50 Stereographs (circa 50 printed stereographs, halftone and color halftone)
1,000 Stereographs (circa, albumen and silver gelatin (some tinted))
239 Prints (circa 239 mounted and unmounted prints, albumen (including cartes de visite, imperial cards, cabinet cards, and one tinted print) and silver gelatin (some modern copies))
96 Prints (Album :, silver gelatin)
21 Postcards (silver gelatin, collotype, color halftone, and halftone)
Photographs relating to Native Americans or frontier themes, including portraits, expedition photographs, landscapes, and other images of dwellings, transportation, totem poles, ceremonies, infants and children in cradleboards, camps and towns, hunting and fishing, wild west shows, food preparation, funeral customs, the US Army and army posts, cliff dwellings, and grave mounds and excavations. The collection also includes images of prisoners at Fort Marion in 1875, Sioux Indians involved in the Great Sioux Uprising in Minnesota, the Fort Laramie Peace Commission of 1868, Sitting Bull and his followers after the Battle of the Little Bighorn, and the aftermath of the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890.
There are studio portraits of well-known Native Americans, including American Horse, Big Bow, Four Bears, Iron Bull, Ouray, Red Cloud, Red Dog, Red Shirt, Sitting Bull, Spotted Tail, Three Bears, and Two Guns White Calf. Depicted delegations include a Sauk and Fox meeting in Washington, DC, with Lewis V. Bogy and Charles E. Mix in 1867; Kiowas and Cheyennes at the White House in 1863; and Dakotas and Crows who visited President Warren G. Harding in 1921. Images of schools show Worcester Academy in Vinita, Oklahoma; Chilocco Indian School; Carlisle Indian Industrial School; Haskell Instittue, and Albuquerque Indian School.
Some photographs relate to the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, 1876; World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, 1893; Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis, 1903; and Centennial Exposition of the Baltimore and Ohio Railraod, 1876. Expedition photographs show the Crook expedition of 1876, the Sanderson expedition to the Custer Battlefield in 1877, the Wheeler Survey of the 1870s, Powell's surveys of the Rocky Mountain region during the 1860s and 1870s, and the Hayden Surveys.
Outstanding single views include the party of Zuni group led to the sea by Frank Hamilton Cushing; Episcopal Church Rectory and School Building, Yankton Agency; Matilda Coxe Stevenson and a companion taking a photographs of a Zuni ceremony; John Moran sketching at Acoma; Ben H. Gurnsey's studio with Indian patrons; Quapaw Mission; baptism of a group of Paiutes at Coeur d'Alene Mission; court-martial commission involved in the trial of Colonel Joseph J. Reynolds, 1877; President Harding at Sitka, Alaska; Walter Hough at Hopi in 1902; and Mrs. Jesse Walter Fewkes at Hopi in 1897.
Biographical/Historical note:
George V. Allen was an attorney in Lawrence, Kansas and an early member of the National Stereoscope Association. Between the 1950s and 1980s, Allen made an extensive collection of photographs of the American West, mostly in stereographs, but also including cartes-de-visite and other styles of mounted prints, photogravures, lantern slides, autochromes, and glass negatives.
Photo Lot 90-1, George V. Allen collection of photographs of Native Americans and the American frontier, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Indians of North America -- Great Plains Search this
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Pamphlets
Stereographs
Color postcards
Color prints
Copy negatives
Copy prints
Prints
Place:
Tesuque Pueblo (N.M.)
Date:
circa 1880-1950
Scope and Contents note:
Ed Brady's collection of photographs and postcards of Native American camps, people, crafts, schools, and dances, as well as agency personnel at various reservations. A majority of the original prints are photographs by Lee Moorhouse, including images of American Indian dwellings, camps, Kate Drexel School, children in cradleboards, and formal and informal portraits. Additionally, there are photographs made by E. Potts at Tesuque Pueblo on November 12, 1924 during the feast day; images are mostly of Tewa people dancing the Buffalo-Deer Dance.
The collection also includes a stereograph depicting Taos people in front of Taos Pueblo, as well as photographic postcards of Omaha men in Walthill, Nebraska, American Indians at a camp in Idaho, Indians at a camp near International Falls, Minnesota, a Navajo camp in Arizona, an elevated view of a camp with numerous tipis, possibly for a rodeo, two Alaskan Eskimo girls, and a reenactment of the Battle of Little Bighorn aftermath. There is also a pamphlet entitled "Old Travois Trails," from 1941, which was possibly originally collected by Dr. W. A. Russell, a doctor for the Fort Peck Agency.
Local Call Number(s):
NAA Photo Lot 90-8, NAA Photo Lot 81-39, NAA Photo Lot 89-28
Location of Other Archival Materials:
Photo Lot 81-39 has been relocated and merged with Photo Lot 90-8. These photographs were also collected by Ed Brady and form part of this collection.
Brady also donated Indian police badges to the Department of Anthropology in accessions 343151 and 378681.
Additional photographs by Moorhouse can be found in the National Anthropological Archives in Photo Lot 78 and the BAE historical negatives.
The University of Oregon Special Collections holds a large collection of Lee Moorhouse photographs, 1888-1925 (PH036).
Additional photographs published by the Keystone View Company can be found in the National Anthropological Archives in MS 4551, Photo Lot 140 and Photo Lot 90-1.
The University of Washington holds Ed Brady photographs of the Mount St. Helens Eruption (PH Coll 889).
The collection consists of photographs relating to Native Americans, which were submitted to the copyright office of the Library of Congress in and around the early 20th century. Many of the photographs are studio portraits as well as photographs made as part of expeditions and railroad surveys. It includes images of people, dwellings and other structures, agriculture, arts and crafts, burials, ceremonies and dances, games, food preparation, transportation, and scenic views. Some of the photographs were posed to illustrate literary works, including Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's Hiawatha, while others depict paintings or other artwork.
Collection is organized alphabetically by copyright claimant.
Biographical/Historical note:
The collection was formed from submissions made to the Library of Congress as part of the copyright registration process. In 1949, arrangements were made to allow the Bureau of American Ethnology to copy the collection and some negatives were made at that time, largely from the Heyn and Matzen photographs. The project was soon abandoned, however, as too large an undertaking for the facilities of the BAE. In 1957-1958, arrangements were begun by William C. Sturtevant of the BAE to transfer a set of the photographs from the Library of Congress to the BAE.
Local Call Number(s):
NAA Photo Lot 59
Provenance:
In 1965, the Bureau merged with the Smithsonian's Department of Anthropology to form the Smithsonian Office of Anthropology, and in 1968 the Office of Anthropology Archives transformed into the National Anthropological Archives.
Restrictions:
The collection is open for research.
Access to the collection requires an appointment.
Rights:
Contact the repository for terms of use.
Genre/Form:
Photographs
Citation:
Photo Lot 59, Library of Congress Copyright Office photograph collection of Native Americans, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Photographs documenting pottery and pottery designs from historic Pueblo groups and archeological sites, including pottery by Hopi potter Nampeyo and an image of Maria Martinez of San Ildefonso and examples of her pottery. There are also some photographs that depict a pueblo, Southwest landscapes, cliff dwellings, rock art, craftspeople, and dwellings, mostly relating to Southwest peoples, Peruvians, and Australian aborigines. The collection includes images of artifacts in the collections of the Chicago Natural History Museum, Field Museum, British Museum, University of Illinois, Santa Fe Laboratory of Anthropology, and Paul Pearson collection. Notes and notices relating to publication are also available with the collection.
Biographical/Historical note:
Whitney Halstead (1926-1979) was an art historian and artist. He acquired his BFA and MFA from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, where he became Chairman of the Division of Fine Arts in 1967. He also worked as an assistant in the Field Museum's anthropology department and wrote art history publications.
Local Call Number(s):
NAA Photo Lot 89-43
Location of Other Archival Materials:
The Archives of American Art holds Whitney Halstead's papers.
Restrictions:
The collection is open for research.
Access to the collection requires an appointment.
Rights:
Copy prints of photographs or photographs of objects held by Chicago Natural History Museum, Field Museum of Natural History, British Museum, University of Illinois, and Santa Fe Laboratory of Anthropology cannot be copied. Copies or permission must be obtained from these repositories.
Indians of North America -- Great Plains Search this
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Copy prints
Photographs
Place:
Alaska
Date:
1893-1926
Scope and Contents note:
Photographs depicting Blackfeet, Cree, Sarsi, Eskimo, and Chukchi people, as well as boats, interiors of igloos, and a camp. Many of the photographs are studio portraits. One series was made by Diamond Jenness on Little Diomede Island in 1926 and another by R. M. Anderson on the Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1916. Photographers represented in the collection include David F. Barry. J. B. Tyrell, F. W. Waugh, and J. D. Soper.
Local Call Number(s):
NAA Photo Lot R81N
Location of Other Archival Materials:
Additional Barry photographs held in National Anthropological Archives Photo Lot 90-1, Photo Lot 4605, Photo Lot 87-2P, Photo Lot 24, and in the BAE historical negatives.
Additional Jenness photographs held in National Anthropological Archives Photo Lot 8, and correspondence from him is held in the National Anthropological Archives in MS 7053, the Henry Bascom Collins, Jr. papers, the Frederica de Laguna papers, the Ales Hrdlicka papers, the John Peabody Harrington papers, the Society for American Archaeology records, and the Bureau of American Ethnology records.
Restrictions:
The collection is open for research.
Access to the collection requires an appointment.
Rights:
This copy collection has been obtained for reference purposes only. Copies may be obtained from the National Museum of Canada.
Genre/Form:
Photographs
Citation:
Photo lot R81N, Copies of National Museum of Canada photograph collection relating to American Indians, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Studio portraits, including those of Native Americans (probably Inuit, Kickapoo, and Pawnee or Kiowa), a cowboy or performer, and possibly R. E. Peyton, a Pawnee interpreter. Some of the Native Americans depicted may have been part of a show that traveled throughout Chicago and the West.
Local Call Number(s):
NAA Photo Lot 4469
Location of Other Archival Materials:
Additional W. W. Smith and Robinson & Roe photographs held in National Anthropological Archives Photo Lot 24.
Contained in:
Numbered manuscripts 1850s-1980s (some earlier)
See others in:
Mrs. E. F. Rodriguez photograph collection of American Indians, circa 1890s
Restrictions:
The collection is open for research.
Access to the collection requires an appointment.
Rights:
Contact the repository for terms of use.
Genre/Form:
Photographs
Citation:
Photo Lot 4469, Portraits of Native Americans, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Photographs made by Ellsworth Price Bertholf in Siberia. Most document his trip by sledge from Irkutsk to Yakutsk, Okhotsk, and Ola. Subjects include sleds and other means of transportation, towns, reindeer herds, and people that Bertholf encountered along the way including Cossacks, Russians, Tunguses, Yakuts, and Chukchi at Anadyr.
Also included in the collection is a photograph of Chuckchi that may not relate to Bertholfʹs trip. Instead, it may concern the work of Sheldon Jackson, who used Bertholf's photographs in his 1901 report on the introduction of domestic reindeer into Alaska. There is also a photograph made in Osaka, Japan, that depicts a man making sand pictures, as well as a letter from Romyn Hitchcock, dated September 28, 1894, that describes the image.
Biographical/Historical note:
Ellsworth Price Bertholf (1866-1921) was Captain-Commandant of the United States Revenue Cutter Service. Influential in the creation of the United States Coast Guard, Bertholf worked primarily in and around the Alaskan coast. He began his career as a shipʹs officer with the United States Revenue Cutter Service, graduating from the service's school in 1887. After two years, he received commission as a third lieutenant and became the first Revenue Cutter Service officer to attend the Naval War College.
After years of service on ships stationed near Alaska, Bertholf joined the Alaska Overland Expedition in 1897. Between January and July 1901, Bertholf traveled across northern Siberia at the request of Sheldon Jackson and the Bureau of Education in Alaska. Under orders from the Bureau, he purchased and delivered herds of reindeer from Ola to the Alaskan Inuit people for their use. During a second expedition, Bertholf bought reindeer from the Tunguse people of the Okhotsk Sea region and again transported them to the Inuit people. In 1902, Bertholf was awarded a Congressional Gold Medal in recognition of his heroic relief efforts during the Overland Relief Expedition, in which he helped rescue 275 trapped whalers near Nelson Island.
Local Call Number(s):
NAA Photo Lot 130
Location of Other Archival Materials:
Microfilm of photographs made by Sheldon Jackson in relation to the reindeer program are held in National Anthropological Archives Photo Lot R81-13. The originals are in the Presbyterian Historical Society in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
The majority of the collection documents Northwest Coast scenery, people, and settlements; these include photographs made by Franz Boas during US Fish Commission expeditions on the USS Albatross, as well as engravings made for publications on Northwest Coast Natives by Franz Boas and Albert Parker Niblack. Another large portion of the collection consists of reference prints relating to Native Americans, Ainu people and Japan, Polynesia, the Philippines, Bonin Islands, and Peru. Many of these were copied from the central negative file of the National Museum of Natural History as well as other museums. There are also photographs, many by C. H. Townsend, made during the Fish Commission expeditions to Puerto Rico on the USS Fish Hawk and some taken by N. B. Mills during an expedition that traveled on the USS Albatross to Baja California and the Galapagos Islands.
Local Call Number(s):
NAA Photo Lot 82, NAA Photo Lot 83
Location of Other Archival Materials:
The National Anthropological Archives also holds Niblack's notes concerning Northwest Coast Indians, circa 1885-1889 (MS 4513), additional photographs by Romyn Hitchcock of Ainu (Photo Lot 77-38), additional C. H. Townsend photographs (in Photo Lot 24), original Matilda Coxe Stevenson photographs (Photo Lot 23), and original negatives made by Niblack (in BAE historical negatives).
The United States Fish Commission Records are held by the Archives Center, National Museum of American History.
The American Philosophical Society holds the Franz Boas papers.
Albert Parker Niblack's papers are held by J. Y. Joyner Library, East Carolina University, and William Henry Smith Memorial Library, Indiana Historical Society.
Restrictions:
The collection is open for research.
Access to the collection requires an appointment.
Rights:
Contact the repository for terms of use.
Genre/Form:
Photographs
Citation:
Photo lots 82 and 83, Collection of photographs relating to the Northwest Coast and American Indians, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Eskimo Pictograph Depicting Northwest River Post Showing Corn Fields, Graveyard, Signal Tower, Tents, Houses, Missionary Church, Fence, and Various Topographic Features Including Hills and Stream Drawing
Indians of North America -- Southwest, New Search this
Indians of North America -- Southern States Search this
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Copy prints
Prints
Photographs
Place:
New Mexico -- Antiquities
Alaska
Mississippi
Pueblo Bonito Site (N.M.)
Date:
circa 1920-1936
Scope and Contents note:
Photographs depicting crews, camps, artifacts, and excavated areas from various archeological digs and anthropological expeditions. These include Neil Merton Judd's archeological excavations at Pueblo Bonito, Collins and Hermes Knoblock measuring Choctaw people in Mississippi, James Alfred Ford and Paul Silook at Miyowagh on St. Lawrence Island, and Ford at Cape Prince of Wales.
Biographical/Historical note:
Henry B. Collins (1899-1987) began his career in anthropology as an assistant on Neil M. Judd's 1922-1924 expeditions to Pueblo Bonito in New Mexico. In 1924, he became an aid in the United States National Museum Division of Ethnology and shortly afterwards was promoted to assistant curator. He received a Masters in Anthropology from the George Washington University in 1925 and was appointed associate curator in 1938. In 1939, Collins took a position as senior ethnologist with the Bureau of American Ethnology and became acting director in 1963. When the BAE and the Department of Anthropology were merged in 1965, Collins became a senior scientist in the new Smithsonian Office of Anthropology. He was appointed archeologist emeritus in 1967.
Collins' independent field work during the early part of his career focused on the American South, in which he conducted investigations relating to the Choctaw and to areas whose cultural history was little known. Collins is most recognized, however, for his efforts in Arctic archeology. Between 1927 and 1936, he and colleagues, including James A. Ford and T. Dale Stewart, focused on the Bering Sea area and the Arctic coasts of Alaska, including St. Lawrence Island, Nunivak Island, the Diomedes, Punuk Island, Bristol Bay, Norton Sound, Point Hope, Cape Prince of Wales, the Aleutians, and the interior of the Seward Peninsula.
Local Call Number(s):
NAA Photo Lot 82-23
Location of Other Archival Materials:
The National Anthropological Archives holds Henry Bascom Collins's papers, as well as those of James Alfred Ford.
Additional photographs by Collins can be found in the National Anthropological Archives in Photo Lot 24, Photo Lot 28, Photo Lot 86-42, Photo Lot 86-43, and Photo Lot 86-59.
Additional papers by Collins can be found in the National Anthropological Archives in MS 4908, MS 4976, and MS 4977.
Additional photographs of Pueblo Bonito by O. C. Havens can be found in the National Anthropological Archives in Photo lot 83-16.
Photo Lot 82-23, Henry Bascom Collins photograph collection relating to Pueblo Bonito, Mississippi Choctaws, and Alaska, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Photographs depicting Native peoples and their villages and dwellings, made as part of the activities of the United States Cutter Service (Coast Guard) Bering Sea Patrol. Locations depicted include Lutke Harbor, St. Lawrence Bay, and Chennotski.
Biographical/Historical note:
The Bering Sea Patrol was conducted by the United States Revenue Cutter Service from 1867 to approximately 1965. In 1915, the service merged with the US Life-Saving Service to form the US Coast Guard. LeRoy Reinberg was a 2nd Lieutenant in the Revenue Cutter Service, serving aboard the cutters Thetis (1907) and Perry (1909). After his service, Reinburg compiled his photographs of Alaska and Siberia into an album, which was passed to his son, Captain LeRoy Reinburg, Jr.
Local Call Number(s):
NAA Photo Lot 79-16
Reproduction Note:
Copy prints made by Dennis L. Noble, retired United States Coast Guard and director of Delphi Public Library, circa 1978.
Photographs made by Robert A. Johnson during a trip to the Labrador coast for ornithological studies in 1930-1934. They depict a Native community, summer camps, and waterfronts at St. Maryʹs Bay, Wolf Bay, Mutton Bay, and Seven Island Bay on the Labrador coast.
Biographical/Historical note:
Robert A. Johnson was an ornithologist who studied birds along the Labrador coast from 1930-1934. He also served as "Science Chief" at the Oneonta State Teacher's College in New York, which later became the State University of New York at Oneonta.
Local Call Number(s):
NAA Photo Lot 76-124
Location of Other Archival Materials:
Additional photographs of Indigenous peoples of Labrador can be found in the National Anthropological Archives in Photo Lot 37.
The archives at Cornell University holds Johnson's field journals.
Photographs made by Stephen Gambaro while stationed with the United States military in Alaska during World War II. They include images of buildings, boats, native Alaskans, United States military personnel, and scenery in and around Akhiok, a small city on Kodiak Island in Alaska.
Biographical/Historical note:
Stephen Gambaro is a professional photographer and former Chief of Rehabilitation Services for the Washington, DC, government. He and his wife, a Cherokee sculptor, operate an Indian art gallery in DC. Gambaro's photographs largely depict Indian friends, artists, and craftsmen whom his gallery represents, as well as his travels to Indian communities around the United States.
Local Call Number(s):
NAA Photo Lot R80-33, NAA ACC 82-48
Location of Other Archival Materials:
Additional photographs by Gambaro can be found in the National Anthropological Archives in Photo Lot 80-37.
Restrictions:
The collection is open for research.
Access to the collection requires an appointment.
Rights:
This copy collection has been obtained for reference purposes only. Contact the repository for terms of use and access.
Album of photographs and sketches relating to voyages, primarily in the arctic. Includes photographs from the steamer Neptune's 1917 rescue of Donald MacMillan and other members of the Crocker Land Relief Expedition, as well as the Northern Ventures Expedition, ca 1912. Photographs depict Inuit men, women, and children from Greenland and Baffin Island, sailors, sea ice, arctic and marine mammals, and walrus and narwhal ivory. Sketches are portraits, most likely of other sailors or expedition members.
Provenance:
The Album was donated by Benton and Elizabeth Cox Leach in 2015.
History of Smithsonian Folklife Oral History Interview
Extent:
0.5 cu. ft. (2 half document boxes)
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Interviews
Audiotapes
Sound recordings
Oral history
Date:
2005-2006
Introduction:
The Smithsonian Institution Archives (SIA) began its Oral History Program in 1973. The purpose of the program is to supplement the written documentation of the Archives'
record and manuscript collections with an Oral History Collection, focusing on the history of the Institution, research by its scholars, and contributions of its staff. Program
staff conduct interviews with current and retired Smithsonian staff and others who have made significant contributions to the Institution. There are also reminiscences and
interviews recorded by researchers or students on topics related to the history of the Smithsonian or the holdings of the Smithsonian Institution Archives.
Smithsonian predoctoral fellow, William S. Walker, of Brandeis University, conducted a series of oral history interviews on the history of folklife presentation at the
Smithsonian, as part of his dissertation research.
Descriptive Entry:
The History of Folklife at the Smithsonian Oral History Interviews consist of 13.2 hours of analog and digital audio interviews, on 4 audiocassette tapes, 23 digital
.wma and .mp3 audio files, and 369 pages of transcript. Each interview recording has two generations either an original and reference audiocassette or original digital audio
files in Windows media audio or .mp3 format and .mp3 files for reference. The original analog cassettes and digital audio files are preserved in security storage with audiocassettes
and .mp3 files available for reference.
Restrictions: Some of the interview sessions do not have deed of gift forms and permission must be secured from the interviewee or their heirs or assigns to use the interviews.
Historical Note:
Folklife studies are carried on in several organizational units of the Smithsonian Institution: the Department of Anthropology at the National Museum of Natural History
(NMNH), the Festival of American Folklife (FAF), and the National Museum of American History (NMAH), and the National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI). Dr. Walker began
his project on the study and exhibition of folklife at the Smithsonian, focusing on the Folklife Festival and then expanded his interview scope to include other Smithsonian
cultural scholars and solicit their views on the FAF and cultural studies, exhibition and public programming at the Smithsonian.
JoAllyn Archambault (1942- ), Director of the American Indian Program at the National Museum of Natural History, is an enrolled member of the Standing Rock Sioux tribe.
She earned her doctorate at the University of California in Berkeley in 1984. She was a faculty member of the Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukie,
Wisconsin (1983-86), and the Director of Ethnic Studies, California College of Arts and Crafts, Oakland, California (1978-83). As curator of Anthropology at the NMNH since
1986, she organized various exhibitions, including Plains Indian Arts: Change and Continuity, 100 Years of Plains Indian Painting, Indian Baskets and Their
Makers, and Seminole Interpretations.
Spencer Crew (1949- ) received the A.B. in history from Brown University in 1972 and holds a master's degree (1973) and a doctorate from Rutgers University (1979). He was
assistant professor of African-American and American History at the University of Maryland-Baltimore County, 1978-1981; historian, 1981-1987, curator 1987-1989, Department
of Social and Cultural History, chair, 1989-1991, deputy director, 1991-1992, acting director, 1992-1994, director, 1994-2001 of NMAH. He then served as historical consultant
to the National Civil Rights Museum, in Memphis, Tennessee, from 1987-1991; consultant to the Civil Rights Institute, in Birmingham, Alabama, 1991-1994; and executive director
and chief executive officer for the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center from 2001-2008; and was appointed Clarence Robinson Professor at George Mason University in
2008. At the Smithsonian, Crew curated several exhibitions, most notably Field to Factory: Afro-American Migration, 1915-1940
William W. Fitzhugh (1943- ), an anthropologist, specialized in circumpolar archaeology, ethnology and environmental studies. He received his B.A. from Dartmouth College
in 1964. After two years in the U.S. Navy, he attended Harvard University where he received his PhD in anthropology in 1970. He joined the Anthropology Department at NMNH
in 1970. As director of the Arctic Studies Center and Curator in the Department of Anthropology, NMNH, he has spent more than thirty years studying and publishing on arctic
peoples and cultures in northern Canada, Alaska, Siberia and Scandinavia. His archaeological and environmental research has focused upon the prehistory and paleoecology of
northeastern North America, and broader aspects of his research feature the evolution of northern maritime adaptations, circumpolar culture contacts, cross-cultural studies
and acculturation processes in the North, especially concerning Native-European contacts. He curated four international exhibitions, Inua: Spirit World of the Bering Sea
Eskimos; Crossroads of Continents: Native Cultures of Siberia and Alaska; Ainu: Spirit of a Northern People; and Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga.
Rayna D. Green (1942- ) curator and Director of the American Indian Program at the NMAH, received the B.A. in 1963 and M.A. in 1966 from Southern Methodist University,
served in the Peace Corps as a history instructor and library director for the Teacher Training School in Harar, Ethiopia, and the Ph. D. in Folklore and American Studies
from Indiana University in 1973. A member of the Cherokee tribe, she administered National Native American Science Resource Center, Dartmouth College, before joining the staff
of the Smithsonian in 1984. She has written extensively of Native American culture and foodways. Her research and exhibit projects include a documentary narrative with Julia
Child, In the Kitchen with Julia, following on her co-curation of the long-running popular exhibition Bon App tit: Julia Child's Kitchen at the Smithsonian.
Thomas W. Kavanagh (1949- ), an anthropologist, received the B.A. from the University of New Mexico in 1971, the M.A. from The George Washington University in 1980, and
the Ph.D. from University of New Mexico in 1986. He began his career at Indiana University and then joined the staff of the Smithsonian Institution. A scholar of Comanche
Indians of Oklahoma, he has published extensively on the Comanches and was appointed Consulting Anthropologist for the Comanche Nation. In the 2000s, he served as director
of the Seton Hall University Museum. His publications include Comanche Ethnography (2008), Comanche Political History (1996), North American Indian Portraits:
Photographs from the Wanamaker Expeditions (1996), and "Comanche" in the Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 13 (Plains), Smithsonian Institution (2001).
Roger G. Kennedy (1926-2011) graduated from Yale University in 1949 and the University of Minnesota Law School in 1952, and pursued a diverse career in banking, television
production, historical writing, foundation management, and museum administration. He was appointed Director of the National Museum of History and Technology (NMHT) in 1979,
renamed it the National Museum of American History, and left in 1992 to become Director of the National Park Service. He focused on social and cultural history, and oversaw
controversial exhibits including A More Perfect Union: Japanese Americans & the American Constitution and Field to Factory: Afro-American Migration, 1915-1940.
Keith E. Melder (1932- ) studied American history at Williams College (B.A. 1954) and Yale University (M.A. 1957; PhD, 1964). He was an intern at the NMHT in 1958 and returned
in 1961 as Curator of Political History until his retirement in 1996. His research focused on America political movements, especially the Women's Movement and the Civil Rights
era. Melder was also interviewed for two other Smithsonian Institution Archives projects, Record Unit 9603, African American Exhibits at the Smithsonian, and Record Unit 9620,
the American
Association of Museums Centennial Honorees Oral History Project, as well as for the Ruth Ann Overbeck Capitol Hill History Project of the Capitol Hill Historical Society.
Clydia Dotson Nahwooksy (1933-2009), a Cherokee, and her husband Reaves, a Comanche Nation member, worked most of their lives to preserve American Indian tribal culture.
Originally from Oklahoma, they spent 20 years in Washington, D.C., as cultural activists. In the 1970s, Clydia was director of the Indian Awareness Program for the Smithsonian
Institution's Festival of American Folklife. In 1986 both Nahwooskys entered the seminary, and the Rev. Clydia Nahwooksy was an active pastor and a member of the Board of
National Ministries and the American Baptist Churches USA General Board.
Ethel Raim (1936- ), Artistic Director of New York's Center for Traditional Music and Dance (CTMD), researched ethnic music and worked closely with community-based traditional
for almost five decades. Raim also had a distinguished career as a performer, recording artist, music editor, and singing teacher. In 1963 she co-founded and was musical director
of the Pennywhistlers, who were among the first to bring traditional Balkan and Russian Jewish singing traditions to the folk music world. Raim served as music editor
of Sing Out! magazine from 1965 to 1975. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, she developed ethnic programs for the Newport Folklife Festival and the Smithsonian's Festival
of American Folklife. In 1975 Raim joined Martin Koenig as Co-Director of the Balkan Folk Arts Center, which developed into the CTMD in New York City.
Joanna Cohan Scherer (1942- ) received the B.A. from Syracuse University in 1963 and the M.A. from Hunter College, City University of New York in 1968. A specialist in
visual anthropology especially of Native Americans, historical photography, women and photography, North American Indian photography, and cultural anthropology. She joined
the staff of the Anthropology Archives of the National Museum of Natural History in 1966 and in 1975 advanced to served as anthropologist and illustrations editor for the
Smithsonian's multivolume series Handbook of North American Indians.
Robert D. Sullivan (1949- ) was educated at St. John Fisher College with a B.S. in anthropology in 1970, the M.A. in education management from the University of Rochester
in 1979, and pursued the Ph.D. in human studies (ABD) at The George Washington University until 2006. He served as Chief of Museum Education at Rochester Museum and Science
Center from 1970 to 1980, Director at the New York State Museum from 1980 to 1990, and Associate Director for exhibitions at National Museum of Natural History from 1990 to
2007.
Peter Corbett Welsh (1926-2010) was a curator and historian at the Museum of History and Technology, now known as the National Museum of American History. He was born on
August 28, 1926, in Washington, D.C. He received his B.A. from Mount Union College in Alliance, Ohio, in 1950 and completed a post-graduate year of study at the University
of Virginia. He received his M.A. from the University of Delaware where he was the first recipient of the Hagley Fellowship in 1956. Welsh served in the United States Army,
1951-1954. Prior to coming to the Smithsonian Institution, he was Research Assistant and Fellowship Coordinator at the Eleutherian-Mills Hagley Foundation, 1956-1959. Welsh
was Associate Curator in the Smithsonian's Department of Civil History, 1959-1969, and served as editor of the Smithsonian's Journal of History in 1968. As Curator he played
a major role in the development of the Growth of the United States hall for the opening of the Museum of History and Technology which depicted American civilization
from the time of discovery through the mid-twentieth century. Welsh was Assistant Director General of Museums, 1969-1970, and assisted with the implementation of the National
Museum Act through seminars on improving exhibit effectiveness. He also served as Director of the Office of Museum Programs, 1970-1971. After Welsh's tenure at the Smithsonian,
he became the Director of both the New York State Historical Association and the Cooperstown Graduate Program, 1971-1974. He then served as Director of Special Projects at
the New York State Museum in Albany, 1975-1976; Director of the Bureau of Museums for the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission; President of The Welsh Group, 1984-1986;
and Curator (1986-1988) and Senior Historian (1988-1989) of the Adirondack Museum in Blue Mountain Lake, New York. In 1989, he became a full-time, independent museum consultant
and lecturer, and was a visiting professor of the State University of New York (SUNY) in 1992. Welsh was a contributor to numerous scholarly journals. He authored Tanning
in the United States to 1850 (1964), American Folk Art: The Art of the People (1967), Track and Road: The American Trotting Horse, 1820-1900 (1968), The
Art of the Enterprise: A Pennsylvania Tradition (1983), and Jacks, Jobbers and Kings: Logging the Adirondacks (1994).
