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Going Home 11: Native Community and Agency Perspectives - Leigh Kuwanwisiwma

Creator:
National Museum of the American Indian  Search this
Type:
Symposia
YouTube Videos
Uploaded:
2014-11-21T20:18:28.000Z
YouTube Category:
Education  Search this
Topic:
Native Americans;American Indians  Search this
See more by:
SmithsonianNMAI
Data Source:
National Museum of the American Indian
YouTube Channel:
SmithsonianNMAI
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:yt_YXEOhiQxqO0

MS 4731 Drawings of Katsinam by Hopi artists

Collector:
Fewkes, Jesse Walter, 1850-1930  Search this
Artist:
Homovi (Hopi)  Search this
Kutcahonauu (Hopi)  Search this
Winuta (Hopi)  Search this
Pobitsche (Hopi)  Search this
Extent:
176 Drawings (visual works) (graphite, colored pencil, ink, crayon, watercolor)
Culture:
Hopi Pueblo  Search this
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Drawings (visual works)
Works of art
Drawings
Place:
Arizona -- First Mesa
North America
Date:
1899 November-1900 March
Scope and Contents:
The collection consists of 176 drawings of Katsinam made by Hopi artists beteween November 1899 and March 1900. Katsinam are benevolent spirit beings in the Hopi religion, serving as messengers who accept Hopi gifts and prayers for health, fertility, and rain and carry them back to the gods. They may represent plants, animals, insects, the sun, and human qualities. The drawings were commissioned by Jesse Walter Fewkes, who referred to the collection as the Codex Hopiensis.

Please note that the contents of the collection and the language and terminology used reflect the context and culture of the time of its creation. As an historical document, its contents may be at odds with contemporary views and terminology and considered offensive today. The information within this collection does not reflect the views of the Smithsonian Institution or National Anthropological Archives, but is available in its original form to facilitate research.
Arrangement:
The drawings are arranged in inventory number order, which mostly follows the order of the plates in Fewkes' publication "Hopi Kachinas Drawn by Native Artists" in the 21st Bureau of American Ethnology Annual Report (1903).
Biographical Note:
The artists include Kutcahonauu (or White-bear), aged about 30 and who had attended the Keams Canyon School; his uncle, Homovi; Winuta; and Pobitsche, who had attended The Haskell Institute in Lawrence, Kansaa.
Jesse Walter Fewkes (1850‐1930) was a naturalist, anthropologist, and archaeologist who served as chief of the Bureau of American Ethnology from 1918 to his death in 1928. Fewkes received a Ph.D. in marine zoology from Harvard in 1877, and was curator of lower invertebrates at the Museum of Comparative Zoology until 1887. He became deeply interested in the culture and history of Puebloan peoples while on a collecting trip in the western United States. In 1891, he served as director of the Hemenway Southwestern Archaeological Expedition and editor of the Journal of American Archeology and Ethnology. In 1895 he embarked on various archeological explorations for the Bureau of American Ethnology, during which he conducted excavations in the Southwest, the West Indies, and Florida.
Local Numbers:
NAA MS 4731
Conservation Note:
The drawings were mounted on light board prior to publication in 1903. After publication, they were trimmed so that the paper and board were the same size and bound into four volumes. In 2000-2001, all four volumes were disbound, flattened, and rehoused in sink mats.
Publication Note:
Almost all of the drawings were published in:

Jesse Walter Fewkes, "Hopi Kachinas Drawn by Native Artists" Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution 21, 1903. Plates II-LIII.
Related Materials:
The National Anthropological Archives also holds Fewkes's field notes (MS 4408).

Fewkes photographs are held in National Anthropological Archives Photo Lot 1, Photo Lot 4321, Photo Lot 30, and Photo Lot 86 (his negatives).

Correspondence from Fewkes is held in the National Anthropological Archives in the George L. Beam papers (MS 4517), the Henry Bascom Collins, Jr. papers, the Anthropological Society of Washington records (MS 4821), the Herbert William Krieger papers, the J.C. Pilling papers, the Walter Hough Papers (in the records of the Department of Anthropology), and the records of the Bureau of American Ethnology.
Restrictions:
The collection is open for research.

Access to the collection requires an appointment.
Rights:
Contact the repository for terms of use.
Topic:
Kachinas  Search this
Genre/Form:
Works of art
Drawings
Citation:
MS 4731 Drawings of Katsinam by Hopi artists, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Identifier:
NAA.MS4731
See more items in:
MS 4731 Drawings of Katsinam by Hopi artists
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw3f0f7357e-e1f6-4c80-9a38-525d66434e16
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-naa-ms4731

MS 4338 Newsclipping from "The Arizona Republic"

Creator:
Coxon, William (Phoenix, Arizona)  Search this
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Clippings
Illustrations
Place:
Arizona -- Archeology -- Pictographs
Date:
August 3, 1949
Scope and Contents:
Contains story and pictures of the cliff and maze (or labyrinth) pictograph discovered by Mr. Coxon, north of Winslow which is identical with one found on a wall of the Casa Grande National Monument. (See Pl. 40 and Figure 59, in 28th Annual Report, Bureau of American Ethnology - Fewkes).
Local Numbers:
NAA MS 4338
Topic:
Language and languages -- Documentation  Search this
Genre/Form:
Clippings
Illustrations
Citation:
Manuscript 4338, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Identifier:
NAA.MS4338
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw3fd56c7fe-8921-45fe-b315-11a0de989e82
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-naa-ms4338

Neil Merton Judd papers

Creator:
Palmer, Edward, 1829-1911  Search this
Hyde Exploring Expedition (1902-1903)  Search this
Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology  Search this
Judd, Neil Merton, 1887-1976  Search this
Cummings, Byron, 1860-1954  Search this
Photographer:
Jackson, William Henry, 1843-1942  Search this
Martin, Charles  Search this
Hough, Walter, 1859-1935  Search this
Wisherd, Edwin L., 1900 -1970  Search this
Mearns, Edgar Alexander, 1856-1916  Search this
Haven, O.C.  Search this
Correspondent:
La Gorce, John Oliver, 1880-1959  Search this
Jeançon, Jean Allard  Search this
Johnson, Merritt S.  Search this
Hobler, Philip M.  Search this
Scott, Hugh Lenox, 1853-1934  Search this
Wissler, Clark, 1870-1947  Search this
Wetmore, Alexander, 1886-1978  Search this
McNitt, Frank  Search this
Morris, Earl Halstead, 1889-1956  Search this
Morley, Sylvanus Griswold, 1883-1948  Search this
Nusbaum, Jesse L. (Jesse Logan)  Search this
Nelson, N. C. (Nels Christian), 1875-1964  Search this
O'Bryan, Deric  Search this
Popenoe, Frederick W.  Search this
Pepper, George H. (George Hubbard), 1873-1924  Search this
Roberts, Frank H. H. (Frank Harold Hanna), 1897-1966  Search this
Scofield, Carl S.  Search this
Ruppert, Karl  Search this
Shapiro, Harry L. (Harry Lionel), 1902-1990  Search this
Hewett, Edgar L. (Edgar Lee), 1865-1946  Search this
Hodge, Frederick Webb, 1864-1956  Search this
Allen, Glover M.  Search this
Amsden, Monroe  Search this
Bannister, Bryant  Search this
Breazeale, James Frank  Search this
Brew, J. O. (John Otis), 1906-1988  Search this
Colton, Harold Sellers, 1881-1970  Search this
Conant, Kenneth J.  Search this
Coville, Frederick V. (Frederick Vernon), 1867-1937  Search this
Danson, Beatrice  Search this
Dodge, Richard E.  Search this
Grosvenor, Gilbert H.  Search this
Author:
Walsh, Oscar B.  Search this
Ruppert, Karl  Search this
Blom, Frans  Search this
Marye, William Bose, 1886-1979  Search this
Extent:
18 Linear feet
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Place:
Paragonah -- Utah -- archeology
Rainbow Natural Bridge
North Carolina -- Archeology
San Juan County (Utah) -- Archeology
Viriginia -- Archeology
New Mexico -- Archeology
Utah -- Archeology
Walhalla Plateau -- Arizona -- archeology
Delaware -- Archeology
Maryland -- Archeology
Arizona -- Archeology
Chaco Canyon (N.M.) -- Archeology
Date:
circa 1870- circa 1980
bulk 1907-1931
Summary:
The papers of Neil Merton Judd, archeologist and curator in the Smithsonian Institution United States National Museum, were deposited in the National Anthropological Archives at various times during the 1960's and 1970's. Much of Judd's own material was produced as part of his official duties and lie within the public domain. The collection occupies fourteen linear feet of shelf space.
Scope and Contents:
These papers reflect the professional life of Neil Merton Judd (1887-1976), archeologist and curator in the former United States National Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Included are diaries of expeditions, correspondence, field notes, notes, financial records, copies of historical documents, maps, drawings, photographs, and other documents that cover the period from the 1870s to the 1970s. Most of the material, however, is dated between 1907 and 1965.

Of primary concern is Judd's archeological work in Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah, especially at Pueblo Bonito and other sites in the area of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, which he carried out for the National Geographic Society between 1920 and 1927. Appreciable material concerns the so-called Beam expeditions of 1923, 1928, and 1929 to locate study of tree-rings. Other documents relate to Judd's work in San Juan country, Utah; at Paragonah and other sites in southern Utah; and on the Walhalla Plateau in Arizona. Some correspondences, which Judd carried on with William B. Marye between 1932 and 1949, concern Indian bridges in Maryland and nearby states.

Several other expeditions of which Judd was a member are documented among the papers solely or primarily through photographs. There is little material that reflects Judd's personal life, daily curatorial duties at the United States National Museum, work at Rito de los Frijoles with Edgar L. Hewett in 1910, expedition to Guatemala in 1914, or aerial surveys of old canals in Arizona during the 1929-30.

Among correspondents whose letters are included among the papers are Glover M. Allen, Monroe Amsden, Bryant Bannister, James F. Breazeale, Harold S. Colton, Kenneth J. Conant, Fredrick V. Coville, Richard E. Dodge, Harold S. Gladwin, Gilbert Grosvernor, Edgar L. Hewett, Frederick Webb Hodge, William H. Jackson, Jean A. Jeancon, John O. La Gorce, Frank McNitt, Sylvanus G. Morley, Earl H. Morris, Nels C. Nelson, Jesse L. Nusbaum, Deric O'Bryan, George H. Pepper, Frederick Wilson Popenoe, Frank H. H. Roberts, Karl Ruppert, Carl S. Scofield, Hugh L. Scott, Harry L. Shapiro, Anna O. Shepard, Alfred M. Tozzer, and Clark Wissler. In addition to his own material, Judd also acquired some material from members of his expeditions, especially from Frans Blom, Karl Ruppert, and Oscar B. Walsh. He also collected historical documents and photographs. Among these are copies of documents relating to southwestern archeological explorations of the naturalist Edward Palmer. He also acquired photographs by Walter Hough made in Arizona between 1904 and 1920., photographs taken on the Hyde Exploring Expedition to Chaco Canyon, and miscellaneous photographs made on expeditions of William H. Jackson, Edgar A. Mearns, and others.

Please note that the contents of the collection and the language and terminology used reflect the context and culture of the time of its creation. As an historical document, its contents may be at odds with contemporary views and terminology and considered offensive today. The information within this collection does not reflect the views of the Smithsonian Institution or National Anthropological Archives, but is available in its original form to facilitate research.
Arrangement:
To a degree, the arrangement of the collection is Judd's own. The series titles in quotation marks are Judd's own.

"Pueblo Bonito File"

Chaco Canyon Notes, Notebooks, and Note Cards

Material Relating to Judd's Bureau of American Ethnology Expeditions between 1915 and 1920

"Utah File"

Material Concerning Edward Palmer

Correspondence with William B. Marye

Miscellaneous Correspondence

Manuscripts of Writings

Miscellany

Cartographic Material

Artwork and Photographic Enlargements

Photographs
Biographical Note:
Note: Biographical data and a bibliography of Judd's writings are in the series of miscellany among his papers. For an obituary, see Waldo R. Wedel, "Neil Merton Judd, 1887-1976." American Antiquity, volume 43, number 3 (July 1978), pages 399-404, and J. O. Brew, "Neil Merton Judd, 1887-1976." American Anthropologist, volume 80, number 2 (June 1978), pages 352-54. An obituary prepared by Judd is among the papers.

October 27, 1887 -- Born in Cedar Rapids, Nebraska

1907-08 -- Public school teacher in Utah

1907 -- Student archeologist on Byron Cummings' reconnaissance of White Canyon, Utah

1908 -- Student archeologist on Cummings' reconnaissance of Montezuma Canyon, Utah, and Segi Valley, Arizona.

1909 -- Student archeologist on Cummings' reconnaissance of Segi Valley, Arizona, and the Cummings- Douglass expedition to Rainbow Natural Bridge.

1910 -- Student assistant to Edgar L. Hewett on the Archeological Institute of America's expedition to El Rito del los Frijoles, New Mexico

1911 -- Bachelor of Arts, University of Utah

1911-1917 -- Aid, Division of Ethnology, United States National Museum, Smithsonian Institution

1913 -- Master of Arts, George Washington University, Washington, D.C.

1914 -- Member, Archeological Institute's Fourth Quirigua Expedition to Guatemala; supervised the fabrication of a reproduction model of ruins for the Pacific-California International Exposition, San Diego

1915 -- Archeological reconnaissance of Indian mounds in and near Willard, Beaver City, Paragonah, St. George, Kanab, and Cottonwood Canyon, Utah, and "Spanish Diggings" flint quarries in Wyoming for the Bureau of American Ethnology

1916 -- Reconnaissance and excavations of Indian mounds near Paragonah and in Willard County, Utah, for the Bureau of American Ethnology

1916-18 -- Treasurer, American Anthropological Association

1917 -- Director, project for partial restoration of Betatakin ruin, Arizona, for the United States Department of the Interior, and the excavations at Paragonah, Utah, for the Smithsonian and University of Utah

1918 -- Archeological reconnaissance of the Walhalla Plateau, Arizona, for the Bureau of American Ethnology

1918-19 -- Assistant Curator, Department of Anthropology, United States National Museum

1919 -- Archeological investigations in Cottonwood Canyon, Utah, for the Bureau of American Ethnology

1919-30 -- Curator, American Archeology, Division of Archeology, Department of Anthropology, United States National Museum

1920 -- Archeological investigations at Toroweap Valley, Mt. Trumbull, Pariah Plateau, House Rock Valley, Bright Angel Creak, Cottonwood Canyon, and Kanab Creek in Utah and Arizona for the Bureau of American Ethnology and reconnaissance of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, for the National Geographic Society

1920-23 -- Vice President, Anthropological Society of Washington

1921-27 -- Investigations of Pueblo Bonito and nearby ruins in New Mexico for the National Geographic Society

1923 -- Led first Beam expedition to sites in Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado, and carried out explorations in San Juan County, Utah, for the Smithsonian Institution and the National Geographic Society

1925-27 -- Member, Board of Managers, Washington Academy of Science, and President, Anthropological Society of Washington

1925-28 -- Member, Division of Anthropology and Psychology, National Research Council

1926 -- Archeological Observations North of the Rio Colorado, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 82, 1926

1927-36 -- Trustee, Laboratory of Anthropology, Santa Fe, New Mexico

1928 -- Investigations of Indian burials in rock shelter, Wolf Creek, Russell County, Kentucky, for the Bureau of American Ethnology

1929 -- Led Third Beam Expedition to sites in Arizona for the National Geographic Society and reconnaissance of the prehistoric canals in the Gila River and Salt River valleys for the Bureau of American Ethnology

1930 -- Aerial surveys of ancient canals in the Gila River and Salt River valleys for the Bureau of American Ethnology and the United States Department of War

1930-49 -- Curator, Archeology, United States National Museum

1931 -- Investigations on the Natanes Plateau, Arizona, for the Bureau of American Ethnology

1931-32 -- Member, Division of Anthropology and Psychology, National Research Council (second time)

1935 -- Smithsonian Institution's delegate to the second assembly, Pan-American Institute of Geography and History

1936-48 -- Advisory Board, Laboratory of Anthropology, Santa Fe, New Mexico

1937-39 -- Member, Division of Anthropology and Psychology, National Research Council (third time)

1938 -- Married Anne Sarah MacKay

1938-40 -- Member, Board of Managers, Washington Academy of Science

1939 -- President, Society for American Archaeology, and Vice President and Chairman, Section H, American Association for the Advancement of Science

1945 -- President, American Anthropological Association

December 31, 1949 -- Retired from the staff of the United States National Museum

January 1, 1950 -- Honorary Associate in Anthropology of the Smithsonian Institution

1953 -- Awarded the Franklin L. Burr Award of the National Geographic Society

1954 -- The Material Culture of Pueblo Bonito, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, volume 125

1958 -- Awarded Certificate of Award of the Smithsonian Institution

1959 -- Pueblo Del Arroyo, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, volume 138, number 1

1962 -- Awarded the Franklin L. Burr Award of the National Geographic Society (second time)

1964 -- The Architecture of Pueblo Bonito, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, volume 147, number 1

1965 -- Awarded the Alfred Vincent Kidder Award of the American Anthropological Association

1966 -- Awarded Special Award of the United States Department of the Interior

1967 -- The Bureau of American Ethnology: A Partial History, University of Oklahoma Press

1968 -- Men met along the Trail: Adventures in Archeology, University of Oklahoma Press

December 19, 1976 -- Died
Related Materials:
Additional material in the National Anthropological Archives that relates to Judd can be found among the correspondence files of the Bureau of American Ethnology; files of the Department of Anthropology of the United States National Museum, especially those of the Division of Archeology; papers of Frank H.H. Roberts; papers of William B. Marye; American Antiquities permits records of the Anthropological Society of Washington; papers of John P. Harrington; papers of Frank M. Setzler; papers of Henry B. Collins; and records of the American Anthropological Association. Additional photographs that relate to the expeditions of which Judd was a member are in the cataloged and the uncataloged photographs. For example, negatives and other photographic material of the aerial surveys of ancient canals in the Gila River and Salt River valleys in Arizona are NAA photographic lot 3.
Restrictions:
The Neil Merton Judd papers are open for research.

Access to the Neil Merton Judd papers requires an appointment.
Rights:
Contact the repository for terms of use.
Topic:
Shell heaps  Search this
Dendrochronology  Search this
Bridges -- American Indian  Search this
Language and languages -- Documentation  Search this
Citation:
Neil Merton Judd papers, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Identifier:
NAA.1973-48
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw3f428d6cb-9985-4deb-9ccd-494ddce47aed
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-naa-1973-48

MS 4408 Jesse Walter Fewkes papers

Creator:
Fewkes, Jesse Walter, 1850-1930  Search this
Extent:
13 Boxes
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Date:
1873-1927
Summary:
This collection consists principally of Fewkes's archeological and ethnological field notebooks, 1890-1927. It also includes correspondence, 1873-1927; lectures, circa 1907-1926; and unpublished manuscripts by Fewkes and others, circa 1893-1923.
Scope and Contents:
This collection consists principally of Fewkes's archeological and ethnological field notebooks, 1890-1927; and includes correspondence, 1873-1927; lectures, circa 1907-1926; and unpublished manuscripts by Fewkes and others, circa 1893-1923.

In the accompanying inventory, the catalog numbers under which each volume or part was originally catalogued is shown in brackets.

Please note that the contents of the collection and the language and terminology used reflect the context and culture of the time of its creation. As an historical document, its contents may be at odds with contemporary views and terminology and considered offensive today. The information within this collection does not reflect the views of the Smithsonian Institution or National Anthropological Archives, but is available in its original form to facilitate research.
Arrangement:
Series 1: Correspondence, 1873-1927

Series 2: Field Diaries, Notebooks, and Maps, 1873-1927

Series 3: Lectures and Articles, mostly unpublished, circa 1907-1926, undated

Series 4: Manuscripts by Other Authors, collected by Fewkes, circa 1893-1923
Biographical Note:
Jesse Walter Fewkes (1850‐1930) was a naturalist, anthropologist, and archeologist who served as chief of the Bureau of American Ethnology (B.A.E.) from 1918 to 1928. Fewkes received a Ph.D. in marine zoology from Harvard in 1877 and was curator of lower invertebrates at the Museum of Comparative Zoology until 1887. He became deeply interested in the culture and history of the Pueblo Indians while on a collecting trip in the western United States. In 1891, Fewkes became director of the Hemenway Southwestern Archeological Expedition and editor of the Journal of American Archeology and Ethnology. In 1895 he began working for the B.A.E., during which he conducted archaeological excavations in the Southwest, the West Indies, and Florida. During the summers of 1908-1909, 1915-1916, and 1918-1922, Fewkes worked almost exclusively on excavations and repair of ruins in Mesa Verde National Park. He was appointed chief of the B.A.E. in 1918 and played an important role in the creation of Hovenweep National Monument in Colorado and Wupatki National Monument in Arizona. He retired in 1928, after which he continued research for the B.A.E. under the title of Associate Anthropologist.
Related Materials:
Additional records created by and about Fewkes are contained in the records of the Bureau of American Ethnology.

Fewkes correspondence held in the National Anthropological Archives is contained in the George L. Beam papers (MS 4517), the Henry Bascom Collins, Jr. papers, the Anthropological Society of Washington records (MS 4821), the Herbert William Krieger papers, the J.C. Pilling papers, the Walter Hough Papers (in the records of the Department of Anthropology), and the records of the Bureau of American Ethnology.

Fewkes photographs held in National Anthropological Archives are contained in in Photo Lot 1, Photo Lot 30, Photo Lot 86 (his negatives), Photo Lot 73-43B, and Photo Lot 4321.

Fewkes drawings held in the National Anthropological Archives are contained in MS 3427 Drawings of specimens, Heshota Uthla.

The Smithsonian Institution Archives also holds a field notebook by Fewkes, Record Unit 7350.

The Department of Anthropology collections holds several accessions of artifacts collected by Fewkes, including USNM ACC 048761 (relating to Casa Grande excavations) and USNM ACC 050765 (relating to Mesa Verde excavations).

Collection supplement files relating to the life and published work of J. Walter Fewkes are on file in the NAA Reading Room.
Provenance:
The original accession of Fewkes's papers was selected by Matthew W. Stirling at Fewkes's home after Fewkes's death in 1930. This accession consisted largely of archeological and ethnological field notebooks, correspondence, lectures, and unpublished manuscripts. These materials were originally cataloged in unrelated lots. NAA archivist Margaret C. Blaker brought these materials together in 1956 and cataloged them under MS 4408.

In March 1976, the Smithsonian Libraries transferred to the NAA papers largely concerning Fewkes's other scientific work. These were accessioned under the number NAA ACC 76-133. Another group of materials consisting of three volumes recording trip to the American West were transferred from the Smithsonian Institution Archives in December 1979.

Another acquisition to the Fewkes papers, consisting of a volume of photographs, a volume of correspondence, and another volume concerning Betatakin, were acquired from aņ unknown source. These materials appeared in James R. Glenn's office in the Department of Anthropology in April 1986. A notebook of graphite drawings of Taino culture was donated by Jordan Belfort of Old Brookville, New York via Alvin Abrams.
Restrictions:
The Jesse Walter Fewkes papers are open for research.

Access to the Jesse Walter Fewkes papers requires an appointment.
Rights:
Contact repository for terms of use.
Topic:
Language and languages -- Documentation  Search this
Archaeology  Search this
Citation:
Manuscript 4408 Jesse Walter Fewkes papers, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Identifier:
NAA.MS4408
See more items in:
MS 4408 Jesse Walter Fewkes papers
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw3505e09a3-abe0-41a5-98e5-06d63e0c5c31
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-naa-ms4408
Online Media:

Frederica de Laguna papers

Creator:
De Laguna, Frederica, 1906-2004  Search this
McClellan, Catharine  Search this
Swanton, John Reed, 1873-1958  Search this
Guédon, Marie Françoise  Search this
Emmons, George Thornton  Search this
Correspondent:
Stearns, Mary Lee  Search this
Aberle, David F. (David Friend), 1918-2004  Search this
Arensberg, Conrad M. (Conrad Maynadier), 1910-1997  Search this
Baird, Melissa  Search this
Balzer, Marjorie  Search this
Bersch, Gretchen  Search this
Birket-Smith, Kaj  Search this
Black, Lydia  Search this
Boas, Franz, 1858-1942  Search this
Chowning, Ann  Search this
Clark, J. Desmond (John Desmond), 1916-2002  Search this
Codere, Helen F., 1917-2009  Search this
Collins, Henry B. (Henry Bascom), 1899-1987  Search this
Colton, Harold Sellers, 1881-1970  Search this
Conklin, Harold C., 1926-2016  Search this
Corbett, John M.  Search this
Darnell, Regna  Search this
Dauenhauer, Nora  Search this
Dauenhauer, Richard  Search this
Davenport, William  Search this
Dockstader, Frederick J.  Search this
Drucker, Philip, 1911-1982  Search this
Du Bois, Cora Alice, 1903-1991  Search this
Duff, Wilson, 1925-  Search this
Fair, Susan  Search this
Fitzhugh, William W., 1943-  Search this
Foster, George McClelland, 1913-  Search this
Garfield, Viola Edmundson, 1899-1983  Search this
Giddings, James Louis  Search this
Gjessing, Gutorm, 1906  Search this
Grinev, Andrei V.  Search this
Hanable, William S.  Search this
Hara, Hiroko, 1934-  Search this
Haury, Emil W. (Emil Walter), 1904-1992  Search this
Heizer, Robert F. (Robert Fleming), 1915-1979  Search this
Helm, June, 1924-  Search this
Herskovits, Melville J. (Melville Jean), 1895-1963  Search this
Holtved, Erik  Search this
Jenness, Diamond, 1886-1969  Search this
Kahn, Mimi  Search this
Kan, Sergei  Search this
Krauss, Michael E., 1934-  Search this
Kroeber, A. L. (Alfred Louis), 1876-1960  Search this
Larsen, Helge, 1905-1984  Search this
Leer, Jeff  Search this
Lindgren, E. J. (Ethel John), 1904-1988  Search this
Lomax, Alan, 1915-2002  Search this
Low, Jean  Search this
Mathiassen, Therkel, 1892-1967  Search this
Mead, Margaret, 1901-1978  Search this
Olson, Wallace  Search this
Rainey, Froelich G. (Froelich Gladstone), 1907-1992  Search this
Riddell, Francis A. (Francis Allen), 1921-2002  Search this
Ritchie, William A. (William Augustus), 1903-1995  Search this
Schneider, William  Search this
Schumacher, Paul J. F.  Search this
Shinkwin, Anne D.  Search this
Spier, Leslie, 1893-1961  Search this
Spiro, Melford E., 1920-2014  Search this
Underhill, Ruth, 1883-1984  Search this
VanStone, James W.  Search this
Weiner, Annette B., 1933-  Search this
Weitzner, Bella, 1891?-1988  Search this
White, Leslie A., 1900-1975  Search this
Woodbury, Natalie Ferris Sampson  Search this
Woodbury, Richard B. (Richard Benjamin), 1917-2009  Search this
Workman, Karen Wood  Search this
Workman, William B.  Search this
Names:
American Anthropological Association  Search this
Bryn Mawr College  Search this
Photographer:
Smith, Harlan Ingersoll, 1872-1940  Search this
Extent:
2 Map drawers
38 Linear feet (71 document boxes, 1 half document box, 2 manuscript folders, 4 card file boxes, 1 flat box, and 1 oversize box)
Culture:
Yakutat Tlingit  Search this
Tutchone  Search this
Tsimshian  Search this
Indians of North America -- Subarctic  Search this
Tlingit  Search this
Tanana  Search this
Kawchodinne (Hare)  Search this
Ahtna (Ahtena)  Search this
Athapascan Indians  Search this
Northern Athabascan  Search this
Chugach  Search this
Kalaallit (Greenland Eskimo)  Search this
Indians of North America -- California  Search this
Eyak  Search this
Indians of North America -- Northwest Coast of North America  Search this
Degexit'an (Ingalik)  Search this
Arctic peoples  Search this
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Map drawers
Manuscripts
Maps
Field notes
Correspondence
Photographs
Sound recordings
Place:
Alaska -- Archaeology
Aishihik (Yukon)
Angoon (Alaska)
Alaska -- Ethnology
Chistochina (Alaska)
Greenland
Copper River (Alaska)
Klukshu (Yukon)
Hoonah (Alaska)
Kodiak Island (Alaska)
Klukwan (Alaska)
Saint Lawrence River Valley
New Brunswick -- Archaeology
Yukon Island (Alaska)
Date:
1890-2004
bulk 1923-2004
Summary:
These papers reflect the professional and personal life of Frederica de Laguna. The collection contains correspondence, field notes, writings, newspaper clippings, writings by others, subject files, sound recordings, photographs, and maps. A significant portion of the collection consists of de Laguna's correspondence with family, friends, colleagues, and students, as well as her informants from the field. Her correspondence covers a wide range of subjects such as family, health, preparations for field work, her publications and projects, the Northwest Coast, her opinions on the state of anthropology, and politics. The field notes in the collection mainly represent de Laguna and her assistants' work in the Northern Tlingit region of Alaska from 1949 to 1954. In addition, the collection contains materials related to her work in the St. Lawrence River Valley in Ontario in 1947 and Catherine McClellan's field journal for her research in Aishihik, Yukon Territory in 1968. Most of the audio reels in the collection are field recordings made by de Laguna, McClellan, and Marie-Françoise Guédon of vocabulary and songs and speeches at potlatches and other ceremonies from 1952 to 1969. Tlingit and several Athabaskan languages including Atna, Tutchone, Upper Tanana, and Tanacross are represented in the recordings. Also in the collection are copies of John R. Swanton's Tlingit recordings and Hiroko Hara Sue's recordings among the Hare Indians. Additional materials related to de Laguna's research on the Northwest Coast include her notes on clans and tribes in Series VI: Subject Files and her notes on Tlingit vocabulary and Yakutat names specimens in Series X: Card Files. Drafts and notes for Voyage to Greenland, Travels Among the Dena, and The Tlingit Indians can be found in the collection as well as her drawings for her dissertation and materials related to her work for the Handbook of North American Indians and other publications. There is little material related to Under Mount Saint Elias except for correspondence, photocopies and negatives of plates, and grant applications for the monograph. Of special interest among de Laguna's writings is a photocopy of her historical fiction novel, The Thousand March. Other materials of special interest are copies of her talks, including her AAA presidential address, and the dissertation of Regna Darnell, a former student of de Laguna's. In addition, materials on the history of anthropology are in the collection, most of which can found with her teaching materials. Although the bulk of the collection documents de Laguna's professional years, the collection also contains newspaper articles and letters regarding her exceptional performance as a student at Bryn Mawr College and her undergraduate and graduate report cards. Only a few photographs of de Laguna can be found in the collection along with photographs of her 1929 and 1979 trips to Greenland.
Scope and Contents:
These papers reflect the professional and personal life of Frederica de Laguna. The collection contains correspondence, field notes, writings, newspaper clippings, writings by others, subject files, sound recordings, photographs, and maps.

A significant portion of the collection consists of de Laguna's correspondence with family, friends, colleagues, and students, as well as her informants from the field. Her correspondence covers a wide range of subjects such as family, health, preparations for field work, her publications and projects, the Northwest Coast, her opinions on the state of anthropology, and politics. Among her notable correspondents are Kaj Birket-Smith, J. Desmond Clark, Henry Collins, George Foster, Viola Garfield, Marie-Françoise Guédon, Diamond Jenness, Michael Krauss, Therkel Mathiassen, Catharine McClellan, and Wallace Olson. She also corresponded with several eminent anthropologists including Franz Boas, William Fitzhugh, J. Louis Giddings, Emil Haury, June Helm, Melville Herskovitz, Alfred Kroeber, Helge Larsen, Alan Lomax, Margaret Mead, Froelich Rainey, Leslie Spier, Ruth Underhill, James VanStone, Annette Weiner, and Leslie White.

The field notes in the collection mainly represent de Laguna and her assistants' work in the Northern Tlingit region of Alaska from 1949 to 1954. In addition, the collection contains materials related to her work in the St. Lawrence River Valley in Ontario in 1947 and Catharine McClellan's field journal for her research in Aishihik, Yukon Territory in 1968. Most of the audio reels in the collection are field recordings made by de Laguna, McClellan, and Marie-Françoise Guédon of vocabulary and songs and speeches at potlatches and other ceremonies from 1952 to 1969. Tlingit and several Athapaskan languages including Atna, Tutochone, Upper Tanana, and Tanacross are represented in the recordings. Also in the collection are copies of John R. Swanton's Tlingit recordings and Hiroko Hara's recordings among the Hare Indians. Additional materials related to de Laguna's research on the Northwest Coast include her notes on clans and tribes in Series VI: Subject Files and her notes on Tlingit vocabulary and Yakutat names specimens in Series 10: Card Files.

Drafts and notes for Voyage to Greenland, Travels Among the Dena, and The Tlingit Indians can be found in the collection as well as her drawings for her dissertation and materials related to her work for the Handbook of North American Indians and other publications. There is little material related to Under Mount Saint Elias except for correspondence, photocopies and negatives of plates, and grant applications for the monograph. Of special interest among de Laguna's writings is a photocopy of her historical fiction novel, The Thousand March.

Other materials of special interest are copies of her talks, including her AAA presidential address, and the dissertation of Regna Darnell, a former student of de Laguna's. In addition, materials on the history of anthropology are in the collection, most of which can found with her teaching materials. The collection also contains copies of photographs from the Harriman Alaska Expedition of 1899. Although the bulk of the collection documents de Laguna's professional years, the collection also contains newspaper articles and letters regarding her exceptional performance as a student at Bryn Mawr College and her undergraduate and graduate report cards. Only a few photographs of de Laguna can be found in the collection along with photographs of her 1929 and 1979 trips to Greenland.
Arrangement:
Arranged in 12 series: (1) Correspondence, 1923-2004; (2) Field Research, 1947-1968; (3) Writings, 1926-2001; (4) Teaching, 1922-1988; (5) Professional Activities, 1939-2001; (6) Subject Files, 1890-2002; (7) Writings by Others, 1962-2000; (8) Personal, 1923-2000; (9) Photographs, 1929-1986; (10) Card Files; (11) Maps, 1928-1973; (12) Sound Recordings, 1904-1973
Biographical / Historical:
Frederica Annis Lopez de Leo de Laguna was a pioneering archaeologist and ethnographer of northwestern North America. Known as Freddy by her friends, she was one of the last students of Franz Boas. She served as first vice-president of the Society for American Archaeology (SAA) from 1949 to 1950 and as president of the American Anthropological Association (AAA) from 1966-1967. She also founded the anthropology department at Bryn Mawr College where she taught from 1938 to 1972. In 1975, she and Margaret Mead, a former classmate, were the first women to be elected to the National Academy of Sciences.

Born on October 3, 1906 in Ann Arbor, Michigan, de Laguna was the daughter of Theodore Lopez de Leo de Laguna and Grace Mead Andrus, both philosophy professors at Bryn Mawr College. Often sick as a child, de Laguna was home-schooled by her parents until she was 9. She excelled as a student at Bryn Mawr College, graduating summa cum laude with a degree in politics and economics in 1927. She was awarded the college's prestigious European fellowship, which upon the suggestion of her parents, she deferred for a year to study anthropology at Columbia University under Boas. Her parents had recently attended a lecture given by Boas and felt that anthropology would unite her interests in the social sciences and her love for the outdoors.

After a year studying at Columbia with Boas, Gladys Reichard, and Ruth Benedict, de Laguna was still uncertain whether anthropology was the field for her. Nevertheless, she followed Boas's advice to spend her year abroad studying the connection between Eskimo and Paleolithic art, which would later became the topic of her dissertation. In the summer of 1928, she gained fieldwork experience under George Grant MacCurdy visiting prehistoric sites in England, France, and Spain. In Paris, she attended lectures on prehistoric art by Abbe Breuil and received guidance from Paul Rivet and Marcelin Boule. Engaged to an Englishman she had met at Columbia University, de Laguna decided to also enroll at the London School of Economics in case she needed to earn her degree there. She took a seminar with Bronislaw Malinowski, an experience she found unpleasant and disappointing.

It was de Laguna's visit to the National Museum in Copenhagen to examine the archaeological collections from Central Eskimo that became the turning point in her life. During her visit, she met Therkel Mathiassen who invited her to be his assistant on what would be the first scientific archaeological excavation in Greenland. She sailed off with him in June 1929, intending to return early in August. Instead, she decided to stay until October to finish the excavation with Mathiassen, now convinced that her future lay in anthropology. When she returned from Greenland she broke off her engagement with her fiancé, deciding that she would not able to both fully pursue a career in anthropology and be the sort of wife she felt he deserved. Her experiences in Greenland became the subject of her 1977 memoir, Voyage to Greenland: A Personal Initiation into Anthropology.

The following year, Kaj Birket-Smith, whom de Laguna had also met in Copenhagen, agreed to let her accompany him as his research assistant on his summer expedition to Prince William Sound and Cook Inlet. When Birket-Smith fell ill and was unable to go, de Laguna was determined to continue on with the trip. She convinced the University of Pennsylvania Museum to fund her trip to Alaska to survey potential excavation sites and took as her assistant her 20 year old brother, Wallace, who became a geologist. A close family, de Laguna's brother and mother would later accompany her on other research trips.

In 1931, the University of Pennsylvania Museum hired de Laguna to catalogue Eskimo collections. They again financed her work in Cook Inlet that year as well as the following year. In 1933, she earned her PhD from Columbia and led an archaeological and ethnological expedition of the Prince William Sound with Birket-Smith. They coauthored "The Eyak Indians of the Copper River Delta, Alaska," published in 1938. In 1935, de Laguna led an archaeological and geological reconnaissance of middle and lower Yukon Valley, traveling down the Tanana River. Several decades later, the 1935 trip contributed to two of her books: Travels Among the Dena, published in 1994, and Tales From the Dena, published in 1997.

In 1935 and 1936, de Laguna worked briefly as an Associate Soil Conservationist, surveying economic and social conditions on the Pima Indian Reservation in Arizona. She later returned to Arizona during the summers to conduct research and in 1941, led a summer archaeological field school under the sponsorship of Bryn Mawr College and the Museum of Northern Arizona.

By this time, de Laguna had already published several academic articles and was also the author of three fiction books. Published in 1930, The Thousand March: Adventures of an American Boy with the Garibaldi was her historical fiction book for juveniles. She also wrote two detective novels: The Arrow Points to Murder (1937) and Fog on the Mountain (1938). The Arrow Points to Murder is set in a museum based on her experiences at the University of Pennsylvania Museum and the American Museum of National History. Fog on the Mountain is set in Cook Inlet and draws upon de Laguna's experiences in Alaska. Both detective novels helped to finance her research.

De Laguna began her long career at Bryn Mawr College in 1938 when she was hired as a lecturer in the sociology department to teach the first ever anthropology course at the college. By 1950, she was chairman of the joint department of Sociology and Anthropology, and in 1967, the chairman of the newly independent Anthropology Department. She was also a visiting professor at the University of Pennsylvania (1947-1949; 1972-1976) and at the University of California, Berkeley (1959-1960; 1972-1973.)

During World War II, de Laguna took a leave of absence from Bryn Mawr College to serve in the naval reserve from 1942 to 1945. As a member of WAVES (Women Accepted for Voluntary Emergency Service), she taught naval history and codes and ciphers to women midshipmen at Smith College. She took great pride in her naval service and in her later years joined the local chapter of WAVES National, an organization for former and current members of WAVES.

In 1950, de Laguna returned to Alaska to work in the Northern Tlingit region. Her ethnological and archaeological study of the Tlingit Indians brought her back several more times throughout the 1950s and led to the publication of Under Mount Saint Elias in 1972. Her comprehensive three-volume monograph is still considered the authoritative work on the Yakutat Tlingit. In 1954, de Laguna turned her focus to the Atna Indians of Copper River, returning to the area in 1958, 1960, and 1968.

De Laguna retired from Bryn Mawr College in 1972 under the college's mandatory retirement policy. Although she suffered from many ailments in her later years including macular degeneration, she remained professionally active. Five decades after her first visit to Greenland, de Laguna returned to Upernavik in 1979 to conduct ethnographic investigations. In 1985, she finished editing George Thornton Emmons' unpublished manuscript The Tlingit Indians. A project she had begun in 1955, the book was finally published in 1991. In 1986, she served as a volunteer consultant archaeologist and ethnologist for the U. S. Forest Service in Alaska. In 1994, she took part in "More than Words . . ." Laura Bliss Spann's documentary on the last Eyak speaker, Maggie Smith Jones. By 2001, de Laguna was legally blind. Nevertheless, she continued working on several projects and established the Frederica de Laguna Northern Books Press to reprint out-of-print literature and publish new scholarly works on Arctic cultures.

Over her lifetime, de Laguna received several honors including her election into the National Academy Sciences in 1976, the Distinguished Service Award from AAA in 1986, and the Lucy Wharton Drexel Medal from the University of Pennsylvania in 1999. De Laguna's work, however, was respected by not only her colleagues but also by the people she studied. In 1996, the people of Yakutat honored de Laguna with a potlatch. Her return to Yakutat was filmed by Laura Bliss Spann in her documentary Reunion at Mt St. Elias: The Return of Frederica de Laguna to Yakutat.

At the age of 98, Frederica de Laguna passed away on October 6, 2004.

Sources Consulted

Darnell, Regna. "Frederica de Laguna (1906-2004)." American Anthropologist 107.3 (2005): 554-556.

de Laguna, Frederica. Voyage to Greenland: A Personal Initiation into Anthropology. New York: W.W. Norton Co, 1977.

McClellan, Catharine. "Frederica de Laguna and the Pleasures of Anthropology." American Ethnologist 16.4 (1989): 766-785.

Olson, Wallace M. "Obituary: Frederica de Laguna (1906-2004)." Arctic 58.1 (2005): 89-90.
Related Materials:
Although this collection contains a great deal of correspondence associated with her service as president of AAA, most of her presidential records can be found in American Anthropological Association Records 1917-1972. Also at the National Anthropological Archives are her transcripts of songs sung by Yakutat Tlingit recorded in 1952 and 1954 located in MS 7056 and her notes and drawings of Dorset culture materials in the National Museum of Canada located in MS 7265. The Human Studies Film Archive has a video oral history of de Laguna conducted by Norman Markel (SC-89.10.4).

Related collections can also be found in other repositories. The University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania holds materials related to work that de Laguna carried out for the museum from the 1930s to the 1960s. Materials relating to her fieldwork in Angoon and Yakutat can be found in the Rasmuson Library of the University of Alaska, Fairbanks in the papers of Francis A. Riddell, a field assistant to de Laguna in the early 1950s. Original photographs taken in the field in Alaska were deposited in the Alaska State Library, Juneau. Both the Archive of Folk Culture at the Library of Congress and the American Philosophical Library have copies of her field recordings and notes. The American Museum of Natural History has materials related to her work editing George T. Emmons' manuscript. De Laguna's papers can also be found at the Bryn Mawr College Archives.
Provenance:
These papers were donated to the National Anthropological Archives by Frederica de Laguna.
Restrictions:
Some of the original field notes are restricted due to Frederica de Laguna's request to protect the privacy of those accused of witchcraft. The originals are restricted until 2030. Photocopies may be made with the names of the accused redacted.
Rights:
Contact repository for terms of use.
Topic:
Language and languages -- Documentation  Search this
Anthropology -- History  Search this
Genre/Form:
Manuscripts
Maps
Field notes
Correspondence
Photographs
Sound recordings
Citation:
Frederica de Laguna papers, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Identifier:
NAA.1998-89
See more items in:
Frederica de Laguna papers
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw3363424fd-e665-498b-a37c-9f4a81302a35
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-naa-1998-89
Online Media:

Neil Merton Judd photographs relating to Cummings expeditions to Utah and Arizona

Photographer:
Judd, Neil Merton, 1887-1976  Search this
Names:
Cummings, Byron, 1860-1954  Search this
Hewett, Edgar L. (Edgar Lee), 1865-1946  Search this
Kidder, Alfred Vincent, 1885-1963  Search this
Extent:
46 Prints (silver gelatin)
Culture:
Indians of North America -- Southwest, New  Search this
Ute  Search this
Indians of North America -- Great Basin  Search this
Diné (Navajo)  Search this
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Prints
Photographs
Place:
Arizona
Utah
Date:
1907-1909
Scope and Contents note:
Photographs made by Neil Merton Judd documenting expeditions and sites in Utah and Arizona, including Augusta Bridge, Rainbow Bridge, Monument Valley, and Navajo Mountain. The photographs also include images of expedition parties from the University of Utah expedition to White Canyon in 1907 (including members Byron Cummings, Dr. E. L. Hewitt, Rev. F. F. Eddy, Fred Scranton, John C. Brown, Neil Judd, Dan Perkins, and Joseph Driggs); Dr. Alfred V. Kidder and "Old Mack" at the University of Utah excavations under Byron Cummings at Alkali Ridge; John Wetherill and Navajo people at his trading post in Oljeto, UT; and the Cummings-Douglass pack train making its way to Rainbow Bridge.
Biographical/Historical note:
Neil Merton Judd (1887-1976) first studied archeology under his uncle, Byron Cummings, at the University of Utah in 1907. He participated in Cummings' expeditions to White Canyon, Utah (1907); Segi Valley, Arizona (1908); Montezuma Canyon, Utah (1908); and the Cummings-Douglass expedition to Rainbow Natural Bridge (1909). After graduating from the University of Utah (1911), Judd was hired as an aid in anthropology at the Smithsonian's United States National Museum, later becoming assistant curator (1918) and curator of American archeology (1930). Between 1915 and 1920, he conducted numerous archeological investigations in Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico for the Bureau of American Ethnology and the United States National Museum. With the support of the National Geographic Society, from 1920 until the 1950s he worked at Pueblo Bonito and other Chaco Canyon sites.
Local Call Number(s):
NAA Photo Lot 4757
Location of Other Archival Materials:
Related photographs from the Cummings expedition held in National Anthropological Archives Photo Lot R4758.
The National Anthropological Archives holds Neil Merton Judd's papers.
Additional photographs by Judd held in National Anthropological Archives Photo Lot 3, Photo Lot 93, and Photo Lot 24.
Other materials relating to Judd held in the National Anthropological Archives in MS 7201, MS 2920, MS 4357, MS 7451, MS 4036, MS 7253, Science Service Records, and Records of the Department of Anthropology.
Correspondence from Judd held in the National Anthropological Archives in MS 4821, Records of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Society for American Archaeology records, and collections of personal papers.
Restrictions:
The collection is open for research.

Access to the collection requires an appointment.
Rights:
Contact the repository for terms of use.
Genre/Form:
Photographs
Citation:
Photo Lot 4757, Neil Merton Judd photographs of expeditions in Utah and Arizona, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Identifier:
NAA.PhotoLot.4757
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw3a6ed3a78-7aa5-4726-8b2d-5991ab95a1de
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-naa-photolot-4757

Aerial photographs of Hohokam canals in Salt River and Gila River valleys, Arizona

Creator:
Judd, Neil Merton, 1887-1976  Search this
Names:
Halseth, Odd Sigurd  Search this
Hayden, Carl  Search this
Extent:
7 Items (uncut rolls)
139 Items (prints)
68 Items (maps)
Culture:
Hohokam -- Canals  Search this
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Place:
Arizona -- Archeology
Date:
ca. 1930
Arrangement:
The negatives are on the rolls in the order in which they were taken; otherwise the material is unarranged.
Biographical / Historical:
In January 1930, at the urging of Senator Carl Hayden, the Smithsonian arranged with the Department of War for air reconnaissance of ancient canals in Arizona. Because the canals were being destroyed by the extension of agriculture and other developments, oblique and vertical aerial photographic records were made of them. Neil Merton Judd represented the Smithsonian on the project.
General:
The digitization of this collection was supported by the Pueblo Grande Museum.
Topic:
Canals -- Hohokam  Search this
Archeology -- Arizona -- Canals  Search this
Citation:
Photo Lot 3, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Identifier:
NAA.PhotoLot.3
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw349a1f2d6-c279-4133-a79a-affb38ef9a70
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-naa-photolot-3
Online Media:

Division of Archaeology Miscellaneous Photographs

Creator:
Smithsonian Institution United States National Museum Department of Anthropology Division of Archeology  Search this
Jochelson, Waldemar I.  Search this
Bernheimer, Charles L.  Search this
Colburn, Burnham S.  Search this
Featherstonehaugh, Thomas  Search this
Geist, Otto William  Search this
Hill, A. T.  Search this
Hough, Walter, 1859-1935  Search this
Langford, George Langford  Search this
Montgomery, Henry  Search this
Moore, Clarence B. (Clarence Bloomfield), 1852-1936  Search this
Pittier, Henri F.  Search this
Stebbins, F. B.  Search this
Artex, Charles Artes (archeological collector)  Search this
Beckwith, C. W.  Search this
Branch, C. W.  Search this
Hempstead, F. S.  Search this
Pillars, James  Search this
Price, Governor  Search this
Squier, Ephraim George  Search this
Davis, Edwin Hamilton  Search this
Riaboushinsky Expedition. Ethnological Section  Search this
Collector:
Colburn, Burnham S.  Search this
Photographer:
Hillers, John K., 1843-1925  Search this
Jackson, William Henry, 1843-1942  Search this
Matteson, Sumner W.  Search this
Mearns, Edgar S.  Search this
Mindeleff, Victor, 1860-1948  Search this
O'Sullivan, Timothy H., 1840-1882  Search this
Names:
Wetherill, Richard -- Mancos Canyon, Colorado  Search this
Extent:
1,600 Items
Culture:
Tlingit -- burials  Search this
Cherokee  Search this
Unangan (Aleut)  Search this
Arctic peoples  Search this
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Photographic prints
Negatives
Photomechanical prints
Tintypes
Drawings
Clippings
Notes
Letters
Place:
Massachusetts -- Dighton Rock
Alabama -- 1931 -- Moundville
Alabama -- Archeology
Alaska -- Archeology
Arizona -- Archeology
Arkansas -- Archeology
California -- Archeology
Colorado -- Archeology
Connecticut -- Archeology
Delaware -- Archeology
Florida -- Archeology
Georgia -- Archeology
Illinois -- Archeology
Indiana -- Archeology
Iowa -- Archeology
Kansas -- Archeology
Kentucky -- Archeology
Maryland -- Archeology
Maine -- Archeology
Massachusetts -- Archeology
Michigan -- Archeology
Minnesota -- Archeology
Mississippi -- Archeology
Missouri -- Archeology
Nebraska -- Archeology
Nevada -- Archeology
New Jersey -- Archeology
New Mexico -- Archeology
New York (State) -- Archeology
North Carolina -- Archeology
North Dakota -- Archeology
Ohio -- Archeology
Oklahoma -- Archeology
Oregon -- Archeology
Pennsylvania -- Archeology
South Carolina -- Archeology
Tennessee -- Archeology
Texas -- Archeology
Utah -- Archeology
Virginia -- Archeology
Washington -- Archeology
Costa Rica -- Archeology
British Columbia -- Antiquities
Canada -- Archeology
New Zealand -- Archeology
Nova Scotia -- Archeology
Pacific Islanders -- Archeology
West Indies -- Archeology
Date:
1870s-1930s
Scope and Contents:
The material consists mostly of photographic prints. A few negatives, photomechanical prints, tintypes, drawings, newspaper clippings, notes, and letters are also included. Much of the material is annotated. In part, the file was assembled for or relates to many accessions and cataloging units of the division.

The material was received from professionals and amateurs, mostly working in North America. The images are of artifactual and skeletal specimens, fradulent specimens, collections of specimens, sites, excavations, site features, ruins, petroglyphs, and field parties. A few are reproductions of maps and portraits of native people. Some of the specimens are in the Smithsonianʹs collections, but many are not.

Included among the many subjects are photographs of Dighton Rock in Massachusetts; many ruins of the 1931 Moundville, Alabama, excavation; Tlingit burial boxes; excavations, specimens, and Aleut portraits taken by Waldemar I. Jochelsonʹs Ethnological Section of the Riaboushinsky Expedition, 1909-1912; Richard Wetherillʹs party in Mancos Canyon, Colorado, and F. S. Hempsteadʹs Archaeological and Topographic Map of Portsmouth," [Ohio].

Some of the material relates to the work of Charles L. Bernheimer in Utah, Burnham S. Colburn in Georgia and North Carolina, Thomas Featherstonehaugh in Florida, Otto William Geist in Alaska, A. T. Hill in Nebraska, Walter Hough in Arizona (for the Gates-United States National Museum Expedition, 1901), George Langford in Illinois, Henry Montgomery in North Dakota, Clarence B. Moore in Florida, Henri F. Pittier in Costa Rica, and F. B. Stebbins in Tennessee. Collections are those of Charles Artes (filed Indiana), Thomas Beckwith (filed Missouri), C. W. Branch (filed West Indies), Burham S. Colburn Cherokee relics (filed North Carolina), James Pillars (filed Ohio), Governor Price (frauds from New Mexico), Ephraim George Squier and Edwin Hamilton Davis (filed Ohio).

The material is from Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas Utah, Virginia, Washington, Costa Rica, British Columbia, Canada, New Zealand, Nova Scotia, South Pacific, and West Indies.

The works of many photographers are included. Among them are John K. Hillers, William Henry Jackson, Sumner W. Matteson, Edgar A. Mearns, Victor Mindeleff, and Timothy H. OʹSullivan.
Arrangement:
(1) Frauds; (2) petroglyphs (3) general
Topic:
Archeology -- artifacts -- skeletal specimens -- frauds -- collection -- sites -- Excavations -- Petroglyphs  Search this
Archeology -- frauds -- New Mexico  Search this
Archeology -- Alabama  Search this
Archeology -- Arizona  Search this
Archeology -- Alaska  Search this
Archeology -- Arkansas  Search this
Archeology -- California  Search this
Archeology -- Colorado  Search this
Archeology -- Connecticut  Search this
Archeology -- Delaware  Search this
Archeology -- Florida  Search this
Archeology -- Georgia  Search this
Archeology -- Illinois  Search this
Archeology -- Indiana  Search this
Archeology -- Iowa  Search this
Archeology -- Kansas  Search this
Archeology -- Kentucky  Search this
Archeology -- Maryland  Search this
Archeology -- Maine  Search this
Archeology -- Massachusetts  Search this
Archeology -- Michigan  Search this
Archeology -- Minnesota  Search this
Archeology -- Mississippi  Search this
Archeology -- Missouri  Search this
Archeology -- Nebraska  Search this
Archeology -- Nevada  Search this
Archeology -- New Jersey  Search this
Archeology -- New Mexico  Search this
Archeology -- Archeology  Search this
Archeology -- North Carolina  Search this
Archeology -- North Dakota  Search this
Archeology -- Ohio  Search this
Archeology -- Oklahoma  Search this
Archeology -- Oregon  Search this
Archeology -- Pennsylvania  Search this
Archeology -- South Carolina  Search this
Archeology -- Texas  Search this
Archeology -- Utah  Search this
Archeology -- Virginia  Search this
Archeology -- Washington  Search this
Archeology -- Costa Rica  Search this
Archeology -- British Columbia  Search this
Archeology -- Canada  Search this
Archeology -- New Zealand  Search this
Archeology -- Nova Scotia  Search this
Archeology -- Oceania  Search this
Archeology -- West Indies  Search this
Genre/Form:
Photographic prints
Negatives
Photomechanical prints
Tintypes
Drawings
Clippings
Notes
Letters
Citation:
Photo lot 40, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Identifier:
NAA.PhotoLot.40
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw3413cc2cb-bf9c-41d2-bd29-5e2c850d63d9
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-naa-photolot-40

Cleve Gray papers

Creator:
Gray, Cleve  Search this
Names:
Berry-Hill Galleries  Search this
Betty Parsons Gallery  Search this
Connecticut. Commission on Arts, Tourism, Culture, History and Film  Search this
Jacques Seligmann & Co  Search this
Neuberger Museum of Art  Search this
Pratt Institute  Search this
Princeton University  Search this
Rhode Island School of Design  Search this
Barzun, Jacques, 1907-  Search this
Calder, Alexander, 1898-1976  Search this
Davis, Jim, 1901-1974  Search this
Dillenberger, Jane  Search this
Duchamp, Marcel, 1887-1968  Search this
Ernst, Jimmy, 1920-1984  Search this
Gabo, Naum, 1890-1977  Search this
Grace, Louise N.  Search this
Gray, Francine du Plessix  Search this
Lipchitz, Jacques, 1891-1973  Search this
Marin, John, 1870-1953  Search this
Pollock, Jackson, 1912-1956  Search this
Richter, Hans, 1888-1976  Search this
Smith, David, 1906-1965  Search this
Villon, Jacques, 1875-1963  Search this
Weber, Nicholas Fox, 1947-  Search this
Extent:
9.2 Linear feet
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Poems
Articles
Photographs
Reviews (documents)
Notes
Illustrations
Notebooks
Sketches
Drafts (documents)
Video recordings
Sound recordings
Interviews
Manuscripts
Paintings
Prints
Watercolors
Drawings
Lectures
Date:
1933-2005
Summary:
The Cleve Gray papers, 1933-2005, measure 9.2 linear feet. Papers include biographical material, alphabetical files, writings, artwork, audio/visual records, artifacts, printed material, and photographs. Extensive alphabetical files contain personal and professional correspondence as well as subject files relating to projects and interests. Especially well-documented are: Gray's involvement with the Vietnam protest movement; and Threnody, his best-known work composed of fourteen large panels lamenting the dead of both sides sides in Vietnam, commissioned by the Neuberger Museum of Art.
Scope and Content Note:
The Cleve Gray papers, 1933-2005, measure 9.2 linear feet. Papers include biographical material, alphabetical files, writings, artwork, audio/visual records, artifacts, printed material, and photographs. Extensive alphabetical files contain personal and professional correspondence as well as subject files relating to projects and interests. Especially well-documented are: Gray's involvement with the Vietnam movement; and Threnody, his best-known work composed of fourteen large panels lamenting the dead of both sides sides in Vietnam, commissioned by the Neuberger Museum of Art.

Among the biographical material are award and membership certificates, biographical notes, and personal documentation.

The alphabetical files contain Cleve Gray's personal and professional correspondence, as well as subject files relating to projects and interests. Correspondence is with friends and family, colleagues, publishers, museum curators and directors, art dealers, collectors, and fans. Among the correspondents of note are: Jacques Barzun, James E. Davis, Naum Gabo, Louise N. Grace, Hans and Fridel Richter, and Jacques and Gaby Villon. Other substantial correspondence includes: Berry-Hill Galleries, Betty Parsons Gallery, Connecticut Commission on the Arts, Jacques Seligmann and Co., Neuberger Museum of Art, Pratt Institute, Princeton University, and Rhode Island School of Design. Subject files mostly consist of correspondence, but include printed material and some photographs. Among the subject files are: Art Collection of Cleve and Francine Gray, Artist-Dealer Consignments and Visual Artists' Rights Act of 1989, Artists' Tax Equity Act of 1979, Promised Gifts to Museums, Threnody, Vestments, and Vietnam Protest. Of particular interest are files relating to the Estate of Hans Richter (Cleve Gray, executor), and Gray's research correspondence and illustrations for his Cosmopolitan article "Women-Leaders of Modern Art."

Writings are manuscripts and drafts, research materials, notes, and miscellaneous writings by Cleve Gray and other authors. Those by Gray include articles and catalog introductions on a wide range of art-related topics, as well as book and exhibition reviews. Also found are a book proposal, texts and notes for lectures and talks, miscellaneous notes, poems, political statements, and student papers. Of particular interest are autobiographical notes in the form of a chronology that his biographer, Nicholas Fox Weber, cited as an "autochronology."

Among the writings by other authors are pieces about Cleve Gray including Nicholas Fox Weber's manuscript Cleve Gray. A significant amount of material relates to three books edited by Gray: David Smith by David Smith: Sculpture and Writings, Hans Richter, and John Marin. Research material survives for an unpublished volume, Naum Gabo. Also included are notes relating to his translation of A l'Infinitif by Marcel Duchamp. Jane Daggett Dillenberger is represented by a lecture, "The Resurrection in Art." The remaining items by other authors are unsigned; of particular interest is a small notebook of reminiscences and notes about Jackson Pollock.

Artwork by Cleve Gray consists mostly drawings and sketches, and a small number of paintings, prints, and watercolors. Works by other artists consist are an unsigned mobile of paper cut-outs, possibly by Alexander Calder, and a pencil drawing signed Dick (probably Richard Avedon).

Audio recordings are a radio broadcast featuring Cleve Gray, several lectures by Gray on John Marin, and a lecture titled "Meaning in the Visual Arts." Other recordings are of Hans Richter and an interview with Jimmy Ernst conducted by Francine du Plessix Gray. Also found is a videocassette of "Glenville School Students at SUNY (Lincoln Center Activity)."

Artifacts are a Chinese scroll representative of those that hung in Cleve Gray's studio, two of his paintbrushes, Aberdeen-Angus Breeders' Association blue ribbon, and Neuberger Museum of Art Lifetime Achievement Award.

The vast majority of printed material - articles, clippings, exhibition catalogs and announcements, reproductions of art work, etc. - are about or by Cleve Gray. Miscellaneous items and publications mentioning Gray consist of annual reports, brochures, calendars, newsletters, programs, etc. Clippings about Vietnam and Vietnam protest memorabilia reflect his passionate involvement in the anti-war movement; a small number of these items mention Gray or were written by him.

Photographs are of artwork, events, people, places, and miscellaneous subjects. Most of the art work appearing in the photographs is by Cleve Gray and includes images of destroyed paintings. Also found is an original print of Photo Abstraction by Gray, circa 1934. Of particular note are photographs of Threnody, among them preparatory drawings and views of the work in progress. Photographs of artwork by other artists include Louise N. Grace, Jacques Lipchitz, John Marin, Hans Richter, and Jacques Villon.

Photographs of people are mainly portraits of Gray, and views of him with his wife and sons. Other individuals appearing in photographs are Hans Richter and some of Richter's descendants. Pictures of places consist of Gray's studio.

Events are an unidentified exhibition opening. Miscellaneous subjects are mostly exhibition installations. Illustrations consist of photographs published in David Smith by David Smith: Sculpture and Writings. Also found are small number of negatives and color transparencies.
Arrangement:
The collection is organized into 8 series:

Missing Title

Series 1: Biographical Material, 1943-circa 2001 (Box 1; 0.1 linear ft.)

Series 2: Alphabetical Files, 1936-2005 (Boxes 1-5, 9; 4.3 linear ft.)

Series 3: Writings, 1935-2000 (Boxes 5-6; 0.85 linear ft.)

Series 4: Artwork, circa 1933-1987 (Boxes 6, 9, OV 12; 0.45 linear ft.)

Series 5: Audio/Visual Records, 1971-1989 (Box 6; 0.25 linear ft.)

Series 6: Artifacts, 1957-1999 (Box 6, RD 11; 0.45 linear ft.)

Series 7: Printed Material, 1933-2005 (Boxes 7-8; 1.25 linear ft.)

Series 8: Photographs, circa 1934-2002 (Boxes 8-10; 1.15 linear ft.)
Biographical Note:
Abstract Expressionist painter, sculptor, and writer Cleve Gray (1918-2004) lived and worked in Connecticut where he was politically active in the Vietnam protest movement and other liberal causes.

Born Cleve Ginsberg in New York City (the family changed its name to Gray in 1936), he attended the Ethical Culture School and at a young age developed a fascination with color and paint. At the urging of friends, Cleve's parents allowed him to accompany a school friend for lessons with George Bellows' student Antonia Nell. She encouraged and inspired the young artist, and a still life he painted in her class was shown at the National Academy of Design's 1932 annual exhibition. Miss Nell also introduced him to Louise N. Grace, an artist who became a good friend and had a lasting influence on him. While a student at Phillips Academy, Cleve studied painting with Bartlett Hayes and aspired to paint in France. Upon his graduation in 1936, he was awarded the Samuel F. B. Morse Prize for most promising art student.

Gray's mother was always supportive of his career choice. His businessman father, who didn't understand his son's desire to be an artist, insisted on a college education. Cleve chose Princeton, where he majored in art and archaeology, and studied painting with James E. Davis. His senior thesis was on Chinese landscape painting; both Eastern philosophy and art were long-term influences on Gray's work and outlook. He graduated summa cum laude in 1940, and then spent several months painting while living at the farm of a family friend in Mendham, New Jersey.

When a doctor suggeted that a dry climate might relieve sinus and asthma problems, Gray moved to Tucson, Arizona. Once settled in the desert, he contacted Louise N. Grace, whom he had met as a young teenager through his art instructor. Miss Grace, an artist and daughter of the founder of W. R. Grace and Co., was a highly cultured and independent woman older than his parents. The summer before Gray entered Phillips Academy, she had hired him to brush ground color onto canvases for murals she was painting for "Eleven Arches," her home in Tuscon then under construction. Miss Grace invited Gray to visit "Eleven Arches" to see the completed murals, and despite the substantial age difference, their friendship deepened; Gray found in her intellectual and spiritual guidance that was lacking in his own family. He remained in Tucson until enlisting in the U. S. Army in 1942, and they corresponded frequently during the the war. When a stroke in 1948 prevented Miss Grace from participating in the extensive tour of Europe she was arranging for a small group of friends, including Gray, she provided sufficient funds and insisted he make the trip on his own. Another stroke, suffered while Gray was traveling, left her in a coma; he was not permitted to see her again. Upon her death in 1954, Gray inherited "Eleven Arches."

Between 1943 and 1946, Gray was stationed in England, France, and Germany, serving in Army Signal Intelligence. Most of his work was performed at night, and he spent his free time drawing. While in London, Gray produced many colored pencil drawings of buildings that had been bombed. In France, a Red Cross volunteered to introduce him to Jacques Villon; although unfamiliar with the artist, Gray knew of Villon's brother, Marcel Duchamp, and accepted the invitation. Jacques and Gaby Villon lived near Gray's billet and he became a frequent visitor. Their friendship was important to his development as an artist. After being discharged from the Army in 1946, Gray remained in France to work with Villon who introduced him to the study of color and the concept of intellectual quality in painting. Gray also studied informally with André Lhote, Villon's former teacher. "American Painters in Paris," an exhibition presented in 1946 at Galerie Durand-Ruel, included work by Cleve Gray.

He returned to New York City in 1946. In the tight post-war rental market Gray managed to find a small room upstairs from a grocery store on East 106th Street for use as a studio. He commenced painting the London Ruins series based on drawings he had made during the war, and began thinking about exhibiting in New York. Gray secured introductions to Pierre Matisse, Curt Valentin, and Dorothy Miller. They encouraged him, but no opportunities came his way until Germain Seligmann, whose gallery was expanding its scope to include contemporary art, followed the advice of Curt Valentin and looked at Gray's work. Gary's first solo exhibition, held at Jacques Seligmann and Co., included selections from the London Ruins series, paintings done in Maine and Arizona, and a few portraits. The New York Times called it "an auspicious first," and one of the London Ruins series was selected by Edward Alden Jewell for the "Critic's Exhibition" at Grand Central Gallery.

Gray found New York City too frenetic. In 1949 he bought a large, old house in Warren, Connecticut, and lived and worked at "Graystones" for the remainder of his life. Half of a 6-car garage was converted to a studio; many years later, his studio moved to a barn, its renovation and design planned by sculptor and architect Tony Smith.

He married Francine du Plessix in 1957. Always interested in literature and philosophy, in the 1960s Francine du Plessix Gray began contributing articles to The New Yorker and is still affiliated with the magazine. Her reviews and articles appeared in prominent publications, and she wrote several award-winning novels and biographies. Their sons, Thaddeus and Luke (now a painter), were born in 1959 and 1961. Francine's mother, Tatiana du Plessix (the hat designer Tatiana of Saks), and step-father, the sculptor Alexander Liberman (also former art director of Vogue and later editorial director of Condé Nast publications) became Cleve Gray's closest friends.

The paintings and drawings of Cleve Gray - first consisting of figures and portraits, and then abstract compositions - were often produced in series. The earliest series, London Ruins, grew from the colored pencil drawings made while stationed in London during World War II. Travels to France, Italy, Greece, Morocco, Hawaii, Spain, Egypt, Japan, and Czechoslovakia, inspired many series, among them: Etruscan, Augury, Ceres, Demeter Landscape, Hera, Morocco, Hawaii, Ramses, Perne, Hatshepsut, Roman Walls, Zen, and Prague. His hometown, the Holocaust, and musicians inspired other series: Warren, Sleepers Awake!, Bela Bartok, and Four Heads of Anton Bruckner. Some series were works on paper, others were collage canvases, and a few series later spawned prints. Gray began using acrylics in the 1940s. Although the medium offered many benefits, he did not always like its appearance and frequently returned to oils. Around 1966 Gray was painting almost exclusively with acrylic, and eventually developed a technique of thinning the paint and applying successive layers of color (sometimes by pouring or with a sponge) on cotton duck rather than traditional canvas.

Gray was attracted to sculpture, too, working in that medium at different points in his career. His first sculpture, in plaster, was completed in 1959. In the early 1960s he visited a commercial sand-casting foundry and became excited about learning to cast in bronze. He made about a dozen sculptures to cast in sand, but due to too much undercutting, their casting became too difficult a problem. Lava flows seen while in Hawaii during 1970 and 1971 inspired a return to sculpture. This time, he used wood, papier maché, and metal. Gray then decided these pieces should be cast in bronze, and he was determined to do it himself. Friends taught him the lost wax process and he began working at the Tallix Foundry in Peekskill, New York where, over the next year, he cast about forty bronzes.

Gray's best known work is Threnody, a lament for the dead of both sides in Vietnam. In 1972, Gray received a commission to fill a very large gallery of the soon-to-open Neuberger Museum of Art (State University of New York, College at Purchase) designed by Philip Johnson. Friends of the Neuberger Museum paid his expenses and Gray, who was enormously excited about the project he considered a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity, donated his time. Developing plans for the execution of Threnody consumed most of his time during 1972 and 1973. Composed of a series of fourteen panels, each approximately twenty feet square, the piece presented a number of technical challenges. It was constructed and painted in situ during the summer and early fall of 1973. Since then, Threnody has been reinstalled at the Neuberger Museum of Art on several occasions.

Gray was commissioned to design liturgical vestments for two Episcopal churches in Connecticut in the 1970s. A chasuble, stoles, and a mitre were commissioned by the Episcopal Diocese of Connecticut in 1984.

He won the "Outdoor Art at the Station Competition," for Union Station, Hartford, Connecticut. His very large porcelain enamel tile mural, Movement in Space, was installed on the façade of the transportation center in 1988.

Gray began writing occasional articles and exhibition reviews in the late 1940s. His concern with rational structure in art led him to question Abstract Expressionism and write "Narcissus in Chaos." This article, published in 1959 by The American Scholar, drew considerable attention. In 1960, Cosmopolitan published "Women - Leaders of Modern Art" that featured Nell Blaine, Joan Brown, Elaine de Kooning, Helen Frankenthaler, Sonia Gretchoff, Grace Hartigan, Ethel Magafan, Louise Nevelson, and Georgia O'Keeffe. Between 1960 and 1970, Gray was a contributing editor of Art In America, producing numerous articles (a few co-authored with Francine) and reviews for the periodical. He edited three books, David Smith by David Smith: Scupture and Writings, Hans Richter, and John Marin, all published by Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, and translated Marcel Duchamp's A l'Infinitif.

During the early 1960s, Gray became intensely focused on the situation in Vietnam. His first artistic response came in 1963 with Reverend Quan Duc, painted to commemorate a Buddhist monk who had immolated himself. Francine, too, felt strongly about the issue and over time the couple became increasingly active in the anti-war movement. They joined a number of organizations and helped to found a local chapter of Clergy and Laymen Concerned about Vietnam. The years 1968 and 1969 were an especially intense and active period for the Grays. They protested, wrote and spoke out against the war, raised funds to support anti-war political candidates, and on a few occasions were arrested and jailed. Writing for Art in America, editing the book series, and anti-war activities left little time for his art. In 1970 Gray refocused his attention on painting.

Beginning in 1947, Gray was always represented by a New York Gallery: Jacques Seligmann and Co. (1947-1959), Staempfli Gallery (1960-1965), Saidenberg Gallery (1965-1968), Betty Parsons Gallery (1968-1983), Armstrong Gallery (1984-1987), and Berry-Hill Galleries (1988-2003). He was represented by galleries in other cities, as well, but not as consistently or for such long periods.

He exhibited extensively in group and solo exhibitions throughout the United States and internationally. In addition to numerous solo exhibitions presented by the dealers who represented Gray, there were retrospective exhibitions at: Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Brooklyn Museum, Columbus Museum of Art, Krannert Art Museum (University of Illinois, Champaign), Princeton University Art Museum, Rhode Island School of Design, and Wadsworth Atheneum.

Many museums' permanent collections include the work of Cleve Gray, among them: Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Butler Institute of American Art, Columbus Museum of Art, Neuberger Museum of Art (SUNY, College at Purchase), the Museum of Modern Art (New York), Newark Museum, Oklahoma City Museum of Art, Phillips Collection, Sheldon Memorial Art Gallery (University of Nebraska, Lincoln), Smithsonian Institution, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Whitney Museum of American Art, and Yale University Art Gallery.

Cleve Gray served as artist-in-residence at the Oklahoma City Museum of Art in 1963 and at the Honolulu Academy of Arts in 1970, both sponsored by Ford Foundation programs. In 1980, he was appointed an artist-in-residence at the American Academy in Rome, where Francine concurrently served as a writer-in-residence; they returned for shorter periods during each of the subsequent seven years. Cleve Gray was presented the Connecticut Arts Award in 1987, and the Neuberger Museum of Art Lifetime Achievement Award in 1999. He was awarded an honorary degree by the University of Hartford in 1992, and was elected a member of The American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1998. In addition, he was a trustee of the Neuberger Museum of Art, New York Studio School, Rhode Island School of Design, and Wadsworth Atheneum.

Cleve Gray hit his head and suffered a massive subdural hematoma after falling on ice outside of his home. He died the following day, December 8, 2004.
Separated Material:
Exhibition catalogs and announcements and two scrapbooks donated to the Archives in 1967 and 1968 were microfilmed on reels D314-D315. Items on reel D315, transferred to the Smithsonian American Art Museum Library in 1975, are not described in this finding aid.
Provenance:
The Cleve Gray papers were donated to the Archives of American Art by Mr. Gray in 1967 and 1968. The bulk of the collection was given by his widow, Francine du Plessix Gray, in 2007 and 2008.
Restrictions:
Use of original material requires an appointment. Use of archival audiovisual recordigs with no duplicate access copy requires advance notice.
Rights:
The Archives of American Art makes its archival collections available for non-commercial, educational and personal use unless restricted by copyright and/or donor restrictions, including but not limited to access and publication restrictions. AAA makes no representations concerning such rights and restrictions and it is the user's responsibility to determine whether rights or restrictions exist and to obtain any necessary permission to access, use, reproduce and publish the collections. Please refer to the Smithsonian's Terms of Use for additional information.
Occupation:
Sculptors -- Connecticut  Search this
Painters -- Connecticut  Search this
Topic:
Art, Modern -- 20th century -- United States  Search this
Vietnam War, 1961-1975 -- Protest Movements -- United States  Search this
Designers  Search this
Women artists  Search this
Women painters  Search this
Women sculptors  Search this
Genre/Form:
Poems
Articles
Photographs
Reviews (documents)
Notes
Illustrations
Notebooks
Sketches
Drafts (documents)
Video recordings
Sound recordings
Interviews
Manuscripts
Paintings
Prints
Watercolors
Drawings
Lectures
Citation:
Cleve Gray papers, 1933-2005. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
Identifier:
AAA.grayclev
See more items in:
Cleve Gray papers
Archival Repository:
Archives of American Art
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/mw92d3d47d0-baa3-4085-80f2-9b5d1730c052
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-aaa-grayclev
Online Media:

Stuart M. Young photographs relating to Cummings expeditions to Arizona and Utah

Photographer:
Young, Stuart M.  Search this
Names:
Cummings, Byron, 1860-1954  Search this
Hewett, Edgar L. (Edgar Lee), 1865-1946  Search this
Judd, Neil Merton, 1887-1976  Search this
Extent:
132 Copy prints
Culture:
Indians of North America -- Southwest, New  Search this
Diné (Navajo)  Search this
Hopi Pueblo  Search this
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Copy prints
Photographs
Place:
Arizona
Hopi Indian Reservation (Ariz.)
Utah
Date:
1909
Scope and Contents note:
Photographs made by Stuart M. Young on the Byron Cummings expeditions to northern Arizona and southern Utah in 1909. They document Hopi houses, dances, and ceremonies; Navajo Indians near Bluff City, Utah; John Wetherill, Hoskinine Begay, and Ida Wetherill near Wetherill's home in Oljeto, Utah; scenery; and archeological sites. Images of archeological sites include cliff dwellings and kivas at Sosa Canyon, Neet Se Canyon, and Sega Canyon (Betatakin, Keet Seel, and Round Man House, possibly in or near Sega Canyon). Also depicted are expedition party members Byron Cummings, Don Beauregard, John Wetherill, Malcom Cummings, Doc Blum, Neil Judd, Dr. E. L. Hewitt, Ida Wetherill, Mrs John Wetherill, W. B. Douglass, Ned English, Dan Perkins, Jack Kenan, Vern Rogerson, and Stuart M. Young.
Biographical/Historical note:
Stuart M. Young (1890-1972), grandson of Brigham Young, was a student and photographer on the Byron Cummings expedition in 1909.
Local Call Number(s):
NAA Photo Lot R4758
Reproduction Note:
Copy prints made at Smithsinian Institution, 1966, from a total of 175 copy negatives lent by University of Utah, Department of Anthropology, through Jesse D. Jennings.
Location of Other Archival Materials:
Related photographs of the Cummings expeditions by Neil Merton Judd held in National Anthropological Archives Photo Lot 4757.
The Northern Arizona University Cline Library holds the Stuart M. Young photograph collection, 1909-1954.
Contained in:
Numbered manuscripts 1850s-1980s (some earlier)
Restrictions:
The collection is open for research.

Access to the collection requires an appointment.
Rights:
This copy collection has been obtained for reference purposes only. Contact the repository for terms of use and access.
Genre/Form:
Photographs
Citation:
Photo Lot R4758, Stuart M. Young photographs relating to Cummings expeditions to Arizona and Utah, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Identifier:
NAA.PhotoLot.R4758
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw314b9db73-4bee-45ce-aede-8231d0481ec9
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-naa-photolot-r4758

MS 4357 Notes on the Samuel Day collection of prehistoric artifacts

Creator:
Day, Samuel, Jr., 1882-1963  Search this
Addressee:
Judd, Neil Merton, 1887-1976  Search this
Names:
Day Museum of Historic Relics  Search this
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Place:
Arizona -- Archeology
Date:
December 18, 1920
Scope and Contents:
Also newsclipping describing the Day "Museum of Historic Relics." (Gallup Independent, 5/14/24). Memorandum attached states Sam Day, Senior was made custodian of Canyon de Chelly by Interior Department on recommendation of Reverend Henry M. Baum (See "Records of the Past," volume 2, part 4, June, 1903, by Mr. Baum,).
Local Numbers:
NAA MS 4357
Topic:
Museums  Search this
Day collection  Search this
Citation:
Manuscript 4357, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Identifier:
NAA.MS4357
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw3b99831e7-31c2-4336-9a96-49be30b7e544
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-naa-ms4357

Victor Mindeleff photograph albums relating to Pueblo architecture

Creator:
Mindeleff, Victor, 1860-1948  Search this
Photographer:
Hillers, John K., 1843-1925  Search this
Jackson, William Henry, 1843-1942  Search this
Mindeleff, Cosmos, 1863-  Search this
Extent:
383 Prints (circa 383 prints, 3 photo albums, albumen )
Culture:
Indians of North America -- Southwest, New  Search this
Tewa Pueblos  Search this
Hopi Pueblo  Search this
A:shiwi (Zuni)  Search this
Acoma Pueblo  Search this
Diné (Navajo)  Search this
Pueblo  Search this
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Prints
Place:
Arizona
New Mexico
Date:
circa 1879-1887
Scope and Contents note:
Three photograph albums made by Victor Mindeleff documenting pueblo architecture, villages, and people. Some photographs, including those published in the Eighth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, were made by Hillers, according to notations on file prints in Bureau of American Ethnology.
Biographical/Historical note:
In the 1880s, Victor Mindeleff (1860-1948) was employed by the Bureau of American Ethnology to conduct studies of Pueblo architecture. He hired His brother, Cosmos Mindeleff (1863-1938), to be his assistant. They worked at Zuni, Acoma, and Hopi villages, as well as among the Navajo; at ruins at Kin Tiel, Canyon de Chelly, and Chaco Canyon; and at Etowah Mound in Georgia. Victor Mindeleff left the BAE in 1890 for a career in architecture.
Local Call Number(s):
NAA Photo Lot 4362
Location of Other Archival Materials:
Original negatives for some of these photographs held in National Anthropological Archives Photo Lot 14.
Additional Mindeleff photographs can be found in the National Anthropological Archives in Photo Lot 24, Photo Lot 28, Photo Lot 40, Photo Lot 78, and the BAE historical negatives.
Victor Mindeleff's manuscript, Origins of Pueblo Architecture (1887), and correspondence describing his fieldwork can be found in the National Anthropological Archives in the records of the Department of Anthropology.
Aditional Mindeleff sketches, plans, and drawings relating to Pueblo architecture held in MS 2138 and MS 2621] in the National Anthropological Archives.
Location of Other Archival Materials:
Sketches and ground plans, also made by Victor Mindeleff or his brother Cosmos, were sent to the Bureau of American Ethnology with these photograph albums. They now form MS 2926 in the National Anthropological Archives.
Restrictions:
The collection is open for research.

Access to the collection requires an appointment.
Rights:
Contact the repository for terms of use.
Topic:
Cliff-dwellings  Search this
Architecture  Search this
Pueblos  Search this
Dwellings  Search this
Citation:
Photo Lot 4362, Victor Mindeleff photograph albums relating to Pueblo architecture, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Identifier:
NAA.PhotoLot.4362
See more items in:
Victor Mindeleff photograph albums relating to Pueblo architecture
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw3a3b9490f-b884-4294-874d-f867fdf7fbcb
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-naa-photolot-4362
Online Media:

Women and Girls in Costume, Husking Corn; Horses Nearby

Creator:
Jackson, William Henry, 1843-1942  Search this
Extent:
1 Photographic print (004 in x 007 in mounted on 007 in x 011 in)
Culture:
Hopi Pueblo  Search this
Indians of North America -- Southwest, New  Search this
Type:
Archival materials
Photographic prints
Photographs
Date:
undated
Local Numbers:
NAA INV.02623300
Local Note:
Black and white photoprint on cardboard mount
Place:
Arizona ? -- Hopi Reservation ?
Collection Restrictions:
The collection is open for research.

Access to the collection requires an appointment.
Collection Rights:
Contact the repository for terms of use.
Genre/Form:
Photographs
Collection Citation:
Photo Lot 28, Bureau of American Ethnology photograph collection relating to archeology and burial mounds, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
See more items in:
Photograph collection relating to archeology, burial mounds, and the Southwest
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw3e41967ba-f199-4c9c-aaad-82891a55bfef
EDAN-URL:
ead_component:sova-naa-photolot-28-ref531

MS 4695 Minor Archaeological Papers by W. H. Holmes

Creator:
Holmes, William Henry, 1846-1933  Search this
Jackson, William Henry, 1843-1942  Search this
Extent:
24 Items (Approximately papers Approximately 24 papers)
260 Items (Approximately pages Approximately 260 pages)
Culture:
Diné (Navajo)  Search this
Indians of North America -- Southwest, New  Search this
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Place:
District of Columbia -- Piney Branch Quarry -- Archeology
Date:
1872-1920 assembled May 7th, 1932."
Scope and Contents:
The Story of the Human Race. Notes for Lecture. 1916. (Sketches Nos. I and IX Missing) 2. Bearing of Archeological Evidence on the Place of Origin and on the Question of the Unity or Plurality of the American Race. 1912. 3. Art in Stone. Lithic Art in History. 4. Stone Age Among Eastern and Northern Tribes. 5. The Place of Archeology in Human History. 1915. 6. American Archeology. Prepared for the International Cyclopedia. 1913. 7. Dr. Holmesʹ Letter to Colonel Sherrill, April 29, 1925 concerning erection of bronze copy of the Piney Branch Quarry group. One illustration. 8. The Great Lesson of the Quarry Shops. 9. The End of Paleolithic Man in America, 1889-1894.
10. America and the Far East. 11. Paper on trans-oceanic contacts. (First six pages of this article missing.) 12. The American Man and his Culture. 13. Handbook of Aboriginal American Antiquities. Preface and table of Contents. (Volume left unfinished with Mr. Judd, Bulletin 60, pt. 2)
14. Report to Dr. Langley suggesting archeological explorations. 1904. 15. The Story of our Local Aborigines, Historic and Prehistoric. (Lecture for museum course, 1918-19.) 16. Sites of Aboriginal Occupation. (Local) 17. On the Race History and Facial Characteristics of the Aboriginal Americans. (Taken from Art and Archeology, and incomplete.) 18. An Adventure with the Indians. 1875. 19. Letter of W. H. Jackson to W. H. Holmes, Fort Defiance, Arizona Territory, April 27, 1877. Re issue of cattle to the Navajo Indians and other matters. -- Miscellaneous scraps.
Local Numbers:
NAA MS 4695
Local Note:
Photographs filed separately; see separate catalog entry under Photos, 4695 (part).
Topic:
Archeology  Search this
Physical anthropology  Search this
Art  Search this
Archeology -- quarries  Search this
Early man -- in America  Search this
Language and languages -- Documentation  Search this
Citation:
Manuscript 4695, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Identifier:
NAA.MS4695
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw3742111e0-2c69-48f4-82db-c5ab88001109
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-naa-ms4695

MS 7137 Orator Fuller Cook papers

Creator:
Cook, O. F. (Orator Fuller), 1867-1949  Search this
Author:
Archer, W. Andrew (William Andrew), 1894-1973  Search this
Photographer:
Waite, C. B. (Charles Betts), 1861-1927  Search this
Extent:
57 Pages
71 Photographs
Culture:
Akimel O'odham (Pima)  Search this
Hohokam Tradition (archaeological culture)  Search this
Indians of North America -- Southwest, New  Search this
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Pages
Photographs
Place:
Arizona
Date:
undated
Scope and Contents:
Includes "Pima Baskets with Labyrinth Designs," with apparently related shorter manuscripts, bibliographic data, and photographs of Casa Grande and baskets, some in use. Also includes W. Andrew Archer's "Bibliography of O.F. Cook," June 15, 1950. In addition, photographs of artifacts, most anthropomorphic; a Hohokam pottery collection from southern Arizona; and photographs of mummies and Mexican antiquities by C.B. Waite.
Local Numbers:
NAA MS 7137
Other Title:
Pima Baskets with Labyrinth Designs
Bibliography of O.F. Cook
Topic:
Basket making -- Pima  Search this
Archeology -- Arizona  Search this
Archeology -- Mexico  Search this
Pima (Akimel O'odham)  Search this
Mexico  Search this
Genre/Form:
Photographs
Citation:
Manuscript 7137, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Identifier:
NAA.MS7137
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw3658b665a-0394-4bec-8bf5-199e13ad7f49
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-naa-ms7137

MS 7438 E.A. Mearns Catalog of Collections

Creator:
Mearns, Edgar Alexander, 1856-1916  Search this
Mindeleff, Cosmos, 1863-  Search this
Daniels, Stewart  Search this
Names:
American Museum of Natural History -- Photographs  Search this
Extent:
1 Volume
64 Pages
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Volumes
Pages
Place:
Arizona -- Archeology
Date:
ca. 1890
Scope and Contents:
The bound volume is a catalog of archeological and ethnological collections made on Clear Creek, Beaver Creek, Verde River, Fossil Creek, Oak Creek, and Salt River in Arizona. Included are Mearns's numbers, names, dimensions, and other descriptivive material, locations, and dates of findings (between 1884-1887). There is also a summary list of stone tools sent to the American Museum of Natural History. A few references to photographs (a note indicates what had been sent to the museum) are incomplete.
There are also a few related notes, pages from a diary, ground plans of ruins on the Middle Verde, an inventory of items taken from Montezuma's Castle, a letter from Cosmos Mindeleff concerning plans for Mearns to plot locations of ruins on a USGS quadrant map, notes concerning ruins on the San Juan River by Stewart Daniels, notes on the Acequia Ruin in Arizona, and a note on Mearns's photograps and his photography.
Local Numbers:
NAA MS 7438
Citation:
Manuscript 7438, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Identifier:
NAA.MS7438
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw36fc079f8-e233-4023-9522-aef0d8d910a2
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-naa-ms7438

MS 2493 Maps of ruins

Creator:
Mindeleff, Cosmos, 1863-  Search this
Extent:
11 Maps
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Maps
Place:
Casa Grande (Ariz.)
Arizona -- Archeology
Date:
1891
Scope and Contents:
Includes maps of : 1. Rio Verde, South side of Clear Lake 2. Rio Verde, White Canon, cavate lodges 3. Rio Verde, Ancient ditch near Mrs. Youngʹs below Camp Verde 4. Casa Grande ruin, ground plan (2) 5. Casa Grande group (2) 6. Casa Grande hollow mound 7. Casa Grande large mound 8. Ruins opposite Camp Verde, Arizona 9. Ruin south side East Verde.
Local Numbers:
NAA MS 2493
Citation:
Manuscript 2493, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Identifier:
NAA.MS2493
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw3eaf80385-4875-4985-969c-9ccc2bfb4b53
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-naa-ms2493

MS 2495 Material brought together for a short paper on Casa Grande for the Interior Department

Creator:
Mindeleff, Cosmos, 1863-  Search this
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Place:
Casa Grande (Ariz.)
Arizona -- Archeology
Date:
undated
Scope and Contents:
Consists of printed material taken from magazine pasted on them, including one illustration, showing Casa Grande Ruin; and three mounted photos (no titles) 12 x 7 3/4 inches
Local Numbers:
NAA MS 2495
Citation:
Manuscript 2495, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Identifier:
NAA.MS2495
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw32a1c1e39-2be2-416b-ac68-19942e26c089
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-naa-ms2495

Cosmos Mindeleff photographs of cliff dwellings at Canyon de Chelly

Creator:
Mindeleff, Cosmos, 1863-  Search this
Names:
Mindeleff, Victor, 1860-1948  Search this
Extent:
19 Albumen prints (mounted)
Culture:
Indians of North America -- Southwest, New  Search this
Diné (Navajo)  Search this
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Albumen prints
Photographs
Place:
Chelly, Canyon de (Ariz.)
Date:
circa 1893
Scope and Contents note:
Images of Canyon de Chelly, including cliff dwellings, masonry, overlooks, and a river.
Biographical/Historical note:
Cosmos Mindeleff (1863-1938) started his career as assistant to his brother Victor Mindeleff, who was employed by the Bureau of American Ethnology to conduct studies of Pueblo architecture (1880s). In 1882, James Stevenson and the Mindeleffs visited Canyon de Chelly and Canyon del Muerto. In later years, Victor and Cosmos Mindeleff continued their research in Canyon de Chelly and Cosmos published the first authoritative archeological map of White House in 1893.
Local Call Number(s):
Photo Lot 2006-21
Location of Other Archival Materials:
Additional photographs made by Cosmos Mindeleff held in National Anthropological Archives Photo Lot 14, Photo Lot 24, Photo Lot 28, Photo Lot 83-14, and the BAE historical negatives.
Reports and correspondence by Cosmos Mindeleff held in the National Anthropological Archives in MS 4733, MS 4734, MS 4745, the Herbert William Krieger papers, Department of Anthropology (Manuscript and Pamphlet file), and Bureau of American Ethnology records.
Provenance:
Uncertain
Restrictions:
The collection is open for research.

Access to the collection requires an appointment.
Rights:
Contact the repository for terms of use.
Topic:
Cliff-dwellings  Search this
Genre/Form:
Photographs
Citation:
Photo Lot 2006-21, Cosmos Mindeleff photographs of cliff dwellings at Canyon de Chelly, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Identifier:
NAA.PhotoLot.2006-21
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw3054aacd6-d90e-4e1a-b02e-40439ff2997c
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-naa-photolot-2006-21

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