The collection is open for research. Use of unmicrofilmed material requires an appointment.
Collection Rights:
The Archives of American Art makes its archival collections available for non-commercial, educational and personal use unless restricted by copyright and/or donor restrictions, including but not limited to access and publication restrictions. AAA makes no representations concerning such rights and restrictions and it is the user's responsibility to determine whether rights or restrictions exist and to obtain any necessary permission to access, use, reproduce and publish the collections. Please refer to the Smithsonian's Terms of Use for additional information.
Collection Citation:
Fendrick Gallery records, 1952-2001. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
This collection is open for research. Access to original papers requires an appointment and is limited to the Archives' Washington, D.C. Research Center.
Researchers interested in accessing audiovisual recordings in this collection must use access copies. Contact References Services for more information.
Collection Rights:
The Archives of American Art makes its archival collections available for non-commercial, educational and personal use unless restricted by copyright and/or donor restrictions, including but not limited to access and publication restrictions. AAA makes no representations concerning such rights and restrictions and it is the user's responsibility to determine whether rights or restrictions exist and to obtain any necessary permission to access, use, reproduce and publish the collections. Please refer to the Smithsonian's Terms of Use for additional information.
Collection Citation:
Betty Parsons Gallery records and personal papers, 1916-1991. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
Sponsor:
Funding for the processing and digitization of this collection was provided by the Terra Foundation for American Art and The Walton Family Foundation.
This collection consists of records primarily of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company. Additionally, there are records of the Lehigh Navigation Coal Company and subsidiary companies including the Alliance Coal Mining Company. These records mostly describe anthracite mining in the vicinity of Mauch Chuck and Summit Hill, Pennsylvania. Also included is a smaller amount of material on railroad, canal, and river navigation work of LCNC.
Included are annual reports, 1913-1949, and a few other reports, 1912-1953. There are numerous types of fiscal records such as revenue statements, 1913-1949; ledgers, 1874-1906; financial forecasts, 1949-1953; trial balance books, 1920-1942; journals, 1874-1945; records of vouchers, 1882-1906; records of bills payable, 1907-1948; and individual ledgers, 1904-1944. Also included are records of coal production, 1900-1906; records of cost of coal mining and preparation, 1890-1954; and comparative statistical and cost data on coal mining and preparation, 1920-1939. In addition to fiscal records and records relating to coal production, there are inventories, 1898-1947 and records of improvements and special projects, 1909-1926. Also, there is a large group of payroll records, 1894-1907, and other records relating to employee compensation, 1870-1954.
Arrangement:
This collection is organized into twenty-two series.
Series 1: Annual Reports, 1826-1961
Series 2: Other Reports, 1912-1953
Series 3: Revenue Statements, 1913-1949
Series 4: Ledgers, 1874-1947
Series 5: Inventories, 1877-1945
Series 6: Financial Forecasts, 1949; 1951-1953
Series 7: Trial Balance Books, 1920-1942
Series 8: Journals, 1874-1945
Series 9: Record of Vouchers, 1882-1906
Series 10: Records of Bills Payable and Collectibles, 1907-1948
Series 11: Individual Ledgers, 1904-1908; 1919-1936; 1941-1945
Series 12: Records of Improvements and Special Projects, 1907-1913; 1920-1926
Series 13: Records of Coal Production, 1856-1952
Series 14: Records of Costs of Coal Mining and Preparation, 1890-1907; 1894-1954
Series 15: Comparative Statistical and Cost Data on Coal Mining and Preparation, 1873-1939
Series 16: Payroll Records, 1882-1951
Series 17: Employee Compensation, 1870-1954
Series 18: Contracts, Agreements and Leases, 1879-1931
Series 19: Printed Materials Relating to the Anthracite Industry, 1815-1954
Series 20: Miscellaneous Materials, 1874-1966
Series 21: Oversize Materials, 1829-1945
Series 22: Photographs, 1829, 1929, undated
Biographical / Historical:
The Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company was formed on April 21, 1820 by the merger of the Lehigh Navigation Company and the Lehigh Coal Company. Both predecessor companies and the new company were organized by Josiah White, Erskine Hazard, and George F. Hauto. The LCNC was reorganized in 1821 and incorporated by the Pennsylvania legislature in 1822.
The company was involved in anthracite mining and transportation, initially, they made the Lehigh River navigable as a means of getting their coal to Easton and then to Philadelphia via the Delaware River. Later, through canal construction, railway construction and agreements with existing railroads, the company delivered its product to New York, New England, and elsewhere. In the 1820s, LCNC laid rails from its mines to the river landing at Mauch Chunk and also began its railroad from Summit Hill, in the late 1820s, construction of the Lehigh Canal was completed from Mauch Chunk to Easton. Between 1836 and 1838 the Lehigh and Susquehanna Railroad was completed from the northern anthracite field, connecting Wilkes Barre to White Haven.
In 1840, the first successful iron furnace blast was made with Lehigh coal, in 1844, the company began its first important underground mining. In the 1860s and 1870s, the company completed a railroad from Wilkes Barre to Easton, and the Lehigh and Susquehanna Railroad was leased to the Central Railroad of New Jersey, thereby guaranteeing LCNC access to New York. Early in the twentieth century, the New England area was opened to LCNC through railroad construction.
In 1930 the Lehigh Navigation Coal Company was founded essentially as a holding company for LCNC and other companies, and other organizational changes were made. The company went out of business in 1965.
Related Materials:
Materials at Other Organizations
Pennsylvania State Archives
Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company Records, 1792-1978
Penn State University Libraries
Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company Records, 1835-1913
Lehigh University Special Collections
Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company collection, 1826-1913
Provenance:
Donated by the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company, Pennsylvania.
Restrictions:
Collection is open for research but is stored off-site and special arrangements must be made to work with it. Contact the Archives Center for information at archivescenter@si.edu or 202-633-3270.
Rights:
Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning copyright restrictions. Other intellectual property rights may apply. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.
Partners in prosperity : the economic benefits of historic preservation in New Jersey / text, Lisanne Renner ; Center for Urban Policy Research, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey ; David Listokin, principal investigator ; Michael L. Lahr, principal investigator ; ... with Regional Science Corporation, Longwoods International
Opening--Ad O'shem, ad o'shem--Song of the dreamer--Ad--Kedusha: L'dor v'dor--As der Rebbe geyt--Ad--Chash kiveynu--conclusion
Local Numbers:
FW-ASCH-10RR-0004
Date/Time and Place of an Event Note:
Recorded in: New York (N.Y.), United States, New York, January 28, 1961.
General:
CDR copy Tapes FW-ASCH-0001 through FW-ASCH-10RR-0019 are (primarily) from a weekly radio show series entitled Songs of the Synagogue, aired every Sunday afternoon at 2:00 over WEVD in New York City. The tapes are all from 1960 and 1961. Each week, a different cantor is featured along with a choir, singing synagogue music, and also, usually a Yiddish or Israeli song. The series is a Joseph Jacobs production, directed by Sholom Rubinstein, with music arranged and conducted by Abe Ellstein. The show is hosted by Zvee Scooler, and is sponsored primarily by Winston cigarettes. An ad for Conn Electronic Organs sometimes concludes the show. Shows begin with a steady tone for which, usually, "zero level at 400 CY" is indicated. Henry Sapoznik, Yiddish radio and klezmer music authority, provided some of the above information. It is not known how or why Folkways obtained these tapes,but in 1960, Sholom Rubenstein also wrote and directed a Folkways record album concerning Theordore Herzl. The tapes in our possession represent a small fraction of the programs originally broadcast. FW-ASCH-10RR-0004 features Cantor Joshua O. Stiel, of congregation B'Nai Israel, Milburn, New Jersey, for broadcast on Jan. 28, 1961. Songs are in Hebrew, Yiddish and English; both liturgical and secular songs are included.
Restrictions:
Restrictions on access. No duplication allowed listening and viewing for research purposes only.
Collection Rights:
Permission to publish materials from the collection must be requested from the Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections. Please visit our website to learn more about submitting a request. The Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections make no guarantees concerning copyright or other intellectual property restrictions. Other usage conditions may apply; please see the Smithsonian's Terms of Use for more information.
Springzen---intro--ad- Hanukkah blessings--Shehechhiyanu--ad--Ha beyt M'shamayim--V'koray P'zuray ano--ad--Ballad of hanukkah--organ ad
Local Numbers:
FW-ASCH-10RR-0006
Date/Time and Place of an Event Note:
Recorded in: United States, December 11, 1960.
General:
CDR copy Tapes FW-ASCH-0001 through FW-ASCH-10RR-0019 are (primarily) from a weekly radio show series entitled Songs of the Synagogue, aired every Sunday afternoon at 2:00 over WEVD in New York City. The tapes are all from 1960 and 1961. Each week, a different cantor is featured along with a choir, singing synagogue music, and also, usually a Yiddish or Israeli song. The series is a Joseph Jacobs production, directed by Sholom Rubinstein, with music arranged and conducted by Abe Ellstein. The show is hosted by Zvee Scooler, and is sponsored primarily by Winston cigarettes. An ad for Conn Electronic Organs sometimes concludes the show. Shows begin with a steady tone for which, usually, "zero level at 400 CY" is indicated. Henry Sapoznik, Yiddish radio and klezmer music authority, provided some of the above information. It is not known how or why Folkways obtained these tapes,but in 1960, Sholom Rubenstein also wrote and directed a Folkways record album concerning Theordore Herzl. The tapes in our possession represent a small fraction of the programs originally broadcast. FW-ASCH-10RR-0006 features Cantor Nathaniel Springzen, of Congregation B'Nai Abraham, Newark, New Jersey, for broadcast on 12/11/1960. As this was the program preceding Hanukkah, the emphasis was on Hanukkah songs. A large note on the tape box says, "HOLD THIS SHOW!"
Restrictions:
Restrictions on access. No duplication allowed listening and viewing for research purposes only.
Collection Rights:
Permission to publish materials from the collection must be requested from the Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections. Please visit our website to learn more about submitting a request. The Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections make no guarantees concerning copyright or other intellectual property restrictions. Other usage conditions may apply; please see the Smithsonian's Terms of Use for more information.
Opening--ad--Yismachoo V'makhusov--Roznikis mit mandlen--ad--Rachamawno v'oney--Baym Rebbns tish--ad--Maloch al kol ha;olam--Conclusion
Local Numbers:
FW-ASCH-10RR-0013
General:
CDR copy Tapes FW-ASCH-0001 through FW-ASCH-10RR-0018 are (primarily) from a weekly radio show series entitled Songs of the Synagogue, aired every Sunday afternoon at 2:00 over WEVD in New York City. The tapes are all from 1960 and 1961. Each week, a different cantor is featured along with the Winston Choir, singing synagogue music, and usually a Yiddish song or Israeli song. The series is a Joseph Jacobs production, directed by Sholom Rubinstein, with music arranged and conducted by Abe Ellstein. The show is hosted by Zvee Scooler, and is sponsored primarily by Winston cigarettes. An ad for Conn Electronic Organs sometimes concludes the show. Shows begin with a steady tone for which "zero level at 400 CY." Henry Sapoznik, Yiddish radio and klezmer music authority, provided some of the above information. It is not known how or why Folkways obtained these tapes,but in 1960, Sholom Rubenstein also wrote and directed a Folkways album concerning Theordore Herzl. FW-ASCH-10RR-0013 features Cantor Norman Summers of B'ney Jeshuan of Newark, New Jersey. This show is somewhat oriented towards Rosh Hashonah. The show was broadcast on August 14, 1960.
Restrictions:
Restrictions on access. No duplication allowed listening and viewing for research purposes only.
Collection Rights:
Permission to publish materials from the collection must be requested from the Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections. Please visit our website to learn more about submitting a request. The Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections make no guarantees concerning copyright or other intellectual property restrictions. Other usage conditions may apply; please see the Smithsonian's Terms of Use for more information.
The collection is the result of Major Hammer's passion for amassing material related to aeronautics and technology, and it is arranged into eleven series: articles, clippings, correspondence, drawings and blueprints, leaflets, legislation, minutes, miscellaneous, photographs, programs and publications. Housed in 23 folders, the correspondence is the most comprehensive series, reflecting the original order which grouped the letters into series by topic. Much of the correspondence concerns the planning of the Hudson-Fulton Celebration of 1909, and the involvement of Wilbur Wright and Glenn Curtiss. There is also a scrapbook of black and white photographs providing front and side views of specified airplanes. Each page has 3 photos showing different views of the same plane accompanied by a label with additional information. (See written copy for details. Also, please see information written on 8x11 notebook paper.)
Scope and Contents:
The William J. Hammer Collection reflects Hammer's great interest in aeronautics --a passion he cultivated for several decades by accumulating a veritable storehouse of materials. Hammer's important contributions to the early development of aviation are also evident in this collection.
The collection of materials listed in the finding aid is arranged into two series. The first series includes correspondence, reports, handbooks, drawings, brochures, programs, leaflets, magazines, articles, newspaper clippings and miscellaneous materials. The second series is comprised of photographs of various sizes, scrapbooks, scrapbook pages and miscellaneous materials (the front pages of newspapers, certificates, posters, etc.).
Hammer's papers are arranged both chronologically and alphabetically. Correspondence, drawings, brochures, programs, leaflets, miscellaneous materials, scrapbook pages, articles and newspaper clippings are organized by the former method. Reports, handbooks, magazines and booklets are grouped alphabetically by either title of publication or author. Photographs are arranged either by subject or chronologically.
The reader should note that at some point, Hammer produced a series of large format photographs. These mounted photographs are duplicates. Due to the very fragile condition of these particular images, the photographs and are not available to researchers.
Additional photographic material regarding Hammer Collection photographs can be found in the NASM Archives Images database. An Archives staff member will assist you with research using this database.
Box 13 of the William J. Hammer Collection has not been scanned.
Note: The digital images in this finding aid were repurposed from scans made by an outside contractor for a commercial product and may show irregular cropping and orientation in addition to color variations resulting from damage to and deterioration of the original objects.
Arrangement:
The William J. Hammer Collection is arranged by content type.
Biographical/Historical note:
William J. Hammer was born in Cressona, Pennsylvania, on February 26, 1858, was an associate of Thomas Edison and an early aviation supporter and enthusiast. He began his career as an assistant to Edward Weston of the Weston Malleable Nickel Company. In 1879, he moved on to a new position as laboratory assistant to Thomas Edison at Menlo Park, New Jersey. His duties ranged from aiding in conducting experiments on such devices as the phonograph, telephone and ore separator to acting as Edison's key person in further developing the incandescent electric lamp. By 1880, he was made chief engineer of the Edison Lamp Works. A year later, Edison dispatched Hammer to London to be chief engineer of the English Electric Light Company. In this position, he helped construct the Holborn Viaduct Central Electric Light Station in London. This was the first central station ever built for incandescent electric lighting. In 1883, Hammer became chief engineer for the German Edison Company. This task included planning and supervising the construction of all Edison plants in Germany. He returned to the United States late in the following year and acted as chief inspector of central stations of the parent Edison Electric Light Company. In 1886-87, Hammer was general manager and chief engineer of the Boston Edison Electric Illuminating Company. In 1888, he worked as an independent engineer and supervised the completion of the then-largest isolated electric lighting plant, located at the Ponce de Leon Hotel in St. Augustine, Florida. During that year, Hammer also was chosen as consulting electrical engineer to the Cincinnati Centennial Exposition. Subsequently, Edison selected him as his personal representative to the Paris Exposition of 1889. This assignment rounded out Hammer's eleven years with Edison. During his time as one of Edison's most trusted and important employees, Hammer devised a number of innovations to the incandescent electric lamp. He designed and built the first electric sign, which spelled out the name "Edison". While in Germany, he invented the automatic motor-driven flashing electric lamp sign. This particular sign flashed the word "Edison" letter by letter and then all at once. At the International Electrical Exhibition, held in Philadelphia in 1884, Hammer also constructed the first flashing column of electric lights.
Upon his return to the U.S. in 1890, Hammer worked as an independent consulting electrical engineer by assisting in a variety of electrical projects, carrying out tests, giving lectures and providing expert testimony in patent disputes. He based this modest enterprise in an office in New York City and continued in this occupation until 1925. His career as an electrical engineering consultant was interrupted by World War I. In June 1918, he was commissioned a major in the U.S. Army. He was assigned to the Inventions Section of the War Plans Division of the General Staff in charge of Aeronautical and Electrical Inventions at the Army War College, Washington, D.C.. By December of that year, he was attached to the Operations Division General Staff at the War Department (Inventions Section). During the war and on into 1919, Hammer also worked for the U.S. Patent Office by identifying any aviation-related patents likely to convey too much information to potential enemies. In conjunction with his War Department duties, he acted as a member of the Advisory Board of Experts affiliated with the Alien Property Commission.
Busy as he was with his private consulting work, Hammer also immersed himself in other scientific activities. He took a particular interest in radium after visiting Pierre and Marie Curie in Paris in 1902. The two discoverers of radium gave him some samples of this substance. Soon after returning to the United States, Hammer experimented with radium. His research yielded numerous useful applications for this material such as radium-luminous powders and paints that were used to coat everything from watch and clock dials to aeronautical instruments, switches and toys. Hammer also advocated the use of radium for cancer and tumor treatment. Beyond his interest in this material, he invented selenium light-sensitive cells and recommended many practical uses for them. He also conducted a great deal of laboratory work on X-rays, ultraviolet and cathode rays, phosphorescence and wireless communications. Accordingly, he lectured and published extensively on many of these fields of research and study.
Hand in hand with his overall interest in science and technology, Hammer had a particular passion for aeronautics. Beyond paying careful attention to the rapid progress made in this field at the turn of the twentieth century, he also played an active role as participant and supporter. He made his first balloon flight over France during the Paris Exposition of 1889. His last lighter-than-air journey took place in 1931 aboard the U.S. Navy dirigible Los Angeles. Moreover, he attended and officiated over many balloon, airship and airplane exhibitions and races. Hammer was a member of the Aero Club of America and a director of the Aeronautical Society. This latter group made the first ever purchase of an airplane in January 1909. He served as expert and secretary of the Aeronautics Committee on the Hudson-Fulton Celebration Commission of 1909 and wrote the contracts for Wilbur Wright and Glenn Curtiss to fly their airplanes for this event. This occasion in New York was important as it marked the first time a large gathering of people in the U.S. witnessed heavier-than-air powered flight. As a friend of the Wright brothers, Hammer testified as an expert witness on their behalf during various patent litigation suits. His contact with aviation pioneers went beyond the Wrights and Curtiss. He also knew and interacted with, among others, Samuel Langley, Alberto Santos-Dumont, Henri Farman and Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin. Even his work with radium had applications for aviation. Hammer developed radium-based luminous compounds and used them on aircraft instruments so pilots could more easily view their cockpits' dials and gauges.
Hammer's last years were filled with serving as Historian General of the Military Order of the World War, as well as participating in many scientific, engineering and aeronautical committees and societies. During this time, he was the recipient of numerous honors and awards, including the Elliott Cresson Gold Medal, John Scott Medal from the Franklin Institute and the Cross of the Legion of Honor from France. Up until his death on March 24, 1934, he also labored in his efforts to organize a vast personal collection of rare and valuable scientific artifacts, photographs and other materials accumulated since his days with Edison. Following Hammer's death, this important collection was left in the care of his daughter Mabel (his wife of twelve years, Alice, having died in 1906). Some years later, International Business Machines (IBM) acquired it. In 1962, IBM donated the William J. Hammer Scientific Collection to the Smithsonian Institution. The bulk of the collection resides with the National Museum of American History's Archives Center. In the mid 1980s, the aeronautical portion of this collection was transferred to the National Air and Space Museum (NASM) Archives.
Provenance:
IBM (Mr. William J. Hammer Collection), gift, 1961, XXXX-0074, not NASM
Restrictions:
No restrictions on access
Rights:
Material is subject to Smithsonian Terms of Use. Should you wish to use NASM material in any medium, please submit an Application for Permission to Reproduce NASM Material, available at Permissions Requests.
Collection is open for research but is stored off-site and special arrangements must be made to work with it. Contact the Archives Center for information at archivescenter@si.edu or 202-633-3270.
Collection Rights:
Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning copyright restrictions. Other intellectual property rights may apply. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.
Collection Citation:
Division of Mechanical and Civil Engineering Bridges Reference Collection, Archives Center, National Museum of American History
Pennington, R. T. and Dick, Christopher W. 2010. "Diversification of the Amazonian flora and its relation to key geological and environmental events: a molecular perspective." In Amazonia--landscape and species evolution : a look into the past. Hoorn, C. and Wesselingh, F. P., editors. 373–385. Chichester, United Kingdom;Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell. (https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444306408)
Antonelli, Alexandre, Quijada-Mascareñas, Adrian, Crawford, Andrew J., Bates, John M., Velazco, Paul M., and Wüster, Wolfgang. 2010. "Molecular studies and phylogeography of Amazonian tetrapods and their relation to geological and climatic models." In Amazonia--landscape and species evolution: a look into the past. Hoorn, C. and Wesselingh, F. P., editors. 386–404. Chichester, United Kingdom;Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell. (https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444306408)
Nagashima, Jennifer B. and Koester, Diana C. 2023. "Birth Control and Biologging: Current and Future Perspectives on Implantable Contraceptives and Reproductive Monitors." In Emerging Technologies for Fertility. Demirci, Utkan, El Assal, Rami, and Asghar, Waseem, editors. 59–81. New Jersey: World Scientific. In Emerging Technologies in Biophysical Sciences: A World Scientific Reference, 2. (https://doi.org/10.1142/11978-vol2), https://doi.org/10.1142/9789811226106_0004.
