Search Results

Photograph by:

Carl B. Ullrich, American, born 1898  Search this

Printed by:

Carl Ullrich, Inc., American  Search this

Subject of:

Booker T. Washington High School, American, founded 1913  Search this

Booker T. Washington, American, 1856 - 1915  Search this

Medium:

silver and photographic gelatin on photographic paper

Dimensions:

H x W: 4 3/4 x 4 in. (12.1 x 10.2 cm)

Type:

gelatin silver prints

Place printed:

Chicago, Cook County, Illinois, United States, North and Central America

Place captured:

Tulsa, Tulsa County, Oklahoma, United States, North and Central America

Date:

1930-1950

Topic:

African American  Search this

American South  Search this

American West  Search this

Education  Search this

Photography  Search this

Segregation  Search this

Credit Line:

Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Gift of the Families of Anita Williams Christopher and David Owen Williams

Object number:

2013.79.1

Restrictions & Rights:

Unknown - Restrictions Possible

See more items in:

National Museum of African American History and Culture Collection

Collection title:

W.D. Williams Family Collection, Tulsa, Oklahoma

Classification:

Media Arts-Photography

Data Source:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/fd5ef388882-e133-4914-aa54-bf1e12810908

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmaahc_2013.79.1

Photograph by:

Unidentified  Search this

Subject of:

Unidentified Woman or Women  Search this

Booker T. Washington High School, American, founded 1913  Search this

Medium:

photographic gelatin and silver on photographic paper with ink on paper (fiber product)

Dimensions:

H x W (2013.79.10a): 2 3/4 x 6 1/2 in. (7 x 16.5 cm)

H x W (2013.79.10b): 3 3/8 x 6 3/4 in. (8.6 x 17.1 cm)

Type:

gelatin silver prints

Place depicted:

Tulsa, Tulsa County, Oklahoma, United States, North and Central America

Date:

1940s-1950s

Topic:

African American  Search this

American South  Search this

American West  Search this

Amusements  Search this

Band (Music)  Search this

Communities  Search this

Education  Search this

Marching bands (Music)  Search this

Photography  Search this

Youth  Search this

Credit Line:

Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Gift of the Families of Anita Williams Christopher and David Owen Williams

Object number:

2013.79.10ab

Restrictions & Rights:

Unknown - Restrictions Possible

See more items in:

National Museum of African American History and Culture Collection

Collection title:

W.D. Williams Family Collection, Tulsa, Oklahoma

Classification:

Media Arts-Photography

Data Source:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/fd566a016cb-c183-4745-9714-a7330cff0a3c

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmaahc_2013.79.10ab

Photograph by:

Unidentified  Search this

Subject of:

Unidentified Woman or Women  Search this

Booker T. Washington High School, American, founded 1913  Search this

Medium:

silver and photographic gelatin on photographic paper

Dimensions:

H x W: 4 1/2 x 9 1/4 in. (11.4 x 23.5 cm)

Type:

gelatin silver prints

Place depicted:

Tulsa, Tulsa County, Oklahoma, United States, North and Central America

Date:

1940s-1950s

Topic:

African American  Search this

American South  Search this

American West  Search this

Band (Music)  Search this

Marching bands (Music)  Search this

Photography  Search this

Credit Line:

Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Gift of the Families of Anita Williams Christopher and David Owen Williams

Object number:

2013.79.11

Restrictions & Rights:

Unknown - Restrictions Possible

See more items in:

National Museum of African American History and Culture Collection

Collection title:

W.D. Williams Family Collection, Tulsa, Oklahoma

Classification:

Media Arts-Photography

Data Source:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/fd555d13cdb-5661-40f9-9b84-b7384d235fe6

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmaahc_2013.79.11

Printed by:

Unidentified  Search this

Subject of:

Booker T. Washington High School, American, founded 1913  Search this

Skelly Stadium, American, 1930 - 2007  Search this

Crispus Attucks High School, American, founded 1927  Search this

Sammye Hall, American, born 1916  Search this

Medium:

ink on paper

Dimensions:

H x W (2013.79.16a): 8 1/2 x 7 1/2 in. (21.6 x 19.1 cm)

H x W (2013.79.16b): 8 1/2 x 7 1/2 in. (21.6 x 19.1 cm)

Type:

programs

Place depicted:

Tulsa, Tulsa County, Oklahoma, United States, North and Central America

Date:

December 1, 1934

Topic:

African American  Search this

American South  Search this

American West  Search this

Communities  Search this

Education  Search this

Football  Search this

Social life and customs  Search this

Sports  Search this

U.S. History, 1933-1945  Search this

Youth  Search this

Credit Line:

Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Gift of the Families of Anita Williams Christopher and David Owen Williams

Object number:

2013.79.16ab

Restrictions & Rights:

Public domain

See more items in:

National Museum of African American History and Culture Collection

Collection title:

W.D. Williams Family Collection, Tulsa, Oklahoma

Classification:

Memorabilia and Ephemera

Data Source:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/fd5f4a0b4d3-0424-4336-b57a-2e066fc399c4

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmaahc_2013.79.16ab

Published by:

Booker T. Washington High School, American, founded 1913  Search this

Medium:

ink on paper

Dimensions:

H x W: 11 1/2 x 7 3/4 in. (29.2 x 19.7 cm)

Type:

yearbooks

Place depicted:

Tulsa, Tulsa County, Oklahoma, United States, North and Central America

Date:

1941

Topic:

African American  Search this

American South  Search this

American West  Search this

Communities  Search this

Education  Search this

U.S. History, 1933-1945  Search this

Credit Line:

Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Gift of the Families of Anita Williams Christopher and David Owen Williams

Object number:

2013.79.21

Restrictions & Rights:

Unknown - Restrictions Possible

See more items in:

National Museum of African American History and Culture Collection

Collection title:

W.D. Williams Family Collection, Tulsa, Oklahoma

Classification:

Memorabilia and Ephemera

Data Source:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/fd553eb4089-0e87-4864-8d80-bddb4bd89737

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmaahc_2013.79.21

Published by:

Booker T. Washington High School, American, founded 1913  Search this

Signed by:

W.D. Williams, 1905 - 1984  Search this

Medium:

ink on paper

Dimensions:

11 1/4 x 8 3/4 x 1/2 in. (28.6 x 22.2 x 1.3 cm)

Open Flat: 11 3/8 × 17 13/16 × 2 1/8 in. (28.9 × 45.2 × 5.4 cm)

Type:

school yearbooks

Place depicted:

Tulsa, Tulsa County, Oklahoma, United States, North and Central America

Date:

1948

Topic:

African American  Search this

American South  Search this

American West  Search this

Communities  Search this

Education  Search this

U.S. History, 1945-1953  Search this

Credit Line:

Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Gift of the Families of Anita Williams Christopher and David Owen Williams

Object number:

2013.79.25

Restrictions & Rights:

No Known Copyright Restrictions

See more items in:

National Museum of African American History and Culture Collection

Collection title:

W.D. Williams Family Collection, Tulsa, Oklahoma

Classification:

Memorabilia and Ephemera

Exhibition:

Power of Place

On View:

NMAAHC (1400 Constitution Ave NW), National Mall Location, Community/Third Floor, 3 051

Data Source:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/fd5a6b30f36-34b7-4265-959e-499ac6b4b895

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmaahc_2013.79.25

Manufactured by:

Unidentified  Search this

Subject of:

Booker T. Washington High School, American, founded 1913  Search this

Owned by:

W.D. Williams, 1905 - 1984  Search this

Medium:

Photograph album: cardboard, paper, plastic, metal, adhesive

Gelatin silver prints: silver and photographic gelatin on photographic paper

Dimensions:

11 1/2 x 11 x 2 in. (29.2 x 27.9 x 5.1 cm)

Type:

gelatin silver prints

Place depicted:

Tulsa, Tulsa County, Oklahoma, United States, North and Central America

Date:

1934-1967

Topic:

African American  Search this

American South  Search this

American West  Search this

Communities  Search this

Education  Search this

Photography  Search this

Social life and customs  Search this

Youth  Search this

Credit Line:

Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Gift of the Families of Anita Williams Christopher and David Owen Williams

Object number:

2013.79.30

Restrictions & Rights:

Unknown - Restrictions Possible

See more items in:

National Museum of African American History and Culture Collection

Collection title:

W.D. Williams Family Collection, Tulsa, Oklahoma

Classification:

Memorabilia and Ephemera-Advertisements

Data Source:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/fd52a7db16f-5aa7-4dc3-8183-577d8fce851d

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmaahc_2013.79.30

Manufactured by:

Magnetic Book Co., American  Search this

Owned by:

W.D. Williams, 1905 - 1984  Search this

Subject of:

Booker T. Washington High School, American, founded 1913  Search this

Medium:

Photograph album: cardboard, metal, plastic

Gelatin silver prints: silver and photographic gelatin on photographic paper

Chromogenic color prints: dye and photographic gelatin on photographic paper

Newspaper: newsprint, ink

Dimensions:

11 1/2 x 10 1/2 x 1 3/4 in. (29.2 x 26.7 x 4.4 cm)

Type:

chromogenic color prints

gelatin silver prints

newspapers

photograph albums

Place made:

Roslyn Heights, Nassau County, New York, United States, North and Central America

Place collected:

Tulsa, Tulsa County, Oklahoma, United States, North and Central America

Date:

1917-1978

Topic:

African American  Search this

American South  Search this

American West  Search this

Communities  Search this

Education  Search this

Social life and customs  Search this

Credit Line:

Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Gift of the Families of Anita Williams Christopher and David Owen Williams

Object number:

2013.79.31

Restrictions & Rights:

Unknown - Restrictions Possible

See more items in:

National Museum of African American History and Culture Collection

Collection title:

W.D. Williams Family Collection, Tulsa, Oklahoma

Classification:

Media Arts-Photography

Data Source:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/fd55c257487-5931-43ba-a369-cc437fdf295f

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmaahc_2013.79.31

Printed by:

Booker T. Washington High School, American, founded 1913  Search this

Subject of:

David Owen Williams, American, 1930 - 2015  Search this

Owned by:

W.D. Williams, 1905 - 1984  Search this

Medium:

ink on paper

Dimensions:

H x W: 5 5/8 x 3 5/16 in. (14.3 x 8.4 cm)

Type:

report cards

Place used:

Tulsa, Tulsa County, Oklahoma, United States, North and Central America

Date:

1946

Topic:

African American  Search this

American South  Search this

American West  Search this

Communities  Search this

Education  Search this

Families  Search this

Credit Line:

Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Gift of the Families of Anita Williams Christopher and David Owen Williams

Object number:

2013.79.35.1

Restrictions & Rights:

No Known Copyright Restrictions

See more items in:

National Museum of African American History and Culture Collection

Collection title:

W.D. Williams Family Collection, Tulsa, Oklahoma

Data Source:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/fd5f92fd7da-a6af-41fa-8ac5-d54993693590

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmaahc_2013.79.35.1

Printed by:

Booker T. Washington High School, American, founded 1913  Search this

Subject of:

David Owen Williams, American, 1930 - 2015  Search this

Owned by:

W.D. Williams, 1905 - 1984  Search this

Medium:

ink on paper

Dimensions:

H x W: 5 5/8 x 3 5/16 in. (14.3 x 8.4 cm)

Type:

report cards

Place used:

Tulsa, Tulsa County, Oklahoma, United States, North and Central America

Date:

1946

Topic:

African American  Search this

Communities  Search this

Education  Search this

Youth  Search this

Credit Line:

Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Gift of the Families of Anita Williams Christopher and David Owen Williams

Object number:

2013.79.35.6

Restrictions & Rights:

No Known Copyright Restrictions

See more items in:

National Museum of African American History and Culture Collection

Collection title:

W.D. Williams Family Collection, Tulsa, Oklahoma

Classification:

Documents and Published Materials

Exhibition:

Power of Place

On View:

NMAAHC (1400 Constitution Ave NW), National Mall Location, Community/Third Floor, 3 051

Data Source:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/fd5878134ee-530a-46cd-889e-e8d12981fa4e

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmaahc_2013.79.35.6

Printed by:

Unidentified  Search this

Subject of:

Booker T. Washington High School, American, founded 1913  Search this

Medium:

ink on paper

Dimensions:

H x W: 5 1/2 x 4 in. (14 x 10.2 cm)

Type:

announcements

Place depicted:

Tulsa, Tulsa County, Oklahoma, United States, North and Central America

Date:

1935

Topic:

African American  Search this

American South  Search this

American West  Search this

Communities  Search this

Education  Search this

Social life and customs  Search this

U.S. History, 1933-1945  Search this

Credit Line:

Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Gift of the Families of Anita Williams Christopher and David Owen Williams

Object number:

2013.79.7

Restrictions & Rights:

No Known Copyright Restrictions

See more items in:

National Museum of African American History and Culture Collection

Collection title:

W.D. Williams Family Collection, Tulsa, Oklahoma

Classification:

Memorabilia and Ephemera

Data Source:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/fd55132e341-1cbb-40ce-919e-af19deaddee7

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmaahc_2013.79.7

Printed by:

Unidentified  Search this

Subject of:

Booker T. Washington High School, American, founded 1913  Search this

Medium:

ink on paper, tissue paper, suede

Dimensions:

H x W: 5 3/4 x 4 1/2 in. (14.6 x 11.4 cm)

Type:

announcements

Place depicted:

Tulsa, Tulsa County, Oklahoma, United States, North and Central America

Date:

1932

Topic:

African American  Search this

American South  Search this

American West  Search this

Communities  Search this

Education  Search this

Social life and customs  Search this

Credit Line:

Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Gift of the Families of Anita Williams Christopher and David Owen Williams

Object number:

2013.79.8

Restrictions & Rights:

Public domain

See more items in:

National Museum of African American History and Culture Collection

Collection title:

W.D. Williams Family Collection, Tulsa, Oklahoma

Classification:

Memorabilia and Ephemera

Data Source:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/fd5b718aff0-9353-43b7-a5ff-662d858a16c6

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmaahc_2013.79.8

Subject of:

Unidentified  Search this

Booker T. Washington High School, American, founded 1913  Search this

Medium:

ink on paper

Dimensions:

5 1/2 x 4 1/4 x 1/8 in. (14 x 10.8 x 0.3 cm)

Type:

invitations

Place depicted:

Tulsa, Tulsa County, Oklahoma, United States, North and Central America

Date:

1940

Topic:

African American  Search this

American South  Search this

American West  Search this

Communities  Search this

Education  Search this

Social life and customs  Search this

U.S. History, 1933-1945  Search this

Credit Line:

Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Gift of the Families of Anita Williams Christopher and David Owen Williams

Object number:

2013.79.9

Restrictions & Rights:

Public Domain

See more items in:

National Museum of African American History and Culture Collection

Collection title:

W.D. Williams Family Collection, Tulsa, Oklahoma

Classification:

Memorabilia and Ephemera

Data Source:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/fd5c651902d-a151-4a15-b613-f38ef2e578a1

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmaahc_2013.79.9

Printed by:

Unidentified  Search this

Subject of:

Henry Clay Whitlow Jr., American, 1909 - 1994  Search this

Vernon African Methodist Episcopal Church, American, founded 1905  Search this

Booker T. Washington High School, American, founded 1913  Search this

Owned by:

Eddie Faye Gates, American, 1934 - 2021  Search this

Medium:

digital

Dimensions:

H x W: 3425pixels × 5211pixels

Type:

digital images

programs

digital media - born analog

Place collected:

Tulsa, Tulsa County, Oklahoma, United States, North and Central America

Date:

April 19, 1994

Topic:

African American  Search this

American South  Search this

American West  Search this

Communities  Search this

Education  Search this

Families  Search this

Funeral customs and rites  Search this

Religion  Search this

Religious groups  Search this

Credit Line:

Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Gift of Eddie Faye Gates, Tulsa OK, author, historian, community activist

Object number:

2014.117.70

Restrictions & Rights:

No Known Copyright Restrictions

See more items in:

National Museum of African American History and Culture Collection

Collection title:

Eddie Faye Gates Collection, Tulsa, Oklahoma

Classification:

Memorabilia and Ephemera

Data Source:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/fd5469651c0-6466-4628-9c24-c5d2ff013d3c

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmaahc_2014.117.70

Created by:

Unidentified  Search this

Subject of:

Booker T. Washington High School, American, founded 1913  Search this

Eunice Jackson, American, 1903 - 2004  Search this

Medium:

ink on paper with book cloth and metal staples

Dimensions:

H x W: 11 × 8 1/2 in. (27.9 × 21.6 cm)

Type:

school yearbooks

Place depicted:

Tulsa, Tulsa County, Oklahoma, United States, North and Central America

Date:

July 1978

Topic:

African American  Search this

American South  Search this

American West  Search this

Communities  Search this

Education  Search this

Race relations  Search this

Credit Line:

Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Gift of Princetta R. Newman

Object number:

2014.75.145

Restrictions & Rights:

No Known Copyright Restrictions

See more items in:

National Museum of African American History and Culture Collection

Collection title:

The Princetta R. Newman Collection of Family Photographs, Tulsa, Oklahoma

Classification:

Media Arts-Photography

Data Source:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/fd5c645cc90-ae13-40f0-8e5c-655cf3a4c6bd

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmaahc_2014.75.145

Created by:

Booker T. Washington High School, American, founded 1913  Search this

J.T. H. West  Search this

Subject of:

Horace S. Hughes, American, 1896 - 1952  Search this

Seymour Williams  Search this

Owned by:

J. Kavin Ross, American  Search this

Medium:

ink on paper

Dimensions:

12 1/2 x 9 3/4 x 1/4 in. (31.8 x 24.8 x 0.6 cm)

Type:

yearbooks

Place depicted:

Tulsa, Tulsa County, Oklahoma, United States, North and Central America

Date:

1921

Topic:

African American  Search this

American South  Search this

American West  Search this

Associations and institutions  Search this

Communities  Search this

Education  Search this

Youth  Search this

Credit Line:

Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture

Object number:

2011.175.18

Restrictions & Rights:

Public domain

See more items in:

National Museum of African American History and Culture Collection

Classification:

Memorabilia and Ephemera

Data Source:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/fd5cf686f45-c2e8-49dd-b1ec-8d6b4a322773

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmaahc_2011.175.18

Created by:

Booker T. Washington High School, American, founded 1913  Search this

Medium:

ink on paper

Dimensions:

H x W: 8 x 5 1/2 in. (20.3 x 14 cm)

Type:

manuals

Place made:

Tulsa, Tulsa County, Oklahoma, United States, North and Central America

Date:

1934

Topic:

African American  Search this

American South  Search this

American West  Search this

Education  Search this

Credit Line:

Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Gift of the Families of Anita Williams Christopher and David Owen Williams

Object number:

2011.60.10

Restrictions & Rights:

Public domain

See more items in:

National Museum of African American History and Culture Collection

Classification:

Memorabilia and Ephemera

Data Source:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/fd516815195-1b9b-40fc-bd1d-b9e90ec98f42

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmaahc_2011.60.10

Created by:

Unidentified  Search this

Subject of:

Booker T. Washington High School, American, founded 1913  Search this

Medium:

ink on paper

Dimensions:

H x W: 9 x 5 3/4 in. (22.9 x 14.6 cm)

Type:

programs

Place depicted:

Tulsa, Tulsa County, Oklahoma, United States, North and Central America

Date:

November 27, 1930

Topic:

African American  Search this

American South  Search this

American West  Search this

Athletes  Search this

Education  Search this

Football  Search this

Sports  Search this

Credit Line:

Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Gift of the Families of Anita Williams Christopher and David Owen Williams

Object number:

2011.60.11

Restrictions & Rights:

No Known Copyright Restrictions

See more items in:

National Museum of African American History and Culture Collection

Classification:

Memorabilia and Ephemera

Data Source:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/fd576aadf4f-1a45-434b-8c40-d3b40b2b9ef1

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmaahc_2011.60.11

Created by:

Unidentified  Search this

Subject of:

Booker T. Washington High School, American, founded 1913  Search this

Medium:

ink on paper

Dimensions:

H x W: 10 x 6 1/4 in. (25.4 x 15.9 cm)

Type:

programs

Place depicted:

Tulsa, Tulsa County, Oklahoma, United States, North and Central America

Date:

November 8, 1946

Topic:

African American  Search this

American South  Search this

American West  Search this

Athletes  Search this

Education  Search this

Football  Search this

Sports  Search this

Credit Line:

Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Gift of the Families of Anita Williams Christopher and David Owen Williams

Object number:

2011.60.12

Restrictions & Rights:

Public domain

See more items in:

National Museum of African American History and Culture Collection

Classification:

Memorabilia and Ephemera

Data Source:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/fd5522ab338-bc3d-4acf-8881-aa1340f3c97d

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmaahc_2011.60.12

Created by:

Unidentified  Search this

Subject of:

Booker T. Washington High School, American, founded 1913  Search this

Medium:

ink on paper

Dimensions:

H x W: 9 x 6 in. (22.9 x 15.2 cm)

Type:

programs

Place depicted:

Tulsa, Tulsa County, Oklahoma, United States, North and Central America

Date:

November 24, 1932

Topic:

African American  Search this

American South  Search this

American West  Search this

Athletes  Search this

Education  Search this

Football  Search this

Sports  Search this

Credit Line:

Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Gift of the Families of Anita Williams Christopher and David Owen Williams

Object number:

2011.60.13.1

Restrictions & Rights:

Public domain

See more items in:

National Museum of African American History and Culture Collection

Classification:

Memorabilia and Ephemera

Data Source:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/fd590fb37c6-5e43-42d0-b4bb-9d45ffc7a420

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmaahc_2011.60.13.1