Search Results

Published by:

Freedomways Associates, Inc., American, 1961 - 1985  Search this

Edited by:

John Henrik Clarke, American, 1915 - 1998  Search this

Esther Cooper Jackson, American, born 1917  Search this

Jack O'Dell, American, 1923 - 2019  Search this

John Devine  Search this

Illustrated by:

Elizabeth Catlett, Mexican and American, 1915 - 2012  Search this

Brumsic Brandon Jr., American, 1927 - 2014  Search this

Written by:

Ernest D. Kaiser, American, born 1916  Search this

Augusta Strong, American, 1934 - 1976  Search this

Mari Evans, American, 1923 - 2017  Search this

Dr. Carlton B. Goodlett, American, 1914 - 1997  Search this

Dr. W. D. Wright, American, born 1936  Search this

Edward P. Dozier, 1916 - 1971  Search this

Subject of:

Chief Joseph, 1840 - 1904  Search this

Medium:

ink on paper with metal

Dimensions:

H x W x D: 9 1/16 × 6 1/16 × 1/4 in. (23 × 15.4 × 0.7 cm)

Type:

magazines (periodicals)

Place printed:

New York City, New York, United States, North and Central America

Place depicted:

Viet Nam, Asia

Date:

1969

Topic:

African American  Search this

Activism  Search this

Black Press  Search this

Caricature and cartoons  Search this

Civil Rights  Search this

Education  Search this

Language  Search this

Literature  Search this

Medicine  Search this

Poetry  Search this

Politics  Search this

Vietnam War, 1961-1975  Search this

Credit Line:

Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Gift of Dr. Maurice Jackson

Object number:

2021.20.7

Restrictions & Rights:

Unknown – Restrictions Possible

Rights assessment and proper usage is the responsibility of the user.

See more items in:

National Museum of African American History and Culture Collection

Classification:

Documents and Published Materials-Published Works

Movement:

American Indian Movements

Chicano Movement / El Movimiento

Data Source:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/fd548b766a2-01ac-4404-ab67-804f6bf07135

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmaahc_2021.20.7

Creator:

Rhodes, Willard, 1901-1992  Search this

Collection Creator:

Asch, Moses  Search this

Distler, Marian, 1919-1964  Search this

Folkways Records  Search this

Extent:

3 Phonograph records (analog, 78 rpm, q0 in.)

Culture:

Dakota Indians  Search this

Type:

Archival materials

Phonograph records

Date:

1949

Contents:

Peyote cult song : male voice, water-drum, gourd rattle -- Love song : male voice -- Love song : male voice -- Honoring song : mixed chorus, drum -- Riding song : mixed chorus -- Song of happiness : children's chorus, drum, harmonica -- Spinning dance : female voice -- Spinning dance : female voice -- Corn grinding song : female voice, basket drum -- Squaw dance : male chorus, drum -- Silversmith's song : male voice, anvil -- Night chant : male chorus, gourd rattles.

Local Numbers:

FW-ASCH-78-0071

Folkways.1401

Publication, Distribution, Etc. (Imprint):

New York Folkways 1949

Date/Time and Place of an Event Note:

The Sioux songs (the 1st-4th selections) recorded at Pine Ridge and Wanblee, S.D.; the Navajo songs (the remaining selections) at Fort Wingate, N.M., Toadalena, Lukachukai, and Pine Springs, Ariz., and Mesa Verde National Park, Colo.

General:

[recorded by Willard Rhodes in Indian communities with the cooperation of the U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs].

Restrictions:

Restrictions on access. No duplication allowed listening and viewing for research purposes only.

Collection Rights:

Permission to publish materials from the collection must be requested from the Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections. Please visit our website to learn more about submitting a request. The Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections make no guarantees concerning copyright or other intellectual property restrictions. Other usage conditions may apply; please see the Smithsonian's Terms of Use for more information.

Topic:

Sioux Nation  Search this

Collection Citation:

Moses and Frances Asch Collection, Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections, Smithsonian Institution.

Identifier:

CFCH.ASCH, Item FW-ASCH-78-0071

See more items in:

Moses and Frances Asch Collection

Moses and Frances Asch Collection / Series 9: Audio Recordings / 78 RPM

Archival Repository:

Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/bk5a37b1d4a-3395-4c3f-ab4d-0264a9e6496f

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-cfch-asch-ref21527

Honoree:

John P. Clum  Search this

Medium:

metal (gold); enamel; fabric; gemstone (diamond)

Dimensions:

Height x Width (ribbon): 10.2 x 4.8cm (4 x 1 7/8in.) Diameter (locket): 3.2cm (1 1/4in.)

Type:

Mail Processing Equipment

Place:

New York

Date:

May 15, 1906

Topic:

The Gilded Age (1877-1920)  Search this

Postal Employees  Search this

Object number:

1988.0338.1

See more items in:

National Postal Museum Collection

Data Source:

National Postal Museum

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/hm82fafbbb0-9e63-43a5-a5f8-f487c56c5dc9

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:npm_1988.0338.1

Creator:

United States. Indian Claims Commission  Search this

Names:

United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs  Search this

Allen, Frank E., 1931-2001  Search this

Vance, John Thomas, III, 1921-2008  Search this

Walker, Tillie  Search this

Extent:

57 Photographic prints

3 Contact sheets

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Photographic prints

Contact sheets

Place:

District of Columbia

Date:

1968 May-June

Summary:

This collection includes photographic prints from May 1968 when a coalition of 60 Native American demonstrators surprised the Indian Claims Commission at the Bureau of Indian Affairs to demand better and more just compensation for land taken in the past century. The group was in Washington, DC as a part of the Poor People's Campaign.

Scope and Contents:

This collection includes 57 black and white 8x10 photographic prints and 3 contact sheets of images from the 1968 Poor People's Campaign in Washington. The photographs were shot by Francis C. Ward inc, likely on behalf of the Indian Claims Commission (ICC). The photographs document the contingent of Native Activists who met with Indian Claims Commissioner John T. Vance at the Bureau of Indian Affairs sometime in late May or early June of 1968 while they were in Washington D.C. for the Poor People's Campaign. The photographs include images of Native activists speaking to the ICC commission, such as Frank Allen (Stillaguamish Tribe) and Tillie Walker (Mandan, Hidatsa, Arikara Nation), among others. There are also several photographs of John Vance, Henry Webb (ICC Chief Counsel), and other members of the Commission. There are a handful of duplicate photographs.

Arrangement:

Arranged in 10 folders.

Poor People's Campaign/Poor People's March on Washington:

Lasting through May and June of 1968, the Poor People's Campaign was a crusade for social justice first envisioned by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. By 1967, King had begun to argue publicly that civil rights alone would not bring about social justice. To realize the promises of American democracy, he argued, the nation would need to combat not only racial inequalities but class inequalities as well.

Native Americans played a significant role in shaping the objectives and message of the Poor People's Campaign from its earliest days. In the month prior to the mass demonstration in Washington, a group known as the Committee of 100 went to Washington to bring their demands to Congress. Consisting of representatives of King's coalition of the poor, the Committee of 100 served as the movement's vanguard and established the agenda for the campaign to come. Among the representatives sent to Washington were at least ten activists representing Native American interests. They included Tillie Walker (Mandan-Hidatsa), who was involved with the National Indian Youth Council (NIYC), Mel Thom (Walker River Paiute), a founder of the NIYC, and Henry Lyle "Hank" Adams (Assiniboine-Sioux), who had been instrumental in the struggle for Native American fishing rights in the Pacific Northwest. The participation of Native American leaders in the Committee of 100 challenged and expanded upon the very idea of civil rights as the foundation for social and economic justice in America.

More than 200 American Indian activists participated in the Poor People's Campaign. They traveled to Washington, D.C. in one of the many caravans of poor people that departed from cities across the nation in mid-May, 1968. Being in Washington, D.C. brought American Indian activists to the doorstep of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), an agency within the Department of the Interior. In the Poor People's Campaign, American Indians seized the opportunity to bring their issues directly to Department officials.

Excerpted from "Native Americans in the Poor People's Campaign" by the National Parks Service. https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/native-activism-poor-peoples-campaign.htm

Indian Claims Commission:

The Indian Claims Commission was established as an independent federal agency on August 13, 1946. The Commission was charged with hearing and deciding claims made against the United States by "any tribe, band, or other identifiable group of American Indians residing within the territorial limits of the United States or Alaska" (60 Stat. 1049). Only claims filed within five years of the passage of the ICC's establishing act were eligible for consideration.

Between August 1946 and September 30, 1978, when the ICC was abolished, the Commission heard and issued rulings in hundreds of cases. Most related to land claims. The ICC was not empowered to grant or restore land to tribes, but it could award tribes money based on the market value of lands lost at the time of taking.

The ICC ultimately awarded over $800 million to tribes. Cases that were not finalized when the ICC was abolished were transferred to the U.S. Court of Claims.

https://www.archives.gov/research/native-americans/indian-claims-commission

Provenance:

Gift of Patricia Jollie, 2022.

Restrictions:

Access to NMAI Archives Center collections is by appointment only, Monday - Friday, 9:30 am - 4:30 pm. Please contact the archives to make an appointment (phone: 301-238-1400, email: nmaiarchives@si.edu).

Rights:

Permission to publish materials from the collection must be requested from National Museum of the American Indian Archives Center. Please submit a written request to nmaiphotos@si.edu. For personal or classroom use, users are invited to download, print, photocopy, and distribute the images that are available online without prior written permission, provided that the files are not modified in any way, the Smithsonian Institution copyright notice (where applicable) is included, and the source of the image is identified as the National Museum of the American Indian. For more information please see the Smithsonian's Terms of Use and NMAI Archive Center's Digital Image request website.

Citation:

Identification of specific item; Date; Indian Claims Commission photographs from the Poor People's Campaign, image #, NMAI.AC.417; National Museum of the American Indian Archives Center, Smithsonian Institution.

Identifier:

NMAI.AC.417

See more items in:

Indian Claims Commission photographs from the Poor People's Campaign

Archival Repository:

National Museum of the American Indian

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/sv4a99edb16-7a8d-4a42-896a-95bc722ecab9

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nmai-ac-417

Creator:

Harrington, John Peabody, 1884-1961  Search this

Names:

Henderson, Junius, 1865-1937  Search this

Robbins, Wilfred William, 1884-1952  Search this

Collection Creator:

Harrington, John Peabody, 1884-1961  Search this

Extent:

33 Boxes

Culture:

Hualapai -- language  Search this

Mojave (Mohave)  Search this

Chemehuevi  Search this

Cocopa  Search this

Havasupai (Coconino)  Search this

Hualapai (Walapai)  Search this

Piipaash (Maricopa)  Search this

Quechan (Yuma/Cuchan)  Search this

Indians of North America -- California  Search this

Type:

Archival materials

Field notes

Vocabulary

Date:

1907-circa 1914, 1946-circa 1957

Scope and Contents:

This subseries of the Southern California/Basin series contains John P. Harrington's research on Mohave.

Harrington organized his early linguistic and ethnographic notes into more than eighty categories, covering a broad spectrum of Mohave culture from daily practices to mythological and religious beliefs. The variety of content and order of arrangement are encyclopedic. Most of the material is original data from numerous native speakers. Animal and plant notes are also filed in this section. Notes on these topics stem from the Mohave Valley Expedition made with Henderson and Robbins. A typescript of Henderson's report precedes the botanical notes and one by Robbins precedes the zoological notes.

The semantic slipfile consists of data from the original field notes rewritten on slips and arranged in thirteen semantic divisions. Some new information provided by Irving and Wagner was inserted. Material relative to other Yuman tribes is included and almost all categories contain some inextricably interwoven Chemehuevi data which were originally provided by Chemehuevi speakers Jack Jones, John Pete, William Johnson, and Patty Smith. In most instances, the Chemehuevi equivalences are clearly marked. Information on kinship is relatively substantial.

Two Mohave notebooks are also present. One contains vocabulary and texts credited to "Mr. Edgar, Needles, Cal." The other is a packet of loose pages evidently removed from a notebook covering random linguistic and ethnographic data.

Another section consists of a small set of grammar notes arranged under such headings as language, phonology, and morphology. Some notes apparently were taken as early as 1907 and were transferred to slips in 1910 and 1911.

The section of miscellaneous notes on Yuman languages contains Yuma, Cocopa, and Walapai field notebooks. They are principally ethnographic and are difficult to read. Unrelated small groups of notes include Mohave, Yuma, Maricopa, Havasupai, and Walapai ethnographic data, probably provided by Joe Homer. There are lecture notes and students' papers probably from one of the courses which Harrington gave at the University of Colorado. Three small groups of slips include a list of Yuman clan names and a series of excerpts from a Yuman notebook which has not been located. The third is a copy of some Yavapai terms supplied by Barbara Freire-Marreco.

Late linguistic and ethnographic notes contain what appears to be the first draft of a manuscript on Mohave culture. Such subjects as sociology, religion and mythology, physical and mental characteristics, the Mohave universe, warfare, and design are covered. A variety of notes on historical events and on the geographic, political, and economic life of the Needles area was compiled from published sources and correspondence with the Bureau of Indian Affairs and with Indian Agency superintendents. The focus is on Mohave with some general Yuman references. The material has evidently undergone several reorganizations and notes from informants of the earlier period are interfiled. New linguistic and ethnographic information was supplied principally by Hal Davidson, Mr. and Mrs. Harry Lewis, and Russell. Comparative terms appear in Yuma, Maricopa, Chemehuevi, and Paiute. Kroeber apparently lent Harrington some of his personal manuscripts, and information from this source is introduced as "Kr. notes." Correspondence with Charles Battye and excerpts from his scrapbooks in the possession of the Needles Public Library are also contained among these notes.

Another section consists of notes and drafts on material culture. They are arranged alphabetically and predominantly ethnographic. Notes came from the earlier period and such 1946 informants as Davidson and the Lewises. George Turner contributed numerous placenames.

The subseries also contains notes and drafts of tribenames. They represent an attempt to identify ethnic names applied to Yuman and some neighboring non-Yuman tribes. Some of the Mohave names may have been given by bilingual Chemehuevi speakers in July 1946, when Harrington and Murl Emery traveled the Colorado River-Mohave Valley area. A brief typescript follows the notes.

The section of semantically arranged notes consists of small amounts of data on minerals, pigments, fire, plants, animals, hunting, food, and medicine.

The section of late grammatical notes is also small. The notes originated mainly from Russell, Mr. and Mrs. Lewis, and Warren McCord. He based some hearings on Kroeber's (1911) "Phonetic Elements of the Mohave Language" and Sapir's (1930) "Southern Paiute Language." He also drew on A. M. Halpern's (1946 and 1947) six monographs on Yuma grammar published in the International Journal of American Linguistics. In the mid-1950s he again turned to Halpern and produced a small section of comparative Yuman terms.

The final section of the subseries consists of miscellaneus notes, including drafts of a paper on Mohave history and culture and another on the Kuchan vocabulary of George H. Thomas.

Biographical / Historical:

As a teacher of modern languages at Santa Ana High School in California (1906-1909), John P. Harrington spent his vacations studying Mohave and Yuma in Needles and Yuma, California. Working with a young Mohave woman in Needles in 1907, Mohave was the first Indian language that he ever recorded.

From 1909 until 1915, when he joined the Bureau of American Ethnology, Harrington held various positions with the Museum of the University of New Mexico and the School of American Archaeology, based mainly in Santa Fe. Along with work in other indigenous languages and cultures, he pursued his Mohave studies in Lincolnia, Cottonia, Needles, and Fort Mohave. The focus was on Mohave with ethnographic references to Yuma, Maricopa, Cocopa, Havasupai, and Walapai.

Under the auspices of the Bureau of American Ethnology, the School of American Archaeology, and the University of Colorado, he was ethnologist for a Mohave Valley expedition undertaken in March and April 1911, in conjunction with Junius Henderson and W. W. Robbins. Henderson identified the botanical life of the Mohave Valley and Robbins the zoological.

According to field notes and reports, the years 1910 and 1911 were the most productive ones for this first period of accumulation of Mohave data. Harrington worked with a number of people who spoke Mohave and Chemehuevi, resulting in numerous comparative references. Among the many Mohave speakers, Lee Irving (abbreviated L. I.), Mr. Edgar (Rev. Edgar), Ferd Wagner (Mr. Ferd), and Peter Dean (Peter) contributed substantially. Harrington primarily worked with Wagner in 1907. Edward H. Davis accompanied him on various placename trips and apparently advised him on the collection of artifacts. Financial records indicate that he spent about six weeks in Needles in late spring, 1914, collecting objects for the Panama-California Exposition.

A second period of endeavor commenced in 1946 with new recordings from Hal Davidson (Hal), Mr. and Mrs. Henry Lewis, George Turner, and Russell. Returning from the field to Washington, D.C., in 1947, Harrington compiled a variety of notes on historical events and interfiled some of his earlier material. The physical arrangement indicates an interest in drafting a paper on Mohave culture, more ethnographic than linguistic.

Local Numbers:

Accession #1976-95

Restrictions:

No restrictions on access.

Rights:

Contact the repository for terms of use.

Topic:

Mohave language  Search this

Yuma language  Search this

Chemehuevi language  Search this

Cocopa language  Search this

Havasupai language  Search this

Maricopa language  Search this

Yuman languages  Search this

Language and languages -- Documentation  Search this

Linguistics  Search this

Grammar, Comparative and general  Search this

Names, Ethnological  Search this

Names, Geographical  Search this

Ethnology  Search this

Ethnobotany  Search this

Zoology  Search this

Genre/Form:

Field notes

Vocabulary

Collection Citation:

John Peabody Harrington papers, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution

The preferred citation for the Harrington Papers will reference the actual location within the collection, i.e. Box 172, Alaska/Northwest Coast, Papers of John Peabody Harrington, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution.

However, as the NAA understands the need to cite phrases or vocabulary on specific pages, a citation referencing the microfilmed papers is acceptable. Please note that the page numbering of the PDF version of the Harrington microfilm does not directly correlate to the analog microfilm frame numbers. If it is necessary to cite the microfilmed papers, please refer to the specific page number of the PDF version, as in: Papers of John Peabody Harrington, Microfilm: MF 7, R34 page 42.

Identifier:

NAA.1976-95, Subseries 3.11

See more items in:

John Peabody Harrington papers

John Peabody Harrington papers / Series 3: Papers relating to the Native American history, language and culture of southern California and Basin

Archival Repository:

National Anthropological Archives

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw39e2556eb-1c2d-43d3-85a3-fdeca5f835b0

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-naa-1976-95-ref14386

Creator:

Irwin-Williams, Cynthia  Search this

Irwin, Henry T.  Search this

Names:

Eastern New Mexico University (Portales, N.M.)  Search this

San Juan Valley Archaeological Project  Search this

Society for American Archaeology  Search this

University of Nevada. Desert Research Institute  Search this

Extent:

111.67 Linear feet (192 document boxes, 4 oversize boxes, 18 shoeboxes, 4 small index card boxes, 5 negative boxes, 4 map folders, 30 rolled items, and 6 1/2 restricted boxes)

3 Floppy discs

9 Cassette tapes

1 Sound tape reel (3")

Culture:

Southwest (archaeological)  Search this

Oshara Archaic Tradition (archaeological culture)  Search this

Pueblo (Anasazi) (archaeological)  Search this

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Floppy discs

Cassette tapes

Sound tape reels

Place:

Valsequillo (Puebla, Mexico)

Hell Gap Site (Wyo.)

Salmon Site (N.M.)

Rio Puerco River (New Mexico) -- Archeology

Date:

1936-1990

Summary:

Cynthia Irwin-Williams was a pioneer for women in the field of archaeology. Her main interest was the Paleo-Indian culture of North America (specifically the Southwest), but she also did extensive work in Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi) culture. This collection includes materials related to Irwin-Williams' research; her work at Eastern New Mexico University and The Desert Research Institute; her coursework at Radcliffe and Harvard; and her work for the Society of American Archaeology, the American Anthropological Association, the American Quaternary Association, Africa Tomorrow, and other organizations.

Scope and Contents:

The Cynthia Irwin-Williams papers contain fieldnotes, photographs, maps, notes, computer analyses, drafts of articles, articles and papers, grant proposals, index cards, personal and professional correspondence, administrative materials, lecture and research notes, student papers and theses, certificates and awards, biographical and autobiographical materials, and sound recordings. These materials relate to her research (primarily archaeological), associations of which she was a member (including the Society of American Archaeology, the American Anthropological Association, the American Quaternary Association, and Africa Tomorrow), conferences at which she participated, and coursework from Radcliffe and Harvard. The collection also includes some materials which belonged to her brother, Henry Irwin, who predeceased her. These materials are composed of his diplomas and some annotated articles and papers.

Irwin-Williams was a prolific letter writer and many folders include multiple drafts of her correspondence. Of particular interest is the correspondence between Irwin-Williams and her mother, Eleanor "Kay" Irwin. The two were very close and corresponded almost daily during the two years when Irwin-Williams was in Massachusetts and her mother was in Colorado. Of special note in the collection are materials which relate to the difficulties faced by women in the field of archaeology, such as the autobiographical section of her CV.

The collection does not include much material on her work at Magic Mountain, as these papers are housed at the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. Many of the materials related to her work at Salmon Ruins are housed at the San Juan County Research Center and Library. The only expedition for which this collection holds complete fieldnotes for Irwin-Williams and her team is Valsequillo.

Sensitivity statement:

Please note that the contents of the collection and the language and terminology used reflect the context and culture of the time of its creation. As an historical document, its contents may be at odds with contemporary views and terminology and considered offensive today. The information within this collection does not reflect the views of the Smithsonian Institution or National Anthropological Archives but is available in its original form to facilitate research.

Please note that this collection contains images of human remains.

Arrangement:

This collection is arranged in 8 series: 1) Research, 1936-1990, undated; 2) Writings, 1940-circa 1990, undated; 3) Associations and conferences, 1962-1989, undated; 4) Professional, 1960-1990, undated; 5) Coursework, 1954-1961, undated; 6) Correspondence, 1940-1941, 1959-1989, undated; 7) Photographs and Artwork, 1939, 1964-1990, undated; and 8) Sound recordings, 1980, undated

Biographical Note:

Cynthia Irwin-Williams was a pioneer for women in the field of archaeology. Her main interest was the Paleo-Indian culture of North America (specifically the Southwest), but she also did extensive work in Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi) culture. She was born in Denver, Colorado, in 1936 and suffered from severe asthma for the first ten years of her life (Williams, 4). She and her brother, Henry Irwin, spent several summers during their childhood living with the Hopi in northeastern Arizona, which helped her to develop an interest in archaeology. She began taking part in amateur archaeological investigations through the Colorado Archaeological Society when she was in 5th grade and continued to do so through high school (Williams, 6). She organized an archaeology club while in high school and persuaded H. Marie Wormington, Herbert Dick, and Ruth Underhill to assist (Williams, 7). Irwin-Williams and her brother also volunteered for Dr. Wormington at the Denver Museum of Natural History throughout high school, eventually assisting Wormington at a dig in western Colorado (Williams, 7). Dr. Wormington became a friend and role model for Irwin-Williams, advising her on her education and career. Irwin-Williams also had a close relationship with her mother, Eleanor "Kay" Irwin, who frequently travelled and worked digs with her daughter, and her brother, Henry Irwin, with whom she worked many archaeological sites and published numerous papers.

Irwin-Williams earned her BA (1957) and MA (1958) in Anthropology from Radcliffe College and was one of the first three women, in any field, to earn her PhD (1963) from Harvard University (previously, women could only receive PhD degrees from Radcliffe). She had difficulty gaining a place in a fieldschool during her graduate work due to her gender, despite having experience under the guidance of H. Marie Wormington in high school and college, but eventually gained a place as a volunteer graduate student on the dig of one of her professors at L'Abri Pataud in France in 1958 (likely under Dr. Hallam Movius). She was disappointed that, unlike the male students, she was expected to perform secretarial work and menial tasks (Williams, 10). As a result of this experience, she chose to run her own excavations and stated that it taught her "how not to run a project" (Williams, 10). This experience also caused her to change her field of study to the New World and her advisor to J. O. Brew (Williams, 11).

While Irwin-Williams and her brother were in college and graduate school, they and their mother, under the supervision of H. Marie Wormington, spent summers excavating the LoDaisKa site in Colorado, providing their own equipment (Williams, 9). The first major excavation which she headed was at Valsequillo, where she worked from 1962 to 1966. Valsequillo, in Puebla, Mexico, is a stone age site dated to approximately 25,000 years ago (the dating of the site has been controversial). Her largest excavation was at Salmon Ruin; this site was almost destroyed when the land was purchased by a developer in 1967 who intended to "divide the ruin into 10-foot squares and sell 'digging rights'" (Irwin-Williams, 19). After a local non-profit, the San Juan County Museum Association, saved the site, they asked Irwin-Williams to run the excavations in 1969 (Irwin-Williams, 20).

The excavations she led were known for being inclusive, as her crews included men and women, people of multiple races and ethnicities, and people with disabilities (Williams, 16). She was also known for her ability to work well with volunteers and amateurs (Williams, 19). Another talent of hers was finding grant funding from unusal sources, which she attributed to the limited employment and fieldwork opportunities faced by female archaeologists in the 1960s (Profile of an Anthropologist, 7).

In addition to her fieldwork, Irwin-Williams taught anthropology, first at Hunter College (1963-1964), while holding a fellowship at the American Museum of Natural History and commuting from Princeton where her husband worked, and then at Eastern New Mexico University (1964-1982), at which time "she commute[d] nearly five hundred miles each weekend between her home in Albuquerque, where she live[d] four days a week with her husband, and her apartment in Portales, where she [taught] three days a week." (Williams, 1). She then became Executive Director of the Social Sciences Center, Desert Research Institute, University of Nevada. Under her supervision, the Social Sciences Center (later renamed the Quaternary Science Center) expanded substantially, eventually employing more than five times the staff it had when she began (Teague, 90). Irwin-Williams also held numerous professional offices including President of the Society for American Archaeology (1977-1979). She was known for her interdisciplinary work and had an interest in the environmental impact of human society and water harvesting techniques. These interests led her to become a member of the executive committee of Africa Tomorrow Inc., a nonprofit devoted to the Sahel region of Africa, and to lobby Congress to pass a bill to create a pilot project focused on water harvesting (Teague, 90).

Irwin-Williams also had a keen interest in issues which affected women. After going into recovery for alcoholism, she became an accredited counselor and served as a part-time substance abuse counselor from 1982 through 1989. She also brought this interest to her research, studying the genetic and environmental causes of alcoholism as well as the effects of alcoholism on families, conducting a study funded by the Stout Foundation entitled "Breaking the Chain: Defining Effective Education for Adult Children of Alcoholics." Her interest in studying health conditions which affected women did not end with alcoholism. A sufferer of migraines, she researched their causes and treatments in a study entitled "Biochemistry, Population Parameters, and Treatment of Migraine Headache."

During the final few years of her life, she suffered from a respiratory illness which interfered with her work, causing her to step down from her position as director of the Quaternary Science Center at the Desert Research Institute in 1988 and to take a sabbatical in 1989. She died in 1990 at the age of 54.

Sources cited

Curriculum Vitae of Cynthia Irwin-Williams, Cynthia Irwin Williams papers, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution.

Irwin-Williams, "How Salmon Ruin Was Saved." Early Man (Autumn 1981): 18-23.

"Profile of an Anthropologist: Research Archeologist Begins Career Looking for Supplementary Income." Anthropology Newsletter (May 1981): 7.

Teague, Lynn. "Cynthia Irwin-Williams." Kiva 56, no. 1 (1990): 87-91.

Williams, Barbara. "Cynthia Irwin-Williams." In Breakthrough: Women in Archaeology. New York: Walker and Company, 1981.

Wormington, H. M. and George Agogino. "Cynthia Irwin-Williams: 1936-1990." American Antiquity 59, no. 4 (1994): 667-671.

1936 April 14 -- Born in Denver, Colorado

1957 -- BA from Radcliffe College in Anthropology, Magna Cum Laude

1958 -- MA from Radcliffe College in Anthropology Excavations in France

1958-1960 -- Excavations at LoDaisKa Site, Colorado

1959-1960 -- Director, Central Mexico Project, Harvard University Co-Director, Magic Mountain Project, Peabody Museum Excavations at Magic Mountain, Colorado

1960-1961 -- Co-Director, UP Mammoth Kill Site, Rawlins, Wyoming

1961-1966 -- Co-Director, Hell Gap Paleo-Indian Project in Wyoming, Peabody Museum

1962-1966 -- Excavations at Valsequillo in Puebla, Mexico Excavations at Hell Gap, Wyoming

1962-1968 -- Co-Director of Research on the Archaeology, Geology, and Paleontology of the Valsequillo Region, Pueblo, Mexico

1963 -- PhD from Harvard University in Anthropology

1963-1964 -- Lecturer in Anthropology, Hunter College Ogden Mills Post-Doctoral Research Fellowship, American Museum of Natural History

1964-1967 -- Assistant Professor of Anthropology, Eastern New Mexico University

1964-1973 -- Director, Eastern New Mexico University Project on Anasazi Origins

1966 -- Director, Valsequillo Project (Harvard University, Eastern New Mexico University, University of Puebla)

1967-1972 -- Associate Professor of Anthropology, Eastern New Mexico University

1969-1970 -- Member of the Executive Council, American Quaternary Association

1969-1972 -- Director, Eastern New Mexico University Program of Early Agriculture in the Tularosa Valley, New Mexico

1969-1974 -- Member of the Committee on the Status of Women in Anthropology, American Anthropological Association

1970-1979 -- Excavations at Salmon Ruins

1970-1980 -- Director, Eastern New Mexico University - San Juan Museum Association - San Juan Valley Archaeological Program; Salmon Ruin Project

1970-1981 -- Director, Eastern New Mexico University Program on Pueblo Settlement in the Puerco River Valley, New Mexico

1972-1977 -- Professor of Anthropology, Eastern New Mexico University

1973-1975 -- Member of the Executive Committee, Society for American Archaeology Member of the Committee on the Status of Women in American Archaeology, Society for American Archaeology

1973-1976 -- Member of the American Anthropological Association Nominations Committee Member of the Committee on Native American Relations, Society for American Archaeology

1974-1976 -- Director, Agency for Conservation Archaeology, Eastern New Mexico University Director, Division of Conservation Archaeology, San Juan County Museum

1974-1978 -- Member of the Executive Council, American Quaternary Association

1977-1979 -- President, Society for American Archaeology Member of the Coordinating Council of American Archaeological Societies Member of the Research Panel, Anthropology Program, National Science Foundation

1977-1982 -- Distinguished Professor of Anthropology, Eastern New Mexico University

1978-1980 -- Member of the Research Panel, Integrated Basic Research Program, National Science Foundation

1978-1990 -- Member of the Board of Advisors, Center for Field Research

1979-1981 -- Member of the Museum Development Panel, National Endowment for the Humanities

1979-1985 -- Chairman of the Committee on Federal Archaeology, Society for American Archaeology

1980-1982 -- Member of the Media Panel, National Endowment for the Humanities

1981-1983 -- Member of the Research Panel, Archaeometry Program, National Science Foundation

1982-1988 -- Executive Director, Social Sciences Center / Quaternary Sciences Center, Desert Research Institute

1982-1989 -- Adjunct Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Reno Principal Investigator, Desert Research Institute Archaic Oshara Project

1983-1985 -- Chairman, Society for American Archaeology / Bureau of Land Management / National Coal Association and Surface Mining Committee Conference on Archaeology

1983-1986 -- Member of the Executive Committee, Nevada Council on Professional Archaeology

1984 -- Member of the Nominations Committee, Society of Professional Archaeologists

1984-1986 -- Coordinator and Organizer of Regional Conferences on Cultural Resource Management, Society for American Archaeology

1985-1990 -- Principal Investigator, Desert Research Institute-Bureau of Land Management, Project on Climactic Stress and Human Population on the Middle Puerco River, New Mexico Co-Director, Investigations on Prehistoric Water Harvesting Devices near Fallon, Nevada, and their contemporary applications Member of the Executive Board, Africa Tomorrow Inc.

1986 -- Chairman, Society for American Archaeology Summary Symposium on Cultural Resources Management

1986-1990 -- Co-Principal Investigator, Established Program to Stimulate Competitive Research Program, Desert Research Institute Social Sciences Center

1987 -- Member of the Long-Range Planning Committee, Society for American Archaeology

1987-1990 -- Principal Investigator, Desert Research Institute Project on PaleoIndian Occupation of Northern Nevada Co-Principal Investigator, Nevada State Museum Sunshine Wells Paleo-Indian Project

1989-1990 -- Sabbatical from professorship at the Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Reno

1990 June 5 -- Died in Reno, Nevada

List of commonly used abbreviations:

This list includes abbreviations commonly used by Irwin-Williams. Many of them have been altered in folder titles to the extended version, but not all have.

AAA - American Anthropological Society

AMQUA - American Quaternary Association

AOPI - Anasazi Origins Project

AOPII - Archaic Oshara Project

BIA - Bureau of Indian Affairs

BLM - Bureau of Land Management

CIW - Cynthia Irwin-Williams

DRI - Desert Research Institute

ENMU - Eastern New Mexico University

EPSCoR - Established Program to Stimulate Competitive Research, National Science Foundation

HTI - Henry T. Irwin

HUD - Department of Housing and Urban Development

INAH - Instituto Nacional de Antropología y Historia

INQUA - International Quaternary Association

JWP - Journal of World Prehistory

LECAPSR - The Llano Estacado Center for Advanced Professional Studies and Research, Eastern New Mexico University

NEH - National Endowment for the Humanities

NSF - National Science Foundation

PMOA - Programmatic Memorandum of Agreement

PRP - Puerco River Project

QSC - Quaternary Science Center

SAA - Society for American Archaeology

SAR - School of American Research

SJVAP - San Juan Valley Archaeological Project

SOPA - Society of Professional Archaeologists

SSC - Social Sciences Center

SWAA - Southwestern Anthropological Association

UNR - University of Nevada Reno

Related Materials:

The San Juan County Research Center and Library at Salmon Ruins holds the Salmon Ruins collection, papers and information on the archaeological development of Salmon ruins by Cynthia Irwin-Williams.

The American Museum of Natural History, Division of Anthropology Archives holds the Cynthia Irwin-Williams papers, which relate to the manuscript "Pre-ceramic and Early Ceramic Development in Central Mexico."

The Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard University holds the Magic Mountain Expedition Records.

The University of Wyoming, Anthropology Department holds the UP Mammoth Kill site field notes.

Hannah Marie Wormington papers, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution.

Dennis J. Stanford and Margaret A. [Pegi] Jodry papers, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution.

Provenance:

Received from George Agogino, Michael Bradle, and C. Vance Haynes Jr.

Restrictions:

Materials containing personally identifiable information (predominately grant applications), student grades, references, grant reviews, and employee evaluations have been restricted for eighty years from their date of creation. Materials containing health information for Irwin-Williams have been restricted for fifty years from her date of death.

Audiovisual materials and computer disks are restricted. Please contact the repository for information on the availability of access copies.

Access to the Cynthia Irwin-Williams papers requires an appointment.

Rights:

Contact the repository for terms of use.

Topic:

Archaeology  Search this

Lithics -- American Indian  Search this

Paleo-Indians  Search this

Citation:

Cynthia Irwin-Williams papers, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution

Sponsor:

Funding for the processing of this collection was provided by the American Women's History Initiative.

Identifier:

NAA.1999-09

See more items in:

Cynthia Irwin-Williams papers

Archival Repository:

National Anthropological Archives

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw3c58ee81e-3e9d-45fa-8f54-ff04c774cbea

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-naa-1999-09

Collection Creator:

Irwin-Williams, Cynthia  Search this

Irwin, Henry T.  Search this

Container:

Box 13, Folder 16

Type:

Archival materials

Date:

1985

Subseries Restrictions:

Materials containing social security numbers (unless the number belongs to someone known to be deceased), references, and student grades have been restricted for eighty years from the date of their creation.

Collection Rights:

Contact the repository for terms of use.

Collection Citation:

Cynthia Irwin-Williams papers, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution

Sponsor:

Funding for the processing of this collection was provided by the American Women's History Initiative.

See more items in:

Cynthia Irwin-Williams papers

Cynthia Irwin-Williams papers / Series 1: Research / 1.1: Archaeology

Archival Repository:

National Anthropological Archives

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw373d2e907-a9d5-4e32-9a32-6750c0cfc996

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-naa-1999-09-ref27

Creator:

Harrington, John Peabody, 1884-1961  Search this

Young, Robert W., 1912-2007  Search this

Clark, Ann Nolan, 1898-1995  Search this

La Farge, Oliver  Search this

Hoijer, Harry, 1904-1976  Search this

Van Valkenburgh, Richard F.  Search this

Collection Creator:

Harrington, John Peabody, 1884-1961  Search this

Extent:

59 Boxes

Culture:

Diné (Navajo)  Search this

Indians of North America -- Southwest, New  Search this

Type:

Archival materials

Field notes

Dictionaries

Vocabulary

Manuscripts

Date:

1935-1949

Scope and Contents:

This set of files contains Harrington's Navajo research. The materials consist of vocabulary, dictionary notes, grammar, rehearings of linguistic data, ethnobotany notes, ethnographic notes, texts, drafts and notes relating to primers, published and unpublished primers, unpublished and published papers, extracts from secondary sources, and miscellaneous notes.

The vocabulary section contains terms extracted from Young and Morgan's The Navaho Language, which were reheard principally to obtain Kiowa and Hano (Arizona Tewa) equivalences. Information is occasionally included from Harrington's Apache and Tewa notes. A brief typed vocabulary contains scattered grammatical material. There is also a slipfile of terms based mainly on An Ethnological Dictionary of the Navaho Language. It contains annotations and relevant excerpts from Harrington-Young correspondence. Plant names wIth Young's annotations are based on W. L. Jepson's A Manual of Flowering Plants of California (1925) and Washington Matthews' The Navajo Names for Plants (1886). Of the twenty semantic categories, the sections on animals, animal parts, plants, and placenames are particularly substantial.

The dictionary section consists of lexical terms from the Bureau of Indian Affairs' "Navajo Phrase Book," obtained from Willard Beatty and sent by Harrington to Young for rehearings. Navajo entries with Kiowa equivalences were apparently taken from a manuscript for a dictionary by Young. Two miscellaneous groups of entries are in Navajo/English.

The material on Navajo grammar is extensive and includes notes, drafts of a manuscript, excerpts from secondary sources, correspondence between Young and Harrington, and slips. The file was for proposed publications ranging from introductory manuals to the structuring of a comprehensive Navajo grammar.

A further substantial body of grammatical material is found on large slips. These include information from Young's voluminous correspondence, not otherwise interfiled. Part of this section is a further rehearing by Young of Morice's The Carrier Language. Another group of notes records comparisons with several southern Athapascan languages, evidently based on Young's notes, vocabulary items, correspondence, and other undocumented material. Harrington also used the slipfile format to index questions which he had earlier sent to Young.

Most of the rehearings of lingustic data are of Edward Sapir's linguistic terms by Young in 1940 and 1941. Though the copied materials may be similar in content, they do not appear to be exact duplicates of the Sapir linguistic holdings at the American Philosophical Society. Young also reheard terms from Hoijer's Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache Texts late in 1940. George E. Hood commented on Hoijer's "The Southern Athapascan Languages," possibly at about the same time. There are typed excerpts from Young's May 1938 letters regarding Morice's The Carrier Language and miscellaneous linguistic information given by Hood and reheard by Richard Long. Other miscellaneous rehearings are with Alfred Sanchez (abbreviated"Alf." or "Alfredo"), Willietto Antonio, George Hood, and Robert Young (September 1939); and with Howard Gorman, Albert Sandoval, and John Charles (1939). There is also a rehearing with Henry Tsosie of terms from Gladys A. Reichard and Adolph Dodge Bittany's Agentive and Causative Elements in Navaho (1940), including some excerpts from the book. Finally, in February 1941, he reheard the vocabulary of Pedro Bautista Pino with Howard Gorman; Young did not consider these terms to be Navajo.

The files also contains Harrington's notes on Navajo names for plants, gathered from secondary sources and possibly original data from colleagues or friends. Young also annotated some of the notes.

Harrington's ethnographic files includes notes, vocabulary, and illustrations on the structure of dwelling places as well as some information on the mythic origins of the Navajo. Many of the illustrations are by Charles Keetsie Shirley. On the same subject is a set of cards in Young's hand which was sent to Harrington at Fort Wingate in August 1939. At Harrington's request, Young also translated what appears to be a lesson on hogans, possibly a section of a proposed text for instructional purposes. A group of Chaco Canyon placenames were given by Ed Henry in June 1939; several others were extracted from various secondary sources. Other ethnographic subjects briefly covered are the Hoop and Pole game, a social and economic survey questionnaire, White Hat's funeral (1939), the Lord's Prayer as recorded by Berard Haile, and notes on Sandoval's sound recordings. Malcolm Farmer supplied nonlinguistic information and there is a small set of highly miscellaneous ethnographic and historical notes.

The text section contains billingual texts that Young collected and sent to Harrington in 1936. They were written with interlinear translations and followed by a precis in English. Titles include: "Deer and Coyote," "Where the People Came Out," "A Wedding Ceremonial," and "The Woman Who Changed into a Bear." A recording session on October 31, 1949, with Dick Left, Richard Long, and Harry (not further identified) provided Navajo songs, ceremonies, and legends. Harrington's notes supply the identity of the discs and peripheral information such as the gestures accompanying the songs. Some linguistic annotations are interspersed. The discs described in the notes have not been located.

Notes, drafts, and mockups from Harrington and Young's work creating Navajo primers are also present. During the course of their work together from 1937 to 1939, Harrington and Young prepared drafts for two primers, "Little Bear Primer" and "Spotted Dog Primer," a pre-primer (probably the so called "Doda Primer"), and a playbook or cut-out book. Despite an assurance that at least both of the major works were to be printed, neither of the primers were ever published. He and Young also served as translators for a set of four primers in the "Little Herder" series, and Harrington was also credited with developing the "Harrington-La Farge phonetic system" utilized in the three-volume set entitled Little Man's Family. Harrington and Young also helped translate Ann Nolan Clark's "Who Wants To Be a Prairie Dog?"

Other materials related to Harrington's writing include notes for his "Southern Peripheral Athapaskawan Origins, Divisions, and Migrations" and preliminary drafts and notes for the Navajo portion of "Earliest Navaho and Quechua" (1944) coauthored by Robert W. Young. There are also notes and drafts for his unpublished writings, among which include "Navaho Mouthmap," "The Indian Dog Comes into His Own,"and "What Light Can Navajo Throw on Indogermanic Reconstruction?"

Among his miscellaneous notes is a comparison of Navajo with other Indian languages. There are brief notes on trips made in 1940, a list of the names of non-Indians, miscellaneous correspondence, and notes which are neither linguistic nor ethnographic.

Because of their long-term collaboration, Young's notes are inextricably intermixed with those of Harrington. Although some are labeled "Y," Young's unlabeled contributions can be identified through his handwriting and printing, and even with his style. Other hand-copied material is the work of B.A.E. assistant, Arvilla Johnson. Harrington's daughter Awona produced many of the copies in eighteen-point type.

Biographical / Historical:

Although John P. Harrington published brief articles on Navajo in 1911 and 1929, his most sustained work in this language spanned the years 1935 to 1946. Correspondence and reports indicate that during this period he was in the field from July to November 1939, and from August to mid-November 1940 at such places as Fort Wingate and Gallup, New Mexico, and Phoenix, Tuba CIty, and Window Rock, Arizona. His success in the field is due in no small part to his brilliant young collaborator, Robert W. Young, whom he first contacted in August 1936 and with whom he carried on an extensive correspondence into the mid-1940s. In fact their joint efforts in Navajo were accomplished mainly by mail.

Harrington collaborated or corresponded with others, among whom were Ann Nolan Clark, Oliver La Farge, Francis Elmore, Harry Hoijer, William Hill, and Richard Van Valkenburgh. He also contacted various university professors and graduate students, some of whom taught at such programs as those directed by the Summer Institute of Linguistics (Camp Wycliffe) and the University of New Mexico School of American Research.

Harrington consulted a wide array of secondary sources and reheard or compared data from them which he later combined with original notes. These include several hundred terms from then-unpublished manuscripts of Edward Sapir, and two of Harry Hoijer's publications--Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache Texts (1938) and "The Southern Athapascan Languages" (1938). He made extensive use of two works published by the Franciscan Fathers, An Ethnological Dictionary of the Navaho Language (1910) and A Vocabulary of the Navaho Language (1912). He turned to W. L. Jepson and Washington Matthews for botanical terms, and to Adrien G. Morice for Carrier comparisons. In a search for precise grammatical terminology, he consulted a score or more of grammars, dictionaries, and publications on language and linguistics in Latin, Greek, Indo-Germanic, and several Arabic languages. Most prominent are Walter A. Ripman's Latin Handbook (1930) and Alan H. Gairdner's publication on Arabic phonetics (1935).

He worked with many Navajo speakers, some of whom were well-educated. Mentioned frequently are Willietto Antonio, Chee Dodge, Howard Gorman, George E. Hood, Hoskie Naswood, Albert Sandoval (also called "Chic"), Charles Keetsie Shirley, and Sam Tilden.

Local Numbers:

Accession #1976-95

Local Note:

This subseries was broken up into two catalog records to facilitate viewing of digital surrogates. See the catalog record for John Peabody Harrington papers: Navajo (part 2) to view surrogates for the rest of Harrington's Navajo files.

Restrictions:

No restrictions on access.

Rights:

Contact the repository for terms of use.

Topic:

Navajo language  Search this

Kiowa language  Search this

Tewa language  Search this

Carrier language  Search this

Athapascan languages  Search this

Language and languages -- Documentation  Search this

Linguistics  Search this

Ethnology  Search this

Ethnobotany  Search this

Names, Geographical  Search this

Zoology -- nomenclature  Search this

Genre/Form:

Field notes

Dictionaries

Vocabulary

Manuscripts

Collection Citation:

John Peabody Harrington papers, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution

The preferred citation for the Harrington Papers will reference the actual location within the collection, i.e. Box 172, Alaska/Northwest Coast, Papers of John Peabody Harrington, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution.

However, as the NAA understands the need to cite phrases or vocabulary on specific pages, a citation referencing the microfilmed papers is acceptable. Please note that the page numbering of the PDF version of the Harrington microfilm does not directly correlate to the analog microfilm frame numbers. If it is necessary to cite the microfilmed papers, please refer to the specific page number of the PDF version, as in: Papers of John Peabody Harrington, Microfilm: MF 7, R34 page 42.

See more items in:

John Peabody Harrington papers

John Peabody Harrington papers / Series 4: Native American History, Language, and Culture of the Southwest / 4.2: Navajo

Archival Repository:

National Anthropological Archives

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw3a20de076-50c6-4ba1-a37d-c9dbdce60655

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-naa-1976-95-ref17243

Creator:

Harrington, John Peabody, 1884-1961  Search this

Young, Robert W., 1912-2007  Search this

Clark, Ann Nolan, 1898-1995  Search this

La Farge, Oliver, 1901-1963  Search this

Hoijer, Harry, 1904-1976  Search this

Van Valkenburgh, Richard F.  Search this

Collection Creator:

Harrington, John Peabody, 1884-1961  Search this

Extent:

59 Boxes

Culture:

Diné (Navajo)  Search this

Indians of North America -- Southwest, New  Search this

Type:

Archival materials

Field notes

Dictionaries

Vocabulary

Manuscripts

Date:

1935-1949

Scope and Contents:

This set of files contains Harrington's Navajo research. The materials consist of vocabulary, dictionary notes, grammar, rehearings of linguistic data, ethnobotany notes, ethnographic notes, texts, drafts and notes relating to primers, published and unpublished primers, unpublished and published papers, extracts from secondary sources, and miscellaneous notes.

The vocabulary section contains terms extracted from Young and Morgan's The Navaho Language, which were reheard principally to obtain Kiowa and Hano (Arizona Tewa) equivalences. Information is occasionally included from Harrington's Apache and Tewa notes. A brief typed vocabulary contains scattered grammatical material. There is also a slipfile of terms based mainly on An Ethnological Dictionary of the Navaho Language. It contains annotations and relevant excerpts from Harrington-Young correspondence. Plant names wIth Young's annotations are based on W. L. Jepson's A Manual of Flowering Plants of California (1925) and Washington Matthews' The Navajo Names for Plants (1886). Of the twenty semantic categories, the sections on animals, animal parts, plants, and placenames are particularly substantial.

The dictionary section consists of lexical terms from the Bureau of Indian Affairs' "Navajo Phrase Book," obtained from Willard Beatty and sent by Harrington to Young for rehearings. Navajo entries with Kiowa equivalences were apparently taken from a manuscript for a dictionary by Young. Two miscellaneous groups of entries are in Navajo/English.

The material on Navajo grammar is extensive and includes notes, drafts of a manuscript, excerpts from secondary sources, correspondence between Young and Harrington, and slips. The file was for proposed publications ranging from introductory manuals to the structuring of a comprehensive Navajo grammar.

A further substantial body of grammatical material is found on large slips. These include information from Young's voluminous correspondence, not otherwise interfiled. Part of this section is a further rehearing by Young of Morice's The Carrier Language. Another group of notes records comparisons with several southern Athapascan languages, evidently based on Young's notes, vocabulary items, correspondence, and other undocumented material. Harrington also used the slipfile format to index questions which he had earlier sent to Young.

Most of the rehearings of lingustic data are of Edward Sapir's linguistic terms by Young in 1940 and 1941. Though the copied materials may be similar in content, they do not appear to be exact duplicates of the Sapir linguistic holdings at the American Philosophical Society. Young also reheard terms from Hoijer's Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache Texts late in 1940. George E. Hood commented on Hoijer's "The Southern Athapascan Languages," possibly at about the same time. There are typed excerpts from Young's May 1938 letters regarding Morice's The Carrier Language and miscellaneous linguistic information given by Hood and reheard by Richard Long. Other miscellaneous rehearings are with Alfred Sanchez (abbreviated"Alf." or "Alfredo"), Willietto Antonio, George Hood, and Robert Young (September 1939); and with Howard Gorman, Albert Sandoval, and John Charles (1939). There is also a rehearing with Henry Tsosie of terms from Gladys A. Reichard and Adolph Dodge Bittany's Agentive and Causative Elements in Navaho (1940), including some excerpts from the book. Finally, in February 1941, he reheard the vocabulary of Pedro Bautista Pino with Howard Gorman; Young did not consider these terms to be Navajo.

The files also contains Harrington's notes on Navajo names for plants, gathered from secondary sources and possibly original data from colleagues or friends. Young also annotated some of the notes.

Harrington's ethnographic files includes notes, vocabulary, and illustrations on the structure of dwelling places as well as some information on the mythic origins of the Navajo. Many of the illustrations are by Charles Keetsie Shirley. On the same subject is a set of cards in Young's hand which was sent to Harrington at Fort Wingate in August 1939. At Harrington's request, Young also translated what appears to be a lesson on hogans, possibly a section of a proposed text for instructional purposes. A group of Chaco Canyon placenames were given by Ed Henry in June 1939; several others were extracted from various secondary sources. Other ethnographic subjects briefly covered are the Hoop and Pole game, a social and economic survey questionnaire, White Hat's funeral (1939), the Lord's Prayer as recorded by Berard Haile, and notes on Sandoval's sound recordings. Malcolm Farmer supplied nonlinguistic information and there is a small set of highly miscellaneous ethnographic and historical notes.

The text section contains billingual texts that Young collected and sent to Harrington in 1936. They were written with interlinear translations and followed by a precis in English. Titles include: "Deer and Coyote," "Where the People Came Out," "A Wedding Ceremonial," and "The Woman Who Changed into a Bear." A recording session on October 31, 1949, with Dick Left, Richard Long, and Harry (not further identified) provided Navajo songs, ceremonies, and legends. Harrington's notes supply the identity of the discs and peripheral information such as the gestures accompanying the songs. Some linguistic annotations are interspersed. The discs described in the notes have not been located.

Notes, drafts, and mockups from Harrington and Young's work creating Navajo primers are also present. During the course of their work together from 1937 to 1939, Harrington and Young prepared drafts for two primers, "Little Bear Primer" and "Spotted Dog Primer," a pre-primer (probably the so called "Doda Primer"), and a playbook or cut-out book. Despite an assurance that at least both of the major works were to be printed, neither of the primers were ever published. He and Young also served as translators for a set of four primers in the "Little Herder" series, and Harrington was also credited with developing the "Harrington-La Farge phonetic system" utilized in the three-volume set entitled Little Man's Family. Harrington and Young also helped translate Ann Nolan Clark's "Who Wants To Be a Prairie Dog?"

Other materials related to Harrington's writing include notes for his "Southern Peripheral Athapaskawan Origins, Divisions, and Migrations" and preliminary drafts and notes for the Navajo portion of "Earliest Navaho and Quechua" (1944) coauthored by Robert W. Young. There are also notes and drafts for his unpublished writings, among which include "Navaho Mouthmap," "The Indian Dog Comes into His Own,"and "What Light Can Navajo Throw on Indogermanic Reconstruction?"

Among his miscellaneous notes is a comparison of Navajo with other Indian languages. There are brief notes on trips made in 1940, a list of the names of non-Indians, miscellaneous correspondence, and notes which are neither linguistic nor ethnographic.

Because of their long-term collaboration, Young's notes are inextricably intermixed with those of Harrington. Although some are labeled "Y," Young's unlabeled contributions can be identified through his handwriting and printing, and even with his style. Other hand-copied material is the work of B.A.E. assistant, Arvilla Johnson. Harrington's daughter Awona produced many of the copies in eighteen-point type.

Biographical / Historical:

Although John P. Harrington published brief articles on Navajo in 1911 and 1929, his most sustained work in this language spanned the years 1935 to 1946. Correspondence and reports indicate that during this period he was in the field from July to November 1939, and from August to mid-November 1940 at such places as Fort Wingate and Gallup, New Mexico, and Phoenix, Tuba CIty, and Window Rock, Arizona. His success in the field is due in no small part to his brilliant young collaborator, Robert W. Young, whom he first contacted in August 1936 and with whom he carried on an extensive correspondence into the mid-1940s. In fact their joint efforts in Navajo were accomplished mainly by mail.

Harrington collaborated or corresponded with others, among whom were Ann Nolan Clark, Oliver La Farge, Francis Elmore, Harry Hoijer, William Hill, and Richard Van Valkenburgh. He also contacted various university professors and graduate students, some of whom taught at such programs as those directed by the Summer Institute of Linguistics (Camp Wycliffe) and the University of New Mexico School of American Research.

Harrington consulted a wide array of secondary sources and reheard or compared data from them which he later combined with original notes. These include several hundred terms from then-unpublished manuscripts of Edward Sapir, and two of Harry Hoijer's publications--Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache Texts (1938) and "The Southern Athapascan Languages" (1938). He made extensive use of two works published by the Franciscan Fathers, An Ethnological Dictionary of the Navaho Language (1910) and A Vocabulary of the Navaho Language (1912). He turned to W. L. Jepson and Washington Matthews for botanical terms, and to Adrien G. Morice for Carrier comparisons. In a search for precise grammatical terminology, he consulted a score or more of grammars, dictionaries, and publications on language and linguistics in Latin, Greek, Indo-Germanic, and several Arabic languages. Most prominent are Walter A. Ripman's Latin Handbook (1930) and Alan H. Gairdner's publication on Arabic phonetics (1935).

He worked with many Navajo speakers, some of whom were well-educated. Mentioned frequently are Willietto Antonio, Chee Dodge, Howard Gorman, George E. Hood, Hoskie Naswood, Albert Sandoval (also called "Chic"), Charles Keetsie Shirley, and Sam Tilden.

Local Numbers:

Accession #1976-95

Local Note:

This subseries was broken up into two catalog records to facilitate viewing of digital surrogates. See the catalog record for John Peabody Harrington papers: Navajo (part 1) to view surrogates for the rest of Harrington's Navajo files.

Restrictions:

No restrictions on access.

Rights:

Contact the repository for terms of use.

Topic:

Navajo language  Search this

Kiowa language  Search this

Tewa language  Search this

Carrier language  Search this

Athapascan languages  Search this

Language and languages -- Documentation  Search this

Linguistics  Search this

Ethnology  Search this

Ethnobotany  Search this

Names, Geographical  Search this

Zoology -- nomenclature  Search this

Genre/Form:

Field notes

Dictionaries

Vocabulary

Manuscripts

Collection Citation:

John Peabody Harrington papers, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution

The preferred citation for the Harrington Papers will reference the actual location within the collection, i.e. Box 172, Alaska/Northwest Coast, Papers of John Peabody Harrington, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution.

However, as the NAA understands the need to cite phrases or vocabulary on specific pages, a citation referencing the microfilmed papers is acceptable. Please note that the page numbering of the PDF version of the Harrington microfilm does not directly correlate to the analog microfilm frame numbers. If it is necessary to cite the microfilmed papers, please refer to the specific page number of the PDF version, as in: Papers of John Peabody Harrington, Microfilm: MF 7, R34 page 42.

See more items in:

John Peabody Harrington papers

John Peabody Harrington papers / Series 4: Native American History, Language, and Culture of the Southwest / 4.2: Navajo

Archival Repository:

National Anthropological Archives

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw319a390f3-cfe7-4322-97c0-fe170d37113c

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-naa-1976-95-ref17244

Creator:

National Museum of the American Indian  Search this

Type:

Symposia

YouTube Videos

Uploaded:

2015-11-10T18:58:04.000Z

YouTube Category:

Education  Search this

Topic:

Native Americans;American Indians  Search this

See more by:

SmithsonianNMAI

Data Source:

National Museum of the American Indian

YouTube Channel:

SmithsonianNMAI

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:yt_Sn1liLNgH90

Author:

Reyhner, Jon Allan  Search this

Eder, Jeanne M. Oyawin  Search this

Physical description:

xv, 392 pages : illustrations, map ; 24 cm

Type:

Books

History

Place:

North America

United States

Date:

2017

Topic:

Education--History  Search this

Government relations--History  Search this

Cultural assimilation  Search this

Missions--History  Search this

Off-reservation boarding schools--History  Search this

Data Source:

Smithsonian Libraries

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:siris_sil_1110723

Creator:

National Museum of the American Indian  Search this

Type:

Symposia

YouTube Videos

Uploaded:

2013-12-20T13:56:41.000Z

YouTube Category:

Education  Search this

Topic:

Native Americans;American Indians  Search this

See more by:

SmithsonianNMAI

Data Source:

National Museum of the American Indian

YouTube Channel:

SmithsonianNMAI

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:yt_p3-GyQD6JqM

Creator:

Strong, William Duncan, 1899-1962  Search this

Names:

Columbia University  Search this

Institute of Andean Research Viru Valley Project  Search this

Rawson-MacMillan Subarctic Expedition  Search this

Extent:

64.88 Linear feet (87 boxes; 16 map folders; and 14 boxes of nitrate negatives, which are not included in the linear feet extent measurement)

Culture:

Eskimos  Search this

Sahnish (Arikara)  Search this

Naskapi Innu  Search this

Indians of North America -- California  Search this

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Place:

North Dakota -- Archeology

South Dakota -- Archeology

Great Plains

Honduras -- Archeology

Labrador (N.L.)

Nebraska -- Archeology

Columbia River Valley

Date:

1902-1965

bulk 1927-1955

Summary:

William Duncan Strong's early interest was in zoology, but, while an undergraduate at the University of California, he was brought into anthropology under the influence of Alfred Louis Kroeber. He conducted archaeological and ethnological field research in several areas of the New World and was the first professionally trained archaeologist to focus on the Great Plains, where he applied the so-called direct historical method, working from known history in interpreting archaeological sites. Strong's papers include correspondence, field notes, diaries, newspaper clippings, teaching notes and student papers, manuscripts of his writings, writings by other authors, papers from the various organizations in which he served, maps, and a considerable number of photographs from his field work. The materials date from 1902 to 1965, with most of the materials being from 1927 to 1955.

Scope and Contents:

Strong's papers include correspondence, field notes, diaries, newspaper clippings, teaching notes and student papers, manuscripts of his writings, writings by other authors, papers from the various organizations in which he served, maps, and a considerable number of photographs from his field work. The materials date from 1902 to 1965, with most of the materials being from 1927 to 1955.

Strong's papers reflect his professional life, but there is little personal material. Except for the Rawson-MacMillan Labrador Expedition, there is little information from Strong's years at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago. Other than information on field work expenses, there is little light shed on Strong's personal financial situation. There is no personal correspondence with either of his wives and little correspondence with family members, except for his brother, Ronald. Some correspondence from the late 1930s to the early 1940s is not present and its whereabouts is not known. Of special interest is a collection of drawings by Naskapi Indian children collected while Strong was on the Labrador expedition in 1928. Strong collected obituaries, vitae, news articles, and writings on and by other anthropologists. He was an inveterate doodler, and his fascinating creations appear throughout the papers.

Strong also collected materials from other researchers, including Loren Eiseley's 1931 field notes from the Morrill Expedition, Maurice Kirby's 1932 notes on the Signal Butte excavations, notes and drawings from the 1936 Honduras expedition by Alfred V. Kidder II, and the field notebooks kept by Clifford Evans for the 1946 Virú Valley expedition in Peru. Contributed photographs from field expeditions are from A.T. Hill, Waldo Wedel, and John Champe.

Please note that the contents of the collection and the language and terminology used reflect the context and culture of the time of its creation. As an historical document, its contents may be at odds with contemporary views and terminology and considered offensive today. The information within this collection does not reflect the views of the Smithsonian Institution or National Anthropological Archives, but is available in its original form to facilitate research.

Arrangement:

The collection is arranged in 12 series: (1) Miscellaneous personal papers, 1914-1963; (2) Correspondence, 1922-1965; (3) Materials relating to field work, 1921-1963; (4) Miscellaneous research notes, 1917-1960, most undated; (5) Maps and charts, 1902-1949; (6) Drawings by Naskapi Indians and Eskimos, 1910, 1928; (7) Manuscripts of writings, 1922-1962, undated; (8) Writings by other authors, 1902-1961; (9) Papers relating to organizations, 1926-1961; (10) Teaching materials and course work, 1909, 1928-1961; (11) Miscellany, 1902-1961, most undated; (12) Photographs, 1913-1950.

Biographical Note:

William Duncan Strong (1899-1962) was a major figure in American anthropology. His accomplishments were as a field worker in archaeology and ethnology, archaeological theorist, writer, and teacher. He was, furthermore, a leader in anthropological organizations. In 1954, his position in the field was recognized by the award of the Viking Fund Medal for his contributions to archaeology.

William Duncan Strong's early interest was in zoology, but, while an undergraduate at the University of California, he was brought into anthropology under the influence of Alfred Louis Kroeber. He conducted archaeological and ethnological field research in several areas of the New World, including Labrador, southern California, Honduras, and Peru. Strong was the first professionally trained archaeologist to focus on the Great Plains, and it was there that he applied the so-called direct historical method, working from known history in interpreting archaeological sites. His work in all these areas are represented by notebooks, diaries, specimen catalogues, maps, and photographs.

Strong spent the majority of his professional life affiliated with various universities and taught many anthropologists who became influential in their own right. His students included Loren Eiseley, Waldo R. Wedel, Joseph Jablow, Oscar Lewis, John Landgraf, Dorothy Keur, David Stout, Charles Wagley, Eleanor Leacock, John Champe, Albert C. Spaulding, Victor Barnouw, John M. Corbett, Walter Fairservis, and Richard B. Woodbury. Strong preserved the student papers by some of these anthropologists as well as their correspondence with him.

Strong influenced American anthropology by his service in professional societies. He served as president of the American Ethnological Society, the Institute of Andean Research, and the Society for American Archaeology. He was the director of the Ethnogeographic Board (his journal from his tenure as director is in the papers) and chairman of the Committee on Basic Needs of American Archaeology. In this latter capacity, Strong was involved in establishing a program to salvage archaeological sites before they were destroyed by public works. Strong served as the anthropological consultant to the Bureau of Indian Affairs during Franklin Roosevelt's administration and advised on new directions to be taken in Indian Service policy.

Strong died suddenly on January 29, 1962.

Chronology

1899 -- Born January 30 in Portland, Oregon

1917 April-1919 January -- In the United States Navy aboard the U.S.S. South Dakota on convoy duty in the Atlantic Ocean

1922 -- Collected faunal specimens in the Canadian Rockies, Skeena River district, for the University of California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology

1923 -- A.B., University of California Studied Max Uhle's Peruvian archaeological collection Collected faunal specimens, Columbia River, Washington

Winter, 1923-1924 -- Archaeological investigations in the southern San Joaquin Valley, California under the direction of Edwin Winslow Gifford

1924-1925 -- Expedition to study Shoshonean tribes (the Serrano, Cahuilla, Cupeño, and Luiseño) of Southern California (Riverside and San Diego counties) under Alfred Louis Kroeber Archaeological surveys and excavations of three months each in the middle Columbia River Valley in Oregon and Washington

1925 -- Archaeological expedition and collection of faunal specimens in the San Pedro Martir Mountains, Baja California under W. Egbert Schenk

1925-1926 -- Research Assistant, Department of Anthropology, University of California

1926 -- PhD, Anthropology, University of California

1926 July-1929 August -- Assistant Curator of North American Ethnology and Archaeology, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago

1927 -- An Analysis of Southwestern Society (doctoral dissertation)

1927 June-1928 September -- Anthropologist on the Rawson-MacMillan September, 1928 Subarctic Expedition of the Field Museum Studied Naskapi and Eskimos in Labrador and on Baffin Island

1929 -- Married Jean Stevens

1929 August-1931 July -- Professor of Anthropology, University of Nebraska

1929 -- Published The Aboriginal Society of Southern California

1929-1931 -- Director, Archaeological Survey of Nebraska, University of Nebraska

1930 June 11-September 6 -- Excavated at Rock Bluff cemetery site

1931 -- Helped organize the First Plains Conference (held August 31-September 2)

1931-1932 -- Morrill Expedition, central and western Nebraska and North and South Dakota: ethnological investigations of Arikaras at Nishu, North Dakota; excavation at Signal Butte, Nebraska; and excavation at Leavenworth and Rygh village sites in South Dakota

1931 July-1937 August -- Senior Anthropologist, Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution

1932 -- Archaeological survey of northeastern Honduras along the Mosquito Coast and the Patuca River, archaeological work on the Bay Islands, and ethnological investigation of Sumu Indians

1933-1934 -- Two Civilian Works Administration archaeological expeditions (five months each) in California in southern San Joaquin Valley, Kern County, at Tulamniu (a Yokuts village) and eastern Chumash area

1934-1937 -- Trustee, Laboratory of Anthropology, Sante Fe

1935 -- Anthropological consultant to the Bureau of Indian Affairs Assistant editor, American Antiquity Published Archeological Investigations in the Bay islands, Spanish Honduras and An Introduction to Nebraska Archeology

1935-1937 -- Member, Committee on State Archeological Surveys, National Research Council

1936 -- Smithsonian Institution-Harvard expedition to northwestern Honduras to the valleys of the Chamelecon and the Ulua Rivers, Naco and other sites

1937-1962 -- Professor, later Chairman, Department of Anthropology, Columbia University

1937-1938 -- Vice-President, American Anthropological Association

1938 -- Fort Abraham Lincoln (Slant Mandan village) site and Sheyenne-Cheyenne village site excavations in North Dakota

1939 -- Chairman, National Research Council's Committee on Basic Needs in American Archaeology Excavated at Arzberger site in South Dakota and the area between the Chamberlain and Cheyenne Rivers

1940 -- Member, National Research Council's Committee on War Services of Anthropology Expeditions to western Florida and southwestern United States, especially New Mexico Peruvian archaeological survey

1941 -- Chairman, Section H, American Association for the Advancement of Science

1941-1942 -- President, American Ethnological Society Peruvian excavations at Pachacamac in the Chancay Valley and the Ancon-Supe excavations

1942? -- Peruvian excavations in the Naxca and Ica Valleys

1942-1944 -- Director, Ethnogeographic Board

1943 -- Published Cross Sections of New World Prehistory Appointed to Loubat Professorship at Columbia University

1945 -- Married Helen Richardson

1946 -- Peruvian excavations, Virú Valley Project National Research Council liaison member of the Committee for the Recovery of Archaeological Remains President, Institute of Andean Research

1948-1949 -- Chairman, Anthropology Section of New York Academy of Sciences

1949 July-August -- Peru-Mexico trip

1950 -- Talking Crow site expedition Excavated at Signal Butte

1952-1953 -- Peruvian expeditions, Nazca and Ica Valleys

1954 -- Awarded the Viking Fund Medal Trip to western United States

1955-1956 -- President, Society for American Archaeology

1962 -- Died January 29

Selected Bibliography

1929 -- Strong, William Duncan. Aboriginal Society of Southern California. Vol. 26, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1929.

1935 -- Strong, William Duncan. Archeological Investigations in the Bay islands, Spanish Honduras. Washington: The Smithsonian Institution, 1935. Strong, William Duncan. An Introduction to Nebraska Archeology. Vol. 93, no. 10, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Washington: The Smithsonian Institution, 1935.

1938 -- Strong, William Duncan, Alfred Kidder, II, and A.J. Drexel Pail, Jr. Preliminary Report on the Smithsonian Institution-Harvard University Archeological Expedition to Northwestern Honduras, 1936. Vol. 97, no. 1, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Washington: The Smithsonian Institution, 1938.

1943 -- Strong, William Duncan. Cross Sections of New World Prehistory: a Brief Report on the Work of the Institute of Andean Research, 1941-1942. Vol. 104, no. 2, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Washington: The Smithsonian Institution, 1943. Strong, William Duncan. Archeological Studies in Peru, 1941-1942. New York: Columbia University Press, 1943.

1948 -- "The Archeology of Honduras." In The Circum-Caribbean Tribes Vol. 4, Handbook of South American Indians, edited by Julian H. Steward, 71-120. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin No. 143. Washington: U.S. Government Print Office, 1948.

1952 -- Strong, William Duncan, and Clifford Evans. Cultural Stratigraphy in the Virú Valley, Northern Peru. New York: Columbia University Press, 1952.

For a complete bibliography of Strong's works, see Solecki, Ralph, and Charles Wagley. "William Duncan Strong, 1899-1962," American Anthropologist 65, no. 5 (October 1963): 1102-1111. https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1525/aa.1963.65.5.02a00080

Related Materials:

Additional materials in the National Anthropological Archives relating to William Duncan Strong can be found in the records of the American Anthropological Association, Bureau of American Ethnology, Handbook of South American Indians, Institute of Social Anthropology, River Basin Surveys, the Society for American Archaeology, and Tulamniu Project (1933-1934); the papers of Ralph Leon Beals, John Peabody Harrington, Frederick Johnson, Frank Maryl Setzler, Ruth Schlossberg Landes, Albert Clanton Spaulding (including information on the Arzberger site), and Waldo Rudolph and Mildred Mott Wedel; Photographic Lot 14, Bureau of American Ethnology Subject and Geographic File; Photographic Lot 24, Bureau of American Ethnology-United States National Museum Photographs of American Indians; Photographic Lot 77-80, Portraits of Smithsonian Anthropologists; Photographic Lot 92-35, Ralph S. Solecki Photographs of Anthropologists; Numbered Collections, MS 4821 (records of the Anthropological Society of Washington), MS 4261 (photographs made on a site survey in the Santa Barbara Mountains, California, 1934), MS 4302 (journal covering the 1936 expedition to Honduras), MS 4846 (correspondence between BAE authors and the BAE editor's office), and MS 7200 (original field catalog of Honduran artifacts, 1936); and in the non-archival reference file. There are also materials in the Smithsonian Institution Archives in record units 87 (Ethnogeographic Board), 9528 (Henry Bascom Collins interviews), and 1050102 (papers of T. Wayland Vaughan). In the Human Studies Film Archives there is material on Strong in the video dialogues of Charles Wagley, 1983.

Provenance:

The Strong papers were donated to the archives by Strong's widow, Mrs. Helen Richardson Strong. Most of the arrangements were handled by Ralph S. Solecki, then of Columbia University. He sent the papers to the archives between 1974 and 1979, and there have been small accretions since that time. These accretions came through Richard G. Forbis, Department of Anthropology, University of Calgary; Mildred Mott Wedel and Waldo R. Wedel, Department of Anthropology; and Nan A. Rothschild, Department of Anthropology, Barnard College. Mrs. Strong donated the rights in the unpublished material in the collection to the Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian Institution.

Restrictions:

The William Duncan Strong papers are open for research.

Access to the William Duncan Strong papers requires and appointment.

Rights:

Contact the repository for terms of use.

Topic:

Excavations (Archaeology) -- California  Search this

Excavations (Archaeology) -- Peru  Search this

Archaeology  Search this

Anthropology  Search this

Ethnology  Search this

Citation:

William Duncan Strong papers, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution

Identifier:

NAA.1974-28

See more items in:

William Duncan Strong papers

Archival Repository:

National Anthropological Archives

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw3ca9b7686-6050-4cf3-bb98-c6b00c48ebda

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-naa-1974-28

Collection Creator:

Strong, William Duncan, 1899-1962  Search this

Container:

Box 50

Type:

Archival materials

Date:

1934-1937

Scope and Contents:

Strong served as anthropological consultant to the Bureau of Indian Affairs from May through December 1935. Includes a copy of the understanding between the Bureau of American Ethnology and the BIA relating to investigations on reservation Indians (May 1, 1935), a suggested program for combined BAE-BIA investigations (May 1, 1935), a copy of "Notes on the place of anthropology in the administration of Indian affairs" apparently by Felix Cohen (December 9, 1935), correspondence, and a copy of Hill's 1935 report "Acculturation and Present Cultural Status of the Navaho."

Collection Restrictions:

The William Duncan Strong papers are open for research.

Access to the William Duncan Strong papers requires and appointment.

Collection Rights:

Contact the repository for terms of use.

Collection Citation:

William Duncan Strong papers, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution

See more items in:

William Duncan Strong papers

William Duncan Strong papers / Series 9: Papers relating to organizations

Archival Repository:

National Anthropological Archives

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw3630ccd2a-73db-4b8b-822e-d884bd113772

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-naa-1974-28-ref779

Collector:

McCoy, Lillie  Search this

Names:

United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs  Search this

Extent:

16 Drawings (visual works) (pencil, crayon, and watercolor)

2 Items (cut-out colored paper)

Container:

Box 3276-a / 3276-b, Folder 2-20

Culture:

Pueblo  Search this

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Graphic Materials

Drawings (visual works)

Drawings

Works of art

Place:

North America

New Mexico

Date:

before 1927

Scope and Contents:

The collection consists of eighteen (18) artworks by students of Indian schools in New Mexico, including McCarty's Day School, San Felipe Day School, Seama Day School, and U.S. Indian Vocational School (Albuquerque). Sixteen (16) of the items are watercolor, pencil, and/or crayon drawings, and two (2) are representations of pottery made from colored paper and glue. The names, ages, grades, and schools of some of the children are recorded on some of the items. Subjects depicted include pottery, abstract designs, weaving, and dances.

Please note that the contents of the collection and the language and terminology used reflect the context and culture of the time of its creation. As an historical document, its contents may be at odds with contemporary views and terminology and considered offensive today. The information within this collection does not reflect the views of the Smithsonian Institution or National Anthropological Archives, but is available in its original form to facilitate research.

Local Numbers:

NAA MS 3276-b

Restrictions:

The collection is open for research.

Access to the collection requires an appointment.

Rights:

Contact the repository for terms of use.

Topic:

Pottery  Search this

Children's drawings  Search this

Genre/Form:

Drawings

Works of art

Citation:

MS 3276-b Drawings by students at McCarty's Day School, San Felipe Day School, Seama Day School, and U.S. Indian Vocational School (Albuquerque), National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution

Identifier:

NAA.MS3276B

Archival Repository:

National Anthropological Archives

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw38cfbe85a-8ffc-4d57-8319-76faddb397bc

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-naa-ms3276b

Creator:

McKenney, Thomas L. (Thomas Loraine), 1785-1859  Search this

Hall, James, 1793-1868  Search this

Extent:

11 Lithographs (color, approximately 20 x 14 inches)

Container:

Folder 1

Folder 2

Folder 3

Folder 4

Culture:

Sac and Fox (Sauk & Fox)  Search this

Sioux  Search this

Fox  Search this

Iowa  Search this

Sauk  Search this

Shawnee  Search this

Seminole  Search this

Ho-Chunk (Winnebago)  Search this

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Graphic Materials

Lithographs

Works of art

Portraits

Place:

North America

Date:

1836-1844

1965

Scope and Contents:

The collection consists of eleven (11) color lithographs from History of the Indian Tribes of North America by Thomas L. McKenney and James Hall. The lithographs in this set depict:

1. Chon-Mon-I-Case, an Otto Half Chief

2. Ma-Has-Kah or White Cloud, an Ioway Chief

3. Micanopy, a Seminole Chief

4. Naw-Kaw, a Winnebago Chief

5. Nea-Math-La, a Seminole Chief

6. Ne Sou A Quot, a Fox Chief

7. Qu-Ta-Wa-Pea, a Shawnee Chief

8. Thayendanegea, the Great Captain of Six Nations

9. Wakechai, a Saukie Chief

10. Wa-Na-Ta, Grand Chief of the Sioux

11. Wa-Pel-La, Chief of the Musquakees.

Ten portraits are original hand-colored lithographs, while the lithograph of Wa-Pel-La is a reprint from 1965.

Please note that the contents of the collection and the language and terminology used reflect the context and culture of the time of its creation. As an historical document, its contents may be at odds with contemporary views and terminology and considered offensive today. The information within this collection does not reflect the views of the Smithsonian Institution or National Anthropological Archives, but is available in its original form to facilitate research.

Historical Note:

Painter Charles Bird King was commissioned by Thomas Loraine McKenney, superintendent of Indian trade (1816-1822) and later the superintendent of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (1824-1830), to create a government collection of portraits of prominent American Indians visiting Washington, D.C. The portraits were reproduced as hand-colored lithographs and published in McKenney and James Hall's three volume work, History of the Indian Tribes of North America. The first volume was published in 1837, with the last volume published in 1844. The paintings, which were transferred to the Smithsonian in 1858, were on display in the museum when they were destroyed in a fire in 1865. Only a few were rescued from the fire. Consequently, the McKenney and Hall lithographs are the only records of King's portraits.

Local Numbers:

NAA MS 1984-26

INV 08820100 INV 08820200 INV 08820300 INV 08820400 INV 09123200 INV 09123300

Restrictions:

The collection is open for research.

Access to the collection requires an appointment.

Rights:

Contact the repository for terms of use.

Genre/Form:

Works of art

Lithographs

Portraits

Citation:

MS 1984-26 Lithographs from History of the Indian Tribes of North America, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution

Identifier:

NAA.MS1984-26

Archival Repository:

National Anthropological Archives

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw3c535ed2d-0a03-4a81-9186-a117e82e7afa

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-naa-ms1984-26

Creator:

Bureau of Indian Affairs  Search this

Collection Creator:

Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology  Search this

Extent:

1 Sheet (32 cm x 43 cm)

Culture:

Apache  Search this

Indians of North America -- Southwest, New  Search this

Type:

Archival materials

Sheets

Maps

Place:

Arizona

Date:

1891

Local Numbers:

NAA INV.00000041

Local Note:

BAE 0279-0288

Printed document

Collection Restrictions:

The Records of the Bureau of American Ethnology are open for research.

Access to the Records of the Bureau of American Ethnology requires an appointment.

Collection Rights:

Contact repository for terms of use.

Genre/Form:

Maps -- Ethnology

Collection Citation:

Records of the Bureau of American Ethnology, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution

See more items in:

Records of the Bureau of American Ethnology

Records of the Bureau of American Ethnology / Series 13: Maps / Maps 1-352

Archival Repository:

National Anthropological Archives

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw33b29ac7e-1898-4c35-80ab-802b44da8d58

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-naa-xxxx-0155-ref5321

Creator:

Bureau of Indian Affairs  Search this

Collection Creator:

Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology  Search this

Extent:

1 Sheet (33 cm x 44 cm)

Culture:

American Indian  Search this

Type:

Archival materials

Sheets

Maps

Place:

United States

Date:

1882

Local Numbers:

NAA INV.00000279

Local Note:

NONE

Printed document

Collection Restrictions:

The Records of the Bureau of American Ethnology are open for research.

Access to the Records of the Bureau of American Ethnology requires an appointment.

Collection Rights:

Contact repository for terms of use.

Genre/Form:

Maps -- Ethnology

Collection Citation:

Records of the Bureau of American Ethnology, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution

See more items in:

Records of the Bureau of American Ethnology

Records of the Bureau of American Ethnology / Series 13: Maps / Maps 1-352

Archival Repository:

National Anthropological Archives

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw34c3acd8f-4901-4a33-b39c-409874b06b6f

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-naa-xxxx-0155-ref5559

Creator:

Bureau of Indian Affairs  Search this

Collection Creator:

Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology  Search this

Extent:

1 Sheet (43 cm x 27 cm)

Culture:

Coeur d'Alene  Search this

Sioux  Search this

Indians of North America -- Great Plains  Search this

Indians of North America -- Plateau  Search this

Type:

Archival materials

Sheets

Maps

Place:

United States

Date:

1881

Local Numbers:

NAA INV.00000280

Local Note:

NONE

Printed document

Collection Restrictions:

The Records of the Bureau of American Ethnology are open for research.

Access to the Records of the Bureau of American Ethnology requires an appointment.

Collection Rights:

Contact repository for terms of use.

Topic:

Sioux  Search this

Genre/Form:

Maps -- Ethnology

Collection Citation:

Records of the Bureau of American Ethnology, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution

See more items in:

Records of the Bureau of American Ethnology

Records of the Bureau of American Ethnology / Series 13: Maps / Maps 1-352

Archival Repository:

National Anthropological Archives

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw3b78b6e8e-796d-40dc-abd8-6543fa281478

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-naa-xxxx-0155-ref5560

Creator:

Bureau of Indian Affairs  Search this

Collection Creator:

Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology  Search this

Extent:

1 Sheet (50 cm x 33 cm)

Culture:

American Indian  Search this

Type:

Archival materials

Sheets

Maps

Place:

United States

Date:

1882

Local Numbers:

NAA INV.00000281

Local Note:

NONE

Printed document

Collection Restrictions:

The Records of the Bureau of American Ethnology are open for research.

Access to the Records of the Bureau of American Ethnology requires an appointment.

Collection Rights:

Contact repository for terms of use.

Genre/Form:

Maps -- Ethnology

Collection Citation:

Records of the Bureau of American Ethnology, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution

See more items in:

Records of the Bureau of American Ethnology

Records of the Bureau of American Ethnology / Series 13: Maps / Maps 1-352

Archival Repository:

National Anthropological Archives

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw3fcec166b-e7a9-4313-a5f9-195741bce036

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-naa-xxxx-0155-ref5561