  Search this

George Sewall Boutwell: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Teacher  Search this

George Sewall Boutwell: Politics and Government\US Senator\Massachusetts  Search this

George Sewall Boutwell: Politics and Government\Government official\Postmaster  Search this

Timothy Otis Howe: Male  Search this

Timothy Otis Howe: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Timothy Otis Howe: Law and Law Enforcement\Judge  Search this

Timothy Otis Howe: Politics and Government\US Senator\Wisconsin  Search this

Timothy Otis Howe: Politics and Government\Government official\Postmaster\Postmaster General  Search this

Timothy Otis Howe: Law and Law Enforcement\Judge\Justice\State Supreme Court Justice\Wisconsin  Search this

Zachariah Chandler: Male  Search this

Zachariah Chandler: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Teacher  Search this

Zachariah Chandler: Politics and Government\Cabinet member\Secretary of Interior  Search this

Zachariah Chandler: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Merchant  Search this

Zachariah Chandler: Politics and Government\US Senator\Michigan  Search this

Zachariah Chandler: Politics and Government\Public official\Mayor\Detroit, MI  Search this

Alexander Ramsey: Male  Search this

Alexander Ramsey: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Alexander Ramsey: Politics and Government\Cabinet member\Secretary of War  Search this

Alexander Ramsey: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Pennsylvania  Search this

Alexander Ramsey: Society and Social Change\Administrator\Historical society administrator\President  Search this

Alexander Ramsey: Politics and Government\US Senator\Minnesota  Search this

Alexander Ramsey: Politics and Government\Governor\Minnesota  Search this

Augustus Frank: Male  Search this

Augustus Frank: Business and Finance\Banker  Search this

Augustus Frank: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Business executive\Railroad  Search this

Augustus Frank: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New York  Search this

John Henry Hubbard: Male  Search this

John Henry Hubbard: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

John Henry Hubbard: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Connecticut  Search this

John Henry Hubbard: Politics and Government\State Senator\Connecticut  Search this

Henry Winter Davis: Male  Search this

Henry Winter Davis: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Henry Winter Davis: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Maryland  Search this

James Mitchell Ashley: Male  Search this

James Mitchell Ashley: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

James Mitchell Ashley: Journalism and Media\Newspaper editor  Search this

James Mitchell Ashley: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Business executive\Railroad  Search this

James Mitchell Ashley: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Industrialist\Railroad  Search this

James Mitchell Ashley: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Ohio  Search this

James Mitchell Ashley: Politics and Government\Governor\Montana  Search this

Leonard Myers: Male  Search this

Leonard Myers: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Leonard Myers: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Pennsylvania  Search this

Leonard Myers: Military and Intelligence\Militia\Officer  Search this

Charles O'Neill: Male  Search this

Charles O'Neill: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Charles O'Neill: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Pennsylvania  Search this

Charles O'Neill: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Pennsylvania  Search this

Charles O'Neill: Politics and Government\State Senator\Pennsylvania  Search this

Daniel Wheelwright Gooch: Male  Search this

Daniel Wheelwright Gooch: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Daniel Wheelwright Gooch: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Massachusetts  Search this

Samuel Hooper: Male  Search this

Samuel Hooper: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Massachusetts  Search this

Samuel Hooper: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Importer  Search this

Samuel Hooper: Politics and Government\State Senator\Massachusetts  Search this

Samuel Hooper: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Massachusetts  Search this

Samuel Hooper: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Industrialist\Manufacturer\Iron  Search this

Henry Gaither Worthington: Male  Search this

Henry Gaither Worthington: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Henry Gaither Worthington: Law and Law Enforcement\Judge  Search this

Henry Gaither Worthington: Politics and Government\Diplomat\Minister  Search this

Henry Gaither Worthington: Military and Intelligence\Militia\Officer  Search this

Henry Gaither Worthington: Politics and Government\State Legislator\California  Search this

Henry Gaither Worthington: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Nevada  Search this

Freeman Clarke: Male  Search this

Freeman Clarke: Business and Finance\Financier  Search this

Freeman Clarke: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Business executive\Railroad  Search this

Freeman Clarke: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New York  Search this

Freeman Clarke: Business and Finance\Accounting\Accountant\Comptroller  Search this

Edwin Hanson Webster: Male  Search this

Edwin Hanson Webster: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Edwin Hanson Webster: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Colonel  Search this

Edwin Hanson Webster: Business and Finance\Banker  Search this

Edwin Hanson Webster: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Teacher  Search this

Edwin Hanson Webster: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Maryland  Search this

Edwin Hanson Webster: Politics and Government\State Senator\Maryland  Search this

William Darrah Kelley: Male  Search this

William Darrah Kelley: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

William Darrah Kelley: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Pennsylvania  Search this

William Darrah Kelley: Law and Law Enforcement\Judge  Search this

William Darrah Kelley: Crafts and Trades\Jeweler  Search this

George Washington Julian: Male  Search this

George Washington Julian: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

George Washington Julian: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Indiana  Search this

George Washington Julian: Politics and Government\Government official\Surveyor  Search this

George Washington Julian: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Indiana  Search this

Nathaniel Barratt Smithers: Male  Search this

Nathaniel Barratt Smithers: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Nathaniel Barratt Smithers: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Delaware  Search this

Jacob Beeson Blair: Male  Search this

Jacob Beeson Blair: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Jacob Beeson Blair: Law and Law Enforcement\Judge  Search this

Jacob Beeson Blair: Politics and Government\Diplomat\Minister  Search this

Jacob Beeson Blair: Politics and Government\US Congressman\West Virginia  Search this

Jacob Beeson Blair: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Virginia  Search this

Jacob Beeson Blair: Politics and Government\Government official\Surveyor  Search this

Jacob Beeson Blair: Law and Law Enforcement\Judge\Justice\State Supreme Court Justice\Wyoming  Search this

Portus Baxter: Male  Search this

Portus Baxter: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Vermont  Search this

Charles Upson: Male  Search this

Charles Upson: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Charles Upson: Law and Law Enforcement\Judge  Search this

Charles Upson: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Teacher  Search this

Charles Upson: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Michigan  Search this

Charles Upson: Politics and Government\State Senator\Michigan  Search this

Charles Upson: Politics and Government\State Attorney General\Michigan  Search this

Charles Upson: Politics and Government\Public official\Mayor\Coldwater, MI  Search this

James Tracy Hale: Male  Search this

James Tracy Hale: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

James Tracy Hale: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Pennsylvania  Search this

James Tracy Hale: Law and Law Enforcement\Judge  Search this

Giles Waldo Hotchkiss: Male  Search this

Giles Waldo Hotchkiss: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Giles Waldo Hotchkiss: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New York  Search this

Joseph Bailey: Male  Search this

Joseph Bailey: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Joseph Bailey: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Pennsylvania  Search this

Joseph Bailey: Crafts and Trades  Search this

Joseph Bailey: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Pennsylvania  Search this

Joseph Bailey: Politics and Government\State Senator\Pennsylvania  Search this

Ebenezer Dumont: Male  Search this

Ebenezer Dumont: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Ebenezer Dumont: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\General  Search this

Ebenezer Dumont: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Indiana  Search this

Ebenezer Dumont: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Indiana  Search this

Augustus Carpenter Baldwin: Male  Search this

Augustus Carpenter Baldwin: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Augustus Carpenter Baldwin: Law and Law Enforcement\Judge  Search this

Augustus Carpenter Baldwin: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Michigan  Search this

Augustus Carpenter Baldwin: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Michigan  Search this

Augustus Carpenter Baldwin: Politics and Government\Public official\Mayor\Pontiac, MI  Search this

Francis Kellogg: Male  Search this

Francis Kellogg: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Colonel  Search this

Francis Kellogg: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Lumber  Search this

Francis Kellogg: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Alabama  Search this

Francis Kellogg: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Michigan  Search this

Francis Kellogg: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Michigan  Search this

John Rogers McBride: Male  Search this

John Rogers McBride: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

John Rogers McBride: Education and Scholarship\Administrator\Superintendent  Search this

John Rogers McBride: Politics and Government\State Senator\Oregon  Search this

John Rogers McBride: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Oregon  Search this

John Rogers McBride: Law and Law Enforcement\Judge\Justice\State Supreme Court Justice\Idaho  Search this

Orlando Kellogg: Male  Search this

Orlando Kellogg: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Orlando Kellogg: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New York  Search this

Nathan Fellows Dixon: Male  Search this

Nathan Fellows Dixon: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Nathan Fellows Dixon: Business and Finance\Banker  Search this

Nathan Fellows Dixon: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Rhode Island  Search this

Nathan Fellows Dixon: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Rhode Island  Search this

Henry Wells Tracy: Male  Search this

Henry Wells Tracy: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Pennsylvania  Search this

Henry Wells Tracy: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Merchant  Search this

Henry Wells Tracy: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Pennsylvania  Search this

Henry Wells Tracy: Science and Technology\Contractor  Search this

Sidney Perham: Male  Search this

Sidney Perham: Natural Resource Occupations\Agriculturist  Search this

Sidney Perham: Education and Scholarship\Administrator\University administrator\University trustee  Search this

Sidney Perham: Politics and Government\Governor\Maine  Search this

Sidney Perham: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Maine  Search this

Sidney Perham: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Maine  Search this

Sidney Perham: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Appraiser  Search this

William Gay Brown: Male  Search this

William Gay Brown: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

William Gay Brown: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Virginia  Search this

William Gay Brown: Politics and Government\US Congressman\West Virginia  Search this

William Gay Brown: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Virginia  Search this

Anson Herrick: Male  Search this

Anson Herrick: Journalism and Media\Journalist  Search this

Anson Herrick: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New York  Search this

Anson Herrick: Crafts and Trades\Printer  Search this

Ephraim Ralph Eckley: Male  Search this

Ephraim Ralph Eckley: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Ephraim Ralph Eckley: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Teacher  Search this

Ephraim Ralph Eckley: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Brigadier General  Search this

Ephraim Ralph Eckley: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Ohio  Search this

Ephraim Ralph Eckley: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Ohio  Search this

Ephraim Ralph Eckley: Politics and Government\State Senator\Ohio  Search this

Ebon Clark Ingersoll: Male  Search this

Ebon Clark Ingersoll: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Ebon Clark Ingersoll: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Illinois  Search this

Ebon Clark Ingersoll: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Illinois  Search this

Joseph Washington McClurg: Male  Search this

Joseph Washington McClurg: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Joseph Washington McClurg: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Colonel  Search this

Joseph Washington McClurg: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Teacher  Search this

Joseph Washington McClurg: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Merchant  Search this

Joseph Washington McClurg: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Merchant\Shipping  Search this

Joseph Washington McClurg: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Missouri  Search this

Joseph Washington McClurg: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Mining  Search this

Joseph Washington McClurg: Politics and Government\Governor\Missouri  Search this

Thomas Allen Jenckes: Male  Search this

Thomas Allen Jenckes: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Thomas Allen Jenckes: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Rhode Island  Search this

Thomas Allen Jenckes: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Rhode Island  Search this

John Martin Broomall: Male  Search this

John Martin Broomall: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

John Martin Broomall: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Pennsylvania  Search this

John Martin Broomall: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Captain  Search this

John Martin Broomall: Law and Law Enforcement\Judge  Search this

John Martin Broomall: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Teacher  Search this

John Martin Broomall: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Pennsylvania  Search this

Amasa Cobb: Male  Search this

Amasa Cobb: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Amasa Cobb: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Brigadier General  Search this

Amasa Cobb: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Wisconsin  Search this

Amasa Cobb: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Mining  Search this

Amasa Cobb: Politics and Government\Public official\Mayor\Lincoln, NE  Search this

Amasa Cobb: Law and Law Enforcement\Judge\Justice\State Supreme Court Justice\Nebraska  Search this

Kellian Van Rensalear Whaley: Male  Search this

Kellian Van Rensalear Whaley: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Lumber  Search this

Kellian Van Rensalear Whaley: Politics and Government\US Congressman\West Virginia  Search this

Kellian Van Rensalear Whaley: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Virginia  Search this

Kellian Van Rensalear Whaley: Politics and Government\Government official\Customs Agent  Search this

Francis Thomas: Male  Search this

Francis Thomas: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Francis Thomas: Natural Resource Occupations\Agriculturist  Search this

Francis Thomas: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Business executive\Company president  Search this

Francis Thomas: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Maryland  Search this

Francis Thomas: Politics and Government\Diplomat\Minister  Search this

Francis Thomas: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Maryland  Search this

Francis Thomas: Politics and Government\Governor\Maryland  Search this

Asahel Wheeler Hubbard: Male  Search this

Asahel Wheeler Hubbard: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Asahel Wheeler Hubbard: Natural Resource Occupations\Agriculturist\Farmer  Search this

Asahel Wheeler Hubbard: Business and Finance\Banker  Search this

Asahel Wheeler Hubbard: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Teacher  Search this

Asahel Wheeler Hubbard: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Industrialist\Railroad  Search this

Asahel Wheeler Hubbard: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Mining  Search this

Asahel Wheeler Hubbard: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Iowa  Search this

Asahel Wheeler Hubbard: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Indiana  Search this

Asahel Wheeler Hubbard: Crafts and Trades\Mason  Search this

William Higby: Male  Search this

William Higby: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

William Higby: Journalism and Media\Newspaper editor  Search this

William Higby: Natural Resource Occupations\Agriculturist\Horticulturist  Search this

William Higby: Politics and Government\US Congressman\California  Search this

William Higby: Politics and Government\State Senator\California  Search this

Martin Russell Thayer: Male  Search this

Martin Russell Thayer: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Martin Russell Thayer: Literature\Writer  Search this

Martin Russell Thayer: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Pennsylvania  Search this

Martin Russell Thayer: Law and Law Enforcement\Judge  Search this

Fernando Cortez Beaman: Male  Search this

Fernando Cortez Beaman: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Fernando Cortez Beaman: Law and Law Enforcement\Judge  Search this

Fernando Cortez Beaman: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Teacher  Search this

Fernando Cortez Beaman: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Michigan  Search this

Fernando Cortez Beaman: Politics and Government\Public official\Mayor\Adrian, MI  Search this

Robert Bruce Van Valkenburgh: Male  Search this

Robert Bruce Van Valkenburgh: Politics and Government\State Legislator\New York  Search this

Robert Bruce Van Valkenburgh: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Robert Bruce Van Valkenburgh: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Colonel  Search this

Robert Bruce Van Valkenburgh: Politics and Government\Diplomat\Minister  Search this

Robert Bruce Van Valkenburgh: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New York  Search this

Robert Bruce Van Valkenburgh: Law and Law Enforcement\Judge\Justice\State Supreme Court Justice\Florida  Search this

Oakes Ames: Male  Search this

Oakes Ames: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Massachusetts  Search this

Oakes Ames: Business and Finance\Financier  Search this

Oakes Ames: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Industrialist\Railroad\Railroad promoter  Search this

Oakes Ames: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Industrialist\Manufacturer\Tool  Search this

Rufus Paine Spalding: Male  Search this

Rufus Paine Spalding: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Ohio  Search this

Rufus Paine Spalding: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Ohio  Search this

Rufus Paine Spalding: Law and Law Enforcement\Judge\Justice\State Supreme Court Justice\Ohio  Search this

Archibald McAllister: Male  Search this

Archibald McAllister: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Pennsylvania  Search this

Archibald McAllister: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Industrialist\Manufacturer\Iron  Search this

Austin Augustus King: Male  Search this

Austin Augustus King: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Austin Augustus King: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Colonel  Search this

Austin Augustus King: Law and Law Enforcement\Judge  Search this

Austin Augustus King: Law and Law Enforcement\Jurist  Search this

Austin Augustus King: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Missouri  Search this

Austin Augustus King: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Missouri  Search this

Ithamar Conkey Sloan: Male  Search this

Ithamar Conkey Sloan: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Ithamar Conkey Sloan: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Wisconsin  Search this

Ithamar Conkey Sloan: Education and Scholarship\Administrator\University administrator\Dean  Search this

Daniel Morris: Male  Search this

Daniel Morris: Politics and Government\State Legislator\New York  Search this

Daniel Morris: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Daniel Morris: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New York  Search this

Jesse Olds Norton: Male  Search this

Jesse Olds Norton: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Jesse Olds Norton: Law and Law Enforcement\Judge  Search this

Jesse Olds Norton: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Illinois  Search this

Jesse Olds Norton: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Illinois  Search this

Alexander Hamilton Rice: Male  Search this

Alexander Hamilton Rice: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Massachusetts  Search this

Alexander Hamilton Rice: Politics and Government\Governor\Massachusetts  Search this

Alexander Hamilton Rice: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Industrialist\Manufacturer  Search this

Alexander Hamilton Rice: Politics and Government\Public official\Mayor\Boston, MA  Search this

John Crispell: Male  Search this

John Crispell: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

John Crispell: Business and Finance\Banker  Search this

John Crispell: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Maryland  Search this

John Crispell: Politics and Government\Government official\Postmaster\Postmaster General\US Postmaster General  Search this

John Crispell: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Maryland  Search this

John Crispell: Politics and Government\Government official\Postmaster\Postmaster General  Search this

John Crispell: Politics and Government\US Senator\Maryland  Search this

James Kennedy Moorhead: Male  Search this

James Kennedy Moorhead: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Pennsylvania  Search this

James Kennedy Moorhead: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Business executive\Company president  Search this

James Kennedy Moorhead: Crafts and Trades\Leatherworker\Tanner  Search this

James Kennedy Moorhead: Science and Technology\Contractor  Search this

John Bassett Alley: Male  Search this

John Bassett Alley: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Massachusetts  Search this

John Bassett Alley: Politics and Government\State Senator\Massachusetts  Search this

John Bassett Alley: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Business executive\Railroad  Search this

John Bassett Alley: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Industrialist\Manufacturer\Shoe  Search this

John Bassett Alley: Crafts and Trades\Cobbler  Search this

John Bassett Alley: Business and Finance\Transportation\Riverboat captain  Search this

Calvin Tilden Hulburd: Male  Search this

Calvin Tilden Hulburd: Politics and Government\State Legislator\New York  Search this

Calvin Tilden Hulburd: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Calvin Tilden Hulburd: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New York  Search this

Thomas Dawes Eliot: Male  Search this

Thomas Dawes Eliot: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Thomas Dawes Eliot: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Massachusetts  Search this

Thomas Dawes Eliot: Politics and Government\State Senator\Massachusetts  Search this

Thomas Dawes Eliot: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Massachusetts  Search this

James Madison Marvin: Male  Search this

James Madison Marvin: Politics and Government\State Legislator\New York  Search this

James Madison Marvin: Business and Finance\Banker  Search this

James Madison Marvin: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New York  Search this

James Madison Marvin: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Hotelier  Search this

John Ashley Griswold: Male  Search this

John Ashley Griswold: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

John Ashley Griswold: Law and Law Enforcement\Judge  Search this

John Ashley Griswold: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New York  Search this

Thomas Williams: Male  Search this

Thomas Williams: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Thomas Williams: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Pennsylvania  Search this

Thomas Williams: Politics and Government\State Senator\Pennsylvania  Search this

Thomas Treadwell Davis: Male  Search this

Thomas Treadwell Davis: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Thomas Treadwell Davis: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New York  Search this

Moses Fowler Odell: Male  Search this

Moses Fowler Odell: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New York  Search this

Moses Fowler Odell: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Appraiser  Search this

Augustus Brandegee: Male  Search this

Augustus Brandegee: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Augustus Brandegee: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Connecticut  Search this

Augustus Brandegee: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Connecticut  Search this

Alexander Hamilton Coffroth: Male  Search this

Alexander Hamilton Coffroth: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Alexander Hamilton Coffroth: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Pennsylvania  Search this

Alexander Hamilton Coffroth: Journalism and Media\Newspaper publisher  Search this

William Radford: Male  Search this

William Radford: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Merchant  Search this

William Radford: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New York  Search this

William Barrett Washburn: Male  Search this

William Barrett Washburn: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Massachusetts  Search this

William Barrett Washburn: Politics and Government\Governor\Massachusetts  Search this

William Barrett Washburn: Business and Finance\Banker  Search this

William Barrett Washburn: Politics and Government\State Senator\Massachusetts  Search this

William Barrett Washburn: Education and Scholarship\Administrator\University administrator\University trustee  Search this

William Barrett Washburn: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Business executive\Railroad  Search this

William Barrett Washburn: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Industrialist\Manufacturer  Search this

William Barrett Washburn: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Massachusetts  Search this

William Barrett Washburn: Politics and Government\US Senator\Massachusetts  Search this

Godlove Stein Orth: Male  Search this

Godlove Stein Orth: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Godlove Stein Orth: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Captain  Search this

Godlove Stein Orth: Politics and Government\Diplomat\Minister  Search this

Godlove Stein Orth: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Indiana  Search this

Godlove Stein Orth: Politics and Government\State Senator\Indiana  Search this

William Harrison Randall: Male  Search this

William Harrison Randall: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

William Harrison Randall: Law and Law Enforcement\Judge  Search this

William Harrison Randall: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Kentucky  Search this

Glenni William Scofield: Male  Search this

Glenni William Scofield: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Glenni William Scofield: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Pennsylvania  Search this

Glenni William Scofield: Law and Law Enforcement\Judge  Search this

Glenni William Scofield: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Teacher  Search this

Glenni William Scofield: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Pennsylvania  Search this

Glenni William Scofield: Crafts and Trades\Printer  Search this

Glenni William Scofield: Politics and Government\State Senator\Pennsylvania  Search this

DeWitt Clinton Littlejohn: Male  Search this

DeWitt Clinton Littlejohn: Politics and Government\State Legislator\New York  Search this

DeWitt Clinton Littlejohn: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Industrialist\Manufacturer  Search this

DeWitt Clinton Littlejohn: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Brigadier General  Search this

DeWitt Clinton Littlejohn: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Merchant  Search this

DeWitt Clinton Littlejohn: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New York  Search this

DeWitt Clinton Littlejohn: Politics and Government\Government official\Postmaster  Search this

DeWitt Clinton Littlejohn: Politics and Government\Public official\Mayor\Oswego, NY  Search this

George Helm Yeaman: Male  Search this

George Helm Yeaman: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

George Helm Yeaman: Literature\Writer  Search this

George Helm Yeaman: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Lecturer  Search this

George Helm Yeaman: Politics and Government\Diplomat\Minister  Search this

George Helm Yeaman: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Kentucky  Search this

George Helm Yeaman: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Kentucky  Search this

Lucian Anderson: Male  Search this

Lucian Anderson: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Lucian Anderson: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Kentucky  Search this

Lucian Anderson: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Kentucky  Search this

John Hovey Rice: Male  Search this

John Hovey Rice: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

John Hovey Rice: Law and Law Enforcement\Police\Sheriff  Search this

John Hovey Rice: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Merchant  Search this

John Hovey Rice: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Maine  Search this

John Benedict Steele: Male  Search this

John Benedict Steele: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

John Benedict Steele: Law and Law Enforcement\Judge  Search this

John Benedict Steele: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New York  Search this

John Farson Starr: Male  Search this

John Farson Starr: Business and Finance\Banker  Search this

John Farson Starr: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Merchant  Search this

John Farson Starr: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New Jersey  Search this

John Farson Starr: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Industrialist\Manufacturer\Iron  Search this

Walter Duncan McIndoe: Male  Search this

Walter Duncan McIndoe: Business and Finance\Businessperson  Search this

Walter Duncan McIndoe: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Lumber  Search this

Walter Duncan McIndoe: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Wisconsin  Search this

John Fletcher Driggs: Male  Search this

John Fletcher Driggs: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Colonel  Search this

John Fletcher Driggs: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Real estate agent  Search this

John Fletcher Driggs: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Industrialist\Manufacturer  Search this

John Fletcher Driggs: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Michigan  Search this

John Fletcher Driggs: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Michigan  Search this

John Fletcher Driggs: Crafts and Trades\Mechanic  Search this

John Fletcher Driggs: Crafts and Trades\Carpenter  Search this

Homer Augustus Nelson: Male  Search this

Homer Augustus Nelson: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Homer Augustus Nelson: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Colonel  Search this

Homer Augustus Nelson: Law and Law Enforcement\Judge  Search this

Homer Augustus Nelson: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New York  Search this

Homer Augustus Nelson: Politics and Government\State Senator\New York  Search this

Samuel Franklin Miller: Male  Search this

Samuel Franklin Miller: Politics and Government\State Legislator\New York  Search this

Samuel Franklin Miller: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Samuel Franklin Miller: Natural Resource Occupations\Agriculturist  Search this

Samuel Franklin Miller: Natural Resource Occupations\Agriculturist\Farmer  Search this

Samuel Franklin Miller: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Colonel  Search this

Samuel Franklin Miller: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Lumber  Search this

Samuel Franklin Miller: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New York  Search this

Ezra Wheeler: Male  Search this

Ezra Wheeler: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Ezra Wheeler: Law and Law Enforcement\Judge  Search this

Ezra Wheeler: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Wisconsin  Search this

Ezra Wheeler: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Wisconsin  Search this

Ambrose Williams Clark: Male  Search this

Ambrose Williams Clark: Politics and Government\Diplomat  Search this

Ambrose Williams Clark: Journalism and Media\Newspaper publisher  Search this

Ambrose Williams Clark: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New York  Search this

Amos Myers: Male  Search this

Amos Myers: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Amos Myers: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Pennsylvania  Search this

Amos Myers: Religion and Spirituality\Clergy\Minister  Search this

Thomas Bowles Shannon: Male  Search this

Thomas Bowles Shannon: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Merchant  Search this

Thomas Bowles Shannon: Politics and Government\Government official\Surveyor  Search this

Thomas Bowles Shannon: Politics and Government\US Congressman\California  Search this

Thomas Bowles Shannon: Politics and Government\State Legislator\California  Search this

Abel Carter Wilder: Male  Search this

Abel Carter Wilder: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Captain  Search this

Abel Carter Wilder: Journalism and Media\Newspaper publisher  Search this

Abel Carter Wilder: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Merchant  Search this

Abel Carter Wilder: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Kansas  Search this

Abel Carter Wilder: Politics and Government\Public official\Mayor\Rochester, NY  Search this

Abel Carter Wilder: Business and Finance\Banker\Bank director  Search this

Frederick Enoch Woodbridge: Male  Search this

Frederick Enoch Woodbridge: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Frederick Enoch Woodbridge: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Industrialist\Railroad  Search this

Frederick Enoch Woodbridge: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Vermont  Search this

Frederick Enoch Woodbridge: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Vermont  Search this

Frederick Enoch Woodbridge: Politics and Government\State Senator\Vermont  Search this

Frederick Enoch Woodbridge: Politics and Government\Public official\Mayor\Vergennes, VT  Search this

Frederick Augustus Pike: Male  Search this

Frederick Augustus Pike: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Frederick Augustus Pike: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Maine  Search this

Frederick Augustus Pike: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Maine  Search this

Frederick Augustus Pike: Politics and Government\Public official\Mayor\Calais, ME  Search this

John Franklin Fransworth: Male  Search this

John Franklin Fransworth: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

John Franklin Fransworth: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Brigadier General  Search this

John Franklin Fransworth: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Illinois  Search this

John Ganson: Male  Search this

John Ganson: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

John Ganson: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Business executive\Railroad  Search this

John Ganson: Politics and Government\US Congressman\New York  Search this

John Ganson: Politics and Government\State Senator\New York  Search this

John Denison Baldwin: Male  Search this

John Denison Baldwin: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Massachusetts  Search this

John Denison Baldwin: Religion and Spirituality\Clergy\Pastor  Search this

John Denison Baldwin: Journalism and Media\Journalist\Reporter\Newspaper  Search this

John Denison Baldwin: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Massachusetts  Search this

Benjamin Franklin Loan: Male  Search this

Benjamin Franklin Loan: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Benjamin Franklin Loan: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Brigadier General  Search this

Benjamin Franklin Loan: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Missouri  Search this

Green Clay Smith: Male  Search this

Green Clay Smith: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Green Clay Smith: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\General  Search this

Green Clay Smith: Religion and Spirituality\Clergy\Minister  Search this

Green Clay Smith: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Kentucky  Search this

Green Clay Smith: Religion and Spirituality\Preacher\Evangelist  Search this

Green Clay Smith: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Kentucky  Search this

Green Clay Smith: Politics and Government\Governor\Montana  Search this

Wells Andrews Hutchins: Male  Search this

Wells Andrews Hutchins: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Wells Andrews Hutchins: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Teacher  Search this

Wells Andrews Hutchins: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Ohio  Search this

Wells Andrews Hutchins: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Ohio  Search this

Henry Champion Deming: Male  Search this

Henry Champion Deming: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Henry Champion Deming: Literature\Writer  Search this

Henry Champion Deming: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Colonel  Search this

Henry Champion Deming: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Connecticut  Search this

Henry Champion Deming: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Connecticut  Search this

Henry Champion Deming: Politics and Government\State Senator\Connecticut  Search this

Henry Champion Deming: Politics and Government\Public official\Mayor\Hartford, CT  Search this

Henry Champion Deming: Politics and Government\Public official\Mayor\New Orleans, LA  Search this

Samuel Knox: Male  Search this

Samuel Knox: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Samuel Knox: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Missouri  Search this

Sempronius Hamilton Boyd: Male  Search this

Sempronius Hamilton Boyd: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Sempronius Hamilton Boyd: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Colonel  Search this

Sempronius Hamilton Boyd: Law and Law Enforcement\Judge  Search this

Sempronius Hamilton Boyd: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Teacher  Search this

Sempronius Hamilton Boyd: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Industrialist\Railroad  Search this

Sempronius Hamilton Boyd: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Missouri  Search this

Sempronius Hamilton Boyd: Politics and Government\Diplomat\Minister  Search this

Sempronius Hamilton Boyd: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Industrialist\Manufacturer\Wagon  Search this

Sempronius Hamilton Boyd: Natural Resource Occupations\Prospector  Search this

Sempronius Hamilton Boyd: Politics and Government\Public official\Mayor\Springfield, MO  Search this

Edgar Cowan: Male  Search this

Edgar Cowan: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Edgar Cowan: Politics and Government\US Senator\Pennsylvania  Search this

Edgar Cowan: Crafts and Trades\Boat builder  Search this

James Dixon: Male  Search this

James Dixon: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

James Dixon: Literature\Writer  Search this

James Dixon: Politics and Government\US Senator\Connecticut  Search this

James Dixon: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Connecticut  Search this

James Dixon: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Connecticut  Search this

Peter Godwin Van Winkle: Male  Search this

Peter Godwin Van Winkle: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Peter Godwin Van Winkle: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Business executive\Railroad  Search this

Peter Godwin Van Winkle: Politics and Government\US Senator\West Virginia  Search this

James Willis Nesmith: Male  Search this

James Willis Nesmith: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

James Willis Nesmith: Natural Resource Occupations\Agriculturist\Farmer  Search this

James Willis Nesmith: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\Colonel  Search this

James Willis Nesmith: Law and Law Enforcement\Judge  Search this

James Willis Nesmith: Politics and Government\US Senator\Oregon  Search this

James Willis Nesmith: Natural Resource Occupations\Agriculturist\Livestock  Search this

James Willis Nesmith: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Oregon  Search this

Waitman Thomas Willey: Male  Search this

Waitman Thomas Willey: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Waitman Thomas Willey: Politics and Government\US Senator\Virginia  Search this

Waitman Thomas Willey: Politics and Government\US Senator\West Virginia  Search this

Morton Smith Wilkinson: Male  Search this

Morton Smith Wilkinson: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Morton Smith Wilkinson: Politics and Government\US Senator\Minnesota  Search this

Morton Smith Wilkinson: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Minnesota  Search this

Morton Smith Wilkinson: Politics and Government\State Senator\Minnesota  Search this

Morton Smith Wilkinson: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Minnesota  Search this

Benjamin Franklin Harding: Male  Search this

Benjamin Franklin Harding: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Benjamin Franklin Harding: Natural Resource Occupations\Agriculturist\Farmer  Search this

Benjamin Franklin Harding: Politics and Government\US Senator\Oregon  Search this

Benjamin Franklin Harding: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Oregon  Search this

John Conness: Male  Search this

John Conness: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Merchant  Search this

John Conness: Politics and Government\US Senator\California  Search this

John Conness: Natural Resource Occupations\Miner  Search this

John Conness: Politics and Government\State Legislator\California  Search this

John Conness: Crafts and Trades\Pianoforte maker  Search this

Ira Harris: Male  Search this

Ira Harris: Politics and Government\State Legislator\New York  Search this

Ira Harris: Politics and Government\US Senator\New York  Search this

Ira Harris: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Ira Harris: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Lecturer  Search this

Ira Harris: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Professor\College  Search this

Ira Harris: Law and Law Enforcement\Jurist  Search this

Ira Harris: Politics and Government\State Senator\New York  Search this

Ira Harris: Law and Law Enforcement\Judge\Justice\State Supreme Court Justice\New York  Search this

Samuel Clarke Pomeroy: Male  Search this

Samuel Clarke Pomeroy: Business and Finance\Financier  Search this

Samuel Clarke Pomeroy: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Massachusetts  Search this

Samuel Clarke Pomeroy: Politics and Government\US Senator\Kansas  Search this

Samuel Clarke Pomeroy: Politics and Government\Public official\Mayor\Atchison, KS  Search this

James Gillespie Blaine: Male  Search this

James Gillespie Blaine: Politics and Government\Presidential candidate  Search this

James Gillespie Blaine: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Speaker of the House  Search this

James Gillespie Blaine: Journalism and Media\Newspaper editor  Search this

James Gillespie Blaine: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Teacher  Search this

James Gillespie Blaine: Politics and Government\Cabinet member\Secretary of State  Search this

James Gillespie Blaine: Politics and Government\US Senator\Maine  Search this

James Gillespie Blaine: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Maine  Search this

James Gillespie Blaine: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Maine  Search this

Benjamin Franklin Wade: Male  Search this

Benjamin Franklin Wade: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Benjamin Franklin Wade: Law and Law Enforcement\Judge  Search this

Benjamin Franklin Wade: Education and Scholarship\Educator\Teacher  Search this

Benjamin Franklin Wade: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Business executive\Railroad  Search this

Benjamin Franklin Wade: Politics and Government\US Senator\Ohio  Search this

William Pitt Fessenden: Male  Search this

William Pitt Fessenden: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

William Pitt Fessenden: Literature\Writer  Search this

William Pitt Fessenden: Politics and Government\Cabinet member\Secretary of Treasury  Search this

William Pitt Fessenden: Politics and Government\US Senator\Maine  Search this

William Pitt Fessenden: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Maine  Search this

William Pitt Fessenden: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Maine  Search this

Lyman Trumbull: Male  Search this

Lyman Trumbull: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Lyman Trumbull: Politics and Government\US Senator\Illinois  Search this

Lyman Trumbull: Politics and Government\State Legislator\Illinois  Search this

Lyman Trumbull: Law and Law Enforcement\Judge\Justice\State Supreme Court Justice\Illinois  Search this

John Sherman: Male  Search this

John Sherman: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

John Sherman: Politics and Government\Cabinet member\Secretary of Treasury  Search this

John Sherman: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Ohio  Search this

John Sherman: Politics and Government\Cabinet member\Secretary of State  Search this

John Sherman: Politics and Government\US Senator\Ohio  Search this

John Sherman: Politics and Government\US Senator\Majority Leader  Search this

John Sherman: Politics and Government\US Senator\Minority Leader  Search this

John Sherman: Politics and Government\Politician  Search this

Abraham Lincoln: Male  Search this

Abraham Lincoln: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

Abraham Lincoln: Military and Intelligence\Soldier  Search this

Abraham Lincoln: Politics and Government\President of US  Search this

Abraham Lincoln: Society and Social Change\Reformer\Environmentalist  Search this

Abraham Lincoln: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Merchant  Search this

Abraham Lincoln: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Illinois  Search this

Abraham Lincoln: Politics and Government\Government official\Surveyor  Search this

Abraham Lincoln: Politics and Government\State Senator\Illinois  Search this

Abraham Lincoln: Politics and Government\Government official\Postmaster  Search this

Abraham Lincoln: Crafts and Trades\Boat builder  Search this

James Harlan: Male  Search this

James Harlan: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

James Harlan: Law and Law Enforcement\Judge  Search this

James Harlan: Politics and Government\Cabinet member\Secretary of Interior  Search this

James Harlan: Education and Scholarship\Administrator\School administrator  Search this

James Harlan: Education and Scholarship\Administrator\College administrator\President  Search this

James Harlan: Politics and Government\US Senator\Iowa  Search this

William Windom: Male  Search this

William Windom: Law and Law Enforcement\Lawyer  Search this

William Windom: Politics and Government\Cabinet member\Secretary of Treasury  Search this

William Windom: Politics and Government\US Senator\Minnesota  Search this

William Windom: Politics and Government\US Congressman\Minnesota  Search this

Portrait  Search this

Credit Line:

National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; gift of John O'Brien

Object number:

NPG.91.207

Restrictions & Rights:

CC0

See more items in:

National Portrait Gallery Collection

Data Source:

National Portrait Gallery

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/sm448742bca-3f29-4802-993c-4d7d5601bc38

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:npg_NPG.91.207