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Division of Archaeology Miscellaneous Photographs

Creator:
Smithsonian Institution United States National Museum Department of Anthropology Division of Archeology  Search this
Jochelson, Waldemar I.  Search this
Bernheimer, Charles L.  Search this
Colburn, Burnham S.  Search this
Featherstonehaugh, Thomas  Search this
Geist, Otto William  Search this
Hill, A. T.  Search this
Hough, Walter, 1859-1935  Search this
Langford, George Langford  Search this
Montgomery, Henry  Search this
Moore, Clarence B. (Clarence Bloomfield), 1852-1936  Search this
Pittier, Henri F.  Search this
Stebbins, F. B.  Search this
Artex, Charles Artes (archeological collector)  Search this
Beckwith, C. W.  Search this
Branch, C. W.  Search this
Hempstead, F. S.  Search this
Pillars, James  Search this
Price, Governor  Search this
Squier, Ephraim George  Search this
Davis, Edwin Hamilton  Search this
Riaboushinsky Expedition. Ethnological Section  Search this
Collector:
Colburn, Burnham S.  Search this
Photographer:
Hillers, John K., 1843-1925  Search this
Jackson, William Henry, 1843-1942  Search this
Matteson, Sumner W.  Search this
Mearns, Edgar S.  Search this
Mindeleff, Victor, 1860-1948  Search this
O'Sullivan, Timothy H., 1840-1882  Search this
Names:
Wetherill, Richard -- Mancos Canyon, Colorado  Search this
Extent:
1,600 Items
Culture:
Tlingit -- burials  Search this
Cherokee  Search this
Unangan (Aleut)  Search this
Arctic peoples  Search this
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Photographic prints
Negatives
Photomechanical prints
Tintypes
Drawings
Clippings
Notes
Letters
Place:
Massachusetts -- Dighton Rock
Alabama -- 1931 -- Moundville
Alabama -- Archeology
Alaska -- Archeology
Arizona -- Archeology
Arkansas -- Archeology
California -- Archeology
Colorado -- Archeology
Connecticut -- Archeology
Delaware -- Archeology
Florida -- Archeology
Georgia -- Archeology
Illinois -- Archeology
Indiana -- Archeology
Iowa -- Archeology
Kansas -- Archeology
Kentucky -- Archeology
Maryland -- Archeology
Maine -- Archeology
Massachusetts -- Archeology
Michigan -- Archeology
Minnesota -- Archeology
Mississippi -- Archeology
Missouri -- Archeology
Nebraska -- Archeology
Nevada -- Archeology
New Jersey -- Archeology
New Mexico -- Archeology
New York (State) -- Archeology
North Carolina -- Archeology
North Dakota -- Archeology
Ohio -- Archeology
Oklahoma -- Archeology
Oregon -- Archeology
Pennsylvania -- Archeology
South Carolina -- Archeology
Tennessee -- Archeology
Texas -- Archeology
Utah -- Archeology
Virginia -- Archeology
Washington -- Archeology
Costa Rica -- Archeology
British Columbia -- Antiquities
Canada -- Archeology
New Zealand -- Archeology
Nova Scotia -- Archeology
Pacific Islanders -- Archeology
West Indies -- Archeology
Date:
1870s-1930s
Scope and Contents:
The material consists mostly of photographic prints. A few negatives, photomechanical prints, tintypes, drawings, newspaper clippings, notes, and letters are also included. Much of the material is annotated. In part, the file was assembled for or relates to many accessions and cataloging units of the division.

The material was received from professionals and amateurs, mostly working in North America. The images are of artifactual and skeletal specimens, fradulent specimens, collections of specimens, sites, excavations, site features, ruins, petroglyphs, and field parties. A few are reproductions of maps and portraits of native people. Some of the specimens are in the Smithsonianʹs collections, but many are not.

Included among the many subjects are photographs of Dighton Rock in Massachusetts; many ruins of the 1931 Moundville, Alabama, excavation; Tlingit burial boxes; excavations, specimens, and Aleut portraits taken by Waldemar I. Jochelsonʹs Ethnological Section of the Riaboushinsky Expedition, 1909-1912; Richard Wetherillʹs party in Mancos Canyon, Colorado, and F. S. Hempsteadʹs Archaeological and Topographic Map of Portsmouth," [Ohio].

Some of the material relates to the work of Charles L. Bernheimer in Utah, Burnham S. Colburn in Georgia and North Carolina, Thomas Featherstonehaugh in Florida, Otto William Geist in Alaska, A. T. Hill in Nebraska, Walter Hough in Arizona (for the Gates-United States National Museum Expedition, 1901), George Langford in Illinois, Henry Montgomery in North Dakota, Clarence B. Moore in Florida, Henri F. Pittier in Costa Rica, and F. B. Stebbins in Tennessee. Collections are those of Charles Artes (filed Indiana), Thomas Beckwith (filed Missouri), C. W. Branch (filed West Indies), Burham S. Colburn Cherokee relics (filed North Carolina), James Pillars (filed Ohio), Governor Price (frauds from New Mexico), Ephraim George Squier and Edwin Hamilton Davis (filed Ohio).

The material is from Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas Utah, Virginia, Washington, Costa Rica, British Columbia, Canada, New Zealand, Nova Scotia, South Pacific, and West Indies.

The works of many photographers are included. Among them are John K. Hillers, William Henry Jackson, Sumner W. Matteson, Edgar A. Mearns, Victor Mindeleff, and Timothy H. OʹSullivan.
Arrangement:
(1) Frauds; (2) petroglyphs (3) general
Topic:
Archeology -- artifacts -- skeletal specimens -- frauds -- collection -- sites -- Excavations -- Petroglyphs  Search this
Archeology -- frauds -- New Mexico  Search this
Archeology -- Alabama  Search this
Archeology -- Arizona  Search this
Archeology -- Alaska  Search this
Archeology -- Arkansas  Search this
Archeology -- California  Search this
Archeology -- Colorado  Search this
Archeology -- Connecticut  Search this
Archeology -- Delaware  Search this
Archeology -- Florida  Search this
Archeology -- Georgia  Search this
Archeology -- Illinois  Search this
Archeology -- Indiana  Search this
Archeology -- Iowa  Search this
Archeology -- Kansas  Search this
Archeology -- Kentucky  Search this
Archeology -- Maryland  Search this
Archeology -- Maine  Search this
Archeology -- Massachusetts  Search this
Archeology -- Michigan  Search this
Archeology -- Minnesota  Search this
Archeology -- Mississippi  Search this
Archeology -- Missouri  Search this
Archeology -- Nebraska  Search this
Archeology -- Nevada  Search this
Archeology -- New Jersey  Search this
Archeology -- New Mexico  Search this
Archeology -- Archeology  Search this
Archeology -- North Carolina  Search this
Archeology -- North Dakota  Search this
Archeology -- Ohio  Search this
Archeology -- Oklahoma  Search this
Archeology -- Oregon  Search this
Archeology -- Pennsylvania  Search this
Archeology -- South Carolina  Search this
Archeology -- Texas  Search this
Archeology -- Utah  Search this
Archeology -- Virginia  Search this
Archeology -- Washington  Search this
Archeology -- Costa Rica  Search this
Archeology -- British Columbia  Search this
Archeology -- Canada  Search this
Archeology -- New Zealand  Search this
Archeology -- Nova Scotia  Search this
Archeology -- Oceania  Search this
Archeology -- West Indies  Search this
Genre/Form:
Photographic prints
Negatives
Photomechanical prints
Tintypes
Drawings
Clippings
Notes
Letters
Citation:
Photo lot 40, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Identifier:
NAA.PhotoLot.40
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw3413cc2cb-bf9c-41d2-bd29-5e2c850d63d9
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-naa-photolot-40

MS 3318 U. S. G. S. Topographic Maps

Creator:
Mooney, James, 1861-1921  Search this
Transcriber:
Walker, Winslow M. (Winslow Metcalf), 1903-1996  Search this
Annotator:
Mooney, James, 1861-1921  Search this
Extent:
25 Maps
Culture:
Cherokee  Search this
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Maps
Place:
Alabama -- Archeology
Georgia -- Archeology
North Carolina -- Archeology
South Carolina -- Archeology
Tennessee -- Archeology
Date:
ca. 1886
Scope and Contents:
Twenty-five U. S. G. S. topographic maps annotated by Mooney to show old village sites of the Cherokee in Alaska, Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennesse and Virginia; with transcriptions of Mooneyʹs notations by Winslow M. Walker, attached to each map.
Local Numbers:
NAA MS 3318
Topic:
Kentucky -- Archeology  Search this
Virginia -- Archeology  Search this
Citation:
Manuscript 3318, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Identifier:
NAA.MS3318
See more items in:
MS 3318 U. S. G. S. Topographic Maps
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw385b021b8-eff3-4b56-8c8c-202d7b3750d7
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-naa-ms3318
Online Media:

MS 4098 Material relating to proposed Handbook of Aboriginal Remains East of the Mississippi

Creator:
Bushnell, David I., Jr. (David Ives), 1875-1941  Search this
Extent:
5 Items (Typed data on cards, arranged by state. boxes. Typed data on cards, arranged by state. 5 boxes.)
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Place:
United States -- Archeology
Date:
undated
Scope and Contents:
Apparently assembled for a proposed Handbook of Aboriginal Remains East of the Mississippi. Also includes data on some states West of Mississippi River.
Box No. 1: Alabama, Arkansas - microfilm on reel 67-4/68, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Illinois.
Box No. 2: Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York
Box No. 3: North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, West Virginia, Vermont.
Box No. 4: Virginia, Wisconsin
Box No. 5: (West of Mississippi River) There is also a miscellaneous group of cards covering various states apparently not completed, including: Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Minnesota, Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Texas. In addition there are miscellaneous notes on the states already completed.
Arrangement:
Alphabetical by state
Local Numbers:
NAA MS 4098
Local Note:
Typed cards
Other Archival Materials:
See also MS 2619-a and MS 7138. MS 2400 also has some materials relating to the Handbook.
Citation:
Manuscript 4098, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Identifier:
NAA.MS4098
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw31e0b3074-2eb9-4aff-8c5d-f45873eca556
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-naa-ms4098

MS 3716 Letter to Professor Henry

Creator:
Gibbon, Lardner  Search this
Addressee:
Henry, Joseph, 1797-1878  Search this
Culture:
Muskogee (Creek)  Search this
Cherokee  Search this
Chickasaw  Search this
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Drawings
Place:
Saluda River -- Archeology
South Carolina -- Archeology
Date:
November 30, 1871
Scope and Contents:
Incloses sketches of arrowheads found on the Saluda River, South Carolina. Also historical notes relating to the above tribes, reference to the various tribes, of South Carolina, etc.
Local Numbers:
NAA MS 3716
Topic:
Tools and implements -- arrowheads  Search this
Indians of North America -- Southern states  Search this
Genre/Form:
Drawings
Citation:
Manuscript 3716, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Identifier:
NAA.MS3716
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw3d6dcb7a3-2829-49a7-94fc-66e006ca4d51
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-naa-ms3716

Jesse Walter Fewkes photograph collection relating to archaeological subjects

Creator:
Fewkes, Jesse Walter, 1850-1930  Search this
Photographer:
Beam, George L. (George Lytle), 1868-1935  Search this
Gill, De Lancey, 1859-1940  Search this
Higley, Elmer Ellsworth  Search this
McKee, Thomas M., 1854-1939  Search this
Poley, H. S. (Horace Swartley)  Search this
Rowland, Wesley R.  Search this
Wittick, Ben, 1845-1903  Search this
Artist:
Gill, Mary W.  Search this
Mullett, G. M.  Search this
Extent:
9 Prints (cromolithograph)
40 Prints (circa, halftone)
77 Prints (circa, albumen)
84 Drawings (visual works) (circa 84 drawings (some mechanically produced))
1,655 Prints (circa, silver gelatin)
71 Copy negatives
43 Copy prints
363 Negatives (photographic) (circa, nitrate)
7 Paintings (visual works)
1 Print (cyanotype)
1 Print (photogravure)
1 Postcard (collotype)
Culture:
Diné (Navajo)  Search this
A:shiwi (Zuni)  Search this
Hopi Pueblo  Search this
Indians of North America -- Great Plains  Search this
Indians of North America -- Southwest, New  Search this
Huastec  Search this
Pikuni Blackfeet (Piegan)  Search this
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Prints
Drawings (visual works)
Copy negatives
Copy prints
Negatives (photographic)
Paintings (visual works)
Postcards
Photographs
Place:
Tennessee -- Antiquities
Stikine River (B.C. and Alaska)
South Carolina -- Antiquities
New Mexico -- Antiquities
Huasteca Region (Mexico)
Maryland -- Antiquities
Louisiana -- Antiquities
Alabama -- Antiquities
Arizona -- Antiquities
Colorado -- Antiquities
Cahokia Mounds State Historic Park (Ill.)
Florida -- Antiquities
Mexico -- Antiquities
Hovenweep National Monument (Utah and Colo.)
Utah -- Antiquities
Mesa Verde National Park (Colo.)
Navajo National Monument
Casa Grande (Ariz.)
Date:
circa 1890-1928
Scope and Contents note:
Photographs and drawings mostly relating to archeological subjects, collected and arranged by Jesse Walter Fewkes for his reference. Subjects include burial mounds, excavations, drawn maps, as well as urns, implements, idols, pottery, and other artifacts found in excavations, and Hopi, Zuni, and Piegan ceremonies and dances. Many of the photographs and drawings were probably made by Fewkes. Publication information is noted on some. The collection also includes newspaper clippings and correspondence.

Photographs were taken in Alabama, Arizona (including Casa Grande, Elden Pueblo, Navajo National Monument, and Wupatki National Monument), Colorado (including Mesa Verde and Montezuma Valley), Florida (including Weeden Island), Illinois (Cahokia Mound), Louisiana, Maryland, Mexico (including La Huasteca Region), Mississippi Valley, New Mexico (including Chaco Canyon, Hawikuh, and Mimbres Valley), South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah (including Hill Canyon, McElmo Canyon, and McLean Basin Ruins), Hovenweep National Monument, the West Indies (including Puerto Rico, Santo Domingo, and Cuba), and West Virginia.
Biographical/Historical note:
Jesse Walter Fewkes (1850-1930) was a naturalist, anthropologist, and archeologist, and chief of the Bureau of American Ethnology from 1918 to his death in 1928. Fewkes received a Ph.D. in marine zoology from Harvard in 1877, and acted as curator of lower invertebrates at the Museum of Comparative Zoology until 1887. While on a collecting trip in the western United States, he developed an interest in the culture and history of the Pueblo Indians. In 1891, Fewkes became director of the Hemenway Southwestern Archeological Expedition and editor of the Journal of American Archeology and Ethnology, studying and recording Hopi ceremonials. In 1895, he embarked on various archeological explorations for the Bureau of American Ethnology, excavating ruins in the Southwest, the West Indies, and Florida. He was appointed chief of the Bureau in 1918, and played an important role in the creation of Hovenweep National Monument in Colorado and Wupatki National Monument in Arizona.
Local Call Number(s):
NAA Photo Lot 4321
Location of Other Archival Materials:
The National Anthropological Archives also holds the Jesse Walter Fewkes Papers (MS 4408), his photographs of excavations in Mesa Verde (Photo Lot 30), his negatives (Photo Lot 86), and other manuscript collections by and related to Fewkes' ethnological research and archeology and his work with the Bureau of American Ethnology.
Correspondence from Fewkes held in the National Anthropological Archives in the George L. Beam papers (MS 4517), the Henry Bascom Collins, Jr. papers, the Anthropological Society of Washington records (MS 4821), the Herbert William Krieger papers, the J.C. Pilling papers, the Walter Hough Papers (in the records of the Department of Anthropology), and the records of the Bureau of American Ethnology.
The anthropology collections of the National Museum of Natural History hold artifacts collected by Fewkes, including USNM ACC 048761 (relating to Casa Grande excavations) and USNM ACC 050765 (relating to Mesa Verde excavations).
Restrictions:
Original nitrate negatives are in cold storage and require advanced notice for viewing.
Rights:
Contact the repository for terms of use.
Topic:
Excavations (Archaeology)  Search this
Burial  Search this
Genre/Form:
Photographs
Citation:
Photo Lot 4321, Jesse Walter Fewkes photograph collection relating to archaeological subjects, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Identifier:
NAA.PhotoLot.4321
See more items in:
Jesse Walter Fewkes photograph collection relating to archaeological subjects
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw326ec7376-28c6-4b70-ad07-f145221fcf18
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-naa-photolot-4321
Online Media:

Fgt. Of Pottery, Small

Donor Name:
E M. Kirkley  Search this
Object Type:
Sherd
Place:
Unknown County, South Carolina, United States, North America
Accession Date:
1887
Topic:
Archaeology  Search this
Accession Number:
019272
USNM Number:
A132954-0
See more items in:
Anthropology
Data Source:
NMNH - Anthropology Dept.
GUID:
http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/34bd4d4a0-c07a-4b4f-9539-300e152e9689
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:nmnhanthropology_8012441

Pottery Disc

Donor Name:
E M. Kirkley  Search this
Object Type:
Disk
Place:
Unknown County, South Carolina, United States, North America
Accession Date:
1887
Topic:
Archaeology  Search this
Accession Number:
019272
USNM Number:
A132955-0
See more items in:
Anthropology
Data Source:
NMNH - Anthropology Dept.
GUID:
http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/3c2bef37a-410e-476f-b694-bd3f017d09e5
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:nmnhanthropology_8012442

Archaeology reports and related material collection

Extent:
111.5 Linear feet
Note:
The collection is stored off-site. Advanced notice is required to view the collection.
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Date:
circa 1970 - circa 1990
Scope and Contents:
With the passage of federal environmental and cultural heritage legislation during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, archaeological investigations were required before federal land could be disturbed for construction projects. Reports of these investigations, often conducted by archaeological contactors, were generally published in processed rather than printed form. The multiliths, electrostats, dittographs, and so forth are referred to as "grey literature." Access to them is sometimes difficult because many libraries decline to collect them.

Included are reports on archaeological work in Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, California, Canada (Alberta), Colorado, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Minnesota, Montana, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennesee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virgin Islands, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.

Please note that the contents of the collection and the language and terminology used reflect the context and culture of the time of its creation. As an historical document, its contents may be at odds with contemporary views and terminology and considered offensive today. The information within this collection does not reflect the views of the Smithsonian Institution or National Anthropological Archives, but is available in its original form to facilitate research.
Provenance:
The collection was formed largely from four sources: (1) Smithsonian curators, who received contract archaeology reports and passed them on to the NAA; (2) the NAA, which was on the mailing list of some contractors; (3) the Smithsonian Anthropology Library, which turned over its collection to the archives; (4) the National Park Service archaeology program in Washington, D.C., which also placed its collection in the NAA
Restrictions:
The Archaeology reports and related material collection is open for research.

Access to the Archaeology reports and related material collection requires and appointment.
Rights:
Contact the repository for terms of use.
Citation:
Archaeology reports and related material collection, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Identifier:
NAA.1976-028
See more items in:
Archaeology reports and related material collection
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw337cd7520-8e00-43e8-9ceb-7569cbcd64a5
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-naa-1976-028

Ted Allan Rathbun Papers

Creator:
Rathbun, Ted A., 1942-  Search this
Names:
U.S. Army Central Identification Laboratory  Search this
University of Kansas. Department of Anthropology  Search this
University of South Carolina. Department of Anthropology  Search this
Extent:
26 Linear feet (53 document boxes, 4 record storage boxes, 1 oversize box, 1 folder, 3 computer disks)
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Place:
South Carolina
Hierakonpolis (Extinct city)
Glorieta National Battlefield (N.M.)
Date:
1961-2004
Summary:
This collection is comprised of the professional papers of Ted Allan Rathbun. The collection documents his career as a forensic anthropologist and educator through correspondence, publications and teaching materials. The collection includes the publications resulting from his research in South Carolina, Egypt, and Glorieta, New Mexico, as well as a small portion of his research data. His other writings that can be found in the collection include his monographs, journal articles, papers presented at conferences, and reviews he wrote for various journals and publications. The collection also includes materials relating to his consulting activities for law enforcement agencies, and military and historical organizations. Additionally, the collection contains materials related to organizations that he was a member of and his syllabi and lecture notes as a professor at the University of South Carolina. The collection also includes Rathbun's course notes when, as a student at the University of Kansas, he studied under William Bass, Ellis Kerley and other notable anthropologists. Among his correspondents were J. Lawrence Angel, Eve Cockburn, Henry Dobyns, Henry Field, T. Dale Stewart, and T. Cuyler Young.
Scope and Contents:
This collection is comprised of the professional papers of Ted Allan Rathbun,. The collection documents his career as a forensic anthropologist and educator through correspondence, publications and teaching materials. The collection includes the publications resulting from his research in South Carolina, Egypt, and Glorieta, New Mexico, as well as a small portion of his research data. His other writings that can be found in the collection include his monographs, journal articles, papers presented at conferences, and reviews he wrote for various journals and publications. The collection also includes materials relating to his consulting activities for law enforcement agencies, and military and historical organizations. Additionally, the collection contains materials related to organizations that he was a member of and his syllabi and lecture notes as a professor at the University of South Carolina. The collection also includes Rathbun's course notes when, as a student at the University of Kansas, he studied under William Bass, Ellis Kerley and other notable anthropologists. Among his correspondents were J. Lawrence Angel, Eve Cockburn, Henry Dobyns, Henry Field, T. Dale Stewart, and T. Cuyler Young.

Please note that the contents of the collection and the language and terminology used reflect the context and culture of the time of its creation. As an historical document, its contents may be at odds with contemporary views and terminology and considered offensive today. The information within this collection does not reflect the views of the Smithsonian Institution or National Anthropological Archives, but is available in its original form to facilitate research.
Arrangement:
Arranged into 10 series: 1) Correspondence (1969-2004); 2) Field Work (1976-1996, 2001); 3) Consulting Work (1974-2004); 4) Research Data (1977-1980); 5) Publications (1963-2001); 6) Grants (1977-1991); 7) Professional Organizations (1981-2000); 8) Grants and Publications Reviews (1974-2000); 9) University of South Carolina (1970-2004); 10) Education (1961-1970)
Biographical / Historical:
Ted Allan Rathbun (1942-2012) earned his B.A. (1964), M.A. (1966), and Ph.D. (1971) in anthropology from the University of Kansas, where he studied under anthropologist William M. Bass. He taught English as a Peace Corps Volunteer in Iran, where he became fluent in Farsi and did research for his doctorate. He conducted research on topics as wide-ranging as population growth in Iran; the physical characteristics of Woodland Indians; Coastal South Carolina paleopathology; growth rates among ancient urban states; shark attacks and human remains; social class and health; the history of African American health; and predynastic cemeteries at Hierakonpolis, Upper Egypt. Through his South Carolina field work and publications, Rathbun became noted for expanding the knowledge of Afro-American history from the colonial and Civil War times.

Rathbun was also a pioneer in establishing and expanding the use of forensic anthropology technology by law enforcement. He was licensed in South Carolina to assist coroners, law enforcement officials and medical examiners in identifying human remains. He and his students refined a process for the reconstruction of victim's faces, which were then used to assist in their identification. He served as a consulting physical anthropologist to the Charleston County Medical Examiner (1973-93); Deputy State Archaeologist for Forensics (1985-2000); and Consultant to the U.S. Military Central Identification Laboratory in Hawaii (1990-2003/2004) where he reviewed cases of military (and civilian) remains from the Vietnam, Korea, and WWII eras. He also participated in the Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Team (DMORT) efforts for identification of the victims of September 11, 2001.

Rathbun taught at the University of South Carolina for 30 years. He was a popular classroom professor and led research field trips with his students. In 1996 he received the Louise Fry Scudder Faculty Award, which recognized him for excellence in undergraduate and graduate teaching, student mentoring and advising, and service contributions beyond the university. He retired from full-time teaching in 2000.

Rathbun was also a research associate of the South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology; director of the American Board of Forensic Anthropology (1985-91); and for 15 years a member of the editorial board of the Journal of Forensic Sciences. In 2005, he was honored by the American Academy of Forensic Sciences with the T. Dale Stewart Award — its highest honor in Forensic Anthropology — for his lifetime achievements and contributions to the field.

1942 -- Born April 11

1964 -- Married

1964 -- Earns B.A. from University of Kansas, Honors in Anthropology

1966 -- Earns M.A. from University of Kansas, Physical Anthropology

1966-1968 -- Peace Corps Volunteer in Iran

1970 -- Instructor at the University of South Carolina

1971 -- Earns PhD. from University of Kansas, (Physical Anthropology of SWAsia, Applied Cultural and Cultural Ecology). Dissertation: An Analysis of the Physical Characteristics of the Ancient Inhabitants of Hasanlu, Iran

1971-1975 -- Assistant Professor at the University of South Carolina

1975-1984 -- Associate Professor at the University of South Carolina

1984-2000 -- Professor at the University of South Carolina

1987-1989 -- Chairman of the Anthropology Department

1990-1996 -- Undergraduate Director

1996 -- Awarded Louise Fry Scudder professorship

1999 -- Named Distinguished Professor

2000 -- Named Distinguished Professor Emeritus

2005 -- Honored by the American Academy of Forensic Sciences with the T. Dale Stewart Award

2012 -- Passed away on November 14
Related Materials:
Rathbun's South Carolina research materials are at the South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology. His other field research data can be found at the Field Museum in Chicago and the Penn Museum in Philadelphia.

His body was donated to the Forensic Anthropology Center at the University of Tennessee and the Physical Anthropology Collections, National Museum of Natural History.
Separated Materials:
Biological specimens found within Series 3. Consulting Work, Subseries: Forensic Cases were transferred to Physical Anthropology Collections, National Museum of Natural History. Videos, also from the forensic case files, were transferred to the Human Studies Film Archives.
Provenance:
Dr. Rathbun donated his professional papers to the National Anthropological Archives in 2005. Additional files were donated in 2013 by his wife, Babette Rathbun, after his death.
Restrictions:
Rathbun's forensic case files donated in 2013 are restricted until 2088. Two folders containing student grades have been separated and are restricted until 2055. For preservation reasons, his computer disks have been separated and restricted. Please note that the collection contains images of human remains.
Rights:
Contact the repository for terms of use
Topic:
Forensic anthropology  Search this
Biological anthropology  Search this
Citation:
Ted Allan Rathbun papers, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Identifier:
NAA.2005-08
See more items in:
Ted Allan Rathbun Papers
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw320f73449-af20-4c18-8457-6510acff1d18
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-naa-2005-08

Research Data

Collection Creator:
Rathbun, Ted A., 1942-  Search this
Type:
Archival materials
Date:
1977-1980
Scope and Contents:
This series contains a small portion of Rathbun's data analyses and other information used for his research and publications. Most of his data was deposited at the South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, the Field Museum in Chicago, and the Penn Museum in Philadelphia.
Collection Restrictions:
Rathbun's forensic case files donated in 2013 are restricted until 2088. Two folders containing student grades have been separated and are restricted until 2055. For preservation reasons, his computer disks have been separated and restricted. Please note that the collection contains images of human remains.
Collection Rights:
Contact the repository for terms of use
Collection Citation:
Ted Allan Rathbun papers, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Identifier:
NAA.2005-08, Series 4
See more items in:
Ted Allan Rathbun Papers
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw351be7d03-9191-44d4-b01e-4c56c235513e
EDAN-URL:
ead_component:sova-naa-2005-08-ref24

William F. Stiles collection of photographs and films

Creator:
Stiles, William F., 1912-1980  Search this
Former owner:
Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation  Search this
Extent:
82 Photographic prints
242 Negatives (photographic)
211 Slides
2 Film reels (8mm)
Culture:
Seminole  Search this
Eastern Band of Cherokee  Search this
Innu [Ekuanitshit (Mingan)]  Search this
Innu [Pakuashipi (Saint Augustin)]  Search this
Seneca [Tonawanda]  Search this
Innu [Uashat-Maliotenam (Seven Islands)]  Search this
Innu [Moisie]  Search this
Innu [Unaman Shipit (Romaine)]  Search this
Mushuaunnuat (Barren Ground Naskapi) [Utshimassit (Davis Inlet)]  Search this
Attikamekw (Tete De Boule Cree)  Search this
Seneca [Allegany]  Search this
Seneca [Cattaraugus]  Search this
Niantic  Search this
Narragansett  Search this
Onondaga  Search this
Miccosukee Seminole (Mikasuki)  Search this
Attikamekw (Tete De Boule Cree) [Weymontachie Band, Saint Maurice River, Quebec] Cree  Search this
Mohawk [Kahnawake (Caughnawaga)]  Search this
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Photographic prints
Negatives (photographic)
Slides
Film reels
Negatives
Color slides
Photographs
Date:
1938-1974
Summary:
This collection consists of photographic views made by William Stiles in New York, Rhode Island, Florida, Mississippi, South Carolina, Newfoundland and Quebec, among the Attikamekw (Tete De Boule Cree), Eastern Band of Cherokee, Innu, Miccosukee Seminole (Mikasuki), Mohawk [Kahnawake (Caughnawaga)], Mushuaunnuat (Barren Ground Naskapi) [Utshimassit (Davis Inlet)], Narragansett, Niantic, Onondaga, Seminole, and Seneca communities. These were made while Stiles was a staff member of the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation from 1938-1974.
Scope and Contents:
The Stiles collection consists of photographs and films made by William Stiles on behalf of the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation from 1938 to 1974. More than half of these document the life of Innu peoples of Quebec, Canada, in the years 1952, 1958, 1959, and 1964. They depict Innu men, women, and children, and food preparation, dwellings, fishing, canoes, settlements, the preparation of animal skins, and ceremonials. Stiles photographed among the Seminole and Miccosukee peoples of Florida in 1939, 1940, 1941, 1966, and 1974. He also variously photographed the Narragansett and Niantic peoples of Rhode Island, the Onondaga on the Onondaga Reservation, the Eastern Band of Cherokee in North Carolina, the Seneca of New York, the Attikamekw (Tete De Boule Cree) and the Mohawk of Quebec, and the Mushuaunnuat of Labrador. He also photographed various archaeological sites in New York State, Mississippi, and South Carolina. There are also two 8mm film reels titled "Nascapi Indians at Davis Inlet, Labrador, New Foundland" that were made in the summer of 1965.
Negtatives include: N21703-N21711, N21792-N21802, N22300-N22310, N22481-N22484, N22594-N22597, N22630, N22705-N22710, N22722, N23504, N23581-N23585, N23675-N23684, N26086-N23585, N23675-N23684, N26086-N26100, N26109-N26126, N26186-N26188, N29562-N29604, N32844-N32867, N33295-N33343, N41162-N41186.

Photographic prints include: P13375-P13385, P13431-P13438, P15331-P15346, P15770-P15773, P15885-P15889, P16102, P17154, P17212-P17217, P17282-P17284, P18537-P18551, P18586, P19991-P20002)

Slides include: S02005-S02178, S02389, S04518-S04519, S04559-S04575, S04675-S04678, S04694-S04702, S04753-S04760.
Arrangement note:
This collection has been intelectually arranged into four series and subseries geographically and then chronologically within each subseries.

Series 1: Expedtions in New York, 1938-1973; Series 2: Expeditions in Canada, 1940-1965; Series 3: Expeditions in the Southeastern, United States, 1939-1974; Series 4: Nebraska, Rhode Island and Other Locations, 1939-1942, undated.

Physically arranged by negative "N", print "P" or slide "S" number.
Biographical/Historical note:
Before joining the staff of the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation in May 1938, William F. Stiles was George G. Heye's personal driver. An employee of the Museum for almost forty years, Stiles retired in March 1978 as the Curator of Collections. Although Stiles published very little, he was an active field collector and participated in numerous archaeological expeditions. As is evident from his photographs of the Innu and Seminole peoples, he often visited individual communities more than once and over the course of several years.

Stiles Expeditions for the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation

1938 Summer -- Cayuga County Expedition.

1939 October -- Expedition to Pennsylvania and New York.

1939 November – 1940 January -- F. K. Seward and William F. Stiles Florida Expedition.

1941 -- Trip to North Carolina and Florida.

1942 -- Trip to Putnam County, New York.

1946 -- Expedition to Mississippi.

1952 June -- Expedition to Québec, Canada.

1953 June-July -- Expedition to Québec, Canada.

1957 July -- Expedition along St. Lawrence River, Canada.

1959 August -- Expedition to Québec, Canada.

1960-1967 -- William F. Stiles Southeast Expedition. Stiles began expeditions to the Southeastern U.S. in Spring and Fall of 1960. He returned to the Southeast each Oct - Nov. through 1966 conducting investigations and excavations in South Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, and North Carolina and Florida returning to some sites multiple times.

1961-1965 -- William F. Stiles Savannah Farms Expedition. Preliminary investigation began in Nov 1961 and work continued each year during the fall until 1965.

1964 May-June -- Expedition to Québec, Canada.

1965 June-July -- Stanley R. Grant Naskapi Expedition to Davis Inlet, Labrador, Canada.

1966 June-July -- Expedition to Labrador, Newfoundland, and Québec, Canada

1972 October -- Expedition to Seneca Reservations, New York.

1972 October-December -- Expedition to Tennessee.

1973 April -- Expedition to Seneca Reservations, New York.

1974 November -- Expedition to the Southeast: North Carolina and Florida.
Separated Materials:
Correspondence and field notes from William Stiles can be found in the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation records in Box 200.13, Box 201.7, Box 274.3-275.9, Box 305.1-305.2, Box 307.21, Box 312.11-312.17.
Restrictions:
Access is by appointment only, Monday - Friday, 9:30 am - 4:30 pm. Please contact the archives to make an appointment.
Rights:
Restricted: Cultural Sensitivity
Topic:
Indians of North America -- Canada  Search this
Indians of North America -- Florida  Search this
Excavations (Archaeology) -- Mississippi  Search this
Indians of North America -- New York (State)  Search this
Indians of North America -- Rhode Island  Search this
Excavations (Archaeology) -- New York (State)  Search this
Excavations (Archaeology) -- South Carolina  Search this
Genre/Form:
Negatives
Photographic prints
Color slides
Photographs
Citation:
Identification of specific item; Date (if known); William F. Stiles collection of photographs and films, NMAI.AC.001.014, item #; National Museum of the American Indian Archives Center, Smithsonian Institution.
Identifier:
NMAI.AC.001.014
See more items in:
William F. Stiles collection of photographs and films
Archival Repository:
National Museum of the American Indian
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/sv4ebf62231-9761-49fa-b7b5-22d6ab5be5cf
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-nmai-ac-001-014
Online Media:

MS 4172 Letter from Marmaduke Floyd, Savannah, Georgia

Creator:
Swanton, John Reed, 1873-1958  Search this
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Place:
Hampton County (S.D.) -- Archeology
Date:
July 2, 1937
Scope and Contents:
Regarding Pallachocolas, called now Parachucla or Stokeʹs Bluff, on Savannah River in Hampton County, South Carolina, and enclosing sketch and notes, 2 pages 8-1/2 x 11.
Local Numbers:
NAA MS 4172
Citation:
Manuscript 4172, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Identifier:
NAA.MS4172
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw38af396b2-644d-4b24-8743-ceee9e86ed7f
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-naa-ms4172

MS 4845 Questionnaires entitled "Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Archaeological Survey 1934"

Creator:
United States. National Park Service  Search this
Extent:
500 Pages
2 Boxes
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Pages
Place:
Alabama -- Archeology
Alaska -- Archaeology
Arizona -- Archeology
Colorado -- Archeology
Florida -- Archaeology
Georgia -- Archeology
Illinois -- Archeology
Indiana -- Archeology
New Mexico -- Archeology
New York (State) -- Archeology
North Carolina -- Archeology
North Dakota -- Archeology
Ohio -- Archeology
Oklahoma -- Archeology
Iowa -- Archeology
Mississippi -- Archeology
Missouri -- Archeology
Nebraska -- Archeology
Pennsylvania -- Archeology
South Carolina -- Archeology
South Dakota -- Archeology
Tennessee -- Archeology
Utah -- Archeology
Date:
1934
Scope and Contents:
Each form includes person or organization, who submitted data; site name, location, ownership, protection needed, are nature of site, surface indications, reason for recommending preservation, and remarks.
Associated lists, correspondence and notes: List of archaeological sites in Alabama, compiled by the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 1934. Typescript document 23 pages with cover letter from David L. DeJarnette, Curator, to A.E. Demaray, National Park Service, Sept. 26, 1934. Typescript letter signed 1 page. Also typed copy of same, 29 pages with two carbon copies, 58 pages. Memorandum from Neil M. Judd to M.W. Stirling regarding transferral of the questionnaires from the Division of Archaeology to the BAE. Dec. 26, 1935. Typescript letter signed 1 page.
Slip found with questionnaires, "National Resources Board questionnaires on archaeological sites worthy of Federal preservation."
Arrangement:
Arranged by State
Biographical / Historical:
Memorandum from Neil M. Judd, U. S. N. M. Division of Archaeology, to M. W. Stirling, BAE, and slip accompanying questionnaire (see following card) indicate that the questionnaires were sent out the National Resources Board (NRB) in order to identify those archaeological sites most wothy of preservation by the Federal Government. The questionnaires were turned over to Judd by the NRB, and Judd turned them over to Stirling.
Local Numbers:
NAA MS 4845
Topic:
California -- Archaeology  Search this
Nevada -- Archeology  Search this
Oregon -- Archeology  Search this
Louisiana -- Archeology  Search this
Maine -- Archeology  Search this
Massachusetts -- Archeology  Search this
Michigan -- Archeology  Search this
Texas -- Archeology  Search this
Washington -- Archeology  Search this
Wisconsin -- Archeology  Search this
Citation:
Manuscript 4845, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Identifier:
NAA.MS4845
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw35e18ea1e-7d24-4d12-807f-ef3c8cccf0b8
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-naa-ms4845

[Graduate Program. Public Service Archaeology Master's Program (PSAMP). 1987-1988]

Collection Creator:
Rathbun, Ted A., 1942-  Search this
Container:
Box 41
Type:
Archival materials
Collection Restrictions:
Rathbun's forensic case files donated in 2013 are restricted until 2088. Two folders containing student grades have been separated and are restricted until 2055. For preservation reasons, his computer disks have been separated and restricted. Please note that the collection contains images of human remains.
Collection Rights:
Contact the repository for terms of use
Collection Citation:
Ted Allan Rathbun papers, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
See more items in:
Ted Allan Rathbun Papers
Ted Allan Rathbun Papers / Series 9: University of South Carolina / 9.2: Anthropology Department Files
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw31ac39bf5-cc5f-4e01-9578-3d440b89a1e4
EDAN-URL:
ead_component:sova-naa-2005-08-ref1010

[Graduate Program. Public Service Archaeology Master's Program (PSAMP). Working Papers for the Management of PSAMP. 1988]

Collection Creator:
Rathbun, Ted A., 1942-  Search this
Container:
Box 41
Type:
Archival materials
Collection Restrictions:
Rathbun's forensic case files donated in 2013 are restricted until 2088. Two folders containing student grades have been separated and are restricted until 2055. For preservation reasons, his computer disks have been separated and restricted. Please note that the collection contains images of human remains.
Collection Rights:
Contact the repository for terms of use
Collection Citation:
Ted Allan Rathbun papers, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
See more items in:
Ted Allan Rathbun Papers
Ted Allan Rathbun Papers / Series 9: University of South Carolina / 9.2: Anthropology Department Files
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw3e60d413c-2e84-4ff5-ae27-a381ded42800
EDAN-URL:
ead_component:sova-naa-2005-08-ref1011

[Edward Croft. "The Search for Edward Croft: a historical and osteological analysis of a Colonial South Carolina skeletal population." Ted A. Rathbun and James D. Scurry. 1982. Presentation copy and notes for the S.C. Archeology Conference.]

Collection Creator:
Rathbun, Ted A., 1942-  Search this
Container:
Box 5
Type:
Archival materials
Collection Restrictions:
Rathbun's forensic case files donated in 2013 are restricted until 2088. Two folders containing student grades have been separated and are restricted until 2055. For preservation reasons, his computer disks have been separated and restricted. Please note that the collection contains images of human remains.
Collection Rights:
Contact the repository for terms of use
Collection Citation:
Ted Allan Rathbun papers, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
See more items in:
Ted Allan Rathbun Papers
Ted Allan Rathbun Papers / Series 2: Field Work / 2.1: South Carolina / 38CH434 Belleview Plantation. (12 folders)
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw39d1199f5-da92-4668-a3fa-7d6c12bd38f1
EDAN-URL:
ead_component:sova-naa-2005-08-ref1171

[Archaeology Reports. 1987-1988. "Management Summary Archaeological investigations on Folly Island […] Sites 38CH964, 38CH965, 38CH966". 1988. Steven D. Smith and Lisa D. O'Steen. Management Summary of Archaeological Investigations at a Civil War Cemet...

Collection Creator:
Rathbun, Ted A., 1942-  Search this
Container:
Box 8
Type:
Archival materials
Collection Restrictions:
Rathbun's forensic case files donated in 2013 are restricted until 2088. Two folders containing student grades have been separated and are restricted until 2055. For preservation reasons, his computer disks have been separated and restricted. Please note that the collection contains images of human remains.
Collection Rights:
Contact the repository for terms of use
Collection Citation:
Ted Allan Rathbun papers, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
See more items in:
Ted Allan Rathbun Papers
Ted Allan Rathbun Papers / Series 2: Field Work / 2.1: South Carolina / 38CH920 Folly Island (18 folders)
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw350528ff8-fae8-44f3-a743-e29a3ab1c798
EDAN-URL:
ead_component:sova-naa-2005-08-ref1209

[PonPon Woman. 1978. Stanley G. Knick III. "An Unusual Dental Attrition Pattern from South Carolina Archaeology."]

Collection Creator:
Rathbun, Ted A., 1942-  Search this
Container:
Box 11
Type:
Archival materials
Collection Restrictions:
Rathbun's forensic case files donated in 2013 are restricted until 2088. Two folders containing student grades have been separated and are restricted until 2055. For preservation reasons, his computer disks have been separated and restricted. Please note that the collection contains images of human remains.
Collection Rights:
Contact the repository for terms of use
Collection Citation:
Ted Allan Rathbun papers, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
See more items in:
Ted Allan Rathbun Papers
Ted Allan Rathbun Papers / Series 2: Field Work / 2.1: South Carolina
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw36d993c6e-044e-46b3-99fa-14cc9c681812
EDAN-URL:
ead_component:sova-naa-2005-08-ref1277

["Folly Island: An African American Union Troop Cemetery in South Carolina," Chapter in In Rememberance: Archaeology and Death. Ted A. Rathbun and Steven D. Smith. 1994-1996. Includes correspondence and contract. Greenwood Publishing Group]

Collection Creator:
Rathbun, Ted A., 1942-  Search this
Container:
Box 22
Type:
Archival materials
Collection Restrictions:
Rathbun's forensic case files donated in 2013 are restricted until 2088. Two folders containing student grades have been separated and are restricted until 2055. For preservation reasons, his computer disks have been separated and restricted. Please note that the collection contains images of human remains.
Collection Rights:
Contact the repository for terms of use
Collection Citation:
Ted Allan Rathbun papers, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
See more items in:
Ted Allan Rathbun Papers
Ted Allan Rathbun Papers / Series 5: Publications / 5.2: Publications and Professional Presentations
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw397a22736-c545-45a3-aad0-c5c614dc052b
EDAN-URL:
ead_component:sova-naa-2005-08-ref1403

["Human Remains as an Archeological Resource". South Carolina Antiquities - Journal of the Archaeological Society of South Carolina Volume 13, Numbers 1&2. 1981.]

Collection Creator:
Rathbun, Ted A., 1942-  Search this
Container:
Box 22
Type:
Archival materials
Collection Restrictions:
Rathbun's forensic case files donated in 2013 are restricted until 2088. Two folders containing student grades have been separated and are restricted until 2055. For preservation reasons, his computer disks have been separated and restricted. Please note that the collection contains images of human remains.
Collection Rights:
Contact the repository for terms of use
Collection Citation:
Ted Allan Rathbun papers, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
See more items in:
Ted Allan Rathbun Papers
Ted Allan Rathbun Papers / Series 5: Publications / 5.2: Publications and Professional Presentations
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw30f8d55bd-423b-46d4-a445-26d1b41fac77
EDAN-URL:
ead_component:sova-naa-2005-08-ref1413

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