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Maker:

Spencer Lens Company  Search this

Physical Description:

wood (overall material)

steel (overall material)

brass (overall material)

glass (overall material)

black (overall color)

Measurements:

average spatial: 33.8 cm x 17.3 cm x 21 cm; 13 5/16 in x 6 13/16 in x 8 1/4 in

average spatial: 29 cm x 11.2 cm x 17.7 cm; 11 7/16 in x 4 7/16 in x 6 15/16 in

Object Name:

microscope

Other Terms:

microscope; Monocular; Compound

Place made:

United States: New York, Buffalo

Date made:

ca 1918

Subject:

Science & Scientific Instruments  Search this

Credit Line:

Division of Marine Invertebrates, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution

ID Number:

MG.M-11515

Accession number:

260035

Catalog number:

M-11515

See more items in:

Medicine and Science: Medicine

Microscopes

Science & Mathematics

Data Source:

National Museum of American History

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ng49ca746b2-80f8-704b-e053-15f76fa0b4fa

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmah_1060152

Maker:

Spencer Lens Company  Search this

Physical Description:

wood (case material)

metal (case material)

metal, steel (case material)

cloth (case material)

plastic (overall material)

Measurements:

case: 41 cm x 21 cm x 24.2 cm; 16 5/32 in x 8 9/32 in x 9 17/32 in

overall: 32.5 cm x 20.2 cm; 12 25/32 in x 7 15/16 in

Object Name:

microscope

Place made:

United States: New York, Buffalo

Date made:

1934

Subject:

Science & Scientific Instruments  Search this

Credit Line:

Division of Marine Invertebrates, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution

ID Number:

MG.M-11418

Accession number:

260035

Catalog number:

M-11418

See more items in:

Medicine and Science: Medicine

Microscopes

Science & Mathematics

Data Source:

National Museum of American History

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ng49ca746aa-1762-704b-e053-15f76fa0b4fa

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmah_1175518

Maker:

Spencer Lens Company  Search this

Measurements:

case: 12 13/16 in x 6 3/4 in x 7 7/8 in; 32.54375 cm x 17.145 cm x 20.0025 cm

microscope: 11 1/4 in x 4 3/8 in x 6 in; 28.575 cm x 11.1125 cm x 15.24 cm

Object Name:

microscope

Place made:

United States: New York, Buffalo

Date made:

ca 1918

Subject:

Science & Scientific Instruments  Search this

Credit Line:

Division of Marine Invertebrates, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution

ID Number:

MG.M-11423

Accession number:

260035

Catalog number:

M-11423

260035.06

See more items in:

Medicine and Science: Medicine

Microscopes

Science & Mathematics

Data Source:

National Museum of American History

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ng49ca746ac-a12e-704b-e053-15f76fa0b4fa

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmah_1348380

Maker:

Spencer Lens Company  Search this

Physical Description:

glass (microscope material)

metal (microscope material)

wood (case material)

Measurements:

microscope: 24.3 cm x 13.6 cm x 18 cm; 9 9/16 in x 5 3/8 in x 7 1/16 in

case: 35 cm x 19.7 cm x 23.4 cm; 13 3/4 in x 7 3/4 in x 9 3/16 in

Object Name:

microscope

Place made:

United States: New York, Buffalo

Date made:

1933

Subject:

Science & Scientific Instruments  Search this

Credit Line:

Division of Marine Invertebrates, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution

ID Number:

MG.M-11419

Accession number:

260035

Catalog number:

M-11419

See more items in:

Medicine and Science: Medicine

Microscopes

Science & Mathematics

Data Source:

National Museum of American History

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ng49ca746ac-a131-704b-e053-15f76fa0b4fa

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmah_1348387

Maker:

James W. Queen & Co.  Search this

Physical Description:

brass (overall material)

wood (overall material)

Measurements:

case: 13 7/8 in x 8 9/16 in x 6 5/8 in; 35.2425 cm x 21.74875 cm x 16.8275 cm

overall: 11 1/8 in x 5 1/2 in x 6 1/2 in; 28.2575 cm x 13.97 cm x 16.51 cm

Object Name:

microscope

Place made:

United States: Pennsylvania, Philadelphia

Date made:

1886-1896

Subject:

Science & Scientific Instruments  Search this

Credit Line:

Division of Marine Invertebrates, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution

ID Number:

MG.M-11519

Accession number:

260035

Catalog number:

260035.13

M-11519

See more items in:

Medicine and Science: Medicine

Microscopes

Science & Mathematics

Data Source:

National Museum of American History

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ng49ca746ac-ab9c-704b-e053-15f76fa0b4fa

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmah_1348579

Maker:

Ogden, John T.  Search this

Measurements:

overall: 2 1/4 in x 6 in x 4 3/4 in; 5.715 cm x 15.24 cm x 12.065 cm

Object Name:

microscope

Place made:

United States: Massachusetts, Boston

Date made:

ca 1880-1890

Subject:

Science & Scientific Instruments  Search this

Credit Line:

Division of Marine Invertebrates, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution

ID Number:

MG.163004.01

Catalog number:

M-9782

163004.01

Accession number:

163004

See more items in:

Medicine and Science: Medicine

Microscopes

Science & Mathematics

Data Source:

National Museum of American History

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ng49ca746ac-b218-704b-e053-15f76fa0b4fa

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmah_1351423

Creator:

Irwin-Williams, Cynthia  Search this

Irwin, Henry T.  Search this

Names:

Eastern New Mexico University (Portales, N.M.)  Search this

San Juan Valley Archaeological Project  Search this

Society for American Archaeology  Search this

University of Nevada. Desert Research Institute  Search this

Extent:

111.67 Linear feet (192 document boxes, 4 oversize boxes, 18 shoeboxes, 4 small index card boxes, 5 negative boxes, 4 map folders, 30 rolled items, and 6 1/2 restricted boxes)

3 Floppy discs

9 Cassette tapes

1 Sound tape reel (3")

Culture:

Southwest (archaeological)  Search this

Oshara Archaic Tradition (archaeological culture)  Search this

Pueblo (Anasazi) (archaeological)  Search this

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Floppy discs

Cassette tapes

Sound tape reels

Place:

Valsequillo (Puebla, Mexico)

Hell Gap Site (Wyo.)

Salmon Site (N.M.)

Rio Puerco River (New Mexico) -- Archeology

Date:

1936-1990

Summary:

Cynthia Irwin-Williams was a pioneer for women in the field of archaeology. Her main interest was the Paleo-Indian culture of North America (specifically the Southwest), but she also did extensive work in Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi) culture. This collection includes materials related to Irwin-Williams' research; her work at Eastern New Mexico University and The Desert Research Institute; her coursework at Radcliffe and Harvard; and her work for the Society of American Archaeology, the American Anthropological Association, the American Quaternary Association, Africa Tomorrow, and other organizations.

Scope and Contents:

The Cynthia Irwin-Williams papers contain fieldnotes, photographs, maps, notes, computer analyses, drafts of articles, articles and papers, grant proposals, index cards, personal and professional correspondence, administrative materials, lecture and research notes, student papers and theses, certificates and awards, biographical and autobiographical materials, and sound recordings. These materials relate to her research (primarily archaeological), associations of which she was a member (including the Society of American Archaeology, the American Anthropological Association, the American Quaternary Association, and Africa Tomorrow), conferences at which she participated, and coursework from Radcliffe and Harvard. The collection also includes some materials which belonged to her brother, Henry Irwin, who predeceased her. These materials are composed of his diplomas and some annotated articles and papers.

Irwin-Williams was a prolific letter writer and many folders include multiple drafts of her correspondence. Of particular interest is the correspondence between Irwin-Williams and her mother, Eleanor "Kay" Irwin. The two were very close and corresponded almost daily during the two years when Irwin-Williams was in Massachusetts and her mother was in Colorado. Of special note in the collection are materials which relate to the difficulties faced by women in the field of archaeology, such as the autobiographical section of her CV.

The collection does not include much material on her work at Magic Mountain, as these papers are housed at the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. Many of the materials related to her work at Salmon Ruins are housed at the San Juan County Research Center and Library. The only expedition for which this collection holds complete fieldnotes for Irwin-Williams and her team is Valsequillo.

Sensitivity statement:

Please note that the contents of the collection and the language and terminology used reflect the context and culture of the time of its creation. As an historical document, its contents may be at odds with contemporary views and terminology and considered offensive today. The information within this collection does not reflect the views of the Smithsonian Institution or National Anthropological Archives but is available in its original form to facilitate research.

Please note that this collection contains images of human remains.

Arrangement:

This collection is arranged in 8 series: 1) Research, 1936-1990, undated; 2) Writings, 1940-circa 1990, undated; 3) Associations and conferences, 1962-1989, undated; 4) Professional, 1960-1990, undated; 5) Coursework, 1954-1961, undated; 6) Correspondence, 1940-1941, 1959-1989, undated; 7) Photographs and Artwork, 1939, 1964-1990, undated; and 8) Sound recordings, 1980, undated

Biographical Note:

Cynthia Irwin-Williams was a pioneer for women in the field of archaeology. Her main interest was the Paleo-Indian culture of North America (specifically the Southwest), but she also did extensive work in Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi) culture. She was born in Denver, Colorado, in 1936 and suffered from severe asthma for the first ten years of her life (Williams, 4). She and her brother, Henry Irwin, spent several summers during their childhood living with the Hopi in northeastern Arizona, which helped her to develop an interest in archaeology. She began taking part in amateur archaeological investigations through the Colorado Archaeological Society when she was in 5th grade and continued to do so through high school (Williams, 6). She organized an archaeology club while in high school and persuaded H. Marie Wormington, Herbert Dick, and Ruth Underhill to assist (Williams, 7). Irwin-Williams and her brother also volunteered for Dr. Wormington at the Denver Museum of Natural History throughout high school, eventually assisting Wormington at a dig in western Colorado (Williams, 7). Dr. Wormington became a friend and role model for Irwin-Williams, advising her on her education and career. Irwin-Williams also had a close relationship with her mother, Eleanor "Kay" Irwin, who frequently travelled and worked digs with her daughter, and her brother, Henry Irwin, with whom she worked many archaeological sites and published numerous papers.

Irwin-Williams earned her BA (1957) and MA (1958) in Anthropology from Radcliffe College and was one of the first three women, in any field, to earn her PhD (1963) from Harvard University (previously, women could only receive PhD degrees from Radcliffe). She had difficulty gaining a place in a fieldschool during her graduate work due to her gender, despite having experience under the guidance of H. Marie Wormington in high school and college, but eventually gained a place as a volunteer graduate student on the dig of one of her professors at L'Abri Pataud in France in 1958 (likely under Dr. Hallam Movius). She was disappointed that, unlike the male students, she was expected to perform secretarial work and menial tasks (Williams, 10). As a result of this experience, she chose to run her own excavations and stated that it taught her "how not to run a project" (Williams, 10). This experience also caused her to change her field of study to the New World and her advisor to J. O. Brew (Williams, 11).

While Irwin-Williams and her brother were in college and graduate school, they and their mother, under the supervision of H. Marie Wormington, spent summers excavating the LoDaisKa site in Colorado, providing their own equipment (Williams, 9). The first major excavation which she headed was at Valsequillo, where she worked from 1962 to 1966. Valsequillo, in Puebla, Mexico, is a stone age site dated to approximately 25,000 years ago (the dating of the site has been controversial). Her largest excavation was at Salmon Ruin; this site was almost destroyed when the land was purchased by a developer in 1967 who intended to "divide the ruin into 10-foot squares and sell 'digging rights'" (Irwin-Williams, 19). After a local non-profit, the San Juan County Museum Association, saved the site, they asked Irwin-Williams to run the excavations in 1969 (Irwin-Williams, 20).

The excavations she led were known for being inclusive, as her crews included men and women, people of multiple races and ethnicities, and people with disabilities (Williams, 16). She was also known for her ability to work well with volunteers and amateurs (Williams, 19). Another talent of hers was finding grant funding from unusal sources, which she attributed to the limited employment and fieldwork opportunities faced by female archaeologists in the 1960s (Profile of an Anthropologist, 7).

In addition to her fieldwork, Irwin-Williams taught anthropology, first at Hunter College (1963-1964), while holding a fellowship at the American Museum of Natural History and commuting from Princeton where her husband worked, and then at Eastern New Mexico University (1964-1982), at which time "she commute[d] nearly five hundred miles each weekend between her home in Albuquerque, where she live[d] four days a week with her husband, and her apartment in Portales, where she [taught] three days a week." (Williams, 1). She then became Executive Director of the Social Sciences Center, Desert Research Institute, University of Nevada. Under her supervision, the Social Sciences Center (later renamed the Quaternary Science Center) expanded substantially, eventually employing more than five times the staff it had when she began (Teague, 90). Irwin-Williams also held numerous professional offices including President of the Society for American Archaeology (1977-1979). She was known for her interdisciplinary work and had an interest in the environmental impact of human society and water harvesting techniques. These interests led her to become a member of the executive committee of Africa Tomorrow Inc., a nonprofit devoted to the Sahel region of Africa, and to lobby Congress to pass a bill to create a pilot project focused on water harvesting (Teague, 90).

Irwin-Williams also had a keen interest in issues which affected women. After going into recovery for alcoholism, she became an accredited counselor and served as a part-time substance abuse counselor from 1982 through 1989. She also brought this interest to her research, studying the genetic and environmental causes of alcoholism as well as the effects of alcoholism on families, conducting a study funded by the Stout Foundation entitled "Breaking the Chain: Defining Effective Education for Adult Children of Alcoholics." Her interest in studying health conditions which affected women did not end with alcoholism. A sufferer of migraines, she researched their causes and treatments in a study entitled "Biochemistry, Population Parameters, and Treatment of Migraine Headache."

During the final few years of her life, she suffered from a respiratory illness which interfered with her work, causing her to step down from her position as director of the Quaternary Science Center at the Desert Research Institute in 1988 and to take a sabbatical in 1989. She died in 1990 at the age of 54.

Sources cited

Curriculum Vitae of Cynthia Irwin-Williams, Cynthia Irwin Williams papers, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution.

Irwin-Williams, "How Salmon Ruin Was Saved." Early Man (Autumn 1981): 18-23.

"Profile of an Anthropologist: Research Archeologist Begins Career Looking for Supplementary Income." Anthropology Newsletter (May 1981): 7.

Teague, Lynn. "Cynthia Irwin-Williams." Kiva 56, no. 1 (1990): 87-91.

Williams, Barbara. "Cynthia Irwin-Williams." In Breakthrough: Women in Archaeology. New York: Walker and Company, 1981.

Wormington, H. M. and George Agogino. "Cynthia Irwin-Williams: 1936-1990." American Antiquity 59, no. 4 (1994): 667-671.

1936 April 14 -- Born in Denver, Colorado

1957 -- BA from Radcliffe College in Anthropology, Magna Cum Laude

1958 -- MA from Radcliffe College in Anthropology Excavations in France

1958-1960 -- Excavations at LoDaisKa Site, Colorado

1959-1960 -- Director, Central Mexico Project, Harvard University Co-Director, Magic Mountain Project, Peabody Museum Excavations at Magic Mountain, Colorado

1960-1961 -- Co-Director, UP Mammoth Kill Site, Rawlins, Wyoming

1961-1966 -- Co-Director, Hell Gap Paleo-Indian Project in Wyoming, Peabody Museum

1962-1966 -- Excavations at Valsequillo in Puebla, Mexico Excavations at Hell Gap, Wyoming

1962-1968 -- Co-Director of Research on the Archaeology, Geology, and Paleontology of the Valsequillo Region, Pueblo, Mexico

1963 -- PhD from Harvard University in Anthropology

1963-1964 -- Lecturer in Anthropology, Hunter College Ogden Mills Post-Doctoral Research Fellowship, American Museum of Natural History

1964-1967 -- Assistant Professor of Anthropology, Eastern New Mexico University

1964-1973 -- Director, Eastern New Mexico University Project on Anasazi Origins

1966 -- Director, Valsequillo Project (Harvard University, Eastern New Mexico University, University of Puebla)

1967-1972 -- Associate Professor of Anthropology, Eastern New Mexico University

1969-1970 -- Member of the Executive Council, American Quaternary Association

1969-1972 -- Director, Eastern New Mexico University Program of Early Agriculture in the Tularosa Valley, New Mexico

1969-1974 -- Member of the Committee on the Status of Women in Anthropology, American Anthropological Association

1970-1979 -- Excavations at Salmon Ruins

1970-1980 -- Director, Eastern New Mexico University - San Juan Museum Association - San Juan Valley Archaeological Program; Salmon Ruin Project

1970-1981 -- Director, Eastern New Mexico University Program on Pueblo Settlement in the Puerco River Valley, New Mexico

1972-1977 -- Professor of Anthropology, Eastern New Mexico University

1973-1975 -- Member of the Executive Committee, Society for American Archaeology Member of the Committee on the Status of Women in American Archaeology, Society for American Archaeology

1973-1976 -- Member of the American Anthropological Association Nominations Committee Member of the Committee on Native American Relations, Society for American Archaeology

1974-1976 -- Director, Agency for Conservation Archaeology, Eastern New Mexico University Director, Division of Conservation Archaeology, San Juan County Museum

1974-1978 -- Member of the Executive Council, American Quaternary Association

1977-1979 -- President, Society for American Archaeology Member of the Coordinating Council of American Archaeological Societies Member of the Research Panel, Anthropology Program, National Science Foundation

1977-1982 -- Distinguished Professor of Anthropology, Eastern New Mexico University

1978-1980 -- Member of the Research Panel, Integrated Basic Research Program, National Science Foundation

1978-1990 -- Member of the Board of Advisors, Center for Field Research

1979-1981 -- Member of the Museum Development Panel, National Endowment for the Humanities

1979-1985 -- Chairman of the Committee on Federal Archaeology, Society for American Archaeology

1980-1982 -- Member of the Media Panel, National Endowment for the Humanities

1981-1983 -- Member of the Research Panel, Archaeometry Program, National Science Foundation

1982-1988 -- Executive Director, Social Sciences Center / Quaternary Sciences Center, Desert Research Institute

1982-1989 -- Adjunct Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Reno Principal Investigator, Desert Research Institute Archaic Oshara Project

1983-1985 -- Chairman, Society for American Archaeology / Bureau of Land Management / National Coal Association and Surface Mining Committee Conference on Archaeology

1983-1986 -- Member of the Executive Committee, Nevada Council on Professional Archaeology

1984 -- Member of the Nominations Committee, Society of Professional Archaeologists

1984-1986 -- Coordinator and Organizer of Regional Conferences on Cultural Resource Management, Society for American Archaeology

1985-1990 -- Principal Investigator, Desert Research Institute-Bureau of Land Management, Project on Climactic Stress and Human Population on the Middle Puerco River, New Mexico Co-Director, Investigations on Prehistoric Water Harvesting Devices near Fallon, Nevada, and their contemporary applications Member of the Executive Board, Africa Tomorrow Inc.

1986 -- Chairman, Society for American Archaeology Summary Symposium on Cultural Resources Management

1986-1990 -- Co-Principal Investigator, Established Program to Stimulate Competitive Research Program, Desert Research Institute Social Sciences Center

1987 -- Member of the Long-Range Planning Committee, Society for American Archaeology

1987-1990 -- Principal Investigator, Desert Research Institute Project on PaleoIndian Occupation of Northern Nevada Co-Principal Investigator, Nevada State Museum Sunshine Wells Paleo-Indian Project

1989-1990 -- Sabbatical from professorship at the Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Reno

1990 June 5 -- Died in Reno, Nevada

List of commonly used abbreviations:

This list includes abbreviations commonly used by Irwin-Williams. Many of them have been altered in folder titles to the extended version, but not all have.

AAA - American Anthropological Society

AMQUA - American Quaternary Association

AOPI - Anasazi Origins Project

AOPII - Archaic Oshara Project

BIA - Bureau of Indian Affairs

BLM - Bureau of Land Management

CIW - Cynthia Irwin-Williams

DRI - Desert Research Institute

ENMU - Eastern New Mexico University

EPSCoR - Established Program to Stimulate Competitive Research, National Science Foundation

HTI - Henry T. Irwin

HUD - Department of Housing and Urban Development

INAH - Instituto Nacional de Antropología y Historia

INQUA - International Quaternary Association

JWP - Journal of World Prehistory

LECAPSR - The Llano Estacado Center for Advanced Professional Studies and Research, Eastern New Mexico University

NEH - National Endowment for the Humanities

NSF - National Science Foundation

PMOA - Programmatic Memorandum of Agreement

PRP - Puerco River Project

QSC - Quaternary Science Center

SAA - Society for American Archaeology

SAR - School of American Research

SJVAP - San Juan Valley Archaeological Project

SOPA - Society of Professional Archaeologists

SSC - Social Sciences Center

SWAA - Southwestern Anthropological Association

UNR - University of Nevada Reno

Related Materials:

The San Juan County Research Center and Library at Salmon Ruins holds the Salmon Ruins collection, papers and information on the archaeological development of Salmon ruins by Cynthia Irwin-Williams.

The American Museum of Natural History, Division of Anthropology Archives holds the Cynthia Irwin-Williams papers, which relate to the manuscript "Pre-ceramic and Early Ceramic Development in Central Mexico."

The Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard University holds the Magic Mountain Expedition Records.

The University of Wyoming, Anthropology Department holds the UP Mammoth Kill site field notes.

Hannah Marie Wormington papers, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution.

Dennis J. Stanford and Margaret A. [Pegi] Jodry papers, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution.

Provenance:

Received from George Agogino, Michael Bradle, and C. Vance Haynes Jr.

Restrictions:

Materials containing personally identifiable information (predominately grant applications), student grades, references, grant reviews, and employee evaluations have been restricted for eighty years from their date of creation. Materials containing health information for Irwin-Williams have been restricted for fifty years from her date of death.

Audiovisual materials and computer disks are restricted. Please contact the repository for information on the availability of access copies.

Access to the Cynthia Irwin-Williams papers requires an appointment.

Rights:

Contact the repository for terms of use.

Topic:

Archaeology  Search this

Lithics -- American Indian  Search this

Paleo-Indians  Search this

Citation:

Cynthia Irwin-Williams papers, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution

Sponsor:

Funding for the processing of this collection was provided by the American Women's History Initiative.

Identifier:

NAA.1999-09

See more items in:

Cynthia Irwin-Williams papers

Archival Repository:

National Anthropological Archives

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw3c58ee81e-3e9d-45fa-8f54-ff04c774cbea

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-naa-1999-09

Author:

Unknown  Search this

Subject:

Cooper, G. Arthur (Gustav Arthur) 1902-  Search this

Yochelson, Ellis L  Search this

Physical description:

Color: Black and White; Size: 10w x 8h; Type of Image: Group, candid; Medium: Photographic print

Type:

Photographic print

Group, candid

Date:

1980

Topic:

Buzas, Martin  Search this

National Museum of Natural History (U.S.)  Search this

Paleontologists  Search this

Event  Search this

Smithsonian Institution--Employees  Search this

Standard number:

MNH 10291-7

Restrictions & Rights:

No restrictions

Data Source:

Smithsonian Archives - History Div

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:siris_sic_10844

Extent:

8.70 cu. ft. (9 document boxes) (7 12x17 boxes) (1 16x20 box)

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Manuscripts

Date:

1846-1995

Descriptive Entry:

These records are the official minutes of the Board. They are compiled at the direction of the Secretary of the Smithsonian, who is also secretary to the Board, after approval by the Regents' Executive Committee and by the Regents themselves. The minutes are edited, not a verbatim account of proceedings. For reasons unknown, there are no manuscript minutes for the period from 1857 through 1890; and researchers must rely on printed minutes published in the Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution instead. Minutes are transferred regularly from the Secretary's Office to the Archives. Minutes less than 15 years old are closed to researchers. Indexes exist for the period from 1907 to 1946 and can be useful.

Historical Note:

The Smithsonian Institution was created by authority of an Act of Congress approved August 10, 1846. The Act entrusted direction of the Smithsonian to a body called the Establishment, composed of the President; the Vice President; the Chief Justice of the United States; the secretaries of State, War, Navy, Interior, and Agriculture; the Attorney General; and the Postmaster General. In fact, however, the Establishment last met in 1877, and control of the Smithsonian has always been exercised by its Board of Regents. The membership of the Regents consists of the Vice President and the Chief Justice of the United States; three members each of the Senate and House of Representatives; two citizens of the District of Columbia; and seven citizens of the several states, no two from the same state. (Prior to 1970 the category of Citizen Regents not residents of Washington consisted of four members). By custom the Chief Justice is Chancellor. The office was at first held by the Vice President. However, when Millard Fillmore succeeded to the presidency on the death of Zachary Taylor in 1851, Chief Justice Roger Brooke Taney was chosen in his stead. The office has always been filled by the Chief Justice since that time.

The Regents of the Smithsonian have included distinguished Americans from many walks of life. Ex officio members (Vice President) have been: Spiro T. Agnew, Chester A. Arthur, Allen W. Barkley, John C. Breckenridge, George Bush, Schuyler Colfax, Calvin Coolidge, Charles Curtis, George M. Dallas, Charles G. Dawes, Charles W. Fairbanks, Millard Fillmore, Gerald R. Ford, John N. Garner, Hannibal Hamlin, Thomas A. Hendricks, Garret A. Hobart, Hubert H. Humphrey, Andrew Johnson, Lyndon B. Johnson, William R. King, Thomas R. Marshall, Walter F. Mondale, Levi P. Morton, Richard M. Nixon, Nelson A. Rockefeller, Theodore Roosevelt, James S. Sherman, Adlai E. Stevenson, Harry S. Truman, Henry A. Wallace, William A. Wheeler, Henry Wilson.

Ex officio members (Chief Justice) have been: Roger B. Taney, Salmon P. Chase, Nathan Clifford, Morrison R. Waite, Samuel F. Miller, Melville W. Fuller, Edward D. White, William Howard Taft, Charles Evans Hughes, Harlan F. Stone, Fred M. Vinson, Earl Warren, Warren E. Burger.

Regents on the part of the Senate have been: Clinton P. Anderson, Newton Booth, Sidney Breese, Lewis Cass, Robert Milledge Charlton, Bennet Champ Clark, Francis M. Cockrell, Shelby Moore Cullom, Garrett Davis, Jefferson Davis, George Franklin Edmunds, George Evans, Edwin J. Garn, Walter F. George, Barry Goldwater, George Gray, Hannibal Hamlin, Nathaniel Peter Hill, George Frisbie Hoar, Henry French Hollis, Henry M. Jackson, William Lindsay, Henry Cabot Lodge, Medill McCormick, James Murray Mason, Samuel Bell Maxey, Robert B. Morgan, Frank E. Moss, Claiborne Pell, George Wharton Pepper, David A. Reed, Leverett Saltonstall, Hugh Scott, Alexander H. Smith, Robert A. Taft, Lyman Trumbull, Wallace H. White, Jr., Robert Enoch Withers.

Regents on the part of the House of Representatives have included: Edward P. Boland, Frank T. Bow, William Campbell Breckenridge, Overton Brooks, Benjamin Butterworth, Clarence Cannon, Lucius Cartrell, Hiester Clymer, William Colcock, William P. Cole, Jr., Maurice Connolly, Silvio O. Conte, Edward E. Cox, Edward H. Crump, John Dalzell, Nathaniel Deering, Hugh A. Dinsmore, William English, John Farnsworth, Scott Ferris, Graham Fitch, James Garfield, Charles L. Gifford, T. Alan Goldsborough, Frank L. Greene, Gerry Hazleton, Benjamin Hill, Henry Hilliard, Ebenezer Hoar, William Hough, William M. Howard, Albert Johnson, Leroy Johnson, Joseph Johnston, Michael Kirwan, James T. Lloyd, Robert Luce, Robert McClelland, Samuel K. McConnell, Jr., George H. Mahon, George McCrary, Edward McPherson, James R. Mann, George Perkins Marsh, Norman Y. Mineta, A. J. Monteague, R. Walton Moore, Walter H. Newton, Robert Dale Owen, James Patterson, William Phelps, Luke Poland, John Van Schaick Lansing Pruyn, B. Carroll Reece, Ernest W. Roberts, Otho Robards Singleton, Frank Thompson, Jr., John M. Vorys, Hiram Warner, Joseph Wheeler.

Citizen Regents have been: David C. Acheson, Louis Agassiz, James B. Angell, Anne L. Armstrong, William Backhouse Astor, J. Paul Austin, Alexander Dallas Bache, George Edmund Badger, George Bancroft, Alexander Graham Bell, James Gabriel Berrett, John McPherson Berrien, Robert W. Bingham, Sayles Jenks Bowen, William G. Bowen, Robert S. Brookings, John Nicholas Brown, William A. M. Burden, Vannevar Bush, Charles F. Choate, Jr., Rufus Choate, Arthur H. Compton, Henry David Cooke, Henry Coppee, Samuel Sullivan Cox, Edward H. Crump, James Dwight Dana, Harvey N. Davis, William Lewis Dayton, Everette Lee Degolyer, Richard Delafield, Frederic A. Delano, Charles Devens, Matthew Gault Emery, Cornelius Conway Felton, Robert V. Fleming, Murray Gell-Mann, Robert F. Goheen, Asa Gray, George Gray, Crawford Hallock Greenwalt, Nancy Hanks, Caryl Parker Haskins, Gideon Hawley, John B. Henderson, John B. Henderson, Jr., A. Leon Higginbotham, Jr., Gardner Greene Hubbard, Charles Evans Hughes, Carlisle H. Humelsine, Jerome C. Hunsaker, William Preston Johnston, Irwin B. Laughlin, Walter Lenox, Augustus P. Loring, John Maclean, William Beans Magruder, John Walker Maury, Montgomery Cunningham Meigs, John C. Merriam, R. Walton Moore, Roland S. Morris, Dwight W. Morrow, Richard Olney, Peter Parker, Noah Porter, William Campbell Preston, Owen Josephus Roberts, Richard Rush, William Winston Seaton, Alexander Roby Shepherd, William Tecumseh Sherman, Otho Robards Singleton, Joseph Gilbert Totten, John Thomas Towers, Frederic C. Walcott, Richard Wallach, Thomas J. Watson, Jr., James E. Webb, James Clarke Welling, Andrew Dickson White, Henry White, Theodore Dwight Woolsey.

Topic:

Museums -- Administration  Search this

Museum trustees  Search this

Genre/Form:

Manuscripts

Citation:

Smithsonian Institution Archives, Record Unit 1, Smithsonian Institution, Board of Regents, Minutes

Identifier:

Record Unit 1

See more items in:

Minutes

Archival Repository:

Smithsonian Institution Archives

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-sia-faru0001

Extent:

58.76 cu. ft. (39 record storage boxes) (9 document boxes) (26 tall document boxes) (9 microfilm reels)

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Black-and-white photographs

Clippings

Books

Manuscripts

Letterpress copybooks

Date:

1851-1982 and undated

Introduction:

The Archives would like to thank the staff of the Division of Mollusks for their cooperation in transferring the records to the Archives. We especially appreciate the help of Clyde Roper, Richard Houbrick, and Michael Sweeney.

Descriptive Entry:

This collection provides comprehensive documentation of the operation and activities of the Division of Mollusks from its establishment in 1880 until 1982. A small amount of records predate the formal creation of the Division. The collection is also a major source of information on the professional careers of William H. Dall, Paul Bartsch, Charles Torrey Simpson, Robert Edwards Carter Stearns, Harald A. Rehder, Joseph P. E. Morrison, Joseph Rosewater, and Clyde F. E. Roper.

The majority of the collection consists of a large file of incoming and outgoing correspondence (Series 1) that documents all aspects of the Division's work. The correspondence provides a wealth of information for researchers interested in the history of malacology during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Many of the foremost workers in the field corresponded with the staff of the Division. Henry A. Pilsbry, William J. Clench, S. Stillman Berry, William G. Binney, Edward S. Morse, Carlos de la Torre, Addison E. Verrill, and Joshua L. Bailey are just a few of the outstanding malacologists represented by letters. The correspondence is also helpful in illustrating the early history and activities of the American Malacological Union, the development of the Smithsonian collection of mollusks, and everyday activities of the Division. Divisional correspondence is also housed in two other series. Series 2 contains letters exchanged between the Division and the Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum, and various United States government agencies. This correspondence documents the administration of the Division by its parent organizations, as well as cooperative efforts with other government bureaus to increase and care for the national collection of mollusks. Also included are many letters relating to William H. Dall's official duties as a paleontologist with the United States Geological Survey. Series 3 consists of bound letterpress books containing copies of outgoing letters, 1885-1937.

A large series of specimen related records includes catalogues of individual collections; report books in which specimen identifications were recorded; invoices; requisitions; and log books which contain notations on everyday activities of the Division. The remainder of the collection consists of annual reports, 1884-1969, and miscellaneous administrative records.

For additional records relating to the history of the Division of Mollusks, researchers should consult the William H. Dall Papers (Record Unit 7073), the Paul Bartsch Papers (Record Unit 7089), and the Harald A. Rehder Interviews (Record Unit 9519).

Historical Note:

The origin of the mollusk collections under the care of the Smithsonian Institution predates the formal establishment of the Department of Mollusks in 1880. Collections of shells began arriving at the Institution from many of the early exploring expeditions conducted during the 1840s and 1850s. Voluntary assistance in arranging and describing the collections was provided by many eminent invertebrate zoologists including Augustus Addison Gould, Philip Pearsall Carpenter, Isaac Lea, William Greene Binney, William Stimpson, and Thomas Bland.

The Department of Mollusks was created as an administrative unit of the United States National Museum (USNM) in 1880. As a result of an administrative reorganization of the USNM in 1897, the name was changed to the Division of Mollusks. In 1914, the Division was merged with the Division of Marine Invertebrates under the latter title. In 1921, the Division of Mollusks regained independent status. At that time the coral and helminthological collections were turned over to the Division's care.

William H. Dall's association with the Smithsonian began in 1865 when he came under the influence of Spencer F. Baird while preparing for his role on the Western Union Telegraph Expedition. After he returned from Alaska in 1868, Dall was given space in the Smithsonian Building to arrange his collections and prepare his scientific reports. While Dall spent the majority of his career as a paleontologist with the United States Geological Survey, he also served as Honorary Curator of the Division of Mollusks from 1880 until his death in 1927. Dall was the author of over 1,600 scientific papers on both recent and fossil mollusks.

Paul Bartsch, an authority on West Indian land shells, was appointed Aid in 1896. He served as Assistant Curator, 1906-1916, and Curator, 1916-1946. After his retirement he was an Associate in Zoology until his death in 1960. Harald A. Rehder joined the staff in 1932 as Senior Scientific Aid. He was promoted to Assistant Curator, 1934-1942; Associate Curator, 1942-1946; Curator, 1946-1965; and Senior Zoologist, 1965-1980. Rehder specialized in the study of the marine mollusks of the Indo-Pacific region. He maintained the title of Zoologist Emeritus until his death in 1996.

Other staff members of the Division of Mollusks have included Robert Edwards Carter Stearns, Assistant Curator, 1884-1893, and Associate in Zoology, 1894-1909; Charles Torrey Simpson, Aid, 1889-1902; William B. Marshall, Aid, 1895-1896, 1903-1914, and Assistant Curator, 1914-1934; Horace G. Richards, Assistant Curator, 1932; Joseph P. E. Morrison, Senior Scientific Aid, 1934-1942, Assistant Curator, 1942-1946, and Associate Curator, 1946-1974; R. Tucker Abbott, Assistant Curator, 1946-1949, and Associate Curator, 1949-1954; Joseph Rosewater, Associate Curator, 1961-1969, and Curator, 1969-1985; Clyde F. E. Roper, Associate Curator, 1966-1972, and Curator, 1972 - ; Richard S. Houbrick, Associate Curator, 1977-1978, and Curator, 1978 - ; and Arthur H. Clarke, Associate Curator, 1977-1980.

Topic:

Mollusks  Search this

Marine invertebrates  Search this

Invertebrates  Search this

Zoologists  Search this

Zoology  Search this

Genre/Form:

Black-and-white photographs

Clippings

Books

Manuscripts

Letterpress copybooks

Citation:

Smithsonian Institution Archives, Record Unit 73, National Museum of Natural History, Division of Mollusks, Records

Identifier:

Record Unit 73

See more items in:

Records

Archival Repository:

Smithsonian Institution Archives

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-sia-faru0073

Extent:

9.78 cu. ft. (1 record storage box) (17 document boxes) (1 half document box) (1 oversize folder)

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Manuscripts

Field notes

Glass negatives

Color transparencies

Black-and-white photographs

Place:

Haiti

Florida Keys (Fla.)

West Indies

Cuba

Date:

1901-1963

Descriptive Entry:

These papers include a very small amount of general correspondence regarding membership in scientific organizations and actions taken by the Washington Council of Social Agencies (1930); field notes of bird investigations in Haiti, Florida, the Florida Keys, and the West Indies (1912-1927); research notes taken on the Albatross Philippine Expedition (1907-1909); field notes and specimen collections made on the Thomas Barrera expedition to Cuba (1914); field notes, manuscript, maps, supply inventories, financial accounts, correspondence and newspaper clippings regarding the expedition to the West Indies under the Walter Rathbone Bacon Travelling Scholarship (1928-1930); notes, balloon observations, log accounts on board the Caroline, sonic soundings, photographs, blueprints, newspaper clippings and correspondence describing the first Johnson-Smithsonian deep-sea expedition to the West Indies (1933); correspondence, manuscripts and photographs documenting the Bartsch process for the preservation of wood fibers (1914-1929); biographical material regarding Bartsch and Carlos de la Torre; mollusk notes unidentified; speeches; student theses, reports and examinations; photographs of Bartsch, Carlos de la Torre, mollusca, birds, and unidentified research activities and friends on Loggerhead Key, Tortugas, Bird Key, Margarita Island, Cuba, and other islands in the Caribbean; prints for Bartsch's publication on Pirates of the Deep--Stories of the Squid and Octopus; newspaper clippings regarding mussels and pearls for the pearl button industry (1907-1909), and Bartsch's activities in conservation (1933).

Correspondents include Charles G. Abbot, Fred Corry Bishopp, William H. Dall, Eldridge R. Fenimore Johnson, William B. Marshall, G. E. Rice, Carlos de la Torre y de la Huerta, Washington Council of Social Agencies, Alexander Wetmore, Francis White.

Historical Note:

Born in Tuntschendorf, Silesia, Paul Bartsch (1871-1960) received an early interest in nature from his father, who was an entrepreneur and amateur naturalist, and an interest in medicine probably from his mother, who had received a degree in obstetrics at the University of Breslau. As a result of a depression in the 1880s, the elder Bartsch went into financial bankruptcy. By utilizing the last savings of Bartsch's mother, the Bartsch family was able to emigrate to the United States, finally settling down in Burlington, Iowa.

Paul Bartsch was at first determined to become an ornithologist, but after talking to Professor Samuel Calvin, geologist at the State University of Iowa, he instead enrolled for course work which included a broad spectrum of the various sciences. Before completing his degree, Bartsch left for Washington, D.C., to accept a position as an aid with William H. Dall, honorary curator of the Division of Mollusks, United States National Museum.

After entering into research on mollusks, Bartsch expanded his activities, pursuing ornithological investigations and teaching biology and zoology to university students. Interested in medicine and the biological training of medical students, Bartsch began teaching histology at the Medical School of Howard University in 1899. This position lasted for thirty-seven years when he became director of the Histological and Physiological Laboratory. In 1900, Bartsch began teaching zoology at George Washington University, becoming professor emeritus in 1945.

Bartsch's work at the United States National Museum, meanwhile, led to his appointment as assistant curator of the Division of Mollusks in 1905, and then curator of that division in 1914. He retired from his duties at the Smithsonian Institution in 1946. Bartsch's work on explorations included positions as the Smithsonian representative on board the Albatross Philippine Expedition (1907-1909) and director of the Thomas Barrera expedition to Cuba (1914); he received the Walter Rathbone Bacon Travelling Scholarship to explore the West Indies (1928-1930) and was director of the first Johnson-Smithsonian deep-sea expedition to the West Indies (1933), all of which are documented to some extent in these papers. In his expedition to the West Indies Bartsch was aided by his friend Carlos de la Torre. This resulted in their collaboration on the publications regarding the Annulariidae of Cuba, the Bahamas, and Hispanola, and the Cyclophoridae of the Americas. Their monograph, The Terrestrial Mollusks of the Family Urocoptidae in the Island of Cuba, is still unpublished.

This collection contains almost no private correspondence (for official correspondence see Museum of Natural History, Division of Mollusks, Record Unit 73).

Besides receiving his Ph.D. degree from the University of Iowa in 1905, Bartsch was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science degree from George Washington University (1937). He was president of the Wild Flower Preservation Society (1920-1924), president of the Biological Society in Washington, D.C. (1913-1915), and vice-president of the Washington Academy (1913-1915), among other numerous memberships and offices which he held in scientific societies.

Topic:

Invertebrate zoology  Search this

Ornithology  Search this

Zoology  Search this

Wood -- Preservation  Search this

Mentoring  Search this

Mollusks  Search this

Genre/Form:

Manuscripts

Field notes

Glass negatives

Color transparencies

Black-and-white photographs

Citation:

Smithsonian Institution Archives, Record Unit 7089, Paul Bartsch Papers

Identifier:

Record Unit 7089

See more items in:

Paul Bartsch Papers

Archival Repository:

Smithsonian Institution Archives

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-sia-faru7089

Extent:

1.68 cu. ft. (2 document boxes) (1 half document box) (1 12x17 box)

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Black-and-white photographs

Date:

circa 1854-1902 and undated, with related materials to 1953

Introduction:

The Julius Victor Carus Photograph Album Collection (Record Unit 7315) was received from the Division of Mollusks, National Museum of Natural History in October 1984.

Descriptive Entry:

This collection includes an album housing the private collection of photographic portraits assembled by Julius Victor Carus. The album contains 127 portraits, primarily of European scientists in the fields of natural history, biology, comparative anatomy, physiology, embryology, and medicine. Also included are a few photographs of natural history specimens. Most of the photographs are "carte-de-vistes," measuring 2 1/2 x 4 inches, which were commonly exchanged between professional people during the latter half of the 19th century. A small amount of "cabinet" size photographs are also found. Most of the 127 photographs are identified. Many of these are autographed and include words of greeting.

Also included are prints of the original photographs; reprints of Harley J. Van Cleave's articles on the Carus album published in BIOS in 1943; negatives of the plates which appeared in the BIOS articles; index card files prepared by Van Cleave and by the Division of Civil History, United States National Museum which contain information on the subject of the portrait (or unidentified), photographer, and autograph or greeting; and a partial copy of a description of the album by Van Cleave.

The Archives wishes to thank David M. Damkaer for identifying many of the scientists in this album.

Historical Note:

Julius Victor Carus (1823-1903) was a zoologist, editor, and historian of science. Educated in German universities and at Oxford, he served on the faculties of the latter, as well as the universities at Edinburgh and Leipzig. Carus is probably best remembered as editor of the Zoologischer Anzeiger, a position he held from its inception in 1878 until his death. He was also recognized for the translation into German of many of the classical works of Charles Darwin.

Carus established wide professional contacts during his career and he exchanged "carte-de-viste" photographs with many of the eminent scientists of his era. After his death in 1903, Carus' private collection of portraits (housed in an album) fell into the hands of a book dealer. The album was purchased by Harley J. Van Cleave, an invertebrate zoologist and faculty member at the University of Illinois. Van Cleave published a series of articles on the Carus album in BIOS in 1943. In the articles he included several plates of unidentified portraits in the hope that readers might recognize the subjects. Van Cleave donated the album, along with his collection of fresh-water mollusks, to the Smithsonian Institution in 1953.

Topic:

Natural history -- Pictorial works  Search this

Genre/Form:

Black-and-white photographs

Citation:

Smithsonian Institution Archives, Record Unit 7315, Julius Victor Carus Photograph Album Collection

Identifier:

Record Unit 7315

See more items in:

Julius Victor Carus Photograph Album Collection

Archival Repository:

Smithsonian Institution Archives

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-sia-faru7315

Container:

Box 9 of 15

Type:

Archival materials

Collection Citation:

Smithsonian Institution Archives, Record Unit 79, Smithsonian Institution, Assistant Secretary in charge of the United States National Museum, National Museum Building Construction Records

See more items in:

National Museum Building Construction Records

National Museum Building Construction Records / Series 3: PHOTOGRAPHS. / Box 9

Archival Repository:

Smithsonian Institution Archives

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-sia-faru0079-refidd1e2374

Container:

Box 9 of 15

Type:

Archival materials

Collection Citation:

Smithsonian Institution Archives, Record Unit 79, Smithsonian Institution, Assistant Secretary in charge of the United States National Museum, National Museum Building Construction Records

See more items in:

National Museum Building Construction Records

National Museum Building Construction Records / Series 3: PHOTOGRAPHS. / Box 9

Archival Repository:

Smithsonian Institution Archives

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-sia-faru0079-refidd1e902

Container:

Box 41 of 98

Type:

Archival materials

Collection Citation:

Smithsonian Institution Archives, Record Unit 158, United States National Museum, Curators' Annual Reports

See more items in:

Curators' Annual Reports

Curators' Annual Reports / Series 2: Annual Reports, 1897-1898 to 1929-1930, arranged by department. / Box 41

Archival Repository:

Smithsonian Institution Archives

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-sia-faru0158-refidd1e10005

Container:

Box 41 of 98

Type:

Archival materials

Collection Citation:

Smithsonian Institution Archives, Record Unit 158, United States National Museum, Curators' Annual Reports

See more items in:

Curators' Annual Reports

Curators' Annual Reports / Series 2: Annual Reports, 1897-1898 to 1929-1930, arranged by department. / Box 41

Archival Repository:

Smithsonian Institution Archives

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-sia-faru0158-refidd1e10016

Container:

Box 42 of 98

Type:

Archival materials

Collection Citation:

Smithsonian Institution Archives, Record Unit 158, United States National Museum, Curators' Annual Reports

See more items in:

Curators' Annual Reports

Curators' Annual Reports / Series 2: Annual Reports, 1897-1898 to 1929-1930, arranged by department. / Box 42

Archival Repository:

Smithsonian Institution Archives

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-sia-faru0158-refidd1e10036

Container:

Box 42 of 98

Type:

Archival materials

Collection Citation:

Smithsonian Institution Archives, Record Unit 158, United States National Museum, Curators' Annual Reports

See more items in:

Curators' Annual Reports

Curators' Annual Reports / Series 2: Annual Reports, 1897-1898 to 1929-1930, arranged by department. / Box 42

Archival Repository:

Smithsonian Institution Archives

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-sia-faru0158-refidd1e10047

Container:

Box 42 of 98

Type:

Archival materials

Collection Citation:

Smithsonian Institution Archives, Record Unit 158, United States National Museum, Curators' Annual Reports

See more items in:

Curators' Annual Reports

Curators' Annual Reports / Series 2: Annual Reports, 1897-1898 to 1929-1930, arranged by department. / Box 42

Archival Repository:

Smithsonian Institution Archives

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-sia-faru0158-refidd1e10058

Container:

Box 42 of 98

Type:

Archival materials

Collection Citation:

Smithsonian Institution Archives, Record Unit 158, United States National Museum, Curators' Annual Reports

See more items in:

Curators' Annual Reports

Curators' Annual Reports / Series 2: Annual Reports, 1897-1898 to 1929-1930, arranged by department. / Box 42

Archival Repository:

Smithsonian Institution Archives

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-sia-faru0158-refidd1e10069