Skip to main content Smithsonian Institution

Search Results

Collections Search Center
5,349 documents - page 4 of 268

[Trade catalogs from Mars Motel & Restaurant Supply Co.]

Company Name:
Mars Motel & Restaurant Supply Co.  Search this
Related companies:
Mars Motel Supply Co.  Search this
Notes content:
motel supplies ; resort supplies ; motel business cards ; advertising cards ; registration cards ; letterheads ; envelopes ; key tags ; door notices ; printed forms ; ice buckets ; pitchers ; ash trays ; drinking glasses ; cleaning supplies ; waste baskets ; soaps ; luggage racks ; serving trays ; desk sets ; coat hangers ; bath mats ; roll-a-way cribs ; maid carts ; linen carts ; cleaners carts ; hand trucks ; register books ; postcards ; desk pads ; receipted cards ; card racks ; glass wraps ; germicides ; check out notice ; stationary savers ; brochure holders ; toilet bands ; facial tissue ; mops ; brooms ; laundry marking ; linen wagons ; aluminum furniture ; mattresses ; stationery ; vacuums ; shoe shiners ; polishes ; cleaners ; wall racks ; fogging machines ; book matches
Includes:
Trade catalog, price lists and samples
Black and white images
Color images
Types of samples:
business card samples
Physical description:
3 pieces; 1 box
Language:
English
Type of material:
Trade catalogs
Trade literature
Place:
Jacksonville, Florida, United States
Date:
1900s
Topic (Romaine term):
Cleaning tools and supplies  Search this
Department store; dry goods and mail order catalogs  Search this
Furniture and furnishings  Search this
Hotel; bar and restaurant supplies  Search this
Luggage; travel; travel services and traveling accessories (including trunks; briefcases; and other traveling accessories)  Search this
Materials handling equipment (includes barrels; bottling and filling; casters; chains; etc.)  Search this
Office equipment and supplies  Search this
Topic:
"Hotels -- Furniture, equipment, etc."  Search this
Barrels  Search this
Bars (Drinking establishments)  Search this
Bottling  Search this
Briefcases  Search this
Cleaning compounds  Search this
Cleaning machinery and appliances  Search this
Commercial catalogs  Search this
Department stores  Search this
Dry-goods  Search this
Furniture industry and trade  Search this
House furnishings  Search this
Industrial equipment  Search this
Interior decoration  Search this
Luggage  Search this
Office equipment and supplies industry  Search this
Restaurants  Search this
Travel  Search this
Record ID:
SILNMAHTL_44450
Collection:
Smithsonian Libraries Trade Literature Collections
Data source:
Smithsonian Libraries
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:SILNMAHTL_44450

[Trade catalogs from Charles Products Co.]

Company Name:
Charles Products Co.  Search this
Notes content:
pumps ; signs ; tools ; security alarms ; shelving ; hand tools ; safety supplies ; air compressors ; materials handling supplies for barrels and drums ; ladders
Includes:
Trade catalog and price lists
Black and white images
Physical description:
1 piece; 1 box
Language:
English
Type of material:
Trade catalogs
Trade literature
Place:
South Hutchinson, Kansas, United States
Date:
1900s
Topic (Romaine term):
Department store; dry goods and mail order catalogs  Search this
Hardware and hand tools  Search this
Locks and safes (including alarm and security systems)  Search this
Materials handling equipment (includes barrels; bottling and filling; casters; chains; etc.)  Search this
Pumping machinery and air compressors  Search this
Topic:
Air-compressors  Search this
Barrels  Search this
Bottling  Search this
Commercial catalogs  Search this
Department stores  Search this
Dry-goods  Search this
Hardware  Search this
Industrial equipment  Search this
Locks and keys  Search this
Pumping machinery industry  Search this
Safes  Search this
Security systems  Search this
Tools  Search this
Record ID:
SILNMAHTL_45396
Collection:
Smithsonian Libraries Trade Literature Collections
Data source:
Smithsonian Libraries
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:SILNMAHTL_45396

[Trade catalogs from Sargent-Sowell, Inc.]

Company Name:
Sargent-Sowell, Inc.  Search this
Related companies:
Rainbow signs  Search this
Notes content:
1978-1979 ; variety of signs for all uses ; custom and standard ; federal sirens ; guns ; industrial equipment, material and accessories
Includes:
Trade catalog and price lists
Black and white images
Color images
Physical description:
3 pieces; 2 boxes
Language:
English
Type of material:
Trade catalogs
Trade literature
Place:
Grand Prairie, Texas, United States
Date:
1900s
Topic (Romaine term):
Firearms  Search this
Flags  Search this
Hardware and hand tools  Search this
Industrial equipment or mechanical machinery (including supplies and components)  Search this
Locks and safes (including alarm and security systems)  Search this
Paint; varnishes; adhesives; coatings; etc.  Search this
Topic:
Adhesives  Search this
Firearms industry and trade  Search this
Flags  Search this
Hardware  Search this
Industrial equipment  Search this
Locks and keys  Search this
Machinery  Search this
Paint industry and trade  Search this
Safes  Search this
Security systems  Search this
Tools  Search this
Record ID:
SILNMAHTL_8714
Location:
Trade Literature at the American History Museum Library
Collection:
Smithsonian Libraries Trade Literature Collections
Data source:
Smithsonian Libraries
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:SILNMAHTL_8714

[Trade catalogs from M. H. Rhodes Inc.]

Variant company name:
Avon, CT  Search this
Company Name:
M. H. Rhodes Inc.  Search this
Related companies:
Rhodes Parking Meters ; M. H. Rhodes, Canada Ltd. (Ottawa, Ontario, Canada) ; Rhodes Parking Meters Div. ; Parking Meter Co. of NJ (Passaic, NJ)  Search this
Notes content:
timers and time switches for homes, offices, schools, industry and motels ; "Mark-Time" ; wall switches ; bell signals and switches ; mechanical bell ringing units ; special vacuum tube switches ; portable switches ; commercial switches ; "clock-watchers" timers ; industrial switches ; coin meters ; "Mark-Time" Hurricane Model parking meters ; "Mark-Time" vault meters ; "Rhodes Sentinel Maximum Security" parking meters ; includes customer testimonials
Includes:
Trade catalog, price lists and manual
Black and white images
Color images
Physical description:
38 pieces; 2 boxes
Language:
English
Type of material:
Trade catalogs
Trade literature
Place:
Hartford, Connecticut, United States
Date:
1900s
Topic (Romaine term):
Automobiles and automotive equipment (including trucks and buses)  Search this
Clocks and watches (including clock-making and watch-making equipment)  Search this
Educational institutions; equipment and supplies (includes playground equipment)  Search this
Hotel; bar and restaurant supplies  Search this
Industrial equipment or mechanical machinery (including supplies and components)  Search this
Measuring; calculating and testing devices  Search this
Office equipment and supplies  Search this
Topic:
"Hotels -- Furniture, equipment, etc."  Search this
"Schools -- Furniture, equipment, etc."  Search this
Automobiles  Search this
Bars (Drinking establishments)  Search this
Calculators  Search this
Clocks and watches  Search this
Industrial equipment  Search this
Machinery  Search this
Measuring instruments  Search this
Motor vehicles  Search this
Office equipment and supplies industry  Search this
Playgrounds  Search this
Restaurants  Search this
Weighing instruments  Search this
Record ID:
SILNMAHTL_10802
Location:
Trade Literature at the American History Museum Library
Collection:
Smithsonian Libraries Trade Literature Collections
Data source:
Smithsonian Libraries
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:SILNMAHTL_10802

[Trade catalogs from Lab Safety Supply]

Company Name:
Lab Safety Supply  Search this
Related companies:
Lab Safety Supply, Inc. ; Science Related Materials, Inc.; Labware Direct  Search this
Notes content:
personal and environmental safety equipment including maternity lab coats ; protective clothing and "Haz-Mat" suits ; respirators and filter cartridges; flammable and chemical storage cabinets ; containers and waste receptacles ; hazardous materials spill containment ; safety promotional materials ; safety showers and eye wash stations ; signs and labels ; "Hazardous Communication Standard" "right-to-know" information stations ; computer software ; reference books ; first aid kits ; portable oxygen cylinders ; radiation meters and Geiger probes; radon monitors and meters ; radiation and asbestos testing and containment ; biohazard and infectious waste containment and disposal ; carts ; pallets ; pallet trucks ; lift trucks ; lift tables ; conveyors ; drum handling equipment ; casters ; gas cylinder handling equipment ; storage cabinets ; bins ; lockers ; shelving ; racks ; hand rails ; safety guards ; ladders ; industrial fans ; ramps ; dock equipment ; tape ; corrugated boxes ; mailers ; envelopes ; bubble wrap ; foam sheets ; cutters ; sealers ; poly bags ; stretch wrap ; shrink wrap ; labels ; workbenches ; mobile workstations ; computer enclosures ; modular offices ; office furniture (tables, workstations, lecterns, information boards, office clocks, coat racks, time clocks, literature displays, chairs) ; janitorial equipment ; emergency lighting ; safety eyewear ; face shields ; hard hats ; hearing protection ; safety footwear ; safety gloves ; hand tools ; also included are the manuscripts of 2 papers "Lab Pack Management" by Joyce A. Kilby, Daniel L. Holcomb and Jennifer M. Kinsler and "The New OSHA Lab Standard: How Does it Affect You" by Joyce A. Kilby of Lab Safety Supply, Inc.; 2004 lab safety catalog supplement; Aug 1997 General Catalog- 7B; 2000 Labware Direct Catalog featuring beakers, bottles, burettes, carboys, containers, cylinders, dishes, flasks, funnels, pails, scoops/spatulas/scrapers, tubes and racks, chemical resistance guide, Nalgene plastic-ware chart; Jan 2002 general catalog; 2005 general catalog;
Includes:
Trade catalog and price lists
Color images
Physical description:
40 pieces; 10 boxes
Language:
English
Type of material:
Trade catalogs
Trade literature
Place:
Janesville, Wisconsin, United States
Date range:
1900s-2000s
Topic (Romaine term):
Chemicals and chemical products  Search this
Cleaning tools and supplies  Search this
Laboratories and laboratory supplies and equipment  Search this
Materials handling equipment (includes barrels; bottling and filling; casters; chains; etc.)  Search this
Measuring; calculating and testing devices  Search this
Packaging materials and shipping  Search this
Topic:
"Laboratories -- Furniture, equipment, etc."  Search this
Barrels  Search this
Bottling  Search this
Calculators  Search this
Chemicals  Search this
Cleaning compounds  Search this
Cleaning machinery and appliances  Search this
Industrial equipment  Search this
Measuring instruments  Search this
Packaging machinery  Search this
Weighing instruments  Search this
Record ID:
SILNMAHTL_34632
Location:
Trade Literature at the American History Museum Library
Collection:
Smithsonian Libraries Trade Literature Collections
Data source:
Smithsonian Libraries
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:SILNMAHTL_34632

[Trade catalogs from Pedlar People Ltd. (The)]

Variant company name:
Est. 1861  Search this
Company Name:
Pedlar People Ltd. (The)  Search this
Notes content:
equipment for dairy farmers (pens, cow stanchions, steel tracks, hay racks, sanitary water bowls) ; custom barns ; farm building materials (metal roofing & siding, arenas, roof ventilators, barn door tracks, metal lath, tree protectors, troughs, barn and stable equipment) ; road building materials (snow fencing, bridge plates, culverts, hat fork carriers) ; fireproof construction materials for homes schools and public buildings. Circa 1930s and 1940s.
Includes:
Trade catalog
Black and white images
Color images
Physical description:
12 pieces; 3 boxes
Language:
English
Type of material:
Trade catalogs
Trade literature
Place:
Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
Date:
1900s
Topic (Romaine term):
Agricultural tools and machinery  Search this
Architectural designs and building materials  Search this
Construction and earth-moving machinery  Search this
Engineering consultants and contractors  Search this
Farm equipment and supplies (including dairy and poultry equipment)  Search this
Fences  Search this
Firefighting and fire engines  Search this
Heating; ventilation and air conditioning  Search this
Iron and steel products (castings; sheet steel; steel wire; wire rope; pig iron and structural steel products )  Search this
Livestock and fisheries  Search this
Materials handling equipment (includes barrels; bottling and filling; casters; chains; etc.)  Search this
Metalwork products (architectural and ornamental)  Search this
Road building machinery and equipment  Search this
Topic:
"Decoration and ornament, Architectural"  Search this
Agricultural implements  Search this
Agricultural machinery  Search this
Air conditioning  Search this
Animal industry  Search this
Architectural design  Search this
Architectural metal-work  Search this
Art metal-work  Search this
Barrels  Search this
Bottling  Search this
Building materials  Search this
Construction equipment  Search this
Consulting engineers  Search this
Dairying  Search this
Earthmoving machinery  Search this
Engineers  Search this
Farm equipment  Search this
Fence industry  Search this
Fire fighting equipment industry  Search this
Fisheries  Search this
Heating  Search this
Heating and ventilation industry  Search this
Industrial equipment  Search this
Iron industry and trade  Search this
Livestock  Search this
Metal-work  Search this
Record ID:
SILNMAHTL_29585
Location:
Trade Literature at the American History Museum Library
Collection:
Smithsonian Libraries Trade Literature Collections
Data source:
Smithsonian Libraries
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:SILNMAHTL_29585

Wilfrid Zogbaum in his studio

Photographer:
Coplans, John Rivers, 1920-2003  Search this
Subject:
Zogbaum, Wilfrid Meynell  Search this
Type:
Photographs
Date:
1961
Citation:
John Rivers Coplans. Wilfrid Zogbaum in his studio, 1961. Miscellaneous photographs collection, circa 1845-1980. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
Topic:
Artists' studios  Search this
Record number:
(DSI-AAA)4658
See more items in:
Miscellaneous photographs collection, circa 1845-1980
Data Source:
Archives of American Art
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:AAADCD_item_4658

Dallas Finn Slide Collection of Meiji Architecture

Creator:
Finn, Dallas, 1919-2012  Search this
Names:
Finn, Dallas, 1919-2012  Search this
Extent:
5,500 Color slides
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Color slides
Slides (photographs)
Place:
Japan
Asia -- Japan
Date:
1975-1990
Scope and Contents:
This Collection contains in 24 albums over 5,500 color 35mm slides of Western-style architecture created during Japan's modernization, primarily druing Meiji Period (1868-1912). Taken throughout Japan between 1975-1990 by Dallas Finn, they were research materials in prepration for her book, Meiji Revisited: the Sites of Victorian Japan (New York, Weatherhill, 1995). Though the bulk of the slides are by Dallas Finn, the collection also contains copies of historic black and white photos showing lost buildings, Meiji personalities, and contemporary life. Also includes period photographs of foreighers in Japan and views of the foreign treaty ports Kobe, Yokahama, and Nagasaki. In addition to architectural sites, the collection covers industrial equipment and transportation like railroads, locomotives, bridges, canals, blast furnaces, and textile factories.
Arrangement:
The slides are generally organized by prefecture and cities and town therein.
Biographical / Historical:
Dallas Finn was an historian educated at Radcliffe and Harvard. After living many years in Japan, she became fluent in the language and taught at universities in Tokyo. She became an authority on Japanese design, with a specialty in how Western architecture was adapted by the Japanese. In 1995, Ms. Finn published "Meiji Revisited," a book about how Victorian architectural styles were modified and adopted in 19th-century Japan. She lectured widely on this subject and published magazine articles about Japanese design and historical encounters between Japan and the West.
Local Numbers:
FSA A2010.03
Restrictions:
Collection is open for research.
Rights:
Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository.
Topic:
Architecture  Search this
Art, Asian  Search this
Genre/Form:
Slides (photographs)
Citation:
Dallas Finn Slide Collection of Meiji Architecture. FSA.A2010.03. National Museum of Asian Art Archives. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Gift of Dallas Finn, 2010.
Identifier:
FSA.A2010.03
Archival Repository:
Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/dc30a5a3efc-122b-45e9-96e0-cab8dd2a6a42
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-fsa-a2010-03
Online Media:

[Trade catalogs from Prentice Hydraulics, Inc.]

Company Name:
Prentice Hydraulics, Inc.  Search this
Related companies:
Heikkinen Machine Shop ; Heikkinen Machine Co. ; Prentice Loader Sales (Corvallis, OR) ; Omark Industries, Hydraulic Materials Handling Div. (Zebulon, NC ; Prentice, WI) ; Blount, Inc., Forestry and Industrial Equipment Div. (Zebulon, NC ; Owatonna, MN) ; Caterpillar Forest Products (Zebulon, NC) ; Timberking (Zebulon, NC)  Search this
Notes content:
"Prentice" ; block unloader ; hydraulic loaders ; tree-length loader ; loggers ; loaders ; truck and trailer mounted self-loaders ; hydraulic cranes ; telescopic cranes ; telescopic folding boom ; "Telstik" ; stacked material handlers ; self-propelled all-terrain loaders ; track boom feller buncher ; skidders ; wheel feller bunchers ; wheel harvesters ; track harvesters ; site prep machines ; track feller bunchers and harvesters ; stationary mounted loaders ; forwarders ; industrial tractors and attachments ; forestry equipment attachments ; knuckleboom loaders ; "Timberking" ; feller buncher and harvester ; tracked boom harvester
Includes:
Trade catalog and histories
Black and white images
Color images
Physical description:
39 pieces; 2 boxes
Language:
English
Type of material:
Trade catalogs
Trade literature
Place:
Prentice, Wisconsin, United States
Date:
1900s
Topic (Romaine term):
Construction and earth-moving machinery  Search this
Lumber; logging; timber and forestry  Search this
Materials handling equipment (includes barrels; bottling and filling; casters; chains; etc.)  Search this
Topic:
Barrels  Search this
Bottling  Search this
Construction equipment  Search this
Earthmoving machinery  Search this
Forests and forestry  Search this
Industrial equipment  Search this
Lumber  Search this
Timber  Search this
Record ID:
SILNMAHTL_33684
Location:
Trade Literature at the American History Museum Library
Collection:
Smithsonian Libraries Trade Literature Collections
Data source:
Smithsonian Libraries
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:SILNMAHTL_33684

[Trade catalogs from General Electric Co.]

Company Name:
General Electric Co.  Search this
Related companies:
Canadian General Electric Co., Ltd. (Toronto, Canada) ; Carboloy Co. (Detroit, MI) ; Cooper-Hewitt Electric Co. (Hoboken, NJ) ; Fort Wayne Electric Works (Fort Wayne, IN) ; General Electric Co., Ltd. (London, United Kingdom) ; Ivanhoe-Regent Works (Cleveland, OH) ; Samson Tractor Co. (Janesville, WI) ; Samson Sieve-Grip Tractor Co. (Stockton, CA) ; Victor X-Ray Co. (Chicago, IL) ; Hotpoint Electric Heating Co. (Ontario, CA) ; GE Fanuc Automation North America, Inc. ; M-O Valve Co., Ltd. (London, United Kingdom) ; General Electric Vapor Lamp Co. ; Cunningham Tubes ; Chemical Dept. (Pittsfield, MA) ; Metallurgy Div. ; Clock & Timer Dept. (Ashland, MA)  Search this
Notes content:
OVERSIZE. Boxes, books, and envelopes organized as follows: air conditioning and refrigeration ; appliances ; automobiles and buses ; aviation ; boats and ships ; "GE Bulletin" ; cables, wires and wiring ; capacitors ; catalogs ; circuit breakers ; control ; "Electrical Developments"; electronics ; general-business ; general-science ; general product information ; generators ; furnaces ; heating ; indexed publications ; instruction books ; instruments ; lighting ; lightning protection ; metallurgy ; meters ; misc. equipment ; motors ; parts bulletins ; photographic equipment ; plastics and chemicals ; power equipment ; radio and television ; railroads ; station equipment ; switches ; switch gears ; technical papers ; transformers ; turbines ; welding ; x-ray ; "Fort Wayne Electric Works Bulletins". GE all purpose mixer appliance catalog is found in: TX715. R43 NMAH Culinary History collection. 1989 GE Capacitor handbook ; dry type transformer ; panel meters ; electronic controls ; form G motors ; fan-cooled motors ; AC / DC motors ; LEDs ; solid state relays ; glow lamps ; indicator and circuit components ; sub-miniature lamps ; solid state lamps ; silicone lubricants ; silicone greases ; silicone rubber ; " LEXAN " plastic ; "Optoelectronics Manual" ; employee benefits plan document ; "One Hundred Publications of the General Electric Company 1878-1978" ; "General Electric Goes to War" (WWII war production)...this comprises the uncataloged portion
Includes:
Trade catalog, price lists, manual, samples, photographs and histories
Black and white images
Color images
Types of samples:
Plastic ; silicone rubber
Physical description:
9906 pieces; 275 boxes
Language:
English
Type of material:
Trade catalogs
Trade literature
Place:
Schenectady, New York, United States
Date range:
1800s-1900s
Topic (Romaine term):
Appliances (household)  Search this
Automobiles and automotive equipment (including trucks and buses)  Search this
Aviation (aircraft; balloons; etc.)  Search this
Boats and ships (including marine hardware and supplies)  Search this
Ceramics; pottery; glass; crystal; china; bricks; and stones  Search this
Chemicals and chemical products  Search this
Clocks and watches (including clock-making and watch-making equipment)  Search this
Computers and computer equipment  Search this
Electrical apparatus and equipment  Search this
Engines and motors: steam; oil; gas; etc.  Search this
Fairs and exhibitions  Search this
Furnaces and boilers  Search this
Garden and lawn equipment and supplies  Search this
Heating; ventilation and air conditioning  Search this
Industrial equipment or mechanical machinery (including supplies and components)  Search this
Laboratories and laboratory supplies and equipment  Search this
Lighting (electric; gas; candle; oil; etc.)  Search this
Machine tools and metalworking equipment  Search this
Medical and surgical instruments and supplies  Search this
Military equipment and supplies (including uniforms)  Search this
Mining machinery; equipment and supplies  Search this
Photographic equipment and supplies  Search this
Plastics and rubber  Search this
Pumping machinery and air compressors  Search this
Radios and radio equipment  Search this
Railroad; streetcar; subway and tramway equipment and supplies  Search this
Refinery equipment  Search this
Scientific and optical instruments  Search this
Sound recording and playback equipment (including phonographs; microphones; and phonograph records)  Search this
Television  Search this
Topic:
"Laboratories -- Furniture, equipment, etc."  Search this
Aeronautics  Search this
Air conditioning  Search this
Air-compressors  Search this
Airplanes  Search this
Airships  Search this
Armed Forces -- Equipment  Search this
Audio equipment industry  Search this
Automobiles  Search this
Balloons  Search this
Boats and boating  Search this
Boilers  Search this
Cameras  Search this
Candles  Search this
Ceramics  Search this
Chemicals  Search this
Clocks and watches  Search this
Computers  Search this
Electric apparatus and appliances  Search this
Engines  Search this
Fairs  Search this
Furnaces  Search this
Garden ornaments and furniture  Search this
Garden tools  Search this
Glass  Search this
Heating  Search this
Record ID:
SILNMAHTL_11789
Location:
Trade Literature at the American History Museum Library
Collection:
Smithsonian Libraries Trade Literature Collections
Data source:
Smithsonian Libraries
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:SILNMAHTL_11789

Eskimo Pie Corporation Records

Creator:
Eskimo Pie Corporation.  Search this
Nelson, Christian Kent, 1893-1992  Search this
Extent:
15 Cubic feet (50 boxes)
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Advertisements
Sheet music
Posters
Photographs
Business records
Legal records
Clippings
Date:
1921-1996
Scope and Contents:
Printed advertisements, photographs (including negatives and slides), sales presentation materials and packaging; patent and legal information, clippings, posters, scripts for radio commercials, sheet music for jingles, etc. Also includes personal papers (correspondence) of Christian Nelson, inventor of the Eskimo Pie.
Arrangement:
The collection is divided into eight series.
Biographical / Historical:
Eskimo Pie, America's first chocolate covered ice cream bar, was invented by Christian Kent Nelson in his home laboratory in 1920. Nelson patented his invention and the ice cream bar quickly rose in popularity in America. By 1922, Nelson was earning $2000 per day in royalties on his product.

Christian K. Nelson was born on March 12, 1893, in Gunstrup, Denmark, to Pedar Nelson and Margerethe Madesen Nelson. While Nelson was an infant, the seven Nelson children and their parents emigrated to the United States. The dairy farming family settled in Illinois, Wisconsin, and finally in Iowa in 1903. In Onawa, Iowa, Nelson opened a small confectionery shop near the high school where he worked as a teacher. The inspiration for the invention of Eskimo Pie was a boy's indecision in Nelson's confectionery store in 1920. A boy started to buy ice cream, then changed his mind and bought a chocolate bar. Nelson inquired as to why he did not buy both. The boy replied, "Sure I know--I want 'em both, but I only got a nickel." For weeks after the incident, Nelson worked around the clock experimenting with different methods of sticking melted chocolate to frozen ice cream until he found cocoa butter to be the perfect adherent.

Immediately, he produced 500 ice cream bricks with a chocolate candy coating. The "I-Scream Bars" were a hit at the local village fireman's picnic and Nelson began searching for companies to manufacture his new product.

On July 13, 1921, Nelson and chocolate maker Russell C. Stover entered into a joint agreement to market and produce the product. It was decided the name would change from Nelson's "I-Scream Bar" to "Eskimo Pie". In the hand-written agreement composed the same day the two met for the first time, the entrepreneurs agreed to "coat ice cream with chocolate [sic] divide the profits equally." They decided to sell the manufacturing rights to local ice cream companies for $500 to $1000, plus royalties on each Eskimo Pie sold.

Nelson and Stover began their business venture with an advertising campaign in Des Moines, Iowa. The first 250,000 pies produced were sold within 24 hours. By spring 1922, 2,700 manufacturers sold one million Eskimo Pies per day. On January 24, 1922, the United States granted patent number 1,404,539 for the Eskimo Pie. Nelson's patent applied to any type of frozen material covered with candy. Nelson also had the name "Eskimo Pie" trademarked. Initially, even the word "Pie" in a brand name frozen treat was covered by this trademark. The breadth of the patent was detrimental to Eskimo Pie because of growing legal costs associated with its defense.

Russell Stover sold his share of the company in 1922. Because of the cost of litigation, high salaried salesmen, and difficulties in collecting royalties, the company was sold in 1924. Eskimo Pie became a subsidiary of United States Foil Company, the supplier of the Eskimo Pie wrapper. Headed by R.S. Reynolds, Sr., the company later became known as Reynolds Metals Company.

In 1925, dry ice was invented. Nelson was eager to find a way to make buying Eskimo Pie as easy as buying another snack from a vendor. Nelson began to market thermal jugs with dry ice supplied with Eskimo Pies to vendors without access to a freezer. This increased visibility and distribution and made Eskimo Pie an "impulse" item.

The patent litigation continued until October 3, 1929, when the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the decision of the lower courts declared that the 1922 patent was invalid, due to "lack of invention." Eskimo Pie resembled an earlier product that also called for ice cream with cocoa butter dipped in chocolate. The judge declared that Nelson had merely changed the shape for an existing product. Even his trademark on the work "pie" was invalidated, as the judge said the word had a wide variety of use.

Nelson retired to California and assigned his royalties to his wife, Myrtle Skidmore "Skid" Nelson. However, Nelson, reportedly "bored," came out of retirement in 1935 to rejoin Eskimo Pie and work on new products. Nelson continued to create ice cream innovations such as ice patties and colored ice cream holiday centers within Eskimo Pie products. In 1955, Nelson was awarded a patent for his Eskimo Machine. The machinery squeezed out ice cream of the correct dimensions which was then cut into bars. This process was faster than the older method of molding the ice cream bar. After a decline in sales during the Great Depression, Eskimo Pie received a boost from sales to the United States armed forces during World II. Rising commodity prices in the post war era forced the company to reduce the size of the product. However, the distinct foil wrapper remained the same. Nelson officially retired from Eskimo Pie in 1961 as vice-president and director of research. Surviving his wife by one year, he died March 8, 1992.

In 1992, Eskimo Pie became independent of Reynolds' Metals. The company continues to market dozens of shapes, sizes, and types of frozen treats. The brand name Eskimo Pie continues to have strong consumer recognition and has appeared in cartoons, movies, and even in Funk and Wagnall's Dictionary.

Sources

"He Made Kids Scream for Ice Cream," 1959, manuscript from collection Nelson-Stover Agreement, July 13, 1921, manuscript from the collection U.S. Patent 1,404,539 January 24, 1922, manuscript from the collection

Scope and Content Note

The Eskimo Pie Collection consists primarily of materials relating to the advertising, business, and packaging of its ice cream products. The collection includes numerous photographs, printed advertisements, and packaging materials. It also contains company annual reports and newsletters, business history, information on machines and equipment used in manufacturing the product, and the history of the invention of Eskimo Pie. The formulas and directions for creating many of the Eskimo Pie products are included.

Series 1: CHRISTIAN NELSON PAPERS, 1921-1992 - Contains personal information on the inventor of Eskimo Pie, Christian Nelson, including his correspondence and financial information. Most of the correspondence is business related. Subseries 1: Christian Nelson Personal Papers, 1933-1988 - These materials include tax information, bank account information, and a few documents related to his personal life. Not many documents of a personal nature are in the collection. Most details of his life are found in magazine and newspaper clippings in Series 2, Subseries 4. Subseries 2: Nelson Correspondence (by correspondent), 1944-1946 - This subseries contains Nelson's business correspondence previously arranged alphabetically by correspondent. The correspondence only dates from 1944-1946. Subseries 3: Nelson and Business Correspondence (by date), 1920-1990 - Arranged chronologically by decade, this correspondence consists of letters on various topics that were scattered throughout the collection. Most of these letters are business related but many have personal notations within them. Not all letters include Nelson.

Series 2: HISTORICAL AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION, 1921-1992 - This series includes any information that helps to narrate the story of the invention of Eskimo Pie and the company that sold the product. It contains company scrapbooks of specific years, important historical documents regarding Eskimo Pie history, and newspaper clippings and magazine articles that summarize the detailed history of the company. Subseries 1: Background Information on Company, 1921-1992 - This information includes company scrapbooks that contain articles, letters, promotions and/or advertisements for a particular year. The scrapbooks often relate the history of Eskimo Pie in past years as well as representing the year of the scrapbook. Other materials such as the Eskimo Pie patent, and information on Christian Nelson and Russell Stover with their original agreement are included. Subseries 2: Information on Related Companies, 1947-1987 - This material contains annual reports and the company publications of Reynolds Aluminum which supplied the Eskimo Pie wrapper. Eskimo Pie became a subsidiary of Reynolds (then known as US Foil Company) in 1924. Other companies whose products are related to Eskimo Pie are also included. Subseries 3: Patent and Legal Information, 1921-1965 - Important legal documents of the Eskimo Pie business are arranged in this subseries by type of document. The patents include many of Nelson's patents as well as other patents of invention related to ice cream. Subseries 4: Newspaper Clippings and Magazine Articles, 1920-1990 - Most articles in the subseries are related to the history or business of Eskimo Pie, although a few are not. Cartoons that use the Eskimo Pie name are included.

Series 3: MANUFACTURING AND EQUIPMENT, 1922-1990 - This series documents the machinery and equipment used to produce, package, and freeze the ice cream. It also includes the specific formulas of Eskimo Pie products with ingredients and directions for their preparation. Subseries 1: Machinery, 1922-1990 - This series is comprised of catalogues, plans, and brochures on general types of machines used to create ice cream along with very specific types of machines with specific names (such as the Eskimo Machine). It also includes video footage of a 1990 production line. Some photographs of equipment are included in the catalogues but other photographs of machinery can be found in Photographs under Series 5, Subseries 1. Subseries 2: Formulae and Directions, 1942-1963 - Formulas and specifications to create certain Eskimo Pie products make up this series. The formulas and directions were sent to franchise manufacturers and field personnel and state how to use the machinery to create the desired product. The folders labeled with product numbers include booklets of formulas and the folders labeled with formulas of specific products are loose pages or additions to the booklets. Other formulas and directions for specific products can be found in some of the promotional brochures in Series 7 Subseries 4.

Series 4: ESKIMO PIE COMPANY RECORDS, 1951-1995 - The company records in this series are comprised of Annual Company Reports and Company Newsletters. Subseries 1: Eskimo Pie Annual Reports, 1951-1995 - The Annual Reports include financial information as well as the names of the directors, officers, and management personnel for that particular year. Subseries 2: Eskimo Pie Newsletters, 1968-1979 - These monthly newsletters function as a company information tool for employees. They include company news along with general interest features such as cartoons, news of the company sports teams, announcements of vacations and birthdays, etc.

Series 5: PHOTOGRAPHS AND NEGATIVES, 1928-1990 - This series consists of photographs and negatives of various subject matter. Subseries 1: Photographs, 1928-1990 - These photographs are arranged by subject matter. Some of the main subject categories of the photographs include machinery and equipment, advertising, promotions, and pictures of Christian Nelson at company events. Subseries 2: Photograph Negatives and Slides, 1928-1990 - This subseries includes many negatives of the photographs already contained in Subseries 1. Only one folder in this subseries is slides.

Series 6: ESKIMO PIE BUSINESS INFORMATION, 1921-1990 - This series consists of any records pertaining to the business of the Eskimo Pie company including finances, marketing, sales, promotions, personnel information, packaging, and publications. It does not include advertising. Subseries 1: General Business Information, 1922-1990 - Business information that did not fit into any particular business category comprises this series. Each folder's information is very specific to its own particular topic and is arranged chronologically. Subseries 2: Marketing, 1927-1996 - This series includes any marketing information that attempts to sell Eskimo Pie to the consumer. This information does overlap with some aspects of advertising and packaging, as they also function as marketing tools to promote increased buying. It also includes promotional materials for the film AWho's Minding the Mint?" which featured an Eskimo Pie ice cream man as a character. The information is organized by specific years or time periods. Subseries 3: Employee Information and Incentives, 1952-1970 - This subseries includes general information such as personnel lists and phone lists but also includes incentive campaigns for employees. These incentive campaigns were directed towards salesmen, particularly route driver salesman, and propose prize rewards for sales. The booklets in box 31 include the ads for incentives to be sent out to the salesmen throughout the year. Along with the ads are explanations of the incentive and the company's reasoning behind its approach to the salesmen in that particular ad. The prizes to be awarded are not specifically listed but are displayed in pictures in many of the incentive ads. Subseries 4: Premiums and Promotions, 1937-1990 - Information on premiums in which consumers save wrappers and send them to Eskimo Pie for goods as well as special promotions are included in this subseries. Lists of goods that can be purchased with the corresponding number of wrappers are included. Other promotions include prizes for contests or special offers with Eskimo proofs of purchase. This subseries includes promotional brochures that explain the new promotions. Subseries 5: Financial Information, 1932-1990 - Any business information pertaining to Eskimo Pie's finances, sales, and\or profits is included in this subseries. It also includes U.S. Foil Royalty Reports that report the number of wrappers shipped and manufactured of different businesses including those of Eskimo Pie (Eskimo Pie was a subsidiary of U.S. Foil). The U.S. Foil reports are addressed to Myrtle Nelson. Bank information of Frozen Products, Inc., which manufactured Eskimo Pie and Eskimo confections, is also included. Subseries 6: Packaging, 1921-1954 - This subseries consists of actual boxes, wrappers, lids, and sticks that were used in packaging Eskimo Pie products. The materials are organized by types of packaging and the dates of the materials are generally unclear. Subseries 7: General Publications Related to Ice Cream, 1935-1990 - Listed in chronological order, these publications provide information on the ice cream, dairy, and chocolate industries in a specific time frame. These publications generally do not mention Eskimo Pie products.

Series 7: ADVERTISING MATERIALS, 1922-1992 - The advertising materials included in this series mainly consist of the actual advertisements. Little written information on specific advertising campaigns is included with the print, radio, and television advertisements. The promotional brochures do include some written information on the product the company is promoting. Subseries 1: Print Advertisements, 1922-1989 - This subseries includes a range of types of advertisements. Some ads include printed ads in magazines and newspapers while many are proofs of advertisements that will go to print. Other types of advertisements include banners, decals, and railstrips which appear to be point of purchase displays for vending machines, ice cream stands, ice cream carts or trucks, or even the grocery store. Although the scrapbooks mainly consist of advertisements, they also include packaging, machinery, and marketing information. Subseries 2: Radio Advertisements, 1930-1985 - This small subseries includes scripts for radio announcements and advertisements. The sheet music for the radio jingles, "I Scream, You Scream, We All Scream for Ice Cream," "Oh My, Eskimo Pie,"and "New Eskimo Pie on a Stick" are included here. Subseries 3: Television Advertisements, 1948-1992 - The television materials included consist of story boards, scripts for television advertisements with corresponding still photographs, television commercials, and little written information on television campaigns. Subseries 4: Promotional Brochures, 1951-1964 - This subseries consists of materials pertaining to new products or special occasion items (e.g. Christmas, Halloween). The brochures were probably sent to vendors, distributors and /or ice cream producers. The brochures intended for vendors and distributors contain samples of advertising, packaging, point of purchase displays and in some instances, inexpensive premiums to be awarded to consumers. The brochures for ice cream manufacturers contain some of the same material as well as the formula and directions for the product, a list of equipment required, and a price list for rental of that equipment. The material, contained in the boxes has been organized alphabetically where possible.

Series 8: MISCELLANEOUS, 1921-1979 - This series includes materials found in the collection with no apparent relation to Christian Nelson or Eskimo Pie. Random materials that display the Eskimo Pie logo are also included.

Provenance

The Eskimo Pie collection was donated on May 10, 1996, to the National Museum of American History, Archives Center.

Related Collections The Division of Cultural History has several objects which are also part of the Eskimo Pie Collection.

The Archives Center holds many collections related to ice cream and the food industry including: #58 Warshaw Collection of Business Americana (see Dairy)

#78 Faris and Yamna Naff Arab-American Collection, 1880-1995 (see waffle cone machine)

#112 Famous Amos Collection, 1979-1983

#300 Sam DeVincent Collection of Illustrated American Sheet Music, 1790-1980 (see Ice Cream)

#451 Good Humor Collection, 1930-1990

#588 Carvel Ice Cream Records, 1934-1989

#594 Krispy Kreme Donut Corporation Records, 1937-1997
Separated Materials:
Related artifacts housed in the Division of Culture and the Arts (now Division of Cultural and Community Life).
Provenance:
Collection donated by Dave Clark, Eskimo Pie Corporation, July 12, 1996.
Restrictions:
Collection is open for research.
Rights:
Copyright and trademark restrictions.
Topic:
Stereotypes (Social psychology)  Search this
Polar bear in art  Search this
Ice cream industry -- Equipment and supplies  Search this
Ice cream industry  Search this
Ethnic imagery  Search this
advertising -- 20th century  Search this
Genre/Form:
Advertisements
Sheet music -- advertising
Posters
Photographs -- Black-and-white negatives -- Glass -- 1890-1920
Business records -- 20th century
Photographs -- 20th century
Legal records
Clippings
Citation:
Eskimo Pie Corporation Records, 1921-1996, Archives Center, National Museum of American History.
Identifier:
NMAH.AC.0553
See more items in:
Eskimo Pie Corporation Records
Archival Repository:
Archives Center, National Museum of American History
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep8e0810377-c08a-4f7e-88e4-1babfa719b19
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-nmah-ac-0553
Online Media:

Telescoping Shopping Cart Collection

Creator:
Watson, Orla E., 1896-1983  Search this
Watson, Edith, (estate of)  Search this
Names:
Telescope Carts, Inc.  Search this
Western Machine Company  Search this
Goldman, Sylvan  Search this
O'Donnell, George  Search this
Taylor, Fred  Search this
Extent:
1 Cubic foot (2 boxes, 1 oversized folder)
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Letters (correspondence)
Patents
Photographs
Date:
1946-1983
2000
Scope and Contents:
The Telescoping Shopping Cart Collection, 1946-1983; 2000, provides information relating to the development of the product and the legal challenges encountered by its creator, Orla E. Watson, in the patenting, licensing, and manufacturing process.

The collection is divided into three series: Series 1: Background Information, 1983;2000; Series 2: Business Records, 1946-1979; and Series 3: Legal Records, 1946-1966.

Series 1: Background Information, 1983; 2000, contains two items, a document entitled Brief History of the Telescopic Grocery Cart, authored by Leslie S. Simmons, personal representative, Edith Watson estate, 2000, and Orla E. Watson's death certificate, 1983.

Series 2: Business Records, 1946-1979, contains information on the finances and operations of Telescope Carts, Inc. and the development and marketing of the telescoping cart. Materials include royalty and income tax statements of Orla E. and Edith Watson, business correspondence, a time line of cart development, blueprints, patents, details about the patent process, and marketing and publicity materials of brochures and photographs.

Series 3: Legal Records, 1946-1966, contains material relating to the manufacture and licensing of telescope carts, and legal challenges to both the company and Orla E. Watson, including the challenges to the patent process spearheaded by Sylvan Goldman, and the evidence collected for Watson's claim for a tax refund from the Internal Revenue Service.
Arrangement:
Divided into 3 series

Series 1: Background information, 1983, 2000

Series 2: Business Records, 1946-1979

Series 3; Legal Records, 1946-1966
Biographical / Historical:
The first shopping cart in the United States was developed in the late 1930s and patented by Sylvan Goldman of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Goldman received US Patent 2,155,896 in April 1939 for a "combination basket and carriage" and in April of 1940 he received US Patent 2,196,914 for a "folding basket carriage for self-service stores." It consisted of upper and lower baskets placed atop a folding frame similar to that of a folding chair with wheels. Following use, the baskets would be removed and stacked with others and the frame folded. Prior to each use the baskets and the frame needed to be assembled.

In 1946, Orla E. Watson, of Kansas City, MO, devised a plan for a telescoping shopping cart which did not require assembly or disassembly of its parts before and after use; this cart could be fitted into another cart for compact storage, hence the cart descriptor. The hinged side of the baskets allowed the telescoping. Watson's Western Machine Company made examples of this invention, and the first ones were manufactured and put to use in Floyd Day's Super Market in 1947.

Alongside the telescoping cart, Watson developed the power lift which raised the lower basket on the two-basket telescoping cart to counter height while lifting the upper basket out of the cashier's way at the check out counter. This made moving groceries, before the invention of the automatic conveyor belt, easier for the customer and the cashier. Watson manufactured and sold the power lift in 1947, but then discontinued efforts on the invention to focus on the telescoping cart. The patent application was abandoned and never granted.

The manufacturing, distribution, and sales of Watson's telescoping carts was handled by Telescope Carts Inc., established in 1947 by Watson, his partner, Fred Taylor, and George O'Donnell. The company had difficulty with the manufacture and sale of the carts, as authorized suppliers were not making carts of the quality expected. Other manufacturers saw an opportunity, and soon telescoped carts were being made and sold by unlicensed parties despite Watson's pending patent.

Watson applied for a patent on his shopping cart invention in 1946, but Goldman contested it and filed an application for a similar patent. In 1949 Goldman relinquished his rights to the patent and granted them to Watson. In exchange, Goldman received licensing rights in addition to the three other licenses previously granted; Watson continued to receive royalties for each cart produced.

The royalties Watson received for each cart manufactured led to his 1954 claim against the Internal Revenue Service, for refund of taxes paid on the profits of his invention, as a Congressional bill changed the status of invention-derived income from ordinary income to capital gains, thereby lowering the taxes owed.

Orla E. Watson was born in 1896, and after attending Nevada Business College for one year, he worked as a stock clerk in a hardware store in Kansas City, then joined the Army until 1918, when he entered a series of jobs as machinist, layout man, forman. He tinkered with mechanical inventions on the side (such as a Model T Ford timer). In 1933, he opened his own business making air conditioners, but he took two more jobs before opening Western Machine Co., a machine shop and contract manufacturing business in 1946.

He had also applied for and was granted four patents prior to the telescoping shopping cart, for mechanical valves, pumps, and gauges, none of which were ever licensed or manufactured.

Orla E. Watson died January 17, 1983.
Separated Materials:
The National Museum of American History's Division of Culture and the Arts (now Division of Cultural and Community Life) houses original shopping carts created by Sylvan Goldman and Orla E. Watson.
Provenance:
The collection was donated to the National Museum of American History in July, 2000, by the estate of Edith Watson, through Leslie S. Simmons, personal representative. The two telescoping Watson carts were donated in July 2000 by Leslie S. Simmons, personal representative, Edith Watson estate.
Restrictions:
Collection is open for research.
Rights:
Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning copyright restrictions. Other intellectual property rights may apply. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.
Topic:
Shopping carts  Search this
Retail trade -- Equipment and supplies  Search this
Grocery trade  Search this
Container industry -- Equipment and supplies -- 1940-2000  Search this
Supermarkets -- 1940-2000  Search this
Genre/Form:
Letters (correspondence) -- 20th century.
Patents -- 1940-1950
Photographs -- Black-and-white photoprints -- 1940-2000
Citation:
Telescoping Shopping Cart Collection, 1946-1983, 2000, Archives Center, National Museum of American History.
Identifier:
NMAH.AC.0739
See more items in:
Telescoping Shopping Cart Collection
Archival Repository:
Archives Center, National Museum of American History
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep86d599be3-427d-43c0-a627-b3de6739b5e1
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-nmah-ac-0739
Online Media:

[Trade catalogs from Stewart-Warner Corporation]

Company Name:
Stewart-Warner Corporation  Search this
Related companies:
Alemite Div. ; U.S. Machine Div. (Lebanon, IN) ; South Wind Div. (Indianapolis, IN) ; Stewart-Warner Speedometer Corp. ; Bassick Div. (Bridgeport, CT)  Search this
Notes content:
Lubricating systems and petroleum products (lubricators, lubricant dispensers, grease guns, fittings, compressors, industrial and automotive lubricants), braking systems, automotive vacuum tanks, fuel pumps, automobile heaters, gauges, wheel balancers, carburetors, die-casting, casters, pressure switches. Lubrication equipment and supplies ; service equipment ; Winkler oil burners and gas conversion burners ; automatic heating without chimneys, ducts, or electricity ; heaters for Volkswagen cars ; "Bassick" casters, wheels, guides, glides, cups, and tips...this comprises the uncataloged portion.
Includes:
Trade catalog and manual
Black and white images
Color images
Physical description:
19 pieces; 3 boxes
Language:
English
Type of material:
Trade catalogs
Trade literature
Place:
Chicago, Illinois, United States
Date:
1900s
Topic (Romaine term):
Automobiles and automotive equipment (including trucks and buses)  Search this
Hardware and hand tools  Search this
Heating; ventilation and air conditioning  Search this
Materials handling equipment (includes barrels; bottling and filling; casters; chains; etc.)  Search this
Topic:
Air conditioning  Search this
Automobiles  Search this
Barrels  Search this
Bottling  Search this
Hardware  Search this
Heating  Search this
Heating and ventilation industry  Search this
Industrial equipment  Search this
Motor vehicles  Search this
Tools  Search this
Ventilation  Search this
Record ID:
SILNMAHTL_23058
Location:
Trade Literature at the American History Museum Library
Collection:
Smithsonian Libraries Trade Literature Collections
Data source:
Smithsonian Libraries
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:SILNMAHTL_23058

[Trade catalogs from Cooper Group]

Company Name:
Cooper Group  Search this
Related companies:
CooperTools ; Cooper Tools ; Servistar Corp.  Search this
Notes content:
Hand tools ; chains, fittings, blocks and lifting clamps ; Catalog No. 900 "Files and Rasps" ; Catalog No. 301 "Rotary Power Files" ; black diamond files and rasps ; Hand cut Hi-Speed Steel ; Ground Burs ; hardware ; merchandiser displays ; etc.
Includes:
Trade catalog and price lists
Black and white images
Color images
Physical description:
12 pieces; 2 boxes
Language:
English
Type of material:
Trade catalogs
Trade literature
Place:
Apex, North Carolina, United States
Date:
1900s
Topic (Romaine term):
Hardware and hand tools  Search this
Iron and steel products (castings; sheet steel; steel wire; wire rope; pig iron and structural steel products )  Search this
Materials handling equipment (includes barrels; bottling and filling; casters; chains; etc.)  Search this
Retailers equipment and supplies  Search this
Topic:
Barrels  Search this
Bottling  Search this
Hardware  Search this
Industrial equipment  Search this
Iron industry and trade  Search this
Retail trade equipment industry  Search this
Steel industry and trade  Search this
Tools  Search this
Record ID:
SILNMAHTL_11407
Location:
Trade Literature at the American History Museum Library
Collection:
Smithsonian Libraries Trade Literature Collections
Data source:
Smithsonian Libraries
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:SILNMAHTL_11407

Carlos de Wendler-Funaro Gypsy Research Collection

Photographer:
Alland, Alexander, Sr. (Alexander Landschaft), 1902-1989  Search this
Author:
Kaslov, Steve, ca. 1888-1949 (King of the Red Bandanna Romany Gypsies )  Search this
Collector:
National Museum of American History (U.S.). Division of Community Life  Search this
Names:
Jura, Chaiko (Gypsy leader)  Search this
Kaslov, Pupa  Search this
Kaslov, Steve, ca. 1888-1949 (King of the Red Bandanna Romany Gypsies )  Search this
Extent:
4.3 Cubic feet (15 boxes)
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Photographs
Journals
Dissertations
Scrapbooks
Manuscripts
Place:
West Virginia -- 1930-1950
New Jersey -- 1930-1950
Maspeth (Queens, Long Island, N.Y.) -- 1930-1950
New York (N.Y.) -- photographs -- 1930-1950
Date:
circa 1920-1975
Scope and Contents:
This collection consists of 4.3 cubic feet of manuscript, print, and photographic materials created or collected by Carl de Wendler-Funaro (1898-1985) in pursuit of his interest in Gypsy life and culture. (Carlos de Wendler-Funaro used several forms of his name; he wrote mostly as Carl de Wendler-Funaro.) The -collection was brought to the attention of the Division of Community Life, National Museum of American History, by Matt T. Salo and donated to the Smithsonian by Dr. de Wendler-Funarol's widow, Cornelia de Funaro, in May 1985, through Richard E. Ahlborn, Curator.

The number and breadth of the photographic materials, especially, the accompanying documentation and their representation of many Gypsy groups in a single time period, make this collection an important resource for research.

Print and Manuscript Materials

The print and manuscript materials in the collection are organized-into six series: (1) materials for which Carl de Wendler-Funaro is author, co-author or editor; (2) materials about de Wendler-Funaro; (3) correspondence; (4) journals, books, or extracts from them, by various authors; (5) newspaper and magazine articles; (6) photomechanical images from newspapers, magazines, and books.

The manuscript materials include drafts of portions of planned books, reading notes, and Gypsy language notes and transcriptions. De Wendler-Funaro seems to have planned two books. One was to have been a book of his photographs, with accompanying essays describing his encounters with Gypsies, the other a work on Gypsies, especially those in the United States. The major element of the second book was to have been the history of the Rom in this country as told by Steve Kaslov. The second work was to have included the manuscripts, 'The Last Caravan,' on Romnichels in the United States; 'Romanian Gypsies in Maspeth Village,' on the Ludar; 'Hungarian Gypsies,' orx these musicians in the United States; and some folk tale materials. Several outlines for the two books are in the collection.

The draft materials written with Steve Kaslov include an account of the Gypsy leader Chaiko Jura. The account, which seems to approach legend at some points, describes his immigration to the United States, adventures in this country, and death. Also among the draft materials, and intended to follow in the proposed book, is what may be termed an official biography of Steve Kaslov (c. 1888-1949). Apparently tentatively entitled "The Ways of my People,' the manuscript recounts a few incidents, told at length, in the experiences of Kaslov's family and social network from about 1900 to about 1938.

De Wendler-Funaro's notes suggest that the Kaslov biography was dictated to an unnamed lawyer in the early 1930s and given to de Wendler-Funaro in 1934. Kaslov dictated the story of Chaiko to de Wendler-Funaro. (Perhaps this is the source of a statement in the New York Sun, June 20, 1941, that Kaslov had written two books.)

The okaslov manuscripts' are written mostly in a variety of American English common among American Rom. Parts of the biographical section are written in the first person, others in the third. Cultural material includes descriptions of weddings, funerary ritual, business transactions, conflicts and conflict resolution. As factual sources the manuscripts are unreliable: dates, for example, are only very approximate; birth places for Steve Kaslov and his family are incorrect.

Evidence in the manuscripts indicates that de Wendler-Funaro hoped, through 1976, to publish these texts in some form. Apparently Kaslov made a first attempt to publish in 1940, when he sent a draft to Eleanor Roosevelt. Mrs. Roosevelt sent the manuscript on to George Bye, a literary agent, who returned it in 1941 as unpublishable, calling it a Oterribly disorganized manuscript .... [Kaslov] is now working with a doctor (de Wendler-Funarol who claims to be an author but the results are very unhappy' (Correspondence in FDR Library).

Correspondence in the collection (series 3) includes letters to and from de Wendler-Funaro; drafts of letters by Steve Kaslov, soliciting aid for Gypsy education; and correspondence between the U.S. Consulate in Matamoros, Mexico, and the U.S. Department of State. According to Mrs. de Funaro, Carl de Wendler-Funaro destroyed his other correspondence before his death.

Many of the books, journals, articles, and extracts in the collection (series 4)- are materials upon which de Wendler-Funarol's dissertation is based. They include typed transcriptions of published articles as well as printed matter; dates of the materials range from 1554 to 1979.

The collection includes about 2,000 photoprints, including multiple copies, and 2,000 negatives. These materials are organized into eleven series: (7) photographs by de Wendler-Funaro: Gypsies in the United States; (8)photographs by de Wendler-Funaro: Gypsies outside the United States; (9) heirloom photographs'; (10) photographs by other creators; (11) photographs ;rom commercial agencies; (12) photographs of non-Gypsies; (13) photocopies, of numbered photos, in numerical order; (14) negatives; (15) contact sheets made from negatives from by the Smithsonian Office of Printing and Photographic Services, 1986; (16) scrapbook sheets; (17) slides made from negatives and prints by the Smithsonian Office of Printing and Photographic. services, 1986.

The original photographs by Carlos de Wendlet-Funaro span the,period 1922 to 1966, but the majority were taken from about 1932 to about 1942. More than half the photographs are of the Rom group of Gypsies in the United States, and most of these were taken in New York City from about 1938 to about 1942. Other original photos by de Wendler-Funaro are of other Gypsy groups in the United States -- Ludar, Romnichels, 'Black Dutch,w and Hungarian musicians -- as well as of Gypsies in Mexico, Holland, Germany, Austria, France, England, and Hungary. Photographs by other creators include copies of portraits collected from Gypsy families, photos by other photographers, and commercial news photographs collected by de Wendler-Funaro.

De Wendler-Funaro seems to have used the photographs to gain access to Gypsy families and communities (many photos show Gypsies examining albums and sets of pictures). Some photographs were published in his 1937 article, and in two articles by Victor Weybright (1938a, 1938b). De Wendler-Funaro apparently also used lantern slides made from these photographs in lectures on the subject of Gypsies; a handbill advertising his availability on the lecture circuit is part of the collection.

Manuscript drafts for book outlines, introductions, and accompanying essays show that de Wendler-Funaro long nurtured hopes of publishing a popular tool-, 'Incorporating his photographs. To this end he numbered and captioned more than a hundred of these; a partial list of captions is part of the manuscript files. For the most part, the captions are not very helpful in understanding Gypsy cultures. Photocopies of these pictures with captions, in numerical order, are in box 8. With some exceptions, most of the photographs can be used to study costume, personal ornament, and kinesics; these will not be listed separately as subjects in the inventory. The photos of the Rom in New York City show several types of traditional costume, contemporary modish dress, and a wide range of variations on both. Taken together with the "heirloom photos' collected from the same group, they show change and variety in men's and women's dress.

In the photographs of individuals and groups one may compare, for example, sitting positions of women with relation to costume and use (or non-use) of chairs.

Most of the photographs of Rom taken in New York City show Gypsies relaxing on stoops or in the street during the summer, a common pastime in their neighborhoods. They contain little culturally specific information other than that discussed above.

Information on housing is most clearly represented in photographs of camps, in which the type of tent and, to some extent, the relationships of tents, are visible. All the tents shown appear to be commercially made. Since it was the practice to raise the tent walls in good weather, many photos also show tent interiors, with wooden platform floors used on non-grassy sites (Rom) or linoleum as a ground cloth (Romnichel). The use of featherbeds; either alone (Rom) or with bedsteads (Romnichel) is documented.

There are few photographs showing the use of interior space in urban storefront or apartment dwellings (Rom). The photographs taken in the Maspeth, Long Island, 'Gypsy village' show exteriors of the shacks built@by the Ludar.

Of cooking and heating equipment, the cast-iron or sheet-metal stoves of the Romnichels are most evident. The Rom are shown using a variety of equipment, the traditional trivet (Mexico), the Coleman-type camp stove (U.S), and the pot-bellied coal stove (New York City).

Photographs of autos and trucks, auto-drawn luggage trailers (Romnichels in the North), and horse-drawn wagons (by the horse and mule trading Romnichels in the South) reveal something of the transport of people and goods.

A few photographs show subjects at work, but most work pictures are static demonstrations or mere associations with productive enterprise. There are demonstrations of coppersmithing and fender repair work (Rom), and manufacture of rustic furniture (Romnichels), as well as posed demonstrations of palm-reading. Romnichels in the South are shown posing with horses and mules. The business that appears most frequently is fortune-telling, through photographs of roadside business tents (Romnichel); amusement, fair, and resort-area tents and stands (Rom); and canvas facades, banners and signs carrying the fortune-teller's message.

Ritual life is poorly represented in the photographs. There are some photos of a funeral procession, and one interior shot of a funeral; two photos of a saint's-day feast; one of a memorial feast; and one set taken in preparation for Christmas festivities. Curiously, there are no photographs of Rom weddings. The dearth of pictures of rituals and celebrations, which form so important a part of Rom life, may be due to difficulties with interior lighting.

Because of internal and other inconsistencies, exact dating of the photographs is often difficult. Discrepancies of as much as ten year occur in some of the dates in de Wendler-Funaro's notes.
Arrangement:
Collection is arranged into seventeen series.
Biographical / Historical:
According to information supplied by Mrs. de Funaro, Carl de Wendler-Funaro was born in Brooklyn, New York, on October 12, 1898. After attending Boys' High School and Erasmus Hall High School in Brooklyn, he attended the University of Illinois and Cornell University, receiving a bachelor's degree in entolomology from Cornell in 1923. Subsequently he taught foreign languages at New York University, the McBurney School of the YMCA in New York City, Newark Academy and Wagner College. He began graduate work in the late 1930s, and in 1958 earned a doctorate from Columbia University with a dissertation on 'The Gitano in Spanish Literature' (a copy is in the collection, Box 1, folders 2 and 3). De Wendler-Funaro retired from teaching in 1963; he died in Tucson, Arizona on February 15, 1985.

Carl de Wendler-Funaro was an avid amateur collector of insects, especially Coleoptera, as well as shells, minerals, stamps and coins; his insect collections were donated to the American Museum of Natural History in New York.

De Wendler-Funaro's interest in Gypsies, according to his manuscripts, began in childhood. The manuscripts and one published article indicate that this interest continued to be personal, rather than professional,,,,apd @hat,,he, did not pursue his contacts with Gypsies systematically. (it was, not, 'until' the late 1940s that anthropologists began systematic studies of GYPSY.@ cultures.) It appears that de Wendler-Funaro sought out Gypsies in fairgrounds, amusement parks and urban storefronts, collecting specimens of language and taking photographs. Irving Brown's letter to de Wendler-Funaro (1929), and de Wendler-Funarol's article in Leisure (1937) refer to his visits to amusement parks. Some of his Romnichel (English Gypsy) subjects recall him as the man who drove along the roads, stopping to take pictures wherever he saw a tent. About 1938 de Wendler-Funaro became involved with a Committee on Gypsy Problems of the Welfare Council, a social service agency of New York City. This involvement may have been an outgrowth of his association with Steve Kaslov, styled by some a Gypsy king. De Wendler-Funaro seems to have served as Kaslov's amanuensis.
Gypsies in the United States:
Several groups, all known to outsiders as "Gypsies," live today in the United Sates. In their native languages, each of the groups refers to itself by a specific name, but all translate their self-designations as 'Gypsy' when speaking English. Each had its own cultural, linguistic, and historical tradition before coming to this country, and each maintains social distance from the others. An overview of these groups and their interethnic relations is presented in "Gypsy Ethnicity: Implications of Native Categories and Interaction for Ethnic Classification," by Matt T. Salo.

Rom

The Rom arrived in the United States from Serbia, Russia and Austria-Hungary beginning in the 1880s, part of the larger wave of immigration from southern and eastern Europe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Primary immigration ' ended, for the most part, in 1914, with the beginning of the First World War and subsequent tightening of immigration restrictions (Salo and Salo 1986). Many people in this group specialized in coppersmith work, mainly the repair and retinning of industrial equipment used in bakeries, laundries, confectionaries, and other businesses. The Rom, too, developed the fortune-telling business in urban areas.

Two subgroups of the Rom, the Kalderash ('coppersmiths') and, Machwaya natives of machva,' a county in Serbia) appear in the photographs iiv, this collection. De Wendler-Funaro identified some, but not all, Kalderash as, 'Russian Gypsies.' Another group he identified as "Russian Gypsies' seem, to,, be the Rusniakuria ('Ruthenians'), who in New York are known as musicians and singers.

Ludar

The Ludar, or "Romanian Gypsies,' also immigrated to the United States during the great immigration from southern and eastern Europe between 1880 and 1914. Most of the Ludar came from northwestern Bosnia. Upon their arrival in the United States they specialized as animal trainers and show people, and indeed passenger manifests show bears and monkeys as a major part of their baggage. Most of de Wendler-Funarols photographs of this group were taken in Maspeth, a section of the borough of Queens in New York City, where the Ludar created a village of home-made shacks that existed from about 1925 to 1939, when it was razed. A similar settlement stood in the Chicago suburbs during the same period. One of de Wendler-Funarols manuscripts, "Romanian Gypsies at Maspeth Village,' (box 1, folder 9), and a letter from Ammiee Ellis, a social worker (box 2, folder 2), refer to this settlement.

Romnichels

The Romnichels, or English Gypsies, began to come to the United States from England in 1850. Their arrival coincided with an increase in the demand for draft horses in agriculture and then in urbanization, and many Romnichels worked as horse-traders. After the rapid decline in the horse trade following the First World War, most Romnichels relied on previously secondary enterprises, 'basket-making,* including the manufacture and sale of rustic furniture, and fortune-telling. Horse and mule trading continued to some extent in southern states where poverty and terrain slowed the adoption of tractor power (Salo and Salo 1982).

Photoprints in box 6, folders 2 through 10, correspond with de Wendler-Funarols trip described in his manuscript 'In Search of the Last Caravan' (box 1, folder 10). Discrepancies between this manuscript and the photos should be noted. De Wendler-Funarols notes date this trip variously between 1931 and 1945. I have dated it about 1940. Although one man appears as a frequent subject in the largest set of photos (box 6, folders 22 and 23), in the manuscript, de Funaro mentions having missed meeting him.

'Black Dutch'

Gypsies from Germany, whom de Wendler-Funaro refers to 'as Chikkeners (Pennsylvania German, from the German Zigeuner), sometimes refer to themselves as wblack Dutch.w They are few in number and claim to have largely assimilated to Romnichel culture. They are represented in de Wendler-Punarols photographs by a few portraits of one old man and briefly referred to in the manuscript mIn Search of the Last Caravan.*

Hungarian Gypsies

The Hungarian musicians also came to this country with the eastern European immigration. In the U.S. they continued as musicians to the Hungarian and Slovak immigrant settlements.
Provenance:
Collection donated by Mrs. Cornelia de Funaro, June 26, 1985.
Restrictions:
Collection is open for research.
Rights:
Photographs by de Wendler-Funaro are available for reproduction. Fees for commercial use. Permission to reproduce photographs by Alexander Alland must be granted by the photographer's estate; other photographs may have copyright restrictions.
Topic:
Funeral rites and ceremonies -- manuscripts -- Gypsies  Search this
Wagons, Gypsy -- 1920-1980  Search this
Weddings -- manuscripts -- Gypsies  Search this
Orthodox Eastern Church -- Photographs -- 1920-1980  Search this
Tents -- Photographs -- 1920-1980  Search this
Housing -- Photographs -- Wagons -- 1920-1980  Search this
Bears -- performing -- 1920-1980 -- Maspeth (N.Y.)  Search this
Housing -- Photographs -- Tents -- 1920-1980  Search this
Labor and laboring classes -- Photographs -- 1920-1980  Search this
Coppersmiths -- 1930-1950  Search this
Musicians -- 1930-1950  Search this
Furniture-making -- 1930-1950  Search this
Horse-trading -- 1930-1950  Search this
Fortune-telling -- 1930-1950  Search this
Training -- Animals -- 1930-1950  Search this
Collectors and collecting  Search this
Gypsies -- 1920-1980 -- United States  Search this
Costume -- Gypsies -- 1920-1980  Search this
Portraits -- Gypsies  Search this
Genre/Form:
Photographs -- Black-and-white photoprints -- Silver gelatin -- 1900-1950
Journals -- 1930-1950
Dissertations
Scrapbooks -- 20th century
Photographs -- Black-and-white negatives -- Acetate film -- 1930-1950
Manuscripts -- 1920-1970
Citation:
Carlos de Wendler-Funaro Gypsy Research Collection, Archives Center, National Museum of American History.
Identifier:
NMAH.AC.0161
See more items in:
Carlos de Wendler-Funaro Gypsy Research Collection
Archival Repository:
Archives Center, National Museum of American History
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep81652b515-d673-490f-aca9-f85fdc91a42f
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-nmah-ac-0161
Online Media:

Industrial equipment catalogues

Collection Creator:
DeJuhasz, Kalman J. (Engineer)  Search this
Container:
Box 2, Folder 3-4
Type:
Archival materials
Date:
circa 1940s
Collection Restrictions:
Collection is open for research.
Collection Rights:
Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning copyright restrictions. Other intellectual property rights may apply. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.
Collection Citation:
Kalman J. DeJuhasz Papers, 1908-1959, Archives Center, National Museum of American History
See more items in:
Kalman J. DeJuhasz Papers
Archival Repository:
Archives Center, National Museum of American History
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep860f4604c-20da-4da8-931f-1827225b369c
EDAN-URL:
ead_component:sova-nmah-ac-0304-ref516

James S. Wilson

Collection Creator:
Plastics Pioneers Association  Search this
Container:
Box 1, Disk Reference CD 3-CD 4
Type:
Archival materials
Audio
Scope and Contents:
Bestway Products Company, Raway, NJ M+W Company; engineering and development for manufacturing of record industry equipment. -die production processes,automatic injection machines for record production.
Collection Restrictions:
Collection is open for research.
Collection Rights:
Copyright status unknown. No releases exist. Collecion items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning intellectual property rights. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply.
Collection Citation:
[Plastic Pioneers Association Interviews, September 18-20, 1968], Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Tape number x.
See more items in:
Plastic Pioneers Association Interviews
Plastic Pioneers Association Interviews / Plastic Pioneer Association Interviews - Reel 2, Side 1
Archival Repository:
Archives Center, National Museum of American History
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep839f2d10f-ad65-4d93-87d1-a31585d42ff9
EDAN-URL:
ead_component:sova-nmah-ac-1235-ref553

Industrial

Collection Photographer:
Fishback, Glen Curtis, 1912-1976  Search this
Collection Creator:
Glen Fishback School of Photography.  Search this
Collection Donor:
White, Judy  Search this
Collection Manufacturer:
Ansco.  Search this
Kalart.  Search this
Eastman Kodak Company  Search this
Type:
Archival materials
Scope and Contents:
Subjects includes Industrial equipment and buildings

Media: Black and white photo prints, some mounted
Collection Restrictions:
Collection is open for research. Some materials are restricted until 2050 and are noted in the container list.
Collection Rights:
Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning copyright restrictions. Other intellectual property rights may apply. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.
Collection Citation:
Glen Fishback Papers and Photographs, 1930-1990, Archives Center, National Museum of American History
Identifier:
NMAH.AC.0714, Series 9
See more items in:
Glen Fishback Papers and Photographs
Archival Repository:
Archives Center, National Museum of American History
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep8adc1e773-ebb4-4c51-b66d-ad779c1002eb
EDAN-URL:
ead_component:sova-nmah-ac-0714-ref583

Aim Hisgh! [color advertisement; tear sheet]

Advertiser:
Container Corporation of America  Search this
Artist:
Bayer, Herbert, 1900-1985  Search this
Collection Creator:
Ayer (N W) Incorporated.  Search this
Extent:
1 Item (Ink on paper., 14.4" x 12.2".)
Container:
Box 142 (Series 3), Folder 1343-1344
Type:
Archival materials
Tear sheets
Advertisements
Date:
1943
Scope and Contents:
"Military production sights are set high - because quantities of metals, plastics, wood are released by new packaging in paper." Iluustration of planes flying toward the center of a target range finder by Herbert Bayer.
Local Numbers:
AC0059-0000213 (AC Scan)
Collection Restrictions:
The collection is open for research use.

Physical Access: Researchers must use microfilm copy. Researchers must handle unprotected photographs with gloves. Researchers must use reference copies of audiovisual materials. When no reference copy exists, the Archives Center staff will produce reference copies on an "as needed" basis, as resources allow.

Technical Access: Viewing the film portion of the collection without reference copies requires special appointment, please inquire; listening to audio discs requires special arrangement. Do not use original materials when available on reference video or audio tapes.
Collection Rights:
Publication and production quality duplication is restricted due to complex copyright, publicity rights, and right to privacy issues. Potential users must receive written permission from appropriate rights holders prior to obtaining high quality copies. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.
Topic:
Container industry -- Equipment and supplies -- 1940-2000  Search this
Containers  Search this
Packaging  Search this
advertising  Search this
Genre/Form:
Tear sheets
Advertisements -- 1940-1950
Collection Citation:
NW Ayer & Sons, incorporated Advertising Agency Records, Archives Center, National Museum of American History
See more items in:
N W Ayer Advertising Agency Records
N W Ayer Advertising Agency Records / Series 3: Proof Sheets / Container Corporation of American, containers
Archival Repository:
Archives Center, National Museum of American History
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep86f950401-3b97-463f-a5dd-239b9da03cb1
EDAN-URL:
ead_component:sova-nmah-ac-0059-ref8617

Matthew Mawhinney Industrial Furnace Collection

Creator:
Mawhinney, Matthew (engineer)  Search this
Collector:
National Museum of American History (U.S.). Division of Engineering and Industry  Search this
Names:
Salem Engineering Co.  Search this
Extent:
1 Cubic foot (3 boxes)
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Correspondence
Place:
Ohio
Salem (Ohio)
Date:
1917-1978
Summary:
Matthew Mawhinney, an engineer specializing in industrial furnace design and operation, collected this material during his career with Salem Engineering Co. and later as a consulting engineer.
Scope and Contents:
The collection includes several engineering textbooks authored by Mr. Mawhinney and others. Also included is correspondence of Mr. Mawhinney with professional engineering groups relating to articles in professional journals and presentations to meetings of professional societies. This collection also includes correspondence with numerous industrial corporations and many photographs of furnaces and other industrial equipment.
Arrangement:
The collection is divided into three series.

Series 1: Correspondence

Series 2: Photographs

Series 3: Publications
Biographical / Historical:
Matthew Mawhinney, a graduate of Carnegie Institute of Technology and an engineer specializing in industrial furnace design and operation, collected this material during his career with Salem Engineering Co. (Salem, Ohio) and later as a consulting engineer.
Provenance:
Collection donated by Mrs. Matthew H. Mawhinney, 1978.
Restrictions:
Collection is open for research.
Rights:
Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning copyright restrictions. Other intellectual property rights may apply. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.
Topic:
Furnaces  Search this
Engineering  Search this
Genre/Form:
Correspondence -- 1930-1950
Citation:
Matthew Mawhinney Industrial Furnace Collection, 1917-1978, Archives Center, National Museum of American History.
Identifier:
NMAH.AC.0224
See more items in:
Matthew Mawhinney Industrial Furnace Collection
Archival Repository:
Archives Center, National Museum of American History
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep83dd5698b-405b-4588-bec0-67ea45f307ad
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-nmah-ac-0224

Modify Your Search







or


Narrow By