Search Results

Creator:

Smithsonian Institution  Search this

Uniform title:

PRISM (Intranet)  Search this

Subject:

Smithsonian Heritage Month Steering Committee  Search this

Type:

Electronic records

Collection descriptions

Web sites

Date:

2015

2015-2016

circa 2015-2016

Topic:

Web sites  Search this

Intranets (Computer networks)  Search this

Museums--Administration  Search this

Committees  Search this

Local number:

SIA Acc. 22-058

Restrictions & Rights:

Restricted for 15 years, until Jan-01-2032; Transferring office; 12/3/2013 memorandum, Wright to Erixon-Stanford; Contact reference staff for details

See more items in:

Website Records 1995-2023 [Smithsonian Institution]

Data Source:

Smithsonian Institution Archives

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:siris_arc_404730

Creator:

Smithsonian Institution  Search this

Subject:

National Portrait Gallery (Smithsonian Institution)  Search this

Smithsonian American Art Museum  Search this

Type:

Electronic records

Collection descriptions

Web sites

Date:

2020

Topic:

Web sites  Search this

Museums--Public relations  Search this

Art museums  Search this

Museum stores  Search this

Teleshopping  Search this

Local number:

SIA Acc. 22-085

See more items in:

Website Records 1995-2023 [Smithsonian Institution]

Data Source:

Smithsonian Institution Archives

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:siris_arc_404737

Creator:

Smithsonian Institution  Search this

Subject:

National Endowment for the Humanities  Search this

History Film Forum  Search this

Type:

Electronic records

Collection descriptions

Web sites

Place:

United States

Date:

2017

2017-2020

circa 2017-2020

Topic:

Web sites  Search this

Museums--Public relations  Search this

Special events  Search this

Historical films  Search this

Motion pictures and history  Search this

History in motion pictures  Search this

History  Search this

Local number:

SIA Acc. 22-093

See more items in:

Website Records 1995-2023 [Smithsonian Institution]

Data Source:

Smithsonian Institution Archives

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:siris_arc_404749

Creator:

Smithsonian Institution  Search this

Type:

Electronic records

Collection descriptions

Web sites

Date:

2020

Topic:

Web sites  Search this

Museums--Public relations  Search this

Museum visitors  Search this

Local number:

SIA Acc. 22-095

See more items in:

Website Records 1995-2023 [Smithsonian Institution]

Data Source:

Smithsonian Institution Archives

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:siris_arc_404751

Creator:

Patterson, Frederick D. (Frederick Douglass), 1901-1988  Search this

Names:

Phelps-Stokes Fund  Search this

Tuskegee Institute  Search this

United Negro College Fund  Search this

Carver, George Washington, 1864?-1943  Search this

Moton, Robert Russa, 1867-1940  Search this

Patterson, Frederick D. (Frederick Douglass), 1901-1988  Search this

Extent:

18.66 Linear feet (21 boxes)

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Diplomas

Notebooks

Articles

Manuscripts

Photographic prints

Ephemera

Scrapbooks

Newsletters

Awards

Photographs

Invitations

Legal documents

Programs

Correspondence

Clippings

Date:

1882 - 1988

Summary:

President of Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute (later Tukegee Institute; now Tuskegee University) from 1935 - 1953 and founder of the United Negro College Fund (1944). Patterson was born on October 10, 1901. Orphaned at age two, he was raised by his eldest sister, Wilhelmina (Bess), a school teacher in Texas. He studied at Iowa State College, where he received a doctorate in veterinary medicine in 1923 and a master of science degree in 1927. Five years later, he was awarded a second doctorate degree from Cornell University. Patterson taught veterinary science for four years at Virginia State College, where he was also Director of Agriculture. His tenure at Tuskegee University started in 1928 and spanned almost 25 years, first as head of the veterinary division, then as the director of the School of Agriculture and finally as Tuskegee's third president. He married Catherine Elizabeth Moton, daughter of Tuskegee University's second president, Dr. Robert R. Moton. Patterson also founded the School of Veterinary Medicine at Tuskegee in 1944, the same year he founded the United Negro College Fund (UNCF). The UNCF continues today as a critical source of annual income for a consortium of Historically Black Colleges and Universities, Tuskegee University among them.

Scope and Content note:

The Frederick Douglass Patterson Collection comprises 18.66 linear feet of correspondence, manuscripts, research material, published writings, photographs, audiovisual material, scrapbooks, diplomas, awards, and other materials chronicling the personal life and professional career of Frederick D. Patterson.

The collection is comprised of glimpses into the life of Dr. Patterson. The little correspondece that survived is located in Series 2: Career, Series 3: Correspondence, and Series 4: Organizations. Some of the correspondence takes the form of congratulatory notes from 1953 during Patterson's transfer from Tuskegee Institute to the Phelps-Stokes Fund, located in Series 2. There is also a personal note sent to Patterson's wife, Catherine Patterson, from George Washington Carver in which he describes peanut oil as a good massage oil.

Arrangement note:

The collection is arranged by series and chronologically therein:

1. Biography: This series provides insight into Patterson's family life through primary documents. It is comprised of family wills, insurance policies, and his autobiography. Sub-series are arranged alphabetically by title.

2. Career: This series contains materials from Patterson's long professional career in the field of higher education, including his tenure as present of both the Tuskegee Institute and the Phelps-Stokes Fund. Sub-series are arranged chronologically.

3. Correspondence: This series contains letters sent to Patterson (and his wife) of a personal and professional nature. Several letters relate to Patterson's personal business "Signs and Services," which was a small billboard advertising company. There are also letters from George Washington Carver. The series is arranged chronologically. 4. Organizations: This series contains material from the various foundations Patterson founded and to which he belonged, including the R.R. Moton Fund and the College Endowment Funding Plan. He is especially noted for developing the United Negro College Fund. The series is organized alphabetically by sub-series title.

5. Honors: This series contains the awards, citations, and resolutions Patterson received during his lifetime. Folders are organized chronologically. 6. Subject Files: This series comprises articles, employee vitas, and other documents collected and organized by Patterson. Among the subjects in the files are higher education, Negroes, segregation, civil rights, and employee records. There is no key to this system.

7. Photographs: The Photograph series mostly documents Patterson's tenure at Tuskegee University. The series includes images of Patterson and various other notable figures during formal functions at the university. Noteworthy personalities include George Washington Carver, Eleanor and Franklin D. Roosevelt, and President Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana.

8. Printed Materials: This series contains books, programs, and other documents from Patterson's personal collection. The series is organized alphabetically by author's last name.

Biographical note:

Frederick Douglass Patterson was born on October 10, 1901 to parents William and Mamie Brooks Patterson, in the Buena Vista Heights area of Anacostia in Washington, D.C. The youngest of six children, Patterson's parents died of tuberculosis before he reached the age of two years, his mother when he was eleven months old and his father a year later. Following his parents' death, the Patterson children were split up and sent to live in the homes of family and friends as stipulated in his father's last will and testament until he was seven years old, Patterson lived in the Anacostia area with a family friend he called "Aunt Julia."

When he was seven years old, Patterson's older sister Bess (a recent graduate of the Washington Conservatory of Music) decided to seek employment in Texas and took him with her. Many of their parents' family still lived in the state, which allowed Patterson the opportunity to spend months with various aunts and uncles, while his sister taught music throughout the South. After completing eighth grade, Patterson joined his sister at the Prairie View Normal School, where she taught music and directed the choir. Patterson attended the school for four years, during which time he developed an interest in veterinary medicine.

In 1920, Patterson enrolled at Iowa State College as a veterinary student. He graduated in 1923 and moved to Columbus, Ohio, to join his brother John. While there, he took the Ohio State Board exam for Veterinary Medicine. Although he became certified, a lack of money prevented him from practicing. Four years later he received a teaching offer from Virginia State College (VSC) in Petersburg, Virginia, which afforded him the opportunity to work within his profession. While at VSC Patterson took a leave of absence and returned to Iowa, in 1926, to pursue a Master's degree in veterinary medicine.

After five years at VSC, the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute offered Patterson a position running the veterinarian hospital and teaching veterinary science. He moved to Tuskegee, Alabama in 1928. While at Tuskegee, Patterson decided to pursue a Ph.D. in bacteriology at Cornell University. During his year and a half leave from Tuskegee, Patterson completed his coursework and wrote his dissertation. After he returned to Tuskegee, a serial killer murdered three people, including the head of the Department of Agriculture. Confronted with this tragedy, school officials quickly offered Patterson the vacant position, which he accepted in 1934.

Robert R. Moton, second president of Tuskegee, retired in 1935 and a search was soon commenced to find the next president for the school. Patterson, in the meantime, pursued more personal matters when he met and married Catherine Moton (with whom he would have a son) in June 1935. By then he was already hired to take his now, father-in-law's, position as President of Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute.

As president of Tuskegee, Patterson made several changes and many additions to the institution. He increased faculty housing for professors; integrated the Board of Trustees' meeting meals and eventually arranged for both balck and white members to eat at one table; shortened the name to Tuskegee Institute; and established the Department of Commercial Dietetics in 1935, the veterinary medicine program in 1942, and the engineering program in 1948. While many considered Patterson's changes important achievements, it was his development of the Commercial/Military Aviation Program that would bring the school distinction and fame.

Patterson first attempted to develop the aviation program in 1939. The government fostered the development of such programs by subsiding the expenses. All a university had to do was present able-bodied instructors and willing pupils. Tuskegee had both. By 1940 the United States Air Force was interested in integrating its forces. In order to do this they needed trained black pilots. Tuskegee was the perfect place to provide the needed pilots since the school was situated in an all-black environment where students could concentrate on learning to fly without having to worry about racist reactions from their fellow classmates. To accommodate this program, the Tuskegee Army Air Base was created. Tuskegee pilots flew missions throughout World War II and would later be recognized for their bravery.

An important part of Patterson's duties as president was fund-raising. By 1943 he found it increasingly difficult to find ample sources of funds to run the Institute. He came to realize Tuskegee and similar black colleges would benefit if they pooled their funding resources and asked for larger amounts of money from philanthropic individuals and organizations as a collective. Working together would cut fund-raising expenses; this in turn would leave more money for the colleges to use as they wished. Patterson named his new creation the United Negro College Fund (UNCF); it would go on to raise millions of dollars for the nation's historically black colleges. He served as the first president of the organization.

During the fifteen years Patterson served as president of Tuskegee, he hosted many famous personalities, including W.E.B. DuBois, Mary McLeod Bethune, Eleanor Roosevelt, Duke Ellington, Paul Robeson, Pearl Buck, and Andre Segovia. He developed a lasting relationship with George Washington Carver, who had been a professor with Tuskegee since the days of Booker T. Washington.

Patterson served on many organizational boards in addition to his educational work. His involvement with the Phelps-Stokes Fund would ultimately lead Patterson to leave his beloved Tuskegee Institute to apply his educational philosophies on a broader scale. In 1953 the Fund approached Patterson and offered him the presidency of the organization. Patterson, feeling he needed a change, accepted the offer. He resigned from Tuskegee that same year and moved to New York to begin a new life.

Organized in 1911, the Phelps-Stokes Fund supported African, African American, and Native American education and worked on solving housing problems in New York City. Patterson's interest in African education began before he joined Phelps-Stokes. In 1950 the World Bank/International Bank Commission to Nigeria hired him to "evaluate the resources of Nigeria and…to study the educational programs and the organizational structure of advanced education." Through his work with the Fund he continued his efforts to improve the educational opportunities for Africans and help them move beyond colonialism. Patterson traveled extensively throughout the west coast of Africa in support of these goals.

In addition to forming the UNCF, Patterson created two other organizations (the Robert R. Moton Institute and the College Endowment Funding Plan), during the mid 1960s and 1970s. Each was designed to improve funding efforts for historically black colleges. The Robert R. Moton institute began as an off-shoot of the Phelps-Stokes as a site for conferences to address the Fund's primary concerns. Patterson's idea for the Institute came from a desire to put to use a piece of property inherited after Moton's death. Empathy with the frustrations of college presidents regarding the restricted funding for institutional expenses led Patterson to create the College Endowment Funding Plan. The Endowment was designed to alleviate this situation by providing matching funds to eligible colleges. The Endowment made its first payment in 1978. Unfortunately, by the 1980s, the Moton Institute lost most of its government funding due to federal cutbacks. This resulted in reductions to the Institute's programming.

It was not until Patterson was well into his eighties that he began to retire from his life of public service. On June 23, 1987, President Ronald Reagan presented Dr. Patterson with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest possible honor that can be bestowed upon a civilian, for his service in higher education and his role in creating funding sources for the nation's historically black colleges. A year later Frederick Douglass Patterson died at the age of eighty-seven.

Honorary Degrees

undated -- Xavier University

1941 -- Virginia State College

1941 -- Wilberforce University

1953 -- Morehouse College

1956 -- Tuskegee Institute

1961 -- New York University

1966 -- Edward Waters College

1967 -- Atlanta University

1969 -- Franklin and Marshall College

1970 -- Virginia Union University

1975 -- Bishop College

1977 -- St. Augustine's College

1982 -- Brooklyn College of the City University of New York

1984 -- Stillman College

1985 -- Payne College

Distinctions

undated -- Association for the Study of Negro Life and History Carter

undated -- The Southern Education Foundation, Inc. Distinguished Service Citation

undated -- The United Negro College Fund (UNCF) and Texas Association of Developing Colleges Annual Leadership Awards

1950 -- Christian Education department, African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, Inc. Citation for Distinguished Service

1953 -- Bethune-Cookman College, the Mary McLeod Bethune Medallion

1953 -- John A. Andrew Clinical Society at Tuskegee Institute, Citation for Distinguished Service in the Cause of Humanity

1953 -- Tuskegee Institute, Certificate of Appreciation for 25 Years of Service

1957 -- Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Inc. Beta Lamda Sigma Chapter, Bigger and Better Business Award

1960 -- National Alumni Council of the UNCF, Inc. Award

1963 -- National Business League, Booker T. Washington Award

1965 -- Booker T. Washington Business Association, Certificate of Acknowledgement

1970 -- Moton Conference Center Award

1970 -- Tuskegee National Alumni Association, R.R. Moton Award

1972 -- American College Public Relations Association, 1972 Award for Distinguished Service to Higher Education

1972 -- UNCF F.D. Patterson 71st Birthday Award

1975 -- National Business League, Booker T. Washington Symbol of Service Award

1976 -- Phelps-Stokes Fund, Continuous Creative and Courageous Leadership in the Cause of Higher Education for Blacks

1977 -- Yale Alumni Associates of Afro-America, Distinguished Service Award

1979 -- Alpha Phi Alpha Education Foundation Inc., Distinguished Educator Award

1979 -- Tuskegee Institute Alumni Association Philadelphia Charter Award

1980 -- The Iowa State University Alumni Association, Distinguished Achievement Citation

1980 -- Gary Branch NAACP Life Membership Fight for Freedom Dinner 1980, Roy Wilkins Award

1980 -- State of Alabama Certificate of Appreciation

1982 -- St. Luke's United Methodist Church Achievement Award

1983 -- Tuskegee Airmen, Inc., Distinguished Service Award

1984 -- Booker T. Washington Foundation, Booker T. Washington Distinguished Service Award

1984 -- The Ohio State University Office of Minority Affairs, Distinguished Humanitarian and Service Award

1985 -- Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Inc, Eta Zeta Lamda Chapter Civic Award

1985 -- United States, Private Sector Initiative Commendation

1987 -- Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Inc of New York State, Founders Day Award

1987 -- Presidential Medal of Freedom

1987 -- Brag Business Achievement Award

1987 -- Phelps-Stokes Fund, Aggrey Medal

Public Service

1941-1971 -- Southern Educational Foundation, Inc., Board Member

1943-1988 -- United Negro College Fund, Founder, President, and Member

1960s-1988 -- Robert R. Moton Memorial Institute, Founder

1970s-1988 -- The College Endowment Funding Plan, Founder

undated -- American National Red Cross, Board of Governors Member

undated -- Boys Scouts of America, National Council Member

undated -- Citizens Committee for the Hoover Report on Reorganization of Federal Government, Board Member

undated -- Institute of International Education, Advisory committee Member

undated -- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Life Member

undated -- National Business League, President and Board Member

undated -- National Urban League, National Committee Member

undated -- Phelps-Stokes Fund, Board of Trustees Member

undated -- President's Commission on Higher Education for Negroes

undated -- Southern Regional Education, Board of Control Member

Related Materials:

Additional biographical materials in the Dale/Patterson Collection of the Anacostia Community Museum Archives.

This collection contains artifacts catalogued in the ACM Objects Collection.

Provenance:

The Frederick Douglass Patterson papers were donated to the Anacostia Community Museum in 2001 by Frederick Douglass Patterson, Jr.

Restrictions:

Use of the materials requires an appointment. Please contact the archivist to make an appointment: ACMarchives@si.edu.

Rights:

The Frederick Douglass Patterson papers are the physical property of the Anacostia Community Museum. Literary and copyright belong to the author/creator or their legal heirs and assigns. Rights to work produced during the normal course of Museum business resides with the Anacostia Community Museum. For further information, and to obtain permission to publish or reproduce, contact the Museum Archives.

Topic:

Universities and colleges -- Administration  Search this

African Americans -- Education (Higher)  Search this

African American universities and colleges  Search this

Genre/Form:

Diplomas

Notebooks

Articles

Manuscripts

Photographic prints

Ephemera

Scrapbooks

Newsletters

Awards

Photographs

Invitations

Legal documents

Programs

Correspondence

Clippings

Citation:

Frederick Douglass Patterson papers, Anacostia Community Museum Archives, Smithsonian Institution, gift of Frederick Douglass Patterson, Jr.

Identifier:

ACMA.06-010

See more items in:

Frederick Douglass Patterson papers

Archival Repository:

Anacostia Community Museum Archives

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/qa7da84300b-c608-41af-b59a-1f44dce53a26

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-acma-06-010

Creator:

Granatelli, Andy, 1923-2013  Search this

Grancor Automotive Specialists  Search this

Hurricane Hot Rod Association  Search this

Studebaker Corporation  Search this

Donor:

Granatelli, Vincent, 1944-2022  Search this

Names:

Indianapolis Speedway Race  Search this

Soldier Field (Chicago)  Search this

Studebaker Corporation. STP Division  Search this

Afrons, Arthur Eugene "Art", 1926-2007  Search this

Afrons, Walter Charles "Walt", 1916-2013  Search this

Agajanian, Joshua C. James , 1913-1984  Search this

Agnew, Spiro T., 1918-1996  Search this

Andretti, Mario, 1940-  Search this

Banks, Henry, 1913-1994  Search this

Bishop, Joey  Search this

Bridges, Lloyd  Search this

Carson, Johnny, 1925-2005  Search this

Carter, Jimmy, 1924-  Search this

Chapman, Anthony Colin Bruce , 1928-1982  Search this

Clark, Jim, 1936-1968  Search this

Cole, Hal, 1912-1970  Search this

Cooper, Earl, 1886-1965  Search this

Cooper, Leroy Gordan, 1927-2004  Search this

DePaolo, Peter, 1898-1980  Search this

Derr, Ernest Virgil "Ernie" , 1921-  Search this

Egbert, Sherwood, 1920-1965  Search this

Ford, Gerald R., 1913-2006  Search this

Foyt, A. J., 1935-  Search this

Gable, Clark, 1901-1960  Search this

Garagiola, Joe  Search this

Grissom, Virgil I.  Search this

Guerrero, Roberto, 1958-  Search this

Hartke, Vance, 1919-2003  Search this

Hill, Graham, 1929-1975  Search this

Holland, Willard, 1907-1984  Search this

Hurtubise, Jim, 1932-1989  Search this

Kennedy, Edward M. (Edward Moore), 1932-2009  Search this

Kladis, Danny, 1917-2009  Search this

LaMotta, Jake  Search this

Lasorda, Tommy  Search this

Leno, Jay (comedian)  Search this

Leonard, Joe, 1932-2017  Search this

Lorenzen, Fred, 1934-  Search this

Luyendyk, Arie  Search this

Malone, Art, 1936-2013  Search this

Marcenac, Jean  Search this

Marciano, Rocky  Search this

Mays, Rex Houston, 1913-1949  Search this

McCain, John  Search this

McElreath, Jimmy, 1928-2017  Search this

Miller, Chet, 1902-1953  Search this

Murphy, Paula, 1928-  Search this

Nixon, Richard M. (Richard Milhous), 1913-1994  Search this

Palin, Sarah, 1964-  Search this

Parsons, Johnnie, 1918-1984  Search this

Petty, Richard, 1937-  Search this

Pickens, T. Boone (Thomas Boone)  Search this

Pollard, Artle Lee, 1927-1973  Search this

Quayle, Dan, 1947-  Search this

Rathman, Royal Richard "Jim", 1928-2011  Search this

Reagan, Ronald  Search this

Robbins, Marty  Search this

Russo, Paul, 1914-1976  Search this

Tremulis, Alex S.  Search this

Unser, Bobby  Search this

Weld, Greg, 1944-2008  Search this

Williams, Carl, 1930-1973  Search this

Actor:

Anderson, Eddie "Rochester", 1905-1977  Search this

DeVito, Danny  Search this

Douglas, Kirk, 1916-2020  Search this

Goulet, Robert, 1933-2007  Search this

Extent:

66 Cubic feet (108 boxes, 16 map-folders)

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Advertisements

Business records

Clippings

Correspondence

Design drawings

Drawings

Financial records

Legal records

Minutes

Photographs

Scrapbooks

Speeches

Date:

1932-2008

Summary:

The collection documents Granatelli's lifelong involvement with automobiles, from his youth through his career as an auto industry executive, and as a racing car owner, designer and promoter.

Scope and Contents:

The collection documents Granatelli's lifelong involvement with automobiles, from his youth through his career as an auto industry executive, and as a racing car owner, designer and promoter. The collection consists primarily of files, photographs, scrapbooks, and drawings. Some of the earliest files relate to Grancor, a company founded by Granatelli and his two brothers in 1945, which customized cars for clients. Other things contained in the files include meeting minutes, articles of association, business and financial records, legal records and profit and loss statements. Also included are papers relating to an organization he started called the Hurricane Hot Rod Association.

A large portion of the files relate to Granatelli's term as President of STP, a division of the Studebaker Corporation, from 1961-1974. These files detail the internal workings of the company during this period, and include papers relating to such things as strategic planning, sales, marketing, advertising and competitors' products. Additionally, this portion contains STP's Board of Directors' minutes, documents on policies and procedures, papers documenting advertising campaigns, comparative sales figures, sales manuals, and Granatelli's business correspondence. The largest part of the files relate to the Indianapolis 500 race. There are detailed files on the drivers and race teams he assembled for the annual race, but these files also include design drawings, specifications, test data, lap logs, performance statistics, and reports documenting the implementation of design changes. The scrapbooks in the collection contain clippings, biographical materials, and other documents relating to auto racing in America and especially the Indianapolis 500. Finally, the collection contains a large number of photographs covering all aspects of Granatelli's career.

Arrangement:

Collection is arranged into nine series.

Series 1: Biographical Materials, 1946-2006

Series 2: Granatelli Corporation, 1943-1975

Series 3: Studebaker Corporation, 1935-1991

Series 4: United States Auto Club (USAC)

Series 5: Novi Engine, 1949-1971

Series 6: Product Literature, 1949-1972

Series 7: Racing Programs, Publications, and Ephermera, 1940s-2007

Series 8: Photographs, 1932-2008

Series 9: Audiovisual Materials, 1960-2001

Biographical / Historical:

Andy Granatelli (1923-2013) was an automobile racing promoter, a race car engine designer and an automotive innovator. Two of his cars, a 1967 turbine engine race car and the 1969 Indianapolis 500 winner, are in National Museum of American History's Division of Work & Industry collection. More than any other racing figure, Granatelli bridged the realms of garage tinkerers and professional motorsports, and he stimulated public interest in auto racing on a national level. His STP Corporation became a high-profile sponsor of Indianapolis 500 and NASCAR race cars, with Granatelli appearing in ads and commercials. His larger-than-life personality and flair for the dramatic made him an American cultural phenomenon. His career is well summed up in the profile written for his 2003 induction into the Automotive Hall of Fame.

Racer, entrepreneur, engineer, promoter, business executive. This is how one begins to describe the career of Andy Granatelli. But the title Mister 500 is the one that befits him most, for it describes a lifelong dream to conquer the famous 500-mile race in Indianapolis.

It was a preposterous dream for the scrappy kid growing up in the slums of Chicago, whose mother had died when he was twelve, and two years later, at the age of fourteen, dropped out of school to help his father feed the family. Andy Granatelli began his quest for Indy 500 fame at the age of 20 in 1943, when he and his brother pooled their meager, hard-earned money and purchased a Texaco gas station on the north side of Chicago, which he called Andy's Super Service. Andy, always the promoter, needed a gimmick to set himself apart from other service stations. His gimmick? Granatelli initiated the first pit stop service station, utilizing four or five mechanics to work on a car at one time.

Customers appreciated the true super service experience and would often wait in line for this unique treatment. With this unique service and Andy's P.T. Barnum style it was no wonder that the station was prosperous, and just two years later, in 1945, he formed the Granatelli Corporation, known as Grancor Automotive Specialists. As the head of Grancor, Andy Granatelli pioneered the concept of mass merchandising performance products and power and speed equipment to a generation of Americans who were discovering the joys of hot rodding.

Andy quickly learned that if you give the customer what he needs, you can make a living; give him what he wants, and you can make a fortune! Granatelli's racing career began in 1946, when he built the first rocket-powered car to race on an oval track. That same year, he took his first car to the Indianapolis 500--a pre-war Harry Miller--designed Ford.

When Andy Granatelli wasn't burning up tracks, he was tearing up the business world. In 1958, Andy and his brother Joe purchased Paxton Products, a failing engineering firm that made superchargers. With Andy at the helm, Paxton Products became profitable in seven months. In 1961, Andy sold Paxton Products to Studebaker Corporation and stayed on as Paxton's CEO. Two years later, Studebaker management wanted Granatelli to work his magic on an under-performing division called Chemical Compounds Corporation. Chemical Compounds had only one, little known product . . . STP Oil Treatment. With virtually no advertising budget, Andy created a four-pronged approach to turn the company around: a recognizable corporate logo (the STP oval), a product (oil treatment), a product spokesman (himself) and a reason for existence (racing). The STP logo became one of the best recognized in history. STP could be found in virtually every venue of speed: on land, on the water or in the air. Andy Granatelli once said that in the 1960s, virtually every kid in America had an STP sticker on his bedroom door, his notebook or his lunchbox, and he was probably right!

Back at Indianapolis, Granatelli entered a revolutionary race car of his own design - one with a turbine engine in 1967 and 1968. Even though the car failed to finish both years due to mechanical failure, the cars demonstrated superior speed and performance. At the end of the 1968 season, the U.S. Auto Club revised engine specifications, effectively outlawing Granatelli's turbine car. Undeterred, Granatelli returned to Indy the following year with a conventional car and proceeded to win his first Indianapolis 500 with Mario Andretti at the wheel. Four years later, in 1973, Andy won his second and last Indy 500 with a car driven by Gordon Johncock. Andy Granatelli's childhood dream of conquering Indy was fulfilled, not once, but twice.

Source

Andy Granatelli Biography, Automotive Hall of Fame (last accessed January 29, 2020 https://www.automotivehalloffame.org/honoree/andy-granatelli/)

Related Materials:

Materials in the Archives Center

Warshaw Collection of Business American, Series: Automobile Industry (NMAH.AC.0060)

Winton-Anderson Scrapbook Collection (NMAH.AC.0122)

Sam DeVincent Collection of Illustrated American Sheet Music, Series 1: Transportation (NMAH.AC.0300)

Evan Rangeloff Collection of Punchboards and Liggett & Myers Tobacco Sales Materials (NMAH.AC.0716)

Materials at the National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry

The Divison holds artifacts related to STP and the STP-Paxton Turbo Car. Included are key chains, trophies, STP stickers, TuneUp Masters stickers, belt buckle, and patch. See accession 2017.3043.

STP-Paxton Turbocar, 1967. See accession 1978.0418.

Materials at the National Museum of American History, Division of Cultural and Community Life

Division holds artifacts related to Andy Grantelli's racing career such as helmets, goggles, trophies, and coveralls and vests with the STP logo. See accession 2017.0092.

Provenance:

Collection donated by Vincent J. Granatelli, 2017.

Restrictions:

Collection is open for research. Viewing film and audio portion of collection requires special appointment. See repository for details.

Rights:

Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning copyright restrictions. Other intellectual property rights may apply. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.

Topic:

Automobile driving  Search this

Automobile industry and trade  Search this

Automobile industry executives  Search this

Automobiles  Search this

Automobiles -- Design and construction  Search this

Automobiles, Racing  Search this

Engines, automobile  Search this

Hot rods  Search this

Publications  Search this

Slides  Search this

Genre/Form:

Advertisements -- 20th century

Business records -- 20th century

Clippings -- 20th century

Correspondence -- 20th century

Design drawings -- 20th century

Drawings

Financial records -- 20th century

Legal records -- 20th century

Minutes -- 20th century

Photographs -- 20th century

Scrapbooks

Speeches

Citation:

Andy Granatelli Collection, Archives Center, National Museum of American History.

Identifier:

NMAH.AC.1403

See more items in:

Andy Granatelli Collection

Archival Repository:

Archives Center, National Museum of American History

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep8b8ed345f-7459-4956-9875-900f8585af74

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nmah-ac-1403

Inventor:

Naxon, Irving , 1902-1989  Search this

Names:

Naxon Telesign, Inc. (Chicago, Illinois)  Search this

Manufacturer:

Naxon Utilities Corporation (Chicago, Illinois)  Search this

Donor:

Eisenberg, Eileen  Search this

Klein, Jewel N.  Search this

Naxon, Lenore D.  Search this

Extent:

.75 Cubic feet (2 boxes)

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Advertisements

Correspondence

Newspaper clippings

Notebooks

Patents

Photographs

Trademarks

Date:

1925-2019

Summary:

Papers document Irving Naxon (1902-1989), an inventor best known for the Crock-Pot. Papers include photographs, patents, trademarks, correspondence, drawings and notes for many of Naxon's inventions.

Scope and Contents:

This collection documents a portion of the long and productive career of inventor Irving Naxon (1902-1989). Best known for inventing the slow-cooker that became the ubiquitous Crock-Pot, he was awarded many patents for various kitchen and household devices including an electric frying pan, a lidded turkey roaster, and a tabletop tub with an agitator for washing cloth diapers a Naxon also invented an electronic billboard system (the "telesign"), first used in Times Square. The archival materials offer insights into Naxon's business and advertising acumen, while also providing rich contextual material for understanding the revolution in countertop appliances for the home kitchen at a time when many more American women were employed outside of the home.

Arrangement:

Collection is arranged into four series.

Series 1: Biographical Materials, 1925-2019

Series 2: Naxon Utilities Corporation, 1920s-1970s

Series 3: Naxon Telesign, Inc., 1938-1973

Series 4: Patent and Trademark Materials, 1932-1968

Biographical:

Irving Naxon was born Irving Nachumsohn (1902-1989) in Jersey City, New Jersey, to Julius Nachumsohn (1870-1905) and Tamora "Mary" Kassloski Nachumsohn (1874-1966), Jewish immigrants with roots in Germany and Lithuania. His father died when Irving was two years old, and the family moved to North Dakota and Canada, finally settling in Chicago. Naxon had two siblings, Meyer Nachumsohn (1898-1980) and Sadie Nachumsohn (1899-1963).

An electrical engineer by training, Naxon worked for Western Electric and was the company's first Jewish engineer. He was an inveterate tinkerer and inventor, and passed the patent bar exam himself, thereby eliminating the need to hire a patent lawyer. Naxon filed US Patent 2,187,888 on May 21, 1936, for a "Cooking Apparatus," or slow cooker. The patent was awarded on January 23, 1940, but the device wasn't put into commercial production until the 1950s. The idea for an electric slow cooker relates to stories about the inventor's great grandmother, who observed the labor restrictions of Shabbat by taking her cholent, a traditional stew of meat, potatoes, and beans, to the local bakery before sundown on Friday so it would cook slowly overnight in the residual heat of the bakery's oven.

By the time the slow cooker was brought to market, it was called the "The Boston Beanery," or "Naxon Beanery" and consisted of a ceramic crock fitted with a heating element that wrapped around an inner chamber, promoting even heat for cooking. Naxon advertised his slow cooker as "the All-Purpose Cooker," and even made a model that sported names of international dishes that could be made in the device. Naxon founded two companies, Naxon Utilities Corporation to manufacture his precision electrical devices, and Naxon Telesign, Inc., to focus on the telesign, an electronic sign that showed moving text resembling a news ticker and which Naxon leased to other companies.

Naxon retired in 1970 and sold his business to the Rival Manufacturing Company in Kansas City. Rival rebranded the Beanery as the "Crock Pot" and provided updated recipes developed by the company's home economists. Rival introduced the Crock Pot at the 1971 National Housewares Show in Chicago and sales took off. The Crock Pot appealed to consumers who wanted to come home at the end of a long day to a home-cooked meal without having to do much actual cooking. Crock Pot sales remain strong, despite a plethora of other kitchen appliances like the Insta-Pot which also minimize the amount of time and cooking technique required to turn out a home-cooked meal.

Naxon married Fern Dubin (1915-2008) in 1940 and, in 1945, changed the family name from Nachumsohn to Naxon due to anti-German sentiment in the United States. The Naxons had three daughters, Lenore Naxon, Jewel N. Klein, and Eileen Eisenberg.

Sources

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/brief-history-crock-pot-180973643/

https://www.cnet.com/home/kitchen-and-household/from-humble-to-high-tech-a-slow-cookerhistory/

https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/food/articles/jewish-inventor-of-slow-cooker-irving-naxon

Related Materials:

Materials in the Archives Center

Edgecraft Corporation Records (NMAH.AC.1382)

Goya Foods, Inc. Collection (NMAH.AC.0694)

Kubla Kahn Frozen Food Company Records (NMAH.AC.1316)

Paul Ma Papers (NMAH.AC.1469)

Virginia Mericle Menu Collection (NMAH.AC.1212)

Nordic Ware Company Records (NMAH.AC.0980) Product Cookbook Collection (NMAH.AC.0396)

Charlotte Cramer Sachs Papers (NMAH.AC.0878)

Jane and Michael Stern Collection (NMAH.AC.1392)

Warshaw Collection of Business American Series: Food (NMAH.AC.0060)

Warshaw Collection of Business American Series: Kitchen Appliances and Utensils (NMAH.AC.0060)

A. Bernie Woods Papers (NMAH.AC.0962)

Division of Work & Industry

The Division of Work & Industry holds artifacts related to this collection. See accession 2023.0089 which includes the Naxon Boston Beanery, Naxon Flavor Crock, Turkey Roaster, and Automatic Chicken Fryer.

Provenance:

Collection donated by Lenore Naxon, Jewel N. Klein, and Eileen Eisenberg, 2023.

Restrictions:

Collection is open for research.

Rights:

Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning copyright restrictions. Other intellectual property rights may apply. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.

Topic:

Cooking  Search this

Inventions -- 20th century  Search this

Inventors -- 20th century  Search this

Kitchen appliances  Search this

Genre/Form:

Advertisements -- 20th century

Correspondence -- 20th century

Newspaper clippings

Notebooks -- 20th century

Patents -- 20th century

Photographs

Trademarks

Citation:

Irving Naxon Papers, Archives Center, National Museum of American History

Identifier:

NMAH.AC.1592

See more items in:

Irving Naxon Papers

Archival Repository:

Archives Center, National Museum of American History

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep8c8d1ed65-e39f-48dc-8846-e44d4966ad28

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nmah-ac-1592

Creator:

North American Aviation, Inc.  Search this

Lockheed Aircraft Corporation  Search this

Extent:

.2 Cubic feet

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Newsletters

Publications

Date:

1961-1966

Summary:

Newsletters and publications from Lockheed and North American Aviation companies collected in the 1960s.

Scope and Contents:

This collection contains periodicals, publications, and one memorandum collected by an employee of both Lockheed and North American Aviation companies during the 1960s. Periodicals include four 1961 issues of North American Aviation's Skyline and one 1961 issue of Skywriter as well as three 1961 issues of Lockheed's Trajectory, and seven 1965 issues of The Lockheed Star. Publications include a "Report from Mars: Mariner IV, 1964-1965" from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Lockheed's 1965 annual report. The memoranda is from October 1965 and titled: "Lockheed's Agena Ready for Rendezvous."

Arrangement:

Arranged alphabetically by company name, thereunder in reverse chronological order.

Biographical / Historical:

James Hartwell collected these materials during this career at both Lockheed and North American Aviation when he was employed in the early 1960s.

Provenance:

John Hartwell, Gift, 2024, NASM.2024.0014

Restrictions:

No restrictions on access

Rights:

Material is subject to Smithsonian Terms of Use. Should you wish to use NASM material in any medium, please submit an Application for Permission to Reproduce NASM Material, available at Permissions Requests.

Topic:

Aeronautics  Search this

Genre/Form:

Newsletters

Publications

Citation:

Lockheed and North American Aviation Periodicals and Publications, NASM.2024.0014, National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution.

Identifier:

NASM.2024.0014

See more items in:

Lockheed and North American Aviation Periodicals and Publications

Archival Repository:

National Air and Space Museum Archives

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/pg2c78219e9-51ca-49f5-a734-42e9879ceaec

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nasm-2024-0014

Creator:

American Women in Blockaded Berlin  Search this

Extent:

.05 Cubic feet (1 folder)

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Cookbooks

Date:

January 1949

Summary:

This collection consists of a cookbook entitled Operations Vittles.

Scope and Contents:

This collection consists of a cookbook entitled Operation Vittles that was compiled by the American Women in Blockaded Berlin and published by Deutscher Verlag in January 1949. It measures approximately 8.25 by 6.5 inches with 118 pages including front and back covers. The book includes recipes with each cook's signature, hand-drawn illustrations, images of cargo plane, and drawings created by German schoolchildren. The cover features a drawing of a zoomorphic aircraft stylized as birds dropping food and supplies to Allied troops depicted as a group of openmouthed people in a bird's nest.

Arrangement:

One item.

Biographical / Historical:

At the end of World War II when the Soviet forces blockaded West Berlin roads, the United States and its allies executed "Operation Vittles," also known as the Berlin Airlift. Cargo planes delivered 2.3 million tons of food and supplies to West Berlin. Compiled by the "American Women in Blockaded Berlin," the Foreign Service Officers and their wives created this cookbook that includes recipes that utilized the limited variety of food at their disposal through this period.

This cookbook was property of Colonel John C. Winget who served in the United States Army Air Corps at the Wright-Patterson Base in Dayton, Ohio during World War II. He graduated from Purdue University with a degree in Civil Engineering and was employed by Armco Steel in Middletown, Ohio. Because of his education and employment, he was called back to duty at the established Air Materiel Command now part of the United State Air Force. Colonel Winget acquired this cookbook during the Berlin Airlift of 1949. He went on to service during the Korean War and was honored in a 1952 ceremony in London, England. His name is also engraved on the Wall of Honor outside the National Air and Space Museum's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center.

Provenance:

Ann La Porta, Gift, 2024, NASM.2024.0024.

Restrictions:

No restrictions on access

Rights:

Material is subject to Smithsonian Terms of Use. Should you wish to use NASM material in any medium, please submit an Application for Permission to Reproduce NASM Material, available at Permissions Requests.

Topic:

Astronautics  Search this

Genre/Form:

Cookbooks -- 20th century

Citation:

Operation Vittles Cookbook, NASM.2024.0024, National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution.

Identifier:

NASM.2024.0024

Archival Repository:

National Air and Space Museum Archives

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/pg21f8a3078-a5a0-4bb2-b66e-3a00599411c5

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nasm-2024-0024

Creator:

Lehigh Valley Coal Company  Search this

Lehigh Valley Railroad Company  Search this

Millington, W.P.  Search this

Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company  Search this

Wagner, E.C.  Search this

Collector:

National Museum of American History (U.S.). Division of Work and Industry  Search this

Extent:

5 Cubic feet (16 boxes, 1 map-folder)

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Application forms

Blueprints

Correspondence

Deeds

Journals (accounts)

Land titles

Maps

Patents

Photographs

Reports

Place:

Pennsylvania -- Anthracite coal industry

Date:

1790-1964

Scope and Contents:

Records include voluminous correspondence, much of it to or from W.P. Millington, Secretary of the Estate; with the Lehigh Valley Coal Company and Lehigh Valley Railroad Company; and with the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company. Also reports, including annual reports, reports by the Mining Engineer, and reports on visits by trustees; applications for permits; leases, including the lease for the City of Philadelphia as trustee under the will of Stephen Girard to Lehigh Valley Coal Company, 1884-1899; deeds; original agreements regarding the land, 1785 and 1793; licenses to mine coal; photographs, including photographs taken as part of surveys; blueprints; maps; patents; and daily journals for the years 1872, 1873, and 1879, kept by E.C. Wagner, Assistant Superintendent for the Girard Estate, detailing such things as inspections, meetings, etc.

Arrangement:

The collection is divied into six series.

Series 1: Girard Estate General Background Materials, 1794-1955

Series 2: Leases, Agreements and Deeds, 1794-1928

Series 3: Court Cases and Legal Materials, 1790-1928

Series 4: Reports, 1830-1964

Series 5: W. Parkes Millington's Files (Correspondence), 1830-1953

Series 6: Photographs, 1861-1913

Biographical / Historical:

In 1830, Stephen Girard, a merchant, financier, and philanthropist, purchased 67 tracts of land in Pennsylvania that had been held by trustees of the first Bank of the United States. A large portion of the land passed into the Girard Trusts, bequeathed by Girard to the city of Philadelphia. Beginning in 1862, leases for the mining of coal on these lands were granted by the Estate.

Related Materials:

Materials in the Archives Center

Lehigh Coal and Navigation Compamny Records (NMAH.AC.0071)

Lehigh Valley Coal Copmany Record (NMAH.AC.1106)

Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company Records (NMAH.AC.0282)

Provenance:

Collected for the Museum for the Division of Extractive Industries, now the Division of Work and Industry.

Restrictions:

Collection is open for research but is stored off-site and special arrangements must be made to work with it. Contact the Archives Center for information at archivescenter@si.edu or 202-633-3270.

Rights:

Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning copyright restrictions. Other intellectual property rights may apply. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.

Topic:

Coal mines and mining  Search this

Mining -- Pennsylvania  Search this

Genre/Form:

Application forms

Blueprints

Correspondence

Deeds

Journals (accounts)

Land titles

Maps

Patents

Photographs -- 1850-1900

Photographs -- 20th century

Reports

Citation:

Girard Estate Records, 1870-1965, Archives Center, National Museum of American History.

Identifier:

NMAH.AC.1011

See more items in:

Girard Estate Records

Archival Repository:

Archives Center, National Museum of American History

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep8851aa1a4-4f8c-4d9d-bfe8-510eb81f42bf

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nmah-ac-1011

Creator:

Plowden, David  Search this

Former owner:

National Museum of American History (U.S.). Division of Mechanical and Civil Engineering  Search this

National Museum of American History (U.S.). Division of Work and Industry  Search this

Extent:

0.15 Cubic feet

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Photographs

Date:

1970-1976

Scope and Contents note:

Photographs Plowden took of bridges, aqueducts and viaducts all over the United States and a few in Canada. The photographs are of various types of bridges: truss, suspension, covered. Some photographs feature close-up details of architectural elements, such as arches, chains, towers and ornamentation.

Arrangement:

1 series.

Biographical/Historical note:

Author and photographer.

Provenance:

Collection donated by David Plowden, date unknown.

Restrictions:

Collection is open for research but is stored off-site and special arrangements must be made to work with it. Contact the Archives Center for information at archivescenter@si.edu or 202-633-3270.

Rights:

Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning copyright restrictions. Other intellectual property rights may apply. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.

Topic:

Bridges -- Canada  Search this

Bridges -- United States  Search this

Genre/Form:

Photographs -- 20th century

Citation:

David Plowden North American Bridge Photographs, 1970-1976, Archives Center, National Museum of American History.

Identifier:

NMAH.AC.1019

Archival Repository:

Archives Center, National Museum of American History

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep84e3133d2-c1b0-408c-8f56-7a3ae80182dd

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nmah-ac-1019

Donor:

Enterline, Stevenson  Search this

Eney, William J.  Search this

Creator:

Quebec Bridge Company.  Search this

Collector:

National Museum of American History (U.S.). Division of Engineering and Industry  Search this

National Museum of American History (U.S.). Division of History of Technology  Search this

National Museum of American History (U.S.). Division of Work and Industry  Search this

Extent:

0.5 Cubic feet (3 boxes, 1 map folder)

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Photograph albums

Postcards

Photographs

Place:

Canada

Quebec

Date:

1905-1986

bulk 1905-1916

Summary:

The collection documents the construction of the first and second Quebec Bridges over the St. Lawrence River. Construction on the first bridge began in 1900 and the bridge collapsed before completion in 1907. Construction on the second Quebec Bridge, which is the longest cantilever bridge in the world, was completed in 1917.

Scope and Contents:

The collection documents the construction of the first and second Quebec Bridges over the St. Lawrence River primarily through photographs. The collection is arranged into two series: Series 1, Photographic Materials, 1905-1965 and Series 2, Other Materials, 1916-1986.

Series 1, Photographic Materials, 1905-1965, is divided into two subseries: Subseries 1.1, Photographs, 1907-1965 and Subseries 1.2, Photograph Album, 1905. The black-and-white photographs primarily document the construction of the second Quebec Bridge, 1907-1917. Many of these photographs were taken in a workshop where the production of the bridge parts and building materials occurred. One picture, marked number 24, is of the Prime Minister of Canada, Robert Borden, attending the construction site in October 1913. This series also contains photographs of the 1907 bridge collapse and pictures taken in 1965 of the current second bridge. Subseries 2, Photograph Album, 1905, documents the construction of the first Quebec cantilever bridge. The album contains mounted black-and-white photographs taken between May 12 and November 23, 1905.

Series 2, Other Materials, 1916-1986, consists of newspaper articles and postcards. The newspaper articles detail the 1916 construction accident on the second Quebec bridge; one 1917 article about the bridge; and one 1986 article about the 1907 collapse of the first bridge. There are three postcards, both black-and-white and color, of the Quebec Bridge.

Arrangement:

Collection is arranged into two series.

Series 1, Photographic Materials, 1905-1965

Subseries 1, Photographs, 1907-1965

Subseries 2, Photograph Album, 1905

Series 2, Other Materials, 1916-1986

Biographical / Historical:

The first Quebec Bridge was built over the St. Lawrence River in order to connect important railroad lines.[1] This bridge collapsed on August 29, 1907, killing 79 men.[2] The engineers for the second bridge were Maurice Fitzmaurice, H.E. Vautelet, and Ralph Modjeska.[3]

Notes: [1] "Bridge of 1,800-FT. Span Across the St. Lawrence," Popular Mechanics Vol. 8, No. 12 December 1906

[2]"Wrecked Quebec Bridge to be Recommended"[3] "Wrecked Quebec Bridge to be Recommended"

Provenance:

Originally collected for the Division of Mechanical and Civil Engineering's reference collections; exact date and source of acquisition unknown.

Restrictions:

Collection is open for research but is stored off-site and special arrangements must be made to work with it. Contact the Archives Center for information at archivescenter@si.edu or 202-633-3270.

Rights:

Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning copyright restrictions. Other intellectual property rights may apply. Reproduction permission from Archives Center: reproduction fees may apply.

Topic:

Bridges -- Design and construction  Search this

Bridges -- Canada  Search this

Bridge failures  Search this

Bridges -- Quebec  Search this

Rivers -- Quebec  Search this

Genre/Form:

Photograph albums -- 20th century

Postcards -- 1900-1920

Photographs -- Black-and-white photoprints -- Silver gelatin -- 1900-1950

Citation:

Quebec Bridge Photograph Collection, Archives Center, National Museum of American History

Identifier:

NMAH.AC.1026

See more items in:

Quebec Bridge Photograph Collection

Archival Repository:

Archives Center, National Museum of American History

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep87b51becf-1e0e-417b-80c4-79ab4bdf13b0

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nmah-ac-1026

Donor:

Finley, Harry, 1942-  Search this

Names:

Museum of Menstruation (1994-1998)  Search this

Extent:

7.5 Cubic feet (23 boxes, 1 map folder)

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Advertisements

Cd-roms

Correspondence

Filmstrips

Fliers (printed matter)

Newspaper clippings

Pamphlets

Patents

Photographs

Postcards

Trade literature

Videocassettes

Date:

circa 1890s-2011

Summary:

Collection documents menstruation and menstrual products.

Scope and Contents:

The collection documents through advertisements, product packaging, educational materials and pamphlets, correspondence, photographs, and videotapes, one of the most important topics in health experienced by half of the world's population, menstruation. Menstruation products are a worldwide industry with a documented connection to women's rights, pervasive economic, education, and opportunity inequities, and ecological problems.

The archival materials document health, business, advertising, and innovation history. Topics found within the collection include freedom, equality, success, ideals of race and gender in advertising, disposable products and innovation, small, woman-owned businesses and DIYers (Do It Yourself) who devised products to keep plastics out of landfills; business and health issues with multinational conglomerates, such as Tambrands, Procter & Gamble, Kimberly-Clark Corporation, and Scott Paper Company; and period poverty and tampon tax issues.

The collection represents US-made and consumed products, both mass-marketed and small business/DIY (Do It Yourself), from around the country. Also represented are products produced in other countries such as the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Japan, Mexico and Italy. All major, corporate US brands (and many multinational brands) are represented, for example: Tampax (now owned by Procter & Gamble), Kotex (Kimberly-Clark and Scott Paper), o.b (Johnson & Johnson, now Edgewell Personal Care). Also represented are a host of small companies, inventors, and DIY (Do It Yourself) products, such as: Women's Choice, Glad Rags, Instead Cup (Ultrafem), the Keeper, and organic cotton products from Natracare.

Arrangement:

Collection is arranged into five series.

Series 1: Museum of Menstruation Materials, 1984-2003

Series 2: Booklets, Pamphlets, and Other Writings, circa 1894-2003

Series 3: Product Inserts and Product Packaging, circa 1890s-2011

Series 4: Advertising and Sales Materials, 1914-2000s

Series 5: Ephemera and Other Materials, circa 1896-2005

Biographical:

Harry Finley (1942-) was born in Long Branch, New Jersey to George and Marjorie Finley. He holds a B.A. in Philosophy from Johns Hopkins University and did post graduate work in philosophy and German at the University of Florida. Finley worked as a graphic designer for the Department of the Army in Washington DC and Germany (1971—2004) and also as a painter, illustrator, and cartoonist.

Historical:

The Museum of Menstruation (MUM) was founded by Harry Finley in 1994 and operated as a physical museum until 1998, after which it continued as an extensive website. The Museum was an outgrowth of a collection he started assembling when living in Europe. Finley worked in Germany as a graphic designer for the U.S. government and was researching print ad layouts. Among the print ads he acquired some documented Kotex and other menstrual products which piqued his interest. Finley built the Museum's collection through his own collecting efforts, and through purchasing materials and by writing to researchers and mentrual-product manufacturers.

Provenance:

Collection donated by Harry Finley, October 13, 2022.

Restrictions:

Collection is open for research. Reference copies for audio and moving images materials do not exist. Use of these materials requires special arrangement. Gloves must be worn when handling unprotected photographs and negatives.

Rights:

Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning copyright restrictions. Other intellectual property rights may apply. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.

Topic:

Advertising, magazine -- 20th century  Search this

Birth control  Search this

Contraceptives industry  Search this

Coupons (Retail trade)  Search this

Feminine hygiene products  Search this

Feminine hygiene products industry  Search this

Health education  Search this

Hygiene  Search this

Menstrual cycle  Search this

Menstruation  Search this

Patent medicines  Search this

Pregnancy  Search this

Sanitary napkins  Search this

Tampons  Search this

Sex  Search this

Sex instruction  Search this

Teenagers  Search this

Women -- Health and hygiene  Search this

Zines  Search this

Genre/Form:

Advertisements

CD-ROMs

Correspondence

Filmstrips

Fliers (printed matter)

Newspaper clippings

Pamphlets

Patents

Photographs

Postcards

Trade literature

Videocassettes

Citation:

Museum of Menstruation Collection, Archives Center, National Museum of American History

Identifier:

NMAH.AC.1586

See more items in:

Museum of Menstruation Collection

Archival Repository:

Archives Center, National Museum of American History

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep8288ee9dc-59d3-4419-9446-a7a7783bd76c

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nmah-ac-1586

Donor:

Bethlehem Steel Corporation  Search this

Manufacturer:

Consolidation Coal Company  Search this

Pittsburgh Consolidation Coal Company  Search this

Extent:

23 Cubic feet (99 boxes)

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Photographs

Photograph albums

Window displays

Date:

1885-1940s

Summary:

The collection documents the building, operation and daily life of coal mining communities in Kentucky, West Virginia, and Ohio between 1911 and 1946. The collection is a valuable for the study of mining technology and the social conditions of the time period and regions.

Scope and Contents:

The collection consists mostly of photographs depicting Pittsburgh Consolidation Coal Company mines and mining towns in Maryland, Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia. Subjects include worker housing, schools for miners' children, gardens, churches, recreational facilities, health services, company stores, safety, mining machinery, construction of mines and related structures, and the interiors of mines.

Arrangement:

The collection is arranged into two series.

Series 1: Background Materials, 1904-1933

Series 2: Photographs, 1885-1940s

Subseries 2.1: Photograph Albums, 1885-1932

Subseries 2.2: West Virginia Division, 19091-1917

Subseries 2.3: Glass Plate and Film Negatives, 1911-1940s

Subseries 2.4: Numbered Photographs, 1911-1930

Subseries 2.5: Miscellaneous, 1913, 1916

Historical Note:

The Consolidation Coal Company was started in 1864 to mine bituminous coal deposits in Maryland's Cumberland region. it expanded by acquiring other mine companies as well as rail and other transportation companies. It went into receivership in 1932. The Pittsburgh Coal Company, founded in 1900, took over the firm in 1945 and formed the Pittsburgh Consolidation Coal Company.

The Consolidation Coal Company (Maryland)

The Consolidation Coal Company was incorporated in Maryland on March 8, 1860, for the purpose of effecting a merger of a number of coal operators mining the Georges Creek basin in Allegany County, Maryland. Because of the Civil War, during which Confederate armies frequently blocked the region's only outlet to market, the company was not actually organized until April 19, 1864. Starting life as the dominant operator in this small but significant coal field, "Consol" rose to become the nation's top producer of bituminous coal.

The Georges Creek or Cumberland Coal Field, occupying part of the triangle of western Maryland, contained a high-quality, low-volatile bituminous steam coal which was also, thanks to the Potomac River, the coal of this type most accessible to Eastern markets. Coal had been mined in the region beginning in the 1700s, and the first coal company, the Maryland Mining Company, had been incorporated in 1828. However, large-scale development could not occur until the mid-1840s, after the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad reached Cumberland and provided reliable transportation. This also coincided with the development of ocean steam navigation and a rapid growth in the number of railroad locomotives and stationary steam engines. Cumberland coal was ideal for ship bunkering, and much of the output was shipped to New York Harbor. Naturally, New York capitalists and manufacturers played a leading role in developing the field. Lewis Howell's Maryland and New York Iron and Coal Company rolled the first solid U.S. railroad rail at its Mount Savage mill in 1844. The Consolidation Coal merger was put together by New Yorkers such as William H. Aspinwall, Erastus Corning, the Delanos and Roosevelts, and the Boston financier John Murray Forbes, who already had substantial investments in the region.

Upon its formation, the Consolidation Coal Company acquired the properties of the Ocean Steam Coal Company, the Frostburg Coal Company, and the Mount Savage Iron Company totaling about 11,000 acres. The last named company brought with it control of the Cumberland and Pennsylvania Railroad, which connected the mines to the Baltimore & Ohio and later the Pennsylvania and Western Maryland railroads. In 1870, Consol absorbed the Cumberland Coal and Iron Company of 1840, the next largest operator in the field, and gained an additional 7,000 acres. Further purchases from the Delano interests gave it over 80 percent of the entire Cumberland Field.

Soon after its hated rival, the Pennsylvania Railroad, gained access to the Cumberland Coal Field, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad began purchasing large blocks of Consolidation Coal stock to protect its traffic base in 1875, eventually gaining a 52 percent interest. A B&O slate of directors was elected in February 1877, with Charles F. Mayer of Baltimore as president, and the company offices were moved from New York to Baltimore.

Until the turn of the century, Consolidation Coal's mining operations were confined to the small soft coal region of western Maryland. The company purchased the 12,000 acre Millholland coal tract near Morgantown, W.Va. in 1902 and acquired controlling interests in the Fairmont Coal Company of West Virginia and the Somerset Coal Company of Pennsylvania the following year. These acquisitions boosted Consolidation's annual production more than six-fold in only three years. The company purchased the 25,000 acre Stony Creek tract in Somerset County, Pa., in 1904. The Fairmont Coal Company purchase included a joint interest in the North Western Fuel Company, which owned and operated docks and coal distribution facilities in Wisconsin and Minnesota.

In 1906, the Interstate Commerce Commission held a formal investigation of rail ownership of coal companies, which resulted in the passage of the Hepburn Act and its "Commodities Clause," which prohibited railroads from dealing in the commodities they hauled. In anticipation of the new regulations, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad sold its entire holdings of Consolidation stock to a Baltimore syndicate headed by Consol president Clarence W. Watson, J. H. Wheelwright and H. Crawford on April 26, 1906. At the time of the B&O's divestiture, the aggregate annual output of Consolidation's mines totaled more than 10 million tons and the company controlled more than 200,000 acres. The John D. Rockefeller interests began purchasing Consol securities in 1915, eventually securing a controlling interest. The company's offices were returned to New York City in May 1921.

After the B&O divestiture, Consol began expanding into the Southern Appalachian coal fields, which were just being opened by railroads on a large scale. The mines in this region yielded a low volatile coal that provided an ideal fuel source for stationary steam engines, ships, and locomotives. Of equal importance, operators in the remote mountains had been able to resist unionization and thus achieve lower operating costs, while all of Consol's previous holdings had been in the so-called "Central Competitive Field" to the north, which had been unionized in the 1890s. Consolidation Coal purchased 30,000 acres in the Millers Creek Field of Eastern Kentucky in 1909 and 100,000 acres in the Elkhorn Field the next year. In February 1922, Consol secured a long term lease and option on the Carter Coal Company, whose 37,000 acres straddled the borders of Virginia, West Virginia and Kentucky. In 1925, Consol became the nation's largest producer of bituminous coal, excluding the captive mines of the steel companies.

During the Great Depression, Consolidation Coal experienced serious financial difficulties and was forced into receivership on June 2, 1932. The Rockefellers liquidated their holdings at a loss, and the Carter Coal Company was returned to the Carter heirs in 1933. Consol was reorganized and reincorporated in Delaware as the Consolidation Coal Company, Inc. on November 1, 1935, and was able to retain its position as one of the nation's top coal producers. Eventually, stock control passed into the hands of the M.A. Hanna Company group of Cleveland, dealers in coal and iron ore. Although production reached record levels during the Second World War, management feared a recurrence of the collapse that had followed World War I. It also faced the prospect of increased competition from oil and natural gas and the loss of traditional markets such as home heating and locomotive fuel. As a result Consol opened negotiations with another large producer, the Pittsburgh Coal Company, which was the dominant operator in the Pittsburgh District.

The Pittsburgh Coal Company

The Pittsburgh Coal Company was a product of the great industrial merger movement of the late 1890s. In 1899, two large mergers were effected in the Pittsburgh District.

The Monongahela River Consolidated Coal and Coke Company was incorporated in Pennsylvania on October 1, 1899 to merge the properties of over 90 small firms operating mines along the Monongahela River south of Pittsburgh. Some of these operations dated to the early 1800s, and all of them shipped coal down the Ohio-Mississippi River system by barge from close to the mine mouth, or later by the railroads built along the river banks. The combination controlled 40,000 acres of coal land, 100 steam towboats, 4,000 barges, and facilities for handling coal at Cincinnati, Louisville, Vicksburg, Memphis, Baton Rouge and New Orleans.

The Pittsburgh Coal Company was incorporated in New Jersey as a holding company on September 1, 1899 and acquired the properties of over 80 operators located in the areas back from the river on both sides of the Monongahela south of Pittsburgh. The combination was engineered by some of the most prominent Pittsburgh industrialists, including Andrew W. Mellon, Henry W. Oliver, and Henry Clay Frick. It controlled over 80,000 acres and six collector railroads, the longest of which was the Montour Railroad. Most of its output was shipped by rail, with a large share being transferred to ships on the Great Lakes for distribution throughout the industrial Midwest. The company owned coal docks and yards at Chicago, Cleveland, Duluth, West Superior, Sault Ste. Marie, Ashtabula, Fairport and Thornburg. Subsequently, the company expanded in southwestern Pennsylvania and the Hocking Valley of Ohio through the lease of the Shaw Coal Company in 1901 and the purchase of the Midland Coal Company in 1903. Most of the properties were vested in a separate Pittsburgh Coal Company, an operating company incorporated in Pennsylvania.

Unlike the Consolidation Coal Company, which had grown by gradual accretion, the Pittsburgh Coal Company had been created in a single stroke. As with many mergers of the period, its capitalization probably contained a high percentage of "water" in anticipation of profits from future growth. Unfortunately, the years after the merger saw explosive growth in the coal fields of Southern Appalachia instead. Although farther from major consuming centers, they enjoyed several advantages. The coal itself was superior, low-volatile with higher BTU content and altogether cleaner than the high-volatile coals of Ohio and the Pittsburgh District. As already noted, the southern mines were also non-union. With the inroads of Southern Appalachian coal, the Pittsburgh Coal Company continuously lost ground in the crucial Lake and western markets from 1900 to 1915. The company's capitalization proved unwieldy in the unsettled economic conditions following the Panic of 1907. A reorganization plan was devised under which a new Pittsburgh Coal Company was incorporated in Pennsylvania on January 12, 1916 by merging the old Pittsburgh Coal Company of Pennsylvania and the Monongahela River Consolidated Coal and Coke Company. The old holding company was then liquidated and the stock of the new operating company distributed to its stockholders. Dissension between the common and preferred stockholders delayed consummation of the plan until July 16, 1917.

The Pittsburgh Coal Company, which had all its operations in the Central Competitive Field, had a much more difficult time than Consolidation in breaking the 1923 Jacksonville Agreement with the United Mine Workers in 1925-1927 and reverting to non-union status. The three-year struggle ended the company's ability to pay dividends. Pittsburgh Coal survived the Depression without receivership but with ever-increasing arrearages on its preferred stock. By the end of World War II, its managers were just as eager as those at Consol to attempt greater economies through merger. The Pittsburgh Coal Company and the Consolidation Coal Company merged on November 23, 1945, with exchange ratios of 65 to 35 percent. Pittsburgh Coal Company, the surviving partner, changed its name to the Pittsburgh Consolidation Coal Company.

The Pittsburgh Consolidation Coal Company

After the merger, the M.A. Hanna Company interests of Cleveland became the dominant factor in Pitt-Consol's affairs. Hanna had transferred its pre-merger Consol stock to its subsidiary Bessemer Coal & Coke Corporation in 1943. This led to a restructuring whereby Pitt-Consol acquired Hanna's share of the North Western-Hanna Fuel Company in April 1946 and the Hanna coal properties in eastern Ohio on June 16, 1946 These included large reserves of strippable coal that accounted for about 20 percent of the state's production. Pitt-Consol later acquired Hanna's holdings of coal land in Harrison, Belmont and Jefferson Counties, Ohio, on December 30, 1949. It purchased the New York Central Railroad's 51 percent interest in the Jefferson Coal Company, giving it full control, in 1952 and merged it into the Hanna Coal Company Division.

Pitt-Consol sold its last major railroads, the Montour Railroad and the Youngstown & Southern Railway to the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Pittsburgh & Lake Erie Railroad on December 31, 1946. The Northwestern Coal Railway had been sold to the Great Northern system, and the Cumberland & Pennsylvania Railroad had been sold to the Western Maryland Railway in May 1944.

In addition, a new Research and Development Division was created to fund projects aimed at developing more efficient production methods, new outlets for coal consumption, coal-based synthetic fuels and chemical byproducts. A new coal gasification plant opened at Library, Pa., in November 1948, and the company began the manufacture of a smokeless fuel briquette under the trademark "Disco" at Imperial, Pa., in 1949. An experimental coal slurry pipeline was built in Ohio in 1952.

During the 1950s and early 1960s, Pitt-Consol made many changes in its coal holdings, selling high-cost or less desirable properties, diversifying its reserves across many different coal fields, rationalizing property lines to permit large mechanized underground or strip mines and forming joint ventures with steel companies to secure guaranteed customers. Pitt-Consol acquired the Jamison Coal and Coke Company in 1954 and the Pocahontas Fuel Company, Incorporated, a large producer of low-volatile Southern Appalachian coal, in 1956. In the latter year, it sold its Elkhorn Field properties to the Bethlehem Steel Corporation. As Pittsburgh District operations became less central, the corporate name was changed back to Consolidation Coal Company in April 1958.

The Consolidation Coal Company, CONOCO and CONSOL Energy, Inc.:

Consol continued to expand into the early 1960s. On April 30, 1962, it absorbed the Truax-Traer Coal Company of Illinois. Truax-Traer also mined lignite in North Dakota, a low-grade but low-sulfur coal that was taking a greater share of the power generation market as environmental laws placed greater restrictions on high-sulfur coal from the Central Competitive Field. The following year Consol acquired the Crozer Coal and Land Company and the Page Coal and Coke Company, owners of additional reserves of low-volatile, low-sulfur steam coal in southern West Virginia.

In 1966, just two years after the company marked its centennial, Consolidation Coal was acquired by the Continental Oil Company (Conoco). This was part of a general trend whereby U.S. oil companies extended their reach by acquiring coal reserves and large coal producers. In turn, Conoco was acquired by E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company in 1981. This purchase was motivated by DuPont's desire to obtain better control of chemical feedstocks in an era of high oil prices. Consolidation Coal was not a major factor in the Conoco acquisition and did not really fit into DuPont's strategy, especially after coal and oil prices declined. As a result, it was quickly sold off when DuPont was restructured a decade later. In 1991, a new holding company CONSOL Engery, Inc. was incorporated as a joint venture of DuPont Energy Company and the German energy conglomerate Rheinisch-Westfalisches Elektrizitatswerk A.G., through its wholly owned subsidiaries Rheinbraun A.G. and Rheinbraun U.S.A. GmbH. Consolidation Coal Company became a wholly-owned subsidiary of CONSOL Energy, Inc. DuPont eventually sold most of its half interest, so that by 1998, Rheinbraun affiliates owned 94% of CONSOL Energy stock, while DuPont Energy retained only 6%. CONSOL Energy purchased the entire stock of the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal Company on September 22, 1998. CONSOL Energy stock began trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "CNX" in 1999, with an initial public offering of more than 20 million shares.

CONSOL Energy produced more than 74 million tons of coal in 1999, accounting for approximately 7% of domestic production. The company currently operates 22 mining complexes, primarily east of the Mississippi River.

Source

Historical note from the Consolidation Coal Company Records, Archives Service Center, University of Pittsburgh

Related Materials:

Materials in the Archives Center

The Archives Center holds a number of collections that document coal.

Coal and Gas Trust Investigation Collection (NMAH.AC.1049)

Hammond Coal Company Records (NMAH.AC.1003)

Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company Records (NMAH.AC.0071)

Lehigh Valley Coal Company Records (NMAH.AC.1106)

Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company Records (NMAH.AC.0282)

Materials in Other Organizations

Archives Service Center, University of Pittsburgh

CONSOL Energy, Inc. Mine Maps and Records Collection, 1857-2002

AIS.1991.16

The CONSOL Energy Inc. collection contains coal mine maps, related documents and topographical information, as well as surface maps and detailed information on mine accidents. Additionally, there are technical drawings, outside notes on multiple mines, traverse and survey books, information on companies and railroads with which CONSOL conducted business, and a variety of non-print materials including photographs, negatives and aperture cards. Digital reproductions of selected material are available online.

CONSOL Energy Inc. West Virginia and Eastern Ohio Mine Maps and Records Collection, 1880-1994

AIS.2004.22

The CONSOL Energy Inc. West Virginia and Eastern Ohio Mine Maps and Records Collection contains coal mine maps as well as surface maps and detailed information on mine accidents in West Virginia and Eastern Ohio. Additionally, there are technical drawings, related documents, traverse and survey books, publications and photographs.

Consolidation Coal Company Records, 1854-1971, bulk 1864-1964

AIS.2011.03

The Consolidation Coal Company (Consol) was created by the merger of several small operators mining the Georges Creek coal basin in Allegany County, Maryland. The company expanded rapidly in the early twentieth century through the purchase of substantial tracts in the coal fields of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Kentucky as well as docks and distribution facilities in the Great Lakes region. By 1927, Consol was the nation's largest producer of bituminous coal. Following a merger with the Pittsburgh Coal Company in 1945, the company pursued a policy of acquiring companies which afforded opportunities for greater diversification while selling off unprofitable lines. In addition, a new research and development division was created to fund projects aimed at developing more efficient production methods and new outlets for coal consumption. The records of the Consolidation Coal Company and its affiliated companies are arranged in seven series. Minute books and contract files provide the most comprehensive documentation in this collection.

Provenance:

Donated to the National Museum of American History in 1987 by Bethlehem Steel Corporation.

Restrictions:

Collection is open for research but is stored off-site and special arrangements must be made to work with it. Contact the Archives Center for information at archivescenter@si.edu or 202-633-3270.

Rights:

Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning intellectual property rights. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.

Topic:

Accidents  Search this

Children -- 20th century  Search this

Coal miners  Search this

Company towns  Search this

Churches  Search this

Coal mines and mining -- Safety measures  Search this

Construction  Search this

Dams  Search this

Gardens  Search this

General stores  Search this

Hospitals  Search this

Housing  Search this

Kindergarten  Search this

May Day  Search this

Mine safety  Search this

Mines -- Kentucky  Search this

Mines -- Maryland  Search this

Mines -- Pennsylvania  Search this

Mines -- West Virginia  Search this

Mining corporations  Search this

Mining equipment  Search this

Mining -- Kentucky  Search this

Mining -- Maryland  Search this

Mining and minerals industry  Search this

Mining -- Pennsylvania  Search this

Mining -- West Virginia  Search this

Railroads -- 20th century -- United States  Search this

Schools -- school houses -- Classrooms  Search this

Genre/Form:

Photographs -- Black-and-white negatives -- 20th century

Photographs -- 20th century

Photograph albums -- 20th century

Window displays

Citation:

Pittsburgh Consolidation Coal Company photographs and other materials, Archives Center, National Museum of American History

Sponsor:

Digitization of Series 2.3: Glass Plate and Film Negatives was made possible by Andrew and Anya Shiva.

Identifier:

NMAH.AC.1007

See more items in:

Pittsburgh Consolidation Coal Company photographs and other materials

Archival Repository:

Archives Center, National Museum of American History

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep86027ae9f-9a84-4277-adcf-d0b5e919ac6a

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nmah-ac-1007

Extent:

27 Cubic feet (35 boxes, 1 map folder)

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Account books

Annual reports

Advertising

Blueprints

Business records

Photographs

Picture postcards

Price lists

Date:

circa 1826-2009

Summary:

Photos and photo negatives, correspondence, newspaper and magazine articles, and other printed material documenting the interior operations, products, and horological research relating to watch companies and watchmaking in the 19th and 20th centuries.

Scope and Contents:

The initial collection consists of approximately 760 photographs and negatives created by the Hamilton Watch Company and documenting its employees, equipment, materials, and factory in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Many photographs depict the company's research and development efforts. There are also images of the Hamilton Watch Company's work in fuse assembly for bombs during WWII. The photographs are mainly organized by factory department or location. A number of these photographs were created by the advertising department and include identification numbers, location of the image, name of the photographer, and the identification of people in the photograph, as well as release forms for those pictured. If not located with the photographs, these items, as well as additional information, can be found in the corresponding folders. Negatives in poor condition were scanned. There are also five glass plate negatives.

Following addenda consist primarily of advertising material related to material catalogs and newspaper and magazine articles published by watch companies in the 19th and 20th centuries. Included in the addenda are photographs, correspondence, articles, and other material documenting the interior operations, products, and horological research relating to the Hamilton Watch Company, Bowman Technical School, Keystone Watch Case Company, Elgin National Watch Company, United States Watch Company, Waltham Watch Company, and other prominent watch manufacturers primarily in the 20th century.

Arrangement:

The collection is arranged into seven series.

Series 1: Photographic Prints and Negatives, 1931-1954, undated

Series 2: 2009 Addenda, 1930-1969

Series 3: 2010 Addenda, circa 1826-1985

Series 4: 2016.3007 Addenda, circa 1885-2009

Series 5: 2016.3197 Addenda, circa 1870s-1970s

Series 6: 2014 Addenda, circa 1866-1981

Series 7: 2017 Addenda, circa 1850s-1998

Biographical / Historical:

Hamilton Watch Company, established in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in 1892, was known for its manufacture of high quality wrist and pocket watches. Broadway Limited, its first series of pocket watches, was nicknamed "the watch of railroad accuracy," and Hamilton soon became associated with the railroad industry. The company also supplied wristwatches to the United States Armed Forces in the 1910s. Hamilton continued its association with the military during World War II when it stopped production of watches for consumers in order to provide the armed forces with one million timepieces. The company was responsible for the Ventura, the world's first electric (battery-powered) watch, and in 1970, the world's first digital watch.

In 1969, Hamilton closed its factory in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, signaling the end of its American manufacturing operations. All production moved to the facilities of the Buren Watch Company in Switzerland, a company that Hamilton had acquired three years before. The Hamilton brand is currently owned by the Swatch Group and carries two product lines, American Classic and Khaki.

Related Materials:

Materials in the Archives Center

E. Howard Clock Company Records (NMAH.AC.0776)

Seth Thomas Clock Company Records (NMAH.AC.0627)

James Arthur Clock and Watch Collection (NMAH.AC.0130)

National Company (NATCO) Atomic Clocks Records (NMAH.AC.0547)

Harold Lyons Atomic Clocks Collection (NMAH.AC.0701)

Warshaw Collection of Business Americana Series: Watchworks and Clockworks (NMAH.AC.0060)

Josephus Gill Ledger (NMAH.AC.1573)

Andrew Chi Atomic Clocks Collection (NMAH.AC.1264)

Richard Bond Clock Escapement Video Documentation: Videotapes (NMAH.AC.0682)

Illinois Springfield Watch Company Record Book (NMAH.AC.1145)

Harold Lyons Atomic Clocks Collection (NMAH.AC.0701)

Sam DeVincent Collection of Illustrated American Sheet Music, Series 14: Calendar, Time and Weather (NMAH.AC.0300.S14)

James Knight Co. Records (NMAH.AC.0847)

Jacob Rabinow Papers (NMAH.AC.0403)

Materials in the Division of Work & Industry

See accessions: 2010.0243.03; 2012.0266; 2014.0023; 2015.0030.011; 2016.0026; 2016.0381; 2017.0337.

Provenance:

The donor, Jon Hanson, purchased the photographs and negatives from Hamilton Watch Company (Series 1) in 1969 when Hamilton closed its Lancaster plant; they were later sold by his estate. Hanson donated these materials to the Archives Center in 2008.

Restrictions:

The collection is open for research use.

Researchers must handle unprotected photographs with gloves.

Rights:

Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning copyright restrictions. Other intellectual property rights may apply. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.

Topic:

Assembly-line methods  Search this

Bombs  Search this

Chronometers  Search this

Clocks and watches  Search this

Factories -- Pennsylvania  Search this

Fuses  Search this

Horology  Search this

Manufacturing processes  Search this

World War, 1939-1945 -- Industries  Search this

Genre/Form:

Account books -- 20th century

Annual reports

Advertising

Blueprints

Business records

Photographs -- Black-and-white photoprints -- Silver gelatin -- 1940-1950

Picture postcards

Price lists

Citation:

Jon and Jennifer Hanson Watch and Clock Collection, Archives Center, National Museum of American History

Identifier:

NMAH.AC.1122

See more items in:

Jon and Jennifer Hanson Watch and Clock Collection

Archival Repository:

Archives Center, National Museum of American History

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep8805d25cd-3c95-4c8b-9e57-5d23aad429a2

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nmah-ac-1122

Photographer:

Elisofon, Eliot  Search this

Extent:

14000 Negatives (photographic) (b&w, 35mm)

30000 Slides (photographs) (color)

80,000 Photographic prints (b&w, 25 x 20 cm. or smaller.)

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Negatives (photographic)

Slides (photographs)

Photographic prints

Negatives

Color slides

Black-and-white negatives

Black-and-white photographs

Place:

Africa

Congo (Democratic Republic)

Mali

Ghana

Côte d'Ivoire

Benin

Burkina Faso

Egypt

Kenya

Liberia

Niger

Nigeria

Rwanda

Senegal

South Africa

Sudan

Tanzania

Togo

Uganda

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Central African Republic

Date:

circa 1935-1978

Summary:

This collection is comprised of photographic and manuscript materials, primarily created by Eliot Elisofon to document his travels and work. The images portray many aspects of African life and culture including agriculture, wildlife, archaeology, architecture, art and artisans, children, cityscapes and landscapes, leaders, markets, medicine, recreation, ritual and celebration, and transportation. The manuscript materials include correspondence, essays, clippings, puobligations, notes, research, and itineraries.

Scope and Contents:

This collection is comprised of circa 14,000 negatives, 30, 0000 slides, 8,000 photographic prints, and 14 boxes of manuscript materials that date from circa 1945-1978.

The photographs document Eliot Elisofon's travels and work in Africa. The images portray many aspects of African life and culture including agriculture, wildlife, archaeology, architecture, art and artisans, children, cityscapes and landscapes, leaders, markets, medicine, recreation, ritual and celebration, and transportation. Artisans shown include an Asante weaver making kente cloth in Ghana; a Dogon carver in Mali making a kanaga mask; an Ebrie goldsmith in Cote d'Ivoire; Hausa dyers in Kano, Nigeria; and Nupe beadmakers in Nigeria; as well as artists at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Kinshasa, Congo. Portraits of leaders include the Asante court at Kumase in Ghana; Ebrie chiefs and notables in Cote d'Ivoire; the timi (king) of Ede, a Yourba town, Nigeria; the emir of Katsina, Nigeria; and the Kuba king and his court in the Congo. There are informal portraits showing children of the Kuba royal court dancing, Fulbe women with gold earrings in Mali, Mangbetu women in the Congo, and Maasai elders in Kenya. Masked dances documented include a Dogon dama festival celebration in Mali, an Igbo festival in Nigeria, and Kuba and Pende masked dancers in the Congo. There are also images of Yoruba gelede (men's association) masks in Nigeria. Non-masked dancers shown include Dan professional acrobatic dancers in Cote d'Ivoire, Irigwe dancers in Nigeria, Mangbetu dancers in the Congo, Mbuti dancers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Wodaabe men dancing in Nigeria. Events shown include Hausa riders in chain mail during the Independence Day celebration in Katsina, Nigeria. Images of art in situ include ancestral altars in the King of Benin's palace in Nigeria; Dogon rock paintings in Mali; and Yoruba Shango shrine sculptures in the palace courtyard of timi (king) of Ede in Nigeria. Landscapes include views of mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Animals shown include birds, buffalos, elephants and giraffes. Traditional architecture shown includes Asante shrine houses with raised wall decorations in Ghana, Dogon villages in Mali and mosques in Mopti.

The manuscript materials include correspondence, essays, clippings, puobligations, notes, research, and itineraries.

Biographical/Historical note:

A photographer best known for his work in Life magazine. Elisofon worked as a free-lance magazine photographer from 1933 to 1937, as a staff photographer for Life from 1933 to 1937 and on photographic assignments for various magazines, including the Smithsonian magazine, from 1942 to 1945. Elisofon traveled extensively in Africa, Asia, Europe and South America documenting the peoples of these lands as well as their arts and environments. A founding member and curatorial associate of the private Museum of African Art, which in 1981 became the National Museum of African Art (NMAfA), Elisofon bequeathed his collection of African photographs to the museum when he died in 1973. To honor Elisofon's contribution to the understanding of African art and culture, NMAfA named its archives after him.

Restrictions:

Use of original records requires an appointment. Contact Archives staff for more details.

Rights:

Permission to reproduce images from the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives must be obtained in advance. The collection is subject to all copyright laws.

Topic:

Body arts  Search this

Genre/Form:

Negatives

Photographic prints

Color slides

Black-and-white negatives

Black-and-white photographs

Citation:

Eliot Elisofon Field Collection, EEPA 1973-001, Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives, National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution

Identifier:

EEPA.1973-001

See more items in:

Eliot Elisofon Field collection

Archival Repository:

Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives, National Museum of African Art

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/xo763575c19-5f10-470a-af8b-75ebd1c82664

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-eepa-1973-001

Creator:

National Air and Space Museum. Archives Division.  Search this

Extent:

42 Cubic feet

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Date:

Ongoing

Scope and Contents:

The Technical Reference Files comprise an artificial collection that currently contains 1,900 cubic feet of aviation and space related materials, organized in 22 subject series. File materials include photographs, press releases, clippings, correspondence, reports, and brochures, on individuals, organizations, events, and objects.

Restrictions:

The majority of the Archives Department's public reference requests can be answered using material in these files, which may be accessed through the Reading Room at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia. More specific information can be requested by contacting the Archives Research Request.

Identifier:

NASM.XXXX.1183.J

See more items in:

National Air and Space Museum Technical Reference Files: Events

Archival Repository:

National Air and Space Museum Archives

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/pg2b3b084fe-f934-4cd3-bcbf-51eb5cdf2463

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nasm-xxxx-1183-j

Creator:

Lewis & Valentine Company  Search this

Donor:

Lewis, Hewlett Withington  Search this

Names:

Lewis & Valentine Company  Search this

Longwood Gardens (Kennett Square, Pa.)  Search this

Rodin Museum (Philadelphia, Pa.)  Search this

Lewis, Harold Carman  Search this

Owner:

Auchincloss, Hugh D.  Search this

Du Pont, Eugene  Search this

Kahn, Otto Hermann, 1867-1934  Search this

Schwab, Charles M., 1862-1939  Search this

Stotesbury, Edward Townsend, 1849-1938  Search this

Woolworth, F. W.  Search this

du Pont, Pierre S.  Search this

Extent:

2.5 Cubic feet (documents, 366 photographs, 1 videotape.)

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Videotapes

Brochures

Books

Lists

Correspondence

Trade catalogs

Photographs

Place:

New York (State) -- Greenvale

New York (State) -- Roslyn

Date:

1916-1971

Summary:

The Lewis & Valentine Company Collection contains records of the Lewis & Valentine Company dating from 1916 to 1971 including photographs, negatives, brochures, books, trade catalogs, company papers, letters from clients, customer lists and a history of the company written by Harold Carman Lewis. Photographs document the Rodin Museum in Philadelphia, estates in Long Island, New York, and the properties of Hugh D. Auchincloss, Eugene du Pont, Walter P. Chrysler, Otto H. Kahn, F. W. Woolworth, Pierre S. du Pont (Longwood Gardens), Charles M. Schwab and Edward T. Stotesbury. This collection contains only a sampling of the records of Lewis & Valentine and should not be considered comprehensive.

Arrangement note:

The collection is arranged into 3 series:

Series 1: Documents Series 2: Photographs Series 3: Videotape

Biographical/Historical note:

Specializing in moving and replanting large trees, Lewis & Valentine was one of the most prominent landscape contracting companies in the eastern United States during the first half of the twentieth century. The Lewis & Valentine Company was formed by five brothers whose father had hoped that his sons would grow up to be lawyers. Instead, the Lewis brothers formed a landscape design, installation and nursery firm that specialized in developing "successful methods for transplanting full-grown trees." Their success was based on "doing well the task which is usually considered impossible."

The company was the inspiration of H.C. Lewis, the oldest of seven brothers, who believed that estate owners should have the luxury of immediate landscapes, rather than waiting decades for their landscapes to mature. The Lewis brothers started their business in the early 1900s. Shortly afterwards, a Mr. Valentine, roommate of Albert Addison Lewis at the Amherst Landscape School in Massachusetts, invested in the business. After three years Mr. Valentine moved on and the Lewis brothers bought back his interest, but continued to keep Valentine part of the company's name.

Lewis & Valentine was the largest firm in America devoted to transplainting mature trees in the years leading up to the Great Depression. It claimed to be "the most experienced and most versatile, backed by an intimate knowledge of horticulture and the development of fine estates." The company was noted as a leader in providing complete landscape services, from selling and guaranteeing the plants, to designing and installation, requiring that its staff be men "of good character and not afraid of hard work." This was evident in the firm's principle of no limitations to the size of trees that they were willing to deliver. The trees were often full-grown and ranged in age from twenty to a hundred years old. Many were so large that 20 or more tons of earth had to be moved during the relocation process.

During its first 25 years in business, Lewis & Valentine opened nineteen offices east of the Mississippi serving such notable clients as Charles A. Schwab and Pierre du Pont at his estate, Longwood. The business was set up as an organization of independent companies. Each was incorporated under the laws of the state in which it operated. The offices were located in Connecticut (Darien), Florida (Palm Beach), Illinois (Chicago), Maryland (Baltimore), Massachusetts (Boston and Hanover), Michigan (Detroit), Pennsylvania (Ardmore and Pittsburg), New Jersey (Ashbury Park and Morristown), New York (Buffalo, Roslyn-Long Island, Rye, Valley Stream-Long Island, New York City), North Carolina (Winston-Salem) and Ohio (Cleveland and Cincinnati). Although no longer owned by any members of the Lewis family, the company still exists and operates in Long Island under the name Lewis & Valentine Nurseries.

Separated Materials:

Dozens of historic photographs from the Lewis & Valentine Co. were found In the Eleanor Weller Collection at AAG amongst images that had been amassed by Weller for possible use in The Golden Age of American Gardens: Proud Owners, Private Estates, 1890-1940. These photos were removed from the Weller Collection and added to the Lewis and Valentine Co. Records.

Provenance:

Gift from Hewlett Withington Lewis, former owner of Lewis & Valentine Nurseries.

Restrictions:

Access to original archival materials by appointment only. Researcher must submit request for appointment in writing. Certain items may be restricted and not available to researchers. Please direct reference inquiries to the Archives of American Gardens: aag@si.edu.

Rights:

Archives of American Gardens encourages the use of its archival materials for non-commercial, educational and personal use under the fair use provision of U.S. copyright law. Use or copyright restrictions may exist. It is incumbent upon the researcher to ascertain copyright status and assume responsibility for usage. All requests for duplication and use must be submitted in writing and approved by Archives of American Gardens. Please direct reference inquiries to the Archives of American Gardens: aag@si.edu.

Topic:

Nurseries (Horticulture) -- United States  Search this

Gardens -- New York (State)  Search this

Tree moving  Search this

Landscape gardening -- New York (State)  Search this

Genre/Form:

Videotapes

Brochures

Books

Lists

Correspondence

Trade catalogs

Photographs

Citation:

Smithsonian Institution, Archives of American Gardens, Lewis & Valentine Company Records.

Identifier:

AAG.LVC

See more items in:

Lewis & Valentine company records

Archival Repository:

Archives of American Gardens

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/kb6b87d85b6-90fe-4657-96f1-2b4c381715e0

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-aag-lvc

Creator:

Simons, Vera  Search this

Extent:

24.23 Cubic feet (24 boxes)

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Philately

Photographs

Newspaper clippings

Press releases

Color slides

Audiotapes

Reports

Date:

bulk 1960s-1980s

Scope and Contents:

This collection consists of approximately 24 cubic feet of material relating to Vera Simons' ballooning and art careers. Types of materials include: newspaper articles, flight covers, photographs, slides, audio recordings, and reports relating to Simons' time with Winzen Research, inc. and her "Da Vinci" and "Aerolus" projects.

Arrangement:

This collection is currently unprocessed.

Biographical / Historical:

Vera Simons (1920-2012) played an important role in balloon development and exploration. Born in Germany, she grew up in Detroit, Michigan and married Otto Winzen; together they created Winzen Research Inc., one of world's first plastic balloon companies. Simons held over two-thirds ownership of the company and became its vice president. She supervised and trained her "balloon girls" to handle polyethylene and build the giant balloons, and obtained four patents for her work improving construction techniques and envelope redesign. During the 1950s and 1960s, Winzen created balloons for the United States Navy Projects Helios, Skyhook and Strato-Lab and for the United Sates Air Force Project Manhigh, and Simons was a central figure in planning and executing those manned research flights. Simons earned her gas balloon license in 1957 and she represented the United States at the 30th Annual International Gas Balloon Races in Holland where she received a gold medal for her contributions to balloon research. When Simons divorced Otto Winzen, she sold her interest in Winzen Research and enrolled in art school. By the early 1970s she had made a name for herself in international art circles by combining art and ballooning. In 1972, Simons began planning a series of balloon flights called "DaVinci" that combined science with original kinetic art. She spent two years designing and supervising the construction of a two-decker fiberglass gondola and an 11 story tall polyethylene balloon in which she eventually set a new overland distance record in the U.S. in 1979. During the same flight, Simons dropped tiny tetrahedron balloons carrying Douglas Fir seedlings into cleared areas, took time-lapse photographs, made sound recordings, and used mirrors to create special lighting effects in the clouds for the spectators on the ground. During other "DaVinci" flights, Simons collected temperature and airflow data, and tracked the mix and movement of urban air pollutants, while also photographing landscape and cloud images that she later used in producing works of art. In 1984 Simons launched another flight, "Project Aerolus," in which three plastic balloons were launched simultaneously into the nighttime sky; one of the balloons was piloted by Joe Kittinger.

Provenance:

Don Crowell, Gift, 2015

Restrictions:

No restrictions on access.

Rights:

Material is subject to Smithsonian Terms of Use. Should you wish to use NASM material in any medium, please submit an Application for Permission to Reproduce NASM Material, available at Permissions Requests

Topic:

Balloons  Search this

Kinetic art  Search this

Aeronautics  Search this

Genre/Form:

philately

Photographs

Newspaper clippings

Press releases

Color slides

Audiotapes

Reports

Citation:

Vera Simons Papers, NASM.2016.0013, National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution.

Identifier:

NASM.2016.0013

Archival Repository:

National Air and Space Museum Archives

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/pg24e32e203-6ae7-46de-adc6-e758659a8ad3

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nasm-2016-0013

Creator:

National Air and Space Museum. Archives Division.  Search this

Extent:

261 Cubic feet

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Date:

Ongoing

Scope and Contents:

The Technical Reference Files comprise an artificial collection that currently contains 1,900 cubic feet of aviation and space related materials, organized in 22 subject series. File materials include photographs, press releases, clippings, correspondence, reports, and brochures, on individuals, organizations, events, and objects.

Restrictions:

The majority of the Archives Department's public reference requests can be answered using material in these files, which may be accessed through the Reading Room at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia. More specific information can be requested by contacting the Archives Research Request.

Identifier:

NASM.XXXX.1183.C

See more items in:

National Air and Space Museum Technical Reference Files: Biographies

Archival Repository:

National Air and Space Museum Archives

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/pg21a164bae-b340-4e7c-a826-dc3a622b094e

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nasm-xxxx-1183-c