Search Results

Creator:

Patterson, Frederick D. (Frederick Douglass), 1901-1988  Search this

Names:

Phelps-Stokes Fund  Search this

Tuskegee Institute  Search this

United Negro College Fund  Search this

Carver, George Washington, 1864?-1943  Search this

Moton, Robert Russa, 1867-1940  Search this

Patterson, Frederick D. (Frederick Douglass), 1901-1988  Search this

Extent:

18.66 Linear feet (21 boxes)

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Diplomas

Notebooks

Articles

Manuscripts

Photographic prints

Ephemera

Scrapbooks

Newsletters

Awards

Photographs

Invitations

Legal documents

Programs

Correspondence

Clippings

Date:

1882 - 1988

Summary:

President of Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute (later Tukegee Institute; now Tuskegee University) from 1935 - 1953 and founder of the United Negro College Fund (1944). Patterson was born on October 10, 1901. Orphaned at age two, he was raised by his eldest sister, Wilhelmina (Bess), a school teacher in Texas. He studied at Iowa State College, where he received a doctorate in veterinary medicine in 1923 and a master of science degree in 1927. Five years later, he was awarded a second doctorate degree from Cornell University. Patterson taught veterinary science for four years at Virginia State College, where he was also Director of Agriculture. His tenure at Tuskegee University started in 1928 and spanned almost 25 years, first as head of the veterinary division, then as the director of the School of Agriculture and finally as Tuskegee's third president. He married Catherine Elizabeth Moton, daughter of Tuskegee University's second president, Dr. Robert R. Moton. Patterson also founded the School of Veterinary Medicine at Tuskegee in 1944, the same year he founded the United Negro College Fund (UNCF). The UNCF continues today as a critical source of annual income for a consortium of Historically Black Colleges and Universities, Tuskegee University among them.

Scope and Content note:

The Frederick Douglass Patterson Collection comprises 18.66 linear feet of correspondence, manuscripts, research material, published writings, photographs, audiovisual material, scrapbooks, diplomas, awards, and other materials chronicling the personal life and professional career of Frederick D. Patterson.

The collection is comprised of glimpses into the life of Dr. Patterson. The little correspondece that survived is located in Series 2: Career, Series 3: Correspondence, and Series 4: Organizations. Some of the correspondence takes the form of congratulatory notes from 1953 during Patterson's transfer from Tuskegee Institute to the Phelps-Stokes Fund, located in Series 2. There is also a personal note sent to Patterson's wife, Catherine Patterson, from George Washington Carver in which he describes peanut oil as a good massage oil.

Arrangement note:

The collection is arranged by series and chronologically therein:

1. Biography: This series provides insight into Patterson's family life through primary documents. It is comprised of family wills, insurance policies, and his autobiography. Sub-series are arranged alphabetically by title.

2. Career: This series contains materials from Patterson's long professional career in the field of higher education, including his tenure as present of both the Tuskegee Institute and the Phelps-Stokes Fund. Sub-series are arranged chronologically.

3. Correspondence: This series contains letters sent to Patterson (and his wife) of a personal and professional nature. Several letters relate to Patterson's personal business "Signs and Services," which was a small billboard advertising company. There are also letters from George Washington Carver. The series is arranged chronologically. 4. Organizations: This series contains material from the various foundations Patterson founded and to which he belonged, including the R.R. Moton Fund and the College Endowment Funding Plan. He is especially noted for developing the United Negro College Fund. The series is organized alphabetically by sub-series title.

5. Honors: This series contains the awards, citations, and resolutions Patterson received during his lifetime. Folders are organized chronologically. 6. Subject Files: This series comprises articles, employee vitas, and other documents collected and organized by Patterson. Among the subjects in the files are higher education, Negroes, segregation, civil rights, and employee records. There is no key to this system.

7. Photographs: The Photograph series mostly documents Patterson's tenure at Tuskegee University. The series includes images of Patterson and various other notable figures during formal functions at the university. Noteworthy personalities include George Washington Carver, Eleanor and Franklin D. Roosevelt, and President Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana.

8. Printed Materials: This series contains books, programs, and other documents from Patterson's personal collection. The series is organized alphabetically by author's last name.

Biographical note:

Frederick Douglass Patterson was born on October 10, 1901 to parents William and Mamie Brooks Patterson, in the Buena Vista Heights area of Anacostia in Washington, D.C. The youngest of six children, Patterson's parents died of tuberculosis before he reached the age of two years, his mother when he was eleven months old and his father a year later. Following his parents' death, the Patterson children were split up and sent to live in the homes of family and friends as stipulated in his father's last will and testament until he was seven years old, Patterson lived in the Anacostia area with a family friend he called "Aunt Julia."

When he was seven years old, Patterson's older sister Bess (a recent graduate of the Washington Conservatory of Music) decided to seek employment in Texas and took him with her. Many of their parents' family still lived in the state, which allowed Patterson the opportunity to spend months with various aunts and uncles, while his sister taught music throughout the South. After completing eighth grade, Patterson joined his sister at the Prairie View Normal School, where she taught music and directed the choir. Patterson attended the school for four years, during which time he developed an interest in veterinary medicine.

In 1920, Patterson enrolled at Iowa State College as a veterinary student. He graduated in 1923 and moved to Columbus, Ohio, to join his brother John. While there, he took the Ohio State Board exam for Veterinary Medicine. Although he became certified, a lack of money prevented him from practicing. Four years later he received a teaching offer from Virginia State College (VSC) in Petersburg, Virginia, which afforded him the opportunity to work within his profession. While at VSC Patterson took a leave of absence and returned to Iowa, in 1926, to pursue a Master's degree in veterinary medicine.

After five years at VSC, the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute offered Patterson a position running the veterinarian hospital and teaching veterinary science. He moved to Tuskegee, Alabama in 1928. While at Tuskegee, Patterson decided to pursue a Ph.D. in bacteriology at Cornell University. During his year and a half leave from Tuskegee, Patterson completed his coursework and wrote his dissertation. After he returned to Tuskegee, a serial killer murdered three people, including the head of the Department of Agriculture. Confronted with this tragedy, school officials quickly offered Patterson the vacant position, which he accepted in 1934.

Robert R. Moton, second president of Tuskegee, retired in 1935 and a search was soon commenced to find the next president for the school. Patterson, in the meantime, pursued more personal matters when he met and married Catherine Moton (with whom he would have a son) in June 1935. By then he was already hired to take his now, father-in-law's, position as President of Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute.

As president of Tuskegee, Patterson made several changes and many additions to the institution. He increased faculty housing for professors; integrated the Board of Trustees' meeting meals and eventually arranged for both balck and white members to eat at one table; shortened the name to Tuskegee Institute; and established the Department of Commercial Dietetics in 1935, the veterinary medicine program in 1942, and the engineering program in 1948. While many considered Patterson's changes important achievements, it was his development of the Commercial/Military Aviation Program that would bring the school distinction and fame.

Patterson first attempted to develop the aviation program in 1939. The government fostered the development of such programs by subsiding the expenses. All a university had to do was present able-bodied instructors and willing pupils. Tuskegee had both. By 1940 the United States Air Force was interested in integrating its forces. In order to do this they needed trained black pilots. Tuskegee was the perfect place to provide the needed pilots since the school was situated in an all-black environment where students could concentrate on learning to fly without having to worry about racist reactions from their fellow classmates. To accommodate this program, the Tuskegee Army Air Base was created. Tuskegee pilots flew missions throughout World War II and would later be recognized for their bravery.

An important part of Patterson's duties as president was fund-raising. By 1943 he found it increasingly difficult to find ample sources of funds to run the Institute. He came to realize Tuskegee and similar black colleges would benefit if they pooled their funding resources and asked for larger amounts of money from philanthropic individuals and organizations as a collective. Working together would cut fund-raising expenses; this in turn would leave more money for the colleges to use as they wished. Patterson named his new creation the United Negro College Fund (UNCF); it would go on to raise millions of dollars for the nation's historically black colleges. He served as the first president of the organization.

During the fifteen years Patterson served as president of Tuskegee, he hosted many famous personalities, including W.E.B. DuBois, Mary McLeod Bethune, Eleanor Roosevelt, Duke Ellington, Paul Robeson, Pearl Buck, and Andre Segovia. He developed a lasting relationship with George Washington Carver, who had been a professor with Tuskegee since the days of Booker T. Washington.

Patterson served on many organizational boards in addition to his educational work. His involvement with the Phelps-Stokes Fund would ultimately lead Patterson to leave his beloved Tuskegee Institute to apply his educational philosophies on a broader scale. In 1953 the Fund approached Patterson and offered him the presidency of the organization. Patterson, feeling he needed a change, accepted the offer. He resigned from Tuskegee that same year and moved to New York to begin a new life.

Organized in 1911, the Phelps-Stokes Fund supported African, African American, and Native American education and worked on solving housing problems in New York City. Patterson's interest in African education began before he joined Phelps-Stokes. In 1950 the World Bank/International Bank Commission to Nigeria hired him to "evaluate the resources of Nigeria and…to study the educational programs and the organizational structure of advanced education." Through his work with the Fund he continued his efforts to improve the educational opportunities for Africans and help them move beyond colonialism. Patterson traveled extensively throughout the west coast of Africa in support of these goals.

In addition to forming the UNCF, Patterson created two other organizations (the Robert R. Moton Institute and the College Endowment Funding Plan), during the mid 1960s and 1970s. Each was designed to improve funding efforts for historically black colleges. The Robert R. Moton institute began as an off-shoot of the Phelps-Stokes as a site for conferences to address the Fund's primary concerns. Patterson's idea for the Institute came from a desire to put to use a piece of property inherited after Moton's death. Empathy with the frustrations of college presidents regarding the restricted funding for institutional expenses led Patterson to create the College Endowment Funding Plan. The Endowment was designed to alleviate this situation by providing matching funds to eligible colleges. The Endowment made its first payment in 1978. Unfortunately, by the 1980s, the Moton Institute lost most of its government funding due to federal cutbacks. This resulted in reductions to the Institute's programming.

It was not until Patterson was well into his eighties that he began to retire from his life of public service. On June 23, 1987, President Ronald Reagan presented Dr. Patterson with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest possible honor that can be bestowed upon a civilian, for his service in higher education and his role in creating funding sources for the nation's historically black colleges. A year later Frederick Douglass Patterson died at the age of eighty-seven.

Honorary Degrees

undated -- Xavier University

1941 -- Virginia State College

1941 -- Wilberforce University

1953 -- Morehouse College

1956 -- Tuskegee Institute

1961 -- New York University

1966 -- Edward Waters College

1967 -- Atlanta University

1969 -- Franklin and Marshall College

1970 -- Virginia Union University

1975 -- Bishop College

1977 -- St. Augustine's College

1982 -- Brooklyn College of the City University of New York

1984 -- Stillman College

1985 -- Payne College

Distinctions

undated -- Association for the Study of Negro Life and History Carter

undated -- The Southern Education Foundation, Inc. Distinguished Service Citation

undated -- The United Negro College Fund (UNCF) and Texas Association of Developing Colleges Annual Leadership Awards

1950 -- Christian Education department, African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, Inc. Citation for Distinguished Service

1953 -- Bethune-Cookman College, the Mary McLeod Bethune Medallion

1953 -- John A. Andrew Clinical Society at Tuskegee Institute, Citation for Distinguished Service in the Cause of Humanity

1953 -- Tuskegee Institute, Certificate of Appreciation for 25 Years of Service

1957 -- Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Inc. Beta Lamda Sigma Chapter, Bigger and Better Business Award

1960 -- National Alumni Council of the UNCF, Inc. Award

1963 -- National Business League, Booker T. Washington Award

1965 -- Booker T. Washington Business Association, Certificate of Acknowledgement

1970 -- Moton Conference Center Award

1970 -- Tuskegee National Alumni Association, R.R. Moton Award

1972 -- American College Public Relations Association, 1972 Award for Distinguished Service to Higher Education

1972 -- UNCF F.D. Patterson 71st Birthday Award

1975 -- National Business League, Booker T. Washington Symbol of Service Award

1976 -- Phelps-Stokes Fund, Continuous Creative and Courageous Leadership in the Cause of Higher Education for Blacks

1977 -- Yale Alumni Associates of Afro-America, Distinguished Service Award

1979 -- Alpha Phi Alpha Education Foundation Inc., Distinguished Educator Award

1979 -- Tuskegee Institute Alumni Association Philadelphia Charter Award

1980 -- The Iowa State University Alumni Association, Distinguished Achievement Citation

1980 -- Gary Branch NAACP Life Membership Fight for Freedom Dinner 1980, Roy Wilkins Award

1980 -- State of Alabama Certificate of Appreciation

1982 -- St. Luke's United Methodist Church Achievement Award

1983 -- Tuskegee Airmen, Inc., Distinguished Service Award

1984 -- Booker T. Washington Foundation, Booker T. Washington Distinguished Service Award

1984 -- The Ohio State University Office of Minority Affairs, Distinguished Humanitarian and Service Award

1985 -- Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Inc, Eta Zeta Lamda Chapter Civic Award

1985 -- United States, Private Sector Initiative Commendation

1987 -- Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Inc of New York State, Founders Day Award

1987 -- Presidential Medal of Freedom

1987 -- Brag Business Achievement Award

1987 -- Phelps-Stokes Fund, Aggrey Medal

Public Service

1941-1971 -- Southern Educational Foundation, Inc., Board Member

1943-1988 -- United Negro College Fund, Founder, President, and Member

1960s-1988 -- Robert R. Moton Memorial Institute, Founder

1970s-1988 -- The College Endowment Funding Plan, Founder

undated -- American National Red Cross, Board of Governors Member

undated -- Boys Scouts of America, National Council Member

undated -- Citizens Committee for the Hoover Report on Reorganization of Federal Government, Board Member

undated -- Institute of International Education, Advisory committee Member

undated -- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Life Member

undated -- National Business League, President and Board Member

undated -- National Urban League, National Committee Member

undated -- Phelps-Stokes Fund, Board of Trustees Member

undated -- President's Commission on Higher Education for Negroes

undated -- Southern Regional Education, Board of Control Member

Related Materials:

Additional biographical materials in the Dale/Patterson Collection of the Anacostia Community Museum Archives.

This collection contains artifacts catalogued in the ACM Objects Collection.

Provenance:

The Frederick Douglass Patterson papers were donated to the Anacostia Community Museum in 2001 by Frederick Douglass Patterson, Jr.

Restrictions:

Use of the materials requires an appointment. Please contact the archivist to make an appointment: ACMarchives@si.edu.

Rights:

The Frederick Douglass Patterson papers are the physical property of the Anacostia Community Museum. Literary and copyright belong to the author/creator or their legal heirs and assigns. Rights to work produced during the normal course of Museum business resides with the Anacostia Community Museum. For further information, and to obtain permission to publish or reproduce, contact the Museum Archives.

Topic:

Universities and colleges -- Administration  Search this

African Americans -- Education (Higher)  Search this

African American universities and colleges  Search this

Genre/Form:

Diplomas

Notebooks

Articles

Manuscripts

Photographic prints

Ephemera

Scrapbooks

Newsletters

Awards

Photographs

Invitations

Legal documents

Programs

Correspondence

Clippings

Citation:

Frederick Douglass Patterson papers, Anacostia Community Museum Archives, Smithsonian Institution, gift of Frederick Douglass Patterson, Jr.

Identifier:

ACMA.06-010

See more items in:

Frederick Douglass Patterson papers

Archival Repository:

Anacostia Community Museum Archives

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/qa7da84300b-c608-41af-b59a-1f44dce53a26

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-acma-06-010

Names:

Patterson, Frederick D. (Frederick Douglass), 1901-1988  Search this

Collection Creator:

Patterson, Frederick D. (Frederick Douglass), 1901-1988  Search this

Type:

Archival materials

Date:

undated

Collection Restrictions:

Use of the materials requires an appointment. Please contact the archivist to make an appointment: ACMarchives@si.edu.

Collection Rights:

The Frederick Douglass Patterson papers are the physical property of the Anacostia Community Museum. Literary and copyright belong to the author/creator or their legal heirs and assigns. Rights to work produced during the normal course of Museum business resides with the Anacostia Community Museum. For further information, and to obtain permission to publish or reproduce, contact the Museum Archives.

Topic:

Desks  Search this

African American college presidents  Search this

Portaits -- African American men  Search this

Collection Citation:

Frederick Douglass Patterson papers, Anacostia Community Museum Archives, Smithsonian Institution, gift of Frederick Douglass Patterson, Jr.

See more items in:

Frederick Douglass Patterson papers

Frederick Douglass Patterson papers / 7.2.1: Tuskegee Institute / Frederick Douglass Patterson Portraits

Archival Repository:

Anacostia Community Museum Archives

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/qa76d35418b-54fb-4059-ad1a-5bc27ca0354e

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-acma-06-010-ref1049

Directed by:

Kent Garrett, American, born 1941  Search this

Produced by:

William Greaves, American, 1926 - 2014  Search this

National Educational Television, American, 1954 - 1970  Search this

Subject of:

L. Howard Bennett, American, 1913 - 1993  Search this

Sylvester Bracey Sr., American, ca. 1949 - 2019  Search this

Owned by:

Pearl Bowser, American, 1931 - 2023  Search this

Medium:

acetate film

Dimensions:

Duration: 50 Minutes

Length (Film): 1,800 Feet

Type:

sound films

color films (visual works)

16mm (photographic film size)

Place filmed:

H? Chí Minh, Viet Nam, Asia

Camp Hansen, Okinawa, Japan, Asia

Arlington County, Virginia, United States, North and Central America

Date:

1970

Topic:

African American  Search this

Documentary films  Search this

Film  Search this

Gesture  Search this

Mass media  Search this

Military  Search this

Public television  Search this

Race discrimination  Search this

Race relations  Search this

Vietnam War, 1961-1975  Search this

Credit Line:

Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Gift of Pearl Bowser

Object number:

2012.79.1.51.1a

Restrictions & Rights:

© National Educational Television

Permission required for use. Proper usage is the responsibility of the user.

See more items in:

National Museum of African American History and Culture Collection

Collection title:

Pearl Bowser Collection

Portfolio/Series:

Black Journal

Classification:

Media Arts-Film and Video

Data Source:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/fd52bd1f8e2-5401-4dc0-9984-bb011645927b

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmaahc_2012.79.1.51.1a

Creator:

Moore, Harry T., 1905-1951  Search this

Moore, Harriette V., 1902-1952  Search this

Names:

Bethune-Cookman College (Daytona Beach, Fla.)  Search this

Florida Normal and Industrial Memorial College (Saint Augustine, Fla.)  Search this

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People  Search this

Pittsburgh Courier (newspaper)  Search this

Progressive Voters League  Search this

Baker, Ella, 1903-1986  Search this

Bethune, Mary McLeod, 1875-1955  Search this

Caldwell, Millard Fillmore, 1897-1984  Search this

Current, Gloster B. (Gloster Bryant), 1913-1997  Search this

Gilbert, John  Search this

Hendricks, Joseph Edward, 1903-  Search this

Holland, Spessard L. (Spessard Lindsey), 1892-1971  Search this

Houston, Charles Hamilton, Dr., 1895-1950  Search this

Humphrey, Hubert  Search this

Kennedy, Stetson  Search this

Marshall, Thurgood, 1908-1993  Search this

Mathews, John E., 1892 - 1955  Search this

Moore, J. Evangeline, 1930-2015  Search this

Warren, Fuller, 1905-1973  Search this

Watson, J. Thomas, 1885 - 1954  Search this

White, Walter, 1893-1955 (President, N.A.A.C.P)  Search this

Williams, Franklin Hall, 1917 - 1990  Search this

Extent:

1 Cubic foot

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Correspondence

Place:

United States of America -- Florida -- Brevard County -- Cocoa

United States of America -- Florida -- Lake County -- Groveland

United States of America -- Florida -- Brevard County -- Mims

United States of America -- Florida -- Brevard County

United States of America -- Florida -- Brevard County -- Titusville

United States of America -- Florida -- Seminole County -- Sanford

Date:

bulk 1945-1949

Summary:

Harry T. Moore was a pioneering civil rights activist, educator, and civic leader. The collection was originally housed in a formerly "lost" briefcase that was found in 2006 by FBI investigators. The materials in this collection focus on his activities as a civil rights activist and community leader who sought to advocate for pay equity, voting rights, and justice reform for African American communities in Florida. Harry Moore and his wife Harriette were murdered for their work and they have been immortalized as the Civil Rights Movement's first martyrs.

Scope and Contents:

The Harry T. and Harriette V. Moore Archival Collection chronicles Harry Moore's career in civil rights and education that ultimately led to his and his wife's murder. The materials in this collection were originally located in Harry T. Moore's briefcase and are dated from 1942 to 1949. The collection contains correspondence, memoranda, business records, ephemera, and newspaper clippings. The bulk of the material reflects Moore's work as a community leader working with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the Progressive Voters League (PVL). The materials include original typed correspondence to and from Harry T. Moore as well as mimeographed letters that were saved for recordkeeping purposes.

The briefcase and Moore's wallet (part of the NMAAHC Collection) were found by Harriette Moore's brother, George Simms, after the firebombing of the Moore's home on Christmas night in 1951. Both were given to the local authorities for the investigation. The briefcase was lost during the initial 1951-1952 investigations. It was found in 2006 by FBI Investigators in a barn close to the Moore's former home. The investigation was closed the same year and the briefcase and its contents were returned to the family. J. Evangeline Moore served as the steward of the collection, lending out materials to various organizations, journalists, writers, and filmmakers over the years to educate the masses about her father's work and her parents' legacy. This work continued until her death in 2015. This collection and related Moore family heirlooms were donated to the National Museum of African American History and Culture in 2013 and 2018, respectively.

Arrangement:

This archival collection does not include all the materials originally located in the briefcase. Materials from this collection were used during investigations as well as historical displays, documentaries, and various educational presentations. Research revealed that various materials were misplaced or lost. The FBI investigators originally located the briefcase in 2006 and they organized and rehoused the materials for better preservation. According to the 2006 investigation report, the investigators organized the documents in alphabetical order but arranged them as they were discovered within Harry T. Moore's filing system. His filing system was based on keeping documents together in envelopes that pertain to the same subject.

The NMAAHC Archives Team kept the subject and proximal context of the materials together. To further preserve this original arrangement and sustain the collection, materials were separated by format and then by subject, keeping those with similar dates and subjects together.

Biographical / Historical:

Harry Tyson Moore was born on November 18, 1905 to Stephen John "Johnny" Moore and Rosalea "Rosa" Tyson Moore in Houston, Florida. After his father's death in 1914, Moore was sent to live with his maternal aunts in Daytona Beach, Florida. He attended Florida Normal and Industrial Memorial Institute, at the time a high school and junior college, where he graduated with a teaching degree in 1924. He immediately began his first teaching position at the segregated Monroe Elementary School in Cocoa, Florida.

Harriette Vyda Sims was born on June 19, 1902 in West Palm Beach, Florida to David and Annie Simms. Harriette was an insurance agent at Atlanta Life Insurance Company, a prominent Black-owned company, working out of Cocoa, Florida when she met Harry. Harry was also working at Atlanta Life to supplement his meager salary from teaching. Harry and Harriette married on Christmas Day in 1926. To establish themselves, the newlyweds moved in with Harriette's family in Mims, Florida. They had two daughters, Annie, born 1928, and Juanita (Evangeline), born 1930.

The couple enrolled together at the Daytona Normal Industrial Institute, later renamed the Bethune-Cookman College (BCC) after a merger of local African American schools. Harriette earned associate and bachelor's degrees in education in 1941 and 1950 respectively. Harry earned a bachelor's degree in education in 1936. Both Evangeline and Annie attended BCC as well. Annie served as an assistant to Dr. Mary McLeod Bethune.

From 1927-1936, Harry served as a teacher and eventual principal of Titusville Colored Junior High School. Harriette was a teacher and lunch lady at various elementary schools in the area. Troubled by the inequities and lack of educational resources available to African Americans, Harry started the Brevard County chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1934. He established the organization with the help of the all-black Florida State Teacher's Association and the support of civil rights lawyer Thurgood Marshall.

In 1937, Moore was involved in a lawsuit regarding teacher pay equality. In Florida, White teachers received a monthly salary of $50 while African American teachers had a base salary of $20. This was the first civil rights case of its kind in the South. Moore's good friend John Gilbert, the principal of the junior high school, served as the plaintiff. The case, Gilbert v. Board of Public Instruction of Brevard County, was lost as many African American teachers were afraid to publicly endorse the case, fearing repercussions. This proved correct as Gilbert and Moore were both fired because of their activism. The Florida Supreme Court dismissed the petition stating that Brevard County was not legally required to change salary schedules based on pay because schools used individual contracts with the teachers. This case laid the foundation for several successful pay equality cases including McDaniel v. Board of Public Instruction in 1941 and County Teachers Association v. the Board of Public Instruction for the County of Marion and Broward in 1942.

Fighting for pay equity for teachers and educational civil rights took Harry and Harriette around the state, organizing and mobilizing community members. In 1936, the Moores took on new positions at the segregated Mims Elementary School and continued their involvement in organizing civil rights cases throughout Florida. In 1941, Harry was appointed the president of the Florida State Conference for the NAACP and later became the executive secretary for the Florida branch. In 1944, Smith v. Allwright ruled that it was unconstitutional for the Democratic Party to limit its membership to White people. This gave Harry the impetus to establish the Progressive Voters League (PVL), a partisan political action group in 1946. Harry believed that African Americans should have the power to vote for whomever is best for their community. Harry kept his work with the PVL separate from his work with the NAACP, despite his leadership role in both. Within a few years of PVL's establishment, there were 100,000 registered eligible African American voters in the state. For the first time in Florida's history, African American citizens were organized and poised to change the outcome of elections. In 1946, this work cost Harry and Harriette their positions at Mims Elementary School. Fortunately, the NAACP, grateful for all of Harry's years of voluntary service, named him the NAACP's first full-time paid executive secretary. Both daughters assisted in creating NAACP Youth Council for the chapter as well.

Harry fought against the gruesome lynching and rampant police brutality taking place in Florida. In 1937, he started investigating cases himself and took an active role in pursuing justice in several unsolved lynching cases around Florida. He regularly sent correspondence about voting rights and lynching to state legislators, the governor, congressmen and even the president. In 1949, Moore became very involved in the national case, State of Florida v. Samuel Shepherd, Walter L. Irvin, Charles Greenlee, and Ernest E. Thomas, commonly known as the Groveland Rape case. Four young African American men were accused of raping a white woman, Norma Padgett. The sheriff of the area, Willis V. McCall rallied a mob of 1,000 local men to locate the accused. Ernest Thomas was killed during pursuit after being shot 400 times by the mob. Shepherd, Irvin, and Greenlee were beaten and coerced into confessing to the crime, only Irvin refused. The trio were immediately convicted by an all-white jury. Shephard and Irvin were sentenced to death while Greenlee, a minor, was sentenced to life in prison. In 1951, Harry and the NAACP legal team appealed the case before the United States Supreme Court. The Court ruled the men were not given a fair trial and sent the case back for retrial at the lower court. In November of 1951, while transporting Shepherd and Irvin back to the county prison for the retrial, Sheriff McCall shot the handcuffed men, killing Shepherd and seriously injuring Irvin. Moore launched an aggressive campaign to have McCall removed from his position and indicted for his involvement in the deaths. He wrote letters to President Truman, the governor, congressmen and several state and county legislators about McCall and the case. Many historians believe Moore's involvement in this case led to his murder only six weeks later. In 2019, Florida Governor Ron DeSantis issued the Groveland Four a posthumous pardon.

On December 25, 1951, both Christmas and the Moore's 25th wedding anniversary, a bomb exploded under their home, directly below the Moore's bedroom. Harry died on the way to the hospital. His funeral took place on January 2, 1952 to a crowd of 3,500, according to Ebony magazine. The following day, January 3, Harriette died from the injuries she sustained in the bombing. Her funeral took place on January 8, where NAACP leader Roy Wilkins spoke eloquently about the Moores and how their work will not be forgotten. The Moores are often called the first martyrs of the 1950s Civil Rights Movement.

The world quickly took note of Harry and Harriet's murders. Newspapers around the world criticized the U.S. for its treatment of African American citizens. The murders were discussed on the floor of the United Nations and the halls of Congress. There were many investigations at the time of the bombing, but the perpetrators were not found. The case was reopened in 1978, but again no charges were filed. In 2004-2006, the investigation was again reopened and led to the conclusion that the murders were conducted by the Central Florida Klu Klux Klan. The men believed responsible were Earl J. Brooklyn, Tillman H. Belvin, Joseph N. Cox, and Edward L. Spivey. However, all the men had died by this time, therefore no one was ever charged for the Moores' murder.

Evangeline was extremely involved in the investigation and worked directly with the attorney general. By the mid-1990s, Evangeline began to take a public role in preserving the memory of her family's contributions to the Civil Rights Movement. In 1995, she helped organize the Harry T. Moore and Harriette V. Moore Homesite Development Committee, a non-profit organization that raised money for an educational site dedicated to celebrating the life and work of the Moores. In 2004, Harry T. and Harriette V. Moore Memorial Park opened, featuring a museum, the original Moore homesite, and a 12-acre park. There are annual celebrations held in the second week of December in Mims, honoring the Moore family's sacrifices for human rights. In 2015, the Florida State Senate adopted resolution SR1638, "Remembering the outstanding contributions of pioneer leaders and martyrs Harriette Vyda Simms Moore and Harry T. Moore in commemoration of the 50th Anniversary of the Voting Rights Act, etc." In October 2015, Evangeline passed away in New Carrolton, Maryland.

Historical Timeline

1902 -- Harriette V. Simms was born in West Palm Beach, Florida to David I. Simms and Annie Warren Simms.

1905 -- Harry Tyson Moore was born in Houston, Florida to Stephen John "Johnny" Moore and Rosa Tyson Moore.

1914-1916 -- Johnny Moore died. Rosa Moore sent Harry to Daytona Beach, Florida to stay with family because of financial difficulties. Harry and his maternal aunts moved to Jacksonville, Florida for better educational opportunities.

1919 -- Moore returned to Houston, Florida and began the high school program at Florida Normal and Industrial Memorial Institute. He graduated with a teaching degree in 1924.

1925 -- Harry earned his teaching certificate and immediately began teaching position at the segregated Monroe Elementary School in Cocoa, Florida.

1926 -- Harry and Harriette wed on Christmas.

1927 -- The Moore newlyweds moved in with Harriette's parents. Harry began teaching at the Titusville Colored Junior High School in Titusville, Florida.

1928 -- Annie Rosa Moore was born. In the fall, Harriette began working as a teacher at Mims Colored Elementary School in Mims, Florida.

1930 -- [Juanita] Evangeline Moore was born. Harry began taking correspondence courses at the University of Florida.

1931 -- Harry and his family move into their own home in Mims, Florida.

1934 -- Harry founded the Brevard County chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

1936 -- Harry graduated from Bethune-Cookman College (BCC) with a normal degree in education. In the fall, Harry became a teacher and the principal of Mims Colored Elementary School.

1938 -- In March, Attorney S.D. McGill filed a lawsuit for pay equality with Cocoa Junior School principal John Gilbert as the plaintiff. The case was dismissed in June.

1939 -- The appeal case of Gilbert v. Board of Public Instruction of Brevard County was dismissed. The case was represented by NAACP Legal Counsel, Thurgood Marshall.

1941 -- Harry organized and served as president of the Florida State Conference of the NAACP. Harriette graduated from Bethune-Cookman College with a teaching degree.

1944 -- Harry founded the Progressive Voters League as a political partisan action group in opposition to the NAACP non-partisan stance.

1946 -- As a result of his civil rights work and activism, Harry and Harriette lost their teaching positions at Mims Elementary School.

1947 -- Evangeline enrolled in BCC. Harry became the NAACP's first fully paid executive secretary of the Brevard County chapter.

1948 -- Harriette began teaching at the Lake Park Colored School in Palm Beach County, Florida.

1950 -- Harriette graduated from BCC with a B.S. in science.

1951 -- Harry graduated with a B.A. from BCC in August. December 25: The Moore's home is firebombed. Harry passed away right before midnight.

1952 -- January 1: Funeral of Harry T. Moore. Jannuary 3: Harriette died from injuries sustained in bombing. January 8: Funeral of Harriette V. Moore. The NAACP awarded the Spingarn medal to Harry T. Moore; his mother Rosa accepted it on his behalf. Evangeline married Drapher Pagan, Sr. Drapher "Skip" Pagan, Jr. is born the following year.

1955 -- The FBI officially closed the Moore homicide investigation case.

1972 -- Annie R. Moore Hampton died suddenly and was buried in Ocala, Florida.

1978 -- The Moore case was reopened but no charges were filed.

1985 -- Creation of the Harry T. Moore Social Service Center in Titusville, Florida.

1991 -- Florida's Governor Lawton Chiles ordered the reopening of the Moores' homicide case; no charges were filed.

1993-1998 -- The Brevard County Board of County Commissioners purchased the Moore homesite to be used as a memorial to the slain couple and created The Harry T. Moore Homesite Development Committee. The Florida State Legislature awarded $700,000 for development of the 10-acre Harry T. Moore Memorial Homesite in Mims, Florida.

1999 -- Harry T. & Harriette V. Moore Memorial Homesite Historical Marker is unveiled.

2002 -- Brevard County Court Harry T. & Harriette V. Moore Justice Center opened.

2003-2004 -- An archeological survey of Moore family home led to an investigation. The Florida State Attorney General Charlie Crist reopened the Moore homicide investigation. The Harry T. and Harriette V. Moore Cultural Complex is completed.

2006 -- Attorney General Crist concluded that the perpetrators were four men from the Central Florida Klu Klux Klan. They had all died by this time, so no charges were filed.

2012-2013 -- The post office in Cocoa, Florida was renamed was named in honor of Harry T. and Harriette Moore by an Act of Congress: Public Law 112-243. Harry and Harriette were inducted in the Florida Civil Rights Hall of Fame.

2015 -- Evangeline Moore died in New Carrolton, Maryland.

2019 -- The Harry T. & Harriette V. Moore Memorial Park and Museum was added to U.S. Civil Rights Trail.

2021 -- Brevard County School Board passed a resolution acknowledging the Moore's unjust firings.

Provenance:

Acquired as a gift from Drapher "Skip" Pagan, Jr. in memory of Juanita Evangeline Moore.

The Museum acquired two personal watches, a locket, and 26 textual documents pertaining to Harry and Harriette Moore (2013.157) from Juanita Evangeline Moore in 2013. These materials are viewable via Smithsonian Collections Search. The Harry T. and Harriette V. Moore Archival Collection was acquired through a donation from the Moores' grandson, Drapher "Skip" Pagan, Jr. in 2018.

Restrictions:

The NMAAHC Archives can provide reproductions of some materials for research and educational use. Copyright and right to publicity restrictions apply and limit reproduction for other purposes.

Rights:

The copyright law of the United States (title 17, United States Code) governs the making reproductions of copyrighted material. Any reproductions of these materials are not to be used for any purpose other than research or educational use.

Topic:

Education  Search this

Civil rights  Search this

Activism  Search this

Hate crimes  Search this

Race discrimination  Search this

Resistance  Search this

Segregation  Search this

Groveland Four Trial, Groveland, Fla., 1949-1952  Search this

American South  Search this

Black people -- Press coverage  Search this

Justice  Search this

Race relations  Search this

Social justice  Search this

Lynching  Search this

Violence  Search this

United States -- History -- 1945-1953  Search this

Suffrage  Search this

Politics  Search this

Families  Search this

Law  Search this

Associations, institutions, etc.  Search this

Genre/Form:

Correspondence

Citation:

Harry T. And Harriette V. Moore Archival Collection, 1942-1949. National Museum of African American History and Culture, Smithsonian Institution.

Identifier:

NMAAHC.A2018.12

See more items in:

The Harry T. and Harriette V. Moore Archival Collection

Archival Repository:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/io39fe77a2e-3542-4a8b-add7-006d9625fb9e

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nmaahc-a2018-12

Photograph by:

Peggy Fleming, American  Search this

Printed by:

James Steele, American  Search this

Subject of:

Kim S. Williams, American, born 1963  Search this

Freddie Owens, American, born 1942  Search this

Capital Pool Checkers Club, American  Search this

Medium:

ink on paper

Dimensions:

H x W: 11 x 8 1/2 in. (27.9 x 21.6 cm)

Type:

black-and-white photographs

Place depicted:

Washington, District of Columbia, United States, North and Central America

Date:

April 28, 2008; printed 2012

Topic:

African American  Search this

Communities  Search this

Local and regional  Search this

Men  Search this

Photography  Search this

Recreation  Search this

Social life and customs  Search this

Urban life  Search this

Credit Line:

Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Gift of Peggy Fleming

Object number:

2012.41.32

Restrictions & Rights:

© Peggy Fleming

Permission required for use. Proper usage is the responsibility of the user.

See more items in:

National Museum of African American History and Culture Collection

Classification:

Media Arts-Photography

Data Source:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/fd591e81260-5aee-4e6e-9dca-f6aa4e98c838

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmaahc_2012.41.32

Associated Name:

Boritt, Beowulf  Search this

Stroman, Susan  Search this

Physical Description:

skin (head material)

wood (rim material)

metal (jingle material)

Measurements:

overall: 1 1/2 in x 10 in; 3.81 cm x 25.4 cm

Object Name:

Tambourine

Instrument

Date made:

around 2010

Subject:

Entertainment  Search this

Theater  Search this

Musical Theater  Search this

African American  Search this

ID Number:

2018.0281.01

Accession number:

2018.0281

Catalog number:

2018.0281.01

See more items in:

Culture and the Arts: Entertainment

Data Source:

National Museum of American History

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ng49ca746b5-02bd-704b-e053-15f76fa0b4fa

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmah_1917947

Physical Description:

paper (overall material)

Measurements:

overall: 23 in x 15 in x 1/2 in; 58.42 cm x 38.1 cm x 1.27 cm

Object Name:

poster

Poster

Poster

Place made:

United States: New York, New York City

Date made:

2010

Subject:

Entertainment  Search this

Theater  Search this

African American  Search this

Minstrels  Search this

Musical Theater  Search this

ID Number:

2018.0281.02

Accession number:

2018.0281

Catalog number:

2018.0281.02

See more items in:

Culture and the Arts: Entertainment

Data Source:

National Museum of American History

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ng49ca746b5-0372-704b-e053-15f76fa0b4fa

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmah_1917950

Physical Description:

paper (overall material)

Measurements:

overall: 12 in x 19 in; 30.48 cm x 48.26 cm

Object Name:

sheet music

Date made:

around 2009

Subject:

Theater  Search this

Minstrels  Search this

Credit Line:

Gift of Susan Stroman

ID Number:

2018.0281.04

Accession number:

2018.0281

Catalog number:

2018.0281.04

See more items in:

Culture and the Arts: Entertainment

Popular Entertainment

Music & Musical Instruments

Data Source:

National Museum of American History

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ng49ca746b4-52a4-704b-e053-15f76fa0b4fa

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmah_1917954

Maker:

Playbill, Inc.  Search this

Physical Description:

paper (overall material)

Measurements:

overall: 9 1/2 in x 5 5/16 in; 24.13 cm x 13.462 cm

Object Name:

Playbill

Place made:

United States: New York, New York City

Date made:

2010

Subject:

Entertainment  Search this

Theater  Search this

Musical Theater  Search this

African American  Search this

ID Number:

2018.0281.03

Accession number:

2018.0281

Catalog number:

2018.0281.03

See more items in:

Culture and the Arts: Entertainment

Data Source:

National Museum of American History

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ng49ca746b4-52a3-704b-e053-15f76fa0b4fa

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmah_1917956

Maker:

Boritt, Beowulf  Search this

Physical Description:

metal (structure: back/legs material)

wood (seat material)

Measurements:

overall: 35 in x 18 in x 18 in; 88.9 cm x 45.72 cm x 45.72 cm

Object Name:

Chair

Place made:

United States: New Jersey

Date made:

November 15, 2009

Subject:

Entertainment  Search this

Theater  Search this

Musical Theater  Search this

African American  Search this

ID Number:

2019.0087.01

Accession number:

2019.0087

Catalog number:

2019.0087.01

See more items in:

Culture and the Arts: Entertainment

Data Source:

National Museum of American History

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ng49ca746b4-9060-704b-e053-15f76fa0b4fa

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmah_1918687

Maker:

Boritt, Beowulf  Search this

Physical Description:

paper (overall material)

Measurements:

overall: 13 1/2 in x 19 1/2 in x 11 1/2 in; 34.29 cm x 49.53 cm x 29.21 cm

Object Name:

Set model

Set Model

Place made:

United States: New York, New York City

Date made:

2010

Subject:

Entertainment  Search this

Theater  Search this

Musical Theater  Search this

African American  Search this

ID Number:

2019.0087.02

Accession number:

2019.0087

Catalog number:

2019.0087.02

See more items in:

Culture and the Arts: Entertainment

Data Source:

National Museum of American History

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ng49ca746b4-a3e2-704b-e053-15f76fa0b4fa

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmah_1918690

Created by:

Kevin E. Cole, American, born 1960  Search this

Medium:

mixed media on wood

Dimensions:

H x W: 56 3/4 x 66 1/2 x 10 1/2 in. (144.1 x 168.9 x 26.7 cm)

Storage: 55.9 x 170.2 x 200.7 cm, 136.1 kg (22 x 67 x 79 in., 300 lb.)

Type:

sculpture

Date:

2008

Topic:

African American  Search this

Abstract Expressionism  Search this

Art  Search this

Civil Rights  Search this

Race discrimination  Search this

Violence  Search this

Credit Line:

Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Gift of Greg and Yolanda Head

Object number:

2009.12

Restrictions & Rights:

© Kevin Cole

Permission required for use. Proper usage is the responsibility of the user.

See more items in:

National Museum of African American History and Culture Collection

Portfolio/Series:

Fragment of Frozen Sound Series

Classification:

Visual Arts

Data Source:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/fd557c34d5a-3965-4030-9db0-a8de35ec08b1

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmaahc_2009.12

Created by:

Hank Willis Thomas, American, born 1976  Search this

Medium:

cotton and synthetic cloth

Dimensions:

H x W x D (frame): 99 × 102 3/4 × 1 1/2 in. (251.5 × 261 × 3.8 cm)

Type:

quilts

mixed media

textile art (visual works)

Place depicted:

United States, North and Central America

Date:

2022

Topic:

African American  Search this

Abstract Expressionism  Search this

Art  Search this

Prisons  Search this

Race discrimination  Search this

United States History  Search this

Credit Line:

Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Museum purchase generously supported by American Express

Object number:

2023.106

Restrictions & Rights:

© Hank Willis Thomas. Courtesy of the artist and Jack Shainman Gallery, New York

Permission required for use. Proper usage is the responsibility of the user.

See more items in:

National Museum of African American History and Culture Collection

Classification:

Visual Arts

Textiles-Quilts

Data Source:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/fd57b3a1ef2-2fde-4ec1-8400-2222603f9c7b

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmaahc_2023.106

Maker:

Associated Press  Search this

Physical Description:

paper (overall material)

Measurements:

overall: 17.5 cm x 21 cm; 6 7/8 in x 8 9/32 in

Object Name:

photograph

Place made:

United States: California, Los Angeles

Date made:

1966-03-15

Subject:

African American  Search this

Murder  Search this

Law Enforcement  Search this

Journalism  Search this

ID Number:

2017.0281.0001

Accession number:

2017.0281

Catalog number:

2017.0281.0001

See more items in:

Work and Industry: Photographic History

Photography

Data Source:

National Museum of American History

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ng49ca746b3-8aa3-704b-e053-15f76fa0b4fa

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmah_1868086

Designer:

Schneider, Karl  Search this

Architect:

White, James McLaren 1867-1933  Search this

Zimmerman, W. Carbys 1856-1932  Search this

Fabricator:

American Terra Cotta and Ceramic Company  Search this

Contractor:

English Brothers  Search this

Subject:

Lincoln, Abraham  Search this

Medium:

Terra cotta

Culture:

African American  Search this

Type:

Sculptures-Relief

Sculptures-Outdoor Sculpture

Sculptures

Owner/Location:

Administered by University of Illinois Board of Trustees 506 South Wright Street, 354 Henry Administration Building Urbana Illinois 61801

Located University of Illinois 702 South Wright Street Lincoln Hall, East facade, between 2nd & 3rd story Urbana Illinois 61801

Date:

1911

Topic:

State of Being--Other--Enslaved  Search this

Portrait male--Full length  Search this

Ethnic  Search this

Occupation--Political--President  Search this

Occupation--Law--Lawyer  Search this

State of Being--Other--Imprisonment  Search this

Landscape--River--Potomac River  Search this

Control number:

IAS IL000349

Data Source:

Art Inventories Catalog, Smithsonian American Art Museums

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:siris_ari_312668

Photographer:

Maurice (Chicago)  Search this

Names:

Ellington, Duke, 1899-1974  Search this

Collection Creator:

Ellington, Duke, 1899-1974  Search this

Extent:

1 Item (photoprint, 10 x 8".)

Culture:

African Americans  Search this

Type:

Archival materials

Portraits

Photographs

Date:

Ca. 1920s

Local Numbers:

95-12017 (OIPP Neg. No.)

Restrictions:

Unrestricted research use on site by appointment. Photographs must be handled with cotton gloves unless protected by sleeves.

Collection Rights:

Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning copyright restrictions. Other intellectual property rights may apply. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.

Copyright restrictions. Consult the Archives Center at archivescenter@si.edu or 202-633-3270.

Paul Ellington, executor, is represented by:

Richard J.J. Scarola, Scarola Ellis LLP, 888 Seventh Avenue, 45th Floor, New York, New York 10106. Telephone (212) 757-0007 x 235; Fax (212) 757-0469; email: rjjs@selaw.com; www.selaw.com; www.ourlawfirm.com.

Topic:

African American composers  Search this

Genre/Form:

Portraits -- African American men

Photographs -- 1920-1930 -- Black-and-white photoprints -- Silver gelatin

Collection Citation:

Duke Ellington Collection, Archives Center, National Museum of American History

Sponsor:

Processing and encoding partially funded by a grant from the Council on Library and Information Resources.

See more items in:

Duke Ellington Collection

Duke Ellington Collection / Series 7: Photographs, Duke Ellington Collection

Archival Repository:

Archives Center, National Museum of American History

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep87c77f21a-a306-4ca3-a754-14dd44227c76

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-nmah-ac-0301-ref53221

Photographer:

Bruno of Hollywood (New York, N.Y.)  Search this

Names:

Ellington, Duke, 1899-1974  Search this

Collection Creator:

Ellington, Duke, 1899-1974  Search this

Extent:

1 Item (Silver gelatin on paper., 10" x 8".)

Culture:

African Americans  Search this

Type:

Archival materials

Studio portraits

Photographs

Scope and Contents:

Publicity photograph, bust portrait. Photographer's stamp, "Bruno of Hollywood - Photographer, New York City." Sepia-toned print.

Arrangement:

Series 7, Box No.6, Folder 26.

Local Numbers:

AC0301-0000066.tif (AC Scan No.)

Series Restrictions:

Unrestricted research access on site by appointment. Unprotected photographs must be handled with gloves.

Collection Rights:

Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning copyright restrictions. Other intellectual property rights may apply. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.

Copyright restrictions. Consult the Archives Center at archivescenter@si.edu or 202-633-3270.

Paul Ellington, executor, is represented by:

Richard J.J. Scarola, Scarola Ellis LLP, 888 Seventh Avenue, 45th Floor, New York, New York 10106. Telephone (212) 757-0007 x 235; Fax (212) 757-0469; email: rjjs@selaw.com; www.selaw.com; www.ourlawfirm.com.

Topic:

Jazz musicians -- 1950-2000 -- United States  Search this

Genre/Form:

Studio portraits -- African American men

Photographs -- Black-and-white photoprints -- Silver gelatin -- 20th century

Collection Citation:

Duke Ellington Collection, Archives Center, National Museum of American History

Sponsor:

Processing and encoding partially funded by a grant from the Council on Library and Information Resources.

See more items in:

Duke Ellington Collection

Duke Ellington Collection / Series 7: Photographs, Duke Ellington Collection / 7.7.40: Publicity

Archival Repository:

Archives Center, National Museum of American History

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep8c7ff4613-3a0a-49d1-8964-ad671f690762

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-nmah-ac-0301-ref53284

Creator:

Turner, Lorenzo Dow, 1890-1972  Search this

Collection Creator:

Turner, Lorenzo Dow, 1890-1972  Search this

Extent:

1 Item (photographic print , black and white, 3.5 x 2.5 in.)

Culture:

Gullahs  Search this

Type:

Archival materials

Photographic prints

Place:

South Carolina

United States

United States of America -- South Carolina -- Frogmore

Date:

1932 July

Scope and Contents:

Lorenzo Dow Turner took this image while doing research in the Sea Islands off the coast of South Carolina and Georgia between 1931 and 1933.

Biographical:

Sam Polite was born around 1844 at St. Helena Island, Beaufort Co., South Carolina. His parents were Sam and Molly Polite. The family was enslaved by the Fripp family, which in 1860 owned thousands of acres of land and 20 plantations in St. Helena Island and other nearby islands. When John Fripp, the Polite family owner's son, got married, his father gave him 30 enslaved persons as a wedding gift. Sam Polite was one of them. When the Civil War came to St. Helena Island in November of 1861, the Fripp family and other planters on the island abandoned their plantations. John Fripp was serving in the Confederate Army, and his wife took her children, Sam and his mother, Molly, to Barnwell, South Carolina. When the end of the war came, Sam Polite and his mother returned to St. Helena Island, where the family reunited. It was only then that they learned that they had been freed from enslavement four years before. After working for another African American man, Sam bought 15 acres of land, which he owned for the rest of his life. Sam Polite was married four times and had two children. At the time that Dr. Turner interviewed him, he manufactured fishing nets for income. Sam Polite died at 100 years old on May 2, 1944, of accidental burns when his clothes caught fire while he smoked.

Collection Restrictions:

Use of the materials requires an appointment. Please contact the archivist to make an appointment: ACMarchives@si.edu.

Topic:

African American men  Search this

African Americans  Search this

Genre/Form:

Photographic prints

Collection Citation:

Lorenzo Dow Turner papers,Anacostia Community Museum Archives, Smithsonian Institution, gift of Lois Turner Williams.

Identifier:

ACMA.06-017, Item ACMA PH2003.7064.305

See more items in:

Lorenzo Dow Turner Papers

Lorenzo Dow Turner Papers / Series 5: Photographs, circa 1890–1974 / 5.4.3: Research: United States of America / Sea Islands off the coasts of South Carolina and Georgia

Archival Repository:

Anacostia Community Museum Archives

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/qa7316f43f6-f05b-4863-b09c-5ba6cd723251

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-acma-06-017-ref1385

Creator:

Turner, Lorenzo Dow, 1890-1972  Search this

Collection Creator:

Turner, Lorenzo Dow, 1890-1972  Search this

Extent:

1 Item (photographic print , black and white, 3.5 x 2.5 inches)

Culture:

Gullahs  Search this

Type:

Archival materials

Photographic prints

Place:

Georgia

United States

United States of America -- Georgia -- Raccon Bluff

Date:

1933 July-August

Scope and Contents:

Lorenzo Dow Turner took this image while doing research in the Sea Islands off the coast of South Carolina and Georgia between 1931 and 1933.

Biographical:

Katie Groverner [Grovernor] Brown was born on Sapelo Island in McIntosh County, Georgia, on June 10, 1853, to John and Corten Groverner [Grover, Grovernor]. Her mother's grandfather was Bilali Muhamad, a Muslim man who was enslaved by the Spalding family. Bilali wrote a famous document in Arabic, which is known as the "Bilali Diary." During the Civil War, the island was abandoned by its white population. In 1865, General William T. Sherman had issued an order that the Sea Islands' lands, including Sapelo, should be given to the recently freed African American population. Nevertheless, the order was never implemented. By 1871 a consortium of three African American men, which included John Groverner, Katie's father, bought 1,000 acres from the former white owner's heirs and created the settlement of Raccoon Bluff. Katie grew up there attending school until fifth grade. She married Ben Brown on August 7, 1877, and had at least four children. Dr. Turner described her as being very intelligent and serious, if somewhat reticent when he interviewed her. Katie Brown passed away on November 19, 1940, and was buried at Behavior Cemetery, Sapelo Island.

Collection Restrictions:

Use of the materials requires an appointment. Please contact the archivist to make an appointment: ACMarchives@si.edu.

Topic:

African American women  Search this

African Americans  Search this

Genre/Form:

Photographic prints

Collection Citation:

Lorenzo Dow Turner papers,Anacostia Community Museum Archives, Smithsonian Institution, gift of Lois Turner Williams.

Identifier:

ACMA.06-017, Item ACMA PH2003.7064.309

See more items in:

Lorenzo Dow Turner Papers

Lorenzo Dow Turner Papers / Series 5: Photographs, circa 1890–1974 / 5.4.3: Research: United States of America / Sea Islands off the coasts of South Carolina and Georgia

Archival Repository:

Anacostia Community Museum Archives

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/qa707d854bd-ab49-4dd1-9d3c-f82d92236533

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-acma-06-017-ref1389

Creator:

Turner, Lorenzo Dow, 1890-1972  Search this

Collection Creator:

Turner, Lorenzo Dow, 1890-1972  Search this

Extent:

1 Item (photographic print , black and white, 3.5 x 2.5 in.)

Culture:

Gullahs  Search this

Type:

Archival materials

Photographic prints

Place:

Georgia

United States

Date:

circa 1931-1933

Scope and Contents:

Lorenzo Dow Turner took this image while doing research in the Sea Islands off the coast of South Carolina and Georgia between 1931 and 1933.

Historical:

The settlement of Harris Neck, McIntosh County, Georgia, began when on September 2, 1865, Margaret M. Harris donated her land to Robert Dolegal (the name is also spelled as Delegal and Denegal), who she had formerly enslaved. According to Mrs. Harris' will, she had raised Robert and trusted him to take care of her and of her mentally disabled son Bright Harris until their death in exchange for the lands. Mrs. Harris appears in the 1850 Census slave schedule as being the enslaver of 59 individuals. In the 1860 Census slave schedule, she appears as the enslaver of 66 persons.

Robert Dolegal must have sold parcels of his land immediately after he took possession of it. In the Census of 1870, there were 87 African American households and 21 white households in Harris Neck.

Biographical:

Bristow McIntosh appears in the 1870 census as a 14-year old working as a farm laborer and living in the household of Martha Woodruff. According to the interview he gave to Dr. Turner in 1933, beginning in 1866, he had attended school for a few months each year and had been able to learn how to read and write.

By 1880 Bristow McIntosh was married to Nancy King Mctinosh (also known as Annie and Nannie), and they had two children and owned 20 acres of land valued at fifty dollars. The previous year his farm had produced corn, peas, and beans. Bristow also owned milk cows and chickens. The value of his production in 1879 had been $100.

During his life, Bristow worked his land, which was valued at $200 in 1930. He also, at some point, ran a store and kept a mail route. By 1930 he was already in his seventies but still working as a family servant.

Bristow and Nancy would have eleven children, and only three survived childhood. Nancy passed away in 1922 after a long illness, and two of her surviving children followed her within a few years. Leonard passed away in 1926 and James in 1928.

Bristow McIntosh was one of Dr. Turner's principal informants when he came to Harris Neck in 1933. He passed away four years later, on November 25, 1937. Thus, Bristow McIntosh was not alive when the Federal government took the land at Harris Neck through eminent domain to build a military airport. The residents were given two weeks to move out. On July 27, 1942, all the community's houses were bulldozed and burned down.

General:

Bristow (also Brister or Bristol); Harris Neck, McIntosh County, Georgia

Collection Restrictions:

Use of the materials requires an appointment. Please contact the archivist to make an appointment: ACMarchives@si.edu.

Topic:

African American men  Search this

African Americans  Search this

Genre/Form:

Photographic prints

Collection Citation:

Lorenzo Dow Turner papers,Anacostia Community Museum Archives, Smithsonian Institution, gift of Lois Turner Williams.

Identifier:

ACMA.06-017, Item ACMA PH2003.7064.310

See more items in:

Lorenzo Dow Turner Papers

Lorenzo Dow Turner Papers / Series 5: Photographs, circa 1890–1974 / 5.4.3: Research: United States of America / Sea Islands off the coasts of South Carolina and Georgia

Archival Repository:

Anacostia Community Museum Archives

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/qa750b90d0f-507b-42c6-8d17-5f76dc14a942

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-acma-06-017-ref1390