Search Results

Author:

Krinsky, Carol Herselle  Search this

Extent:

2.92 Linear feet ((7 boxes))

Culture:

Minnesota Chippewa [White Earth, Minnesota]  Search this

Minnesota Chippewa [Red Lake, Minnesota]  Search this

Hupa  Search this

Tohono O'odham (Papago)  Search this

Pequot  Search this

Paugussett (Paugusset)  Search this

Mohegan  Search this

Iroquois  Search this

Hopi Pueblo  Search this

Diné (Navajo)  Search this

Akimel O'odham (Pima)  Search this

Piipaash (Maricopa)  Search this

Pueblo  Search this

Indians of North America  Search this

Ho-Chunk (Winnebago)  Search this

Yakama (Yakima)  Search this

Swinomish  Search this

Makah  Search this

Shinnecock  Search this

Seneca  Search this

Oneida  Search this

Apache  Search this

Tulalip  Search this

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Clippings

Correspondence

Interviews

Photographs

Date:

1964-2004

Summary:

These papers consist of research materials collected and used by Professor Carol Herselle Krinsky for her book Contemporary Native American Architecture: Cultural Regeneration and Creativity.

Scope and Contents:

These papers consist of research materials collected and used by Professor Carol Herselle Krinsky for her book Contemporary Native American Architecture: Cultural Regeneration and Creativity. This book discusses the connection between trends in modern architecture and native culture, as well as how culture has been revived through architecture, and how existing structures are altered to better reflect the native culture they serve. These materials include correspondence, newspaper clippings, interview transcripts, and photographs. News clippings in this collection include articles in German.

Arrangement:

The Carol H. Krinsky Papers are divided into two main series based on the original order established by Dr. Krinsky.

Series 1, Tribes (1964-2004) [Boxes 1-4] Series 2, Subject Files (1967-2004) [Boxes 5-7]

Biographical / Historical:

Carol Herselle Krinsky is a professor of Fine Arts at New York University. She received a BA from Smith College in 1957, a M.A. from the NYU Institute of Fine Arts in 1960, and a PhD from NYU in 1965. Professor Krinsky has received many honors and awards throughout her career including the Miess Publication Award from the College Art Association (1985), the National Jewish Book Award (1986), a Merit of Distinction from the International Center for Holocaust Studies (1987), a Golden Dozen Teaching Award from NYU (1990) and; the Brunner Research Award from the New York City Chapter of the American Institute of Architects. She has also been named a Senior Fulbright Scholar.

Previous publications have included Synagogues of Europe, Rockefeller Center, and Gordon Bunshaft of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill.

Provenance:

The collection was donated by Dr. Carol Herselle Krinsky on March 3, 2004.

Restrictions:

Access to NMAI Archive Center collections is by appointment only, Monday - Friday, 9:30 am - 4:30 pm. Please contact the archives to make an appointment (phone: 301-238-1400, email: nmaiarchives@si.edu).

Rights:

Single photocopies may be made for research purposes. Permission to publish materials from the collection must be requested from the NMAI Archivist. The Archives has no information on the status of literary rights for the work of others found in these papers; researchers are responsible for determining any question of copyright.

Topic:

Indians of North America -- Wyoming  Search this

Indians of North America -- Virginia  Search this

Indians of North America -- North Dakota  Search this

Indians of North America -- Wisconsin  Search this

Indians of North America -- Washington (State)  Search this

Indians of North America -- New Mexico  Search this

Indians of North America -- California  Search this

Indians of North America -- Arizona  Search this

Indians of North America -- Georgia  Search this

Indians of North America -- Florida  Search this

Indians of North America -- Massachusetts  Search this

Indians of North America -- Maine  Search this

Indians of North America -- New Jersey  Search this

Indians of North America -- Montana  Search this

Indians of North America -- New York  Search this

Indians of North America -- North Carolina  Search this

Architecture, Modern  Search this

Indians of North America -- Government relations  Search this

Indians of North America -- Social life and customs  Search this

Indians of North America -- Alaska  Search this

Indians of North America -- Colorado  Search this

Indians of North America -- Connecticut  Search this

Indians of North America -- Idaho  Search this

Indians of North America -- Indiana  Search this

Indians of North America -- Illinois  Search this

Indians of North America -- Louisiana  Search this

Indians of North America -- Kansas  Search this

Indians of North America -- Minnesota  Search this

Indians of North America -- Michigan  Search this

Indians of North America -- Nevada  Search this

Indians of North America -- Nebraska  Search this

Indians of North America -- Rhode Island  Search this

Indians of North America -- Oregon  Search this

Indians of North America -- Tennessee  Search this

Indians of North America -- South Dakota  Search this

Indians of North America -- Oklahoma  Search this

Indians of North America -- Texas  Search this

Genre/Form:

Clippings

Correspondence

Interviews

Photographs

Citation:

Identification of specific item; Date (if known); Carol H. Krinsky Papers, Box and Folder Number; National Museum of the American Indian Archives, Smithsonian Institution.

Identifier:

NMAI.AC.008

See more items in:

Carol H. Krinsky papers

Archival Repository:

National Museum of the American Indian

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nmai-ac-008

Creator:

Bell, C. M. (Charles Milton), approximately 1849-1893  Search this

Names:

Joseph (Nez Percé Chief), 1840-1904  Search this

Lean Wolf.  Search this

Parker, Quanah, 1845?-1911  Search this

Plenty Coups Chief of the Crows, 1848-1932  Search this

Red Cloud, 1822-1909  Search this

Spotted Tail, 1823-1881  Search this

Extent:

340 Copy prints (circa)

3 Prints (albumen)

333 Glass negatives (wet plate collodion and dry gelatin)

69 Copy negatives

Culture:

Pikuni Blackfeet (Piegan)  Search this

Northwest Coast  Search this

Sauk  Search this

Seminole  Search this

Indians of North America -- Southern States  Search this

Indians of North America -- Great Plains  Search this

Shoshone  Search this

Sisitonwan Dakota (Sisseton Sioux)  Search this

Spokan  Search this

Wichita  Search this

Ho-Chunk (Winnebago)  Search this

Yakama (Yakima)  Search this

Yanktonnai Nakota (Yankton Sioux)  Search this

Indians of North America -- Northeast  Search this

Oto  Search this

Osage  Search this

Kickapoo  Search this

Kaw (Kansa)  Search this

Kiowa  Search this

Plains Apache (Kiowa Apache)  Search this

Oglala Lakota (Oglala Sioux)  Search this

Niimíipuu (Nez Perce)  Search this

Omaha  Search this

Anishinaabe (Chippewa/Ojibwa)  Search this

Cherokee  Search this

Sicangu Lakota (Brulé Sioux)  Search this

Assiniboine (Stoney)  Search this

Sahnish (Arikara)  Search this

Inunaina (Arapaho)  Search this

Indians of North America -- Plateau  Search this

Hunkpapa Lakota (Hunkpapa Sioux)  Search this

Iowa  Search this

Palouse  Search this

Chaticks Si Chaticks (Pawnee)  Search this

Minitari (Hidatsa)  Search this

Fox Indians  Search this

Lenape (Delaware)  Search this

Apsáalooke (Crow/Absaroke)  Search this

Niuam (Comanche)  Search this

Tsitsistas/Suhtai (Cheyenne)  Search this

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Copy prints

Prints

Glass negatives

Copy negatives

Photographs

Date:

circa 1874-1890

Scope and Contents note:

Portraits of Native Americans made by Charles Milton Bell in his Washington, DC studio. Depicted individuals include Red Cloud, Oglala; Spotted Tail, Brule; Quanah Parker, Comanche; Nawat, Arapaho; Scabby Bull, Arapaho; Wolf Robe, Cheyenne; D. W. Bushyhead, Cherokee; John Jumper, Seminole; Plenty Coups, Crow; Rushing Bear, Arikara; Gall, Hunkpapa; John Grass, Sihasapa; Lean Wolf, Hidatsa; Chief Joseph, Nez Perce; and Lone Wolf, Kiowa; as well as people associated with Pawnee Bill's Wild West Show. The collection also includes copies of some images by other photographers, including G. G. Rockwood and F. T. Cummins.

Biographical/Historical note:

Charles Milton Bell (circa 1849-1893) was the youngest member of a family of photographers that operated a studio in Washington, DC, from around 1860-1874. Bell established his own studio on Pennsylvania Avenue in 1873 and it rapidly became one of the leading photography studios in the city. Bell developed the patronage of Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden, who sent Native American visitors to the studio to have their portraits made. Bell also made photographs of Native Americans for the Department of the Interior and the Bureau of American Ethnology.

Local Call Number(s):

NAA Photo Lot 80, NAA MS 4661

Location of Other Archival Materials:

Copy prints previously filed in MS 4661 have been relocated and merged with Photo Lot 80. These are also copy prints of Bell negatives that were acquired from Boyce and form part of this collection.

Additional C. M. Bell photographs held in National Anthropological Archives Photo Lot 4420, Photo Lot 24, Photo Lot 60, Photo Lot 81-44, Photo lot 87-2P, and Photo Lot 90-1.

Restrictions:

The collection is open for research.

Access to the collection requires an appointment.

Rights:

Contact the repository for terms of use.

Genre/Form:

Photographs

Citation:

Photo Lot 80, Charles Milton Bell photographs of Native Americans, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution

Identifier:

NAA.PhotoLot.80

Archival Repository:

National Anthropological Archives

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-naa-photolot-80

Collector:

Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology  Search this

Photographer:

Bennett & Brown  Search this

Caswell & Davy  Search this

Continent Stereoscopic Company  Search this

E. & H.T. Anthony (Firm)  Search this

J. Gurney & Son  Search this

Whitney & Zimmerman  Search this

Barker, George, 1844-1894  Search this

Bennett, H. H. (Henry Hamilton), 1843-1908  Search this

Brown, William Henry, 1844-1886  Search this

Childs, B. F. (Brainard F.), ca. 1841-1921  Search this

Cross, W. R. (William R.)  Search this

Doerr, H. A. (Henry A.), 1826-1885  Search this

Haynes, F. Jay (Frank Jay), 1853-1921  Search this

Heister, H. T., (Henry T.), -1895  Search this

Hillers, John K., 1843-1925  Search this

Jackson, William Henry, 1843-1942  Search this

Jarvis, J. F. (John F.), b. 1850  Search this

Morrow, Stanley J.  Search this

Payne, H. T.  Search this

Robinson, H. N.  Search this

Savage, C. R. (Charles Roscoe), 1832-1909  Search this

Singley, B. L. (Benjamin Lloyd)  Search this

Soule, John P.  Search this

Whitney, Joel E. (Joel Emmons), 1822-1886  Search this

Wittick, Ben, 1845-1903  Search this

Publisher:

Florida Club (Cooperative)  Search this

Keystone View Company  Search this

Underwood & Underwood  Search this

Brubaker, C. B.  Search this

Names:

Curly, approximately 1856-1923  Search this

Red Cloud, 1822-1909  Search this

Sitting Bull, 1831-1890  Search this

Extent:

70 Stereographs (circa, albumen)

Culture:

Arctic peoples  Search this

Indians of North America -- Great Plains  Search this

Indians of North America -- Great Basin  Search this

Anishinaabe (Chippewa/Ojibwa)  Search this

Seneca  Search this

Numakiki (Mandan)  Search this

Oglala Lakota (Oglala Sioux)  Search this

Nuwuvi (Southern Paiute)  Search this

Tewa Pueblos  Search this

Shoshone  Search this

Sisitonwan Dakota (Sisseton Sioux)  Search this

Ho-Chunk (Winnebago)  Search this

Tuscarora  Search this

Ute  Search this

Eskimos  Search this

Hopi Pueblo  Search this

Isleta Pueblo  Search this

Indians of North America -- Northeast  Search this

Kiowa  Search this

Laguna Pueblo  Search this

Sahnish (Arikara)  Search this

Tsitsistas/Suhtai (Cheyenne)  Search this

Sioux  Search this

Minitari (Hidatsa)  Search this

Indians of North America -- Southwest, New  Search this

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Stereographs

Photographs

Date:

late 19th century-early 20th century

Scope and Contents note:

Stereographs documenting Native North Americans, including studio portraits, camps and dwellings, graves, infants in cradleboards, and pottery. Specific images portray Sitting Bull's camp at Fort Randall, Curly at the Custer monument, and a Southern Plains delegation at the White House Conservatory. Tribes represented include Winnebago, Tuscarora, Tesuque, Seneca, San Juan, Pecos, Ojibwa, Oglala, Ute, Kaibab, Sisseton, Arikara, Mandan, Hopi, Shoshoni, Isleta, and Laguna, as well as Native peoples of Alaska and Labrador.

The photographs were published by a variety of firms including E. & H. T. Anthony & Company, George Barker, H. H. Bennett, Bennett & Brown, W. Henry Brown, Caswell & Davy, Childs Art Gallery, B. B. Brubaker, Continent Stereo Company, W. R. Cross, H. A. Doerr, J. Gurney & Son, Haynes, H. T. Hiester, John K. Hillers, William H. Jackson, J. F. Jarvis, Keystone View Company, B. L. Singley, S. J. Morrow, H. T. Payne, H. N. Robinson, C. R. Savage, John P. Soule, Underwood & Underwood, Whitney's Gallery, Whitney & Zimmerman, and Ben Wittick.

Local Call Number(s):

NAA Photo Lot 140

Location of Other Archival Materials:

Additional photographs by these photographers can be found in the National Anthropological Archives in additional collections of stereographs relating to Native Americans (MS 4551 and Photo Lot 90-1)

Restrictions:

The collection is open for research.

Access to the collection requires an appointment.

Rights:

Contact the repository for terms of use.

Topic:

Dwellings  Search this

Cradleboards  Search this

Pottery  Search this

Genre/Form:

Photographs

Citation:

Photo lot 140, Bureau of American Ethnology collection of stereographs relating to Native Americans, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution

Identifier:

NAA.PhotoLot.140

Archival Repository:

National Anthropological Archives

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-naa-photolot-140

Creator:

Oliver, Marvin, 1946-  Search this

Collection Creator:

National Museum of the American Indian (U.S.)  Search this

Extent:

0.01 Linear feet

Culture:

Quinault  Search this

Isleta Pueblo  Search this

Type:

Archival materials

Date:

2007

Scope and Contents:

A signed poster depicting "Shaman Telling Raven's Tale" by Marvin Oliver (Quinault/Isleta) used for the 2007 Sante Fe Indian Market.

Biographical / Historical:

Marvin Oliver (Quinault/Isleta-Pueblo) is a Native American glass artist, sculptor and printmaker. Oliver has a B.A. from San Francisco State University and a M.F.A. from the University of Washington.

Oliver is Professor of American Indian Studies and Art at the University of Washington, and serves as Adjunct Curator of Contemporary Native American Art at the Burke Museum.

Provenance:

Donated by Marvin Oliver in 2007.

Collection Restrictions:

Access to NMAI Archive Center collections is by appointment only, Monday - Friday, 9:30 am - 4:30 pm. Please contact the archives to make an appointment (phone: 301-238-1400, email: nmaiarchives@si.edu).

Collection Rights:

Permission to publish materials from the collection must be requested from National Museum of the American Indian Archive Center. Please submit a written request to nmaiphotos@si.edu. For personal or classroom use, users are invited to download, print, photocopy, and distribute the images that are available online without prior written permission, provided that the files are not modified in any way, the Smithsonian Institution copyright notice (where applicable) is included, and the source of the image is identified as the National Museum of the American Indian. For more information please see the Smithsonian's Terms of Use and NMAI Archive Center's Digital Image request website.

Collection Citation:

Identification of specific item; Date (if known); General Manuscripts and Ephemera collections, Box and Folder Number; National Museum of the American Indian Archive Center, Smithsonian Institution.

See more items in:

General Manuscripts and Ephemera collections

Archival Repository:

National Museum of the American Indian

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-nmai-ac-998-ref505

Source:

C.H. Nash Museum at Chucalissa  Search this

Creator:

Hall, Dale, Mrs.  Search this

Former owner:

C.H. Nash Museum at Chucalissa  Search this

Names:

Curtis, Charles, 1860-1936  Search this

Thorpe, Jim, 1887-1953  Search this

Unkalunt, Princess Atalie, 1895-1954  Search this

Extent:

75 Photographic prints

Culture:

Oklahoma Cherokee  Search this

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Photographic prints

Studio portraits

Date:

1900-1950

Summary:

The photographs of Princess Atalie Unkalunt collection includes 75 photographic prints and postcards of Princess Atalie Unkalunt (Oklahoma Cherokee) taken by various photographers throughout her life and career. Princess Atalie Unkalunt, nee Iva J. Rider, (1895 – 1954) was a Cherokee opera singer, artist, author, and community activist.

Scope and Contents:

The bulk of the collection contains photographic prints and postcards of Princess Atalie Unkalunt (Oklahoma Cherokee) taken by various photographers throughout her life and career. Many of the photographs are undated but it is likely that most were taken between 1920 and 1950.

Included in the collection are studio portraits of Princess Atalie, both headshots and full length shots. In many of the studio shots Princess Atalie is wearing a beaded headband, or a full headdress, a hide dress and moccasins and is frequently posed with additional props. However there are a number of studio portraits where she is wearing non-native dress, often wearing a hat and stole. Princess Atalie was also photographed at the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, circa 1920, modeling hide dresses and moccasins from the collection (see related materials note). There are also photographs of Princess Atalie posed with groups or individuals she met throughout her career. This includes photographs with Jim Thorpe (Sac and Fox), famed Olympian and athlete; Charles Curtis (Kaw), Vice President to Herbert Hoover; the Girl Scouts of East Orange, Oklahoma; as well as several groups of unidentified children.

Of note are several postcards from Princess Atalie (signed Iva) written to her sisters from her time in the Business Women's Unit of the Y.M.C.A during WWI. There are also photographs that include a note to Atalie's sister Mary as well as a portrait of Mary that had previously been mis-identified as Atalie. In addition to photographs of Princess Atalie, there are portraits of other opera performers who were contemporaries of Princess Atalie. These include portraits of Chief Yowlachie (Yakama), a bass singer and soloist with the Seneca Orchestra; and Yma Sumac, a Peruvian-American soprano.

Known photographers and photo studios include—Albert R. Dupont, Jack Gordon, Del Ankers, Bryant E. Sherman, Albert Green Heath, Pierson Studio, Strand Studio, Chdnoff Studio, Underwood and Underwood Co., Watton Studio (Oklahoma City), Apeda Studio, Sands Studio and Roege Photo.

Arrangement:

Arranged by catalog number P23844-P23911.

Biographical / Historical:

Princess Atalie Unkalunt, nee Iva J. Rider, (1895 – 1954) was a Cherokee opera singer, artist, author, and community activist. Also known as Sunshine Rider, Atalie was born in Stilwell, Oklahoma to Thomas L. Rider (Domgeske Unkalunt), a Cherokee state senator and chairman of Indian affairs, and Josephine Pace Rider. As a child attending Indian schools, Atalie saw the need for a cultural missionary to educate the world about Native people and their place in history. She developed a gift for song at a young age and after finishing her high school studies spent time in California where she gained experience in film and then moved to Boston to begin vocal studies. After the U.S. entered World War I, Atalie joined the Business Women's Unit of the Y.M.C.A. secretly advancing her age several years in order to meet the age requirements. She served 18 months overseas working as an entertainer and secretary. Upon her return to the United States, she settled in New York City to continue her vocal studies and quickly became an acclaimed opera singer. She sang at concert venues around the country and performed at the White House.

Her desire to be a cultural missionary never wavered and she became a lecturer for the New York Board of Education where she spoke to audiences about Native American customs and songs. She broadcasted a radio program to countries in Europe singing both classical arias as well as Native songs. She founded the Society of the First Sons and Daughters of America Foundation whose mission was to recognize and promote the contributions of Native people and give them opportunities to promote their talents in the arts. In addition to her vocal talents, she was a skilled painter and designer and in 1942, she wrote and illustrated the book "The Earth Speaks", a collection of tales adapted from Cherokee legends. In the late 1940s, Atalie moved to Washington D.C. where she spent her time digging through government archival records in order to research claims due the Cherokee Indians from the United States government. Atalie passed away in 1954.

Related Materials:

Three photographs in the collection include images of objects currently in the NMAI collection. These include Princess Atalie wearing a Nimi'ipuu (Nez Perce) hide dress (NMAI 029996), a Ute beaded hide dress (NMAI 050958) and Ute mocassins (NMAI 006986) and Ethyl E. Schellbach wearing a Niuam (Comanche) beaded hide dress (NMAI 021803) and Niuam (Comanche) legging moccasins (NMAI 021132).

Provenance:

Donated by Mrs. Dale Hall to the C.H. Nash Museum (Chucalissa) in 1967. Donated by the C.H. Nash Museum (Chucalissa) to the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation in 1978. It is unclear how Mrs. Hall came into the posesssion of the photographs though it is possible she was a friend of the family or a distant relative.

Restrictions:

Access to NMAI Archive Center collections is by appointment only, Monday - Friday, 9:30 am - 4:30 pm. Please contact the archives to make an appointment (phone: 301-238-1400, email: nmaiarchives@si.edu).

Rights:

Permission to publish materials from the collection must be requested from National Museum of the American Indian Archive Center. Please submit a written request to nmaiphotos@si.edu. For personal or classroom use, users are invited users to download, print, photocopy, and distribute the images that are available online without prior written permission, provided that the files are not changed, the Smithsonian Institution copyright notice (where applicable) is included, and the source of the image is identified as the National Museum of the American Indian.

Topic:

Opera  Search this

Genre/Form:

Studio portraits

Photographic prints

Citation:

Identification of specific item; Date (if known); Photographs of Princess Atalie Unkalunt collection, Photo Number; National Museum of the American Indian Archive Center, Smithsonian Institution.

Identifier:

NMAI.AC.117

Archival Repository:

National Museum of the American Indian

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nmai-ac-117

Photographer:

Pearse-Hocker, Anne  Search this

Names:

American Indian Movement  Search this

Aquash, Anna Mae, 1945-1976  Search this

Banks, Dennis  Search this

Bellecourt, Clyde H. (Clyde Howard), 1936-  Search this

Bellecourt, Vernon  Search this

Black Elk, Wallace H.  Search this

Frizzell, Kent, 1929-  Search this

Means, Russell, 1939-  Search this

Extent:

54 Contact sheets (black and white)

35 mm. (black and white, 8 x 10 in.)

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Contact sheets

Black-and-white negatives

Place:

Pine Ridge Indian Reservation (S.D.)

Pine Ridge (S.D.)

Wounded Knee (S.D.) -- History -- Indian occupation, 1973

Date:

1970-1973

Summary:

The majority of Pearse-Hocker's momentous negatives give eyewitness account to two weeks of both the mundane and brutal reality of daily life during the 1973 occupation of Wounded Knee on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in Pine Ridge, South Dakota. The takeover of the town and the conflict between about 200 members of AIM (American Indian Movement, the Native American civil rights activist organization begun in the 1968) and the United States Marshals Service began on February 27 and lasted for 71 days, resulting in tragedy on both sides of the conflict. Members of AIM along with some local Oglala (Lakota) Sioux from the local reservation took over the town in protest against the United States Government's history of broken treaties with various Native groups, the poverty and maltreatment of Native populations, as well as in defiance against the corruption and paternalism within the local subsidiary of the BIA (Bureau of Indian Affairs). The siege finally came to an end on May 5 when members of AIM and the assistant attorney general for the Civil Division of the US Justice Department Harlington Wood Jr. settled on a ceasefire. Kent Frizzell served as Chief Government Negotiator in the capacity of Assistant Attorney General (Land and Natural Resources Division, U. S. Department of Justice) and later as Solicitor, U. S. Department of the Interior. Among those pictured both during and post-conflict are AIM activists Dennis Banks, Clyde and Vernon Bellecourt, Ted and Russell Means, Frank Clearwater, Wallace Black Elk and Anna Mae Pictou Aquash. A small number of negatives also document AIM's takeover of the BIA building and the AIM Powwow both in Minneapolis in 1970.

Arrangement note:

Negatives: organized in binders; arranged in sleeves by strip and image number, interspersed with relevant applicable contact sheets

Biographical/Historical note:

Anne Pearse-Hocker is a photojournalist who first encountered the American Indian Movement while a student on assignment for a journalism class at the University of Kansas. Her photographs document some very important moments in the early history of the American Indian Movement (AIM).

Pearse-Hocker was scheduled to interview the area director of the BIA in Minneapolis in the spring of 1970 as part of an Investigative Reporting class, and walked into the middle of an AIM occupation of the building, which she documented on film and with taped interviews. She stayed well past her spring break plans to use this opportunity to develop contacts with AIM leaders Clyde Bellecourt and Dennis Banks.

Her connections came in handy in 1973 during the occupation of Wounded Knee. Pearse-Hocker sneaked into the compound with a CBS news crew at night, and was allowed to remain due to her acquaintance with Banks, who remembered her from Minneapolis. She had strategically arrived the evening before the standoff was supposed to end, but when the settlement negotiations fell through, she remained in the compound for an additional few weeks, documenting the daily events including the firefight that claimed Frank Clearwater's life.

Pearse-Hocker returned to Wounded Knee in 1998 to revisit the site on the 25th anniversary of the occupation, and documented the experience for the journal 'Native Americas' (Spring 1998 issue) with new photographs of some of the survivors of the event.

After a career of news photography in broadcast journalism, she is retired and living in Montana.

Restrictions:

Access is by appointment only, Monday - Friday, 9:30 am - 4:30 pm. Please contact the Archive Center to make an appointment.

Rights:

Copyright: Anne Pearse-Hocker, 1973. Researchers must contact copyright holder for permissions, reproductions, and use.

Topic:

Teton Indians  Search this

Indians of North America -- Government relations  Search this

Oglala Indians -- Government relations  Search this

Oglala Indians  Search this

Genre/Form:

Black-and-white negatives

Contact sheets

Identifier:

NMAI.AC.028

Archival Repository:

National Museum of the American Indian

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nmai-ac-028

Creator:

Tibbles, Thomas Henry, 1840-1928  Search this

Names:

Omaha World-Herald Company  Search this

Bryan, William Jennings, 1860-1925  Search this

Standing Bear, Ponca chief  Search this

Watson, Thomas E. (Thomas Edward), 1856-1922  Search this

Correspondent:

Crook, George, 1829-1890  Search this

La Flesche, Susette, 1854-1903  Search this

Extent:

2 Linear feet

41 Photographs

Culture:

Ponca  Search this

Omaha  Search this

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Photographs

Articles

Essays

Book drafts

Correspondence

Autobiographies

Date:

1850-1956

bulk 1875-1905

Scope and Contents:

The Thomas Henry Tibbles papers include documents that span Tibbles career as a journalist and lecturer on Indian rights from the 1870s until his death in 1928. Of particular note are the documents related to his work on the Standing Bear vs. George Crook Habeas Corpus trial. This includes articles, essays and talks written by Tibbles as well as copies of a lecture given by Susette LaFlesche Tibbles. Notable correspondents include; Robert Clarkson, Joseph Cook, General George Crook, Robert N. Price and William Jennings Bryan. Examples of materials related to the Ponca land case and Standing Bear trial include reports from the Ponca Relief commitee, a petition from the Ponca people, minutes from the Council Concerning Ponca Land Right and additional documents and writings sent out by Tibbles to gain support from both the church and politicians. Also included in these papers are several drafts of Buckskin and Blanket Days, Tibbles' autobiography that was written in 1905 and published in 1957. There is a significant amount of correspondence between Chester Barris, grandson to Tibbles, and publishing houses between 1939 and 1956 in the search for a willing publisher. There is also correspondence between Barris and his aunt Theadora "Dora" Cogswell who worked on editing the manuscript. Cogswell conducted a large amount of research on the historicity of the events described by Tibbles and her notes are included in the collection. The photographs in this collection include portraits of the Tibbles/LaFlesche family as well as portraits of freinds and aquaintances. These include photographs of Edward Everett Hale, General George Crook, Governor Benjamin Butluer, Wendall Phillips, Thomas Watson, William Jennings Bryan and Harriet Beecher Stowe.

Arrangement:

This collection is arranged into three series. Series 1: Subject Files and Series 2: Buckskin and Blanket Days are both arranged alphabetically. Series 3: Photographs is subdivided into three subseries; Subseries 3A: T.H. Tibbles Portaits, arranged chronologically, Subseries 3B: Family and Friends and Subseries 3C: Presentation Portraits to Bright Eyes, both arranged alphabetically.

Biographical / Historical:

Thomas Henry Tibbles was born May 22, 1840, near Athens, Ohio to parents William and Martha (nee Cooley) Tibbles. In 1856, at the age of 16, Tibbles fought with anti-slavery Free-Staters in the Bleeding Kansas conflicts under James Henry Lane. Lane's troops disbanded the same year and Tibbles went on to study at Mt. Union College in Alliance, Ohio from 1858-1861. During the Civil War Tibbles served as a scout and newspaper correspondent in Missouri and Kansas and continued newspaper work until 1871 when he became a circuit preacher. Between 1874 and 1879, Tibbles worked on the staffs of various newspapers in Omaha, Nebraska eventually reaching the post of assistant editor of the Omaha Daily Herald. It was during his time at the Herald that Tibbles was instrumental in bringing the case of Standing Bear and the Ponca Indian people before the United States District Court at Fort Omaha. Standing Bear, along with thirty other Poncas, had returned to their home in Nebraska after being forcibly removed to Indian Territory 1878. They were being detained at the Omaha Reservation on an order from the Secretary of the Interior and Tibbles began to circulate the story of the plight of the Ponca to major newspapers gathering the support of the public. Eventually Tibbles had attorneys John L. Webster and A.J. Poppleton help Standing Bear petition the court with a writ of habeas corpus. On April 30, 1879 Judge Elmer Dundy declared that an Indian is a person within the law and that the Ponca were being held illegally, setting Standing Bear and the Ponca free. Following the trial, Tibbles continued to report on violations against Native American rights. Tibbles was a witness to the aftermath of the massacre of Native Americans at Wounded Knee in 1891, and reported this tragedy to the world. From 1893-1895, he worked as a newspaper correspondent in Washington D.C. On returning to Nebraska, Tibbles became editor-in-chief of The Independent, a weekly Populist Party newspaper. He was the Populist Party nominee for Vice President of the United States in 1904. Though unsuccessful in this campaign Tibbles continued to write on Populist issues as well as editing The Investigator from 1905-1910 and returning to the Omaha World Herald from 1910 to his retirement.

Tibbles had two children with his first wife, Amelia Owen whom he married in 1861. Eda, born in 1868 in Kansas City, married Herbert Bates in 1894 and May, born in 1870 in Danville Iowa, married Allen Barris in 1891. Amelia died of peritonitis in 1879. On June 29, 1882, Tibbles married Susette "Bright Eyes" LaFlesche (Omaha), daughter of Joseph "Iron Eye" LaFlesche. Susette LaFlesche worked closely alongside Tibbles during the Standing Bear's trial in her role as chief interpreter. Together, LaFlesche, Tibbles and Standing Bear carried out a successful lecture tour in England and Scotland in 1886-1887 speaking on issues of Indian rights. LaFlesche became well known as an eloquent writer and orator. Following her death in 1903 she was eulagized in the US Senate and was later inducted into the Nebraska Hall of Fame. Tibbles remarried for a final time in 1907 to Ida Belle Riddle. She remained by Tibbles side until his own death in 1928.

During his career, Tibbles wrote three books which included Ponca Chiefs (1880), which was written under the pen name "Zylyff", Hidden Power (1881) and The American Peasant (1892). Tibbles had also composed his memoirs titled Buckskin and Blanket Days which were eventually published in 1957 through the efforts of his grandson Chester Barris.

Related Materials note:

The dress of Susette "Bright Eyes" LaFlesche, wife to Tibbles, was also donated by Vivien Barris in 1984 and is a part of NMAI's Ethnology object collection. It has catalog number 25/2192.

Separated Materials:

The photographs have been moved to cool storage.

Provenance:

Thomas Henry Tibbles papers were originally donated to the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation in 1960 by Vivien Barris, wife of Tibbles's grandson Chester Barris.

Restrictions:

Access to NMAI Archive Center collections is by appointment only, Monday - Friday, 9:30 am - 4:30 pm. Please contact the archives to make an appointment (phone: 301-238-1400, email: nmaiarchives@si.edu).

Rights:

Single photocopies may be made for research purposes. Permission to publish or broadbast materials from the collection must be requested from National Museum of the American Indian Archive Center. Please submit a written request to nmaiarchives@si.edu.

Topic:

Habeas corpus -- United States -- Cases  Search this

Ponca Indians -- Legal status, laws, etc.  Search this

Wounded Knee Massacre, S.D., 1890  Search this

Genre/Form:

Articles

Essays

Book drafts

Correspondence

Autobiographies

Citation:

Identification of specific item; Date (if known); Thomas Henry Tibbles papers, Box and Folder Number; National Museum of the American Indian Archive Center, Smithsonian Institution.

Identifier:

NMAI.AC.066

See more items in:

Thomas Henry Tibbles papers

Archival Repository:

National Museum of the American Indian

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nmai-ac-066

Writer of accompanying material:

Snake, Reuben, 1937-1993  Search this

Names:

National Congress of American Indians  Search this

National Tribal Chairmen's Association  Search this

Native American Church of North America  Search this

Extent:

1.25 Linear feet (3 archival boxes)

Culture:

Ho-Chunk (Winnebago)  Search this

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Clippings

Writings

Biographies

Obituaries

Correspondence

Biography files

Interviews

Reports

Date:

1970-1996

Summary:

The Reuben A. Snake, Jr. Papers, located in the Cultural Resource Center of the National Museum of the American Indian, contain writings, correspondence, biographical materials, and written materials relating to the Native American Church which document the literary and political activities of this Winnebago tribal leader.

Scope and Contents:

The Reuben Snake Papers encompass original writings by Snake, correspondence, biographical materials, and written materials relating to Reuben's activism on behalf of the Native American Church.

Also included in this collection are video and audio tapes that contain interviews, talks, radio broadcasts, and other orally and visually transmitted items. These materials have been transferred to the NMAI Media Archives. All photographs have been transferred to the NMAI Photo Archives.

Arrangement:

The Reuben Snake papers are divided into four series:

Series 1, Writings, (undated, 1972-1993),

Series 2, Correspondence (undated, 1982-1996),

Series 3, Biographical (undated, 1985-1996),

Series 4, Native American Church (1971-1993)

Biographical / Historical:

Reuben A. Snake, Jr. was born January 12, 1937 at Winnebago, Nebraska, the youngest child of Reuben Harold and Virginia Greyhair Snake. Reuben's mother divorced her husband and later remarried, but Reuben's early life was fraught with hardships, including a period of separation from his parents and siblings. When the family's financial situation improved, parents and children were able to reunite and eventually settled in Hastings, Minnesota.

Reuben entered Haskell Institute in Lawrence, Kansas, in 1950 but later dropped out due to problems with alcohol. He joined the Army in 1956, from which he was honorably discharged, and two years later he married Kathy McKee, with whom he raised four daughters and two sons. In 1965 he quit drinking.

Reuben was active in the American Indian Movement (AIM) in the 1970s and organized many demonstrations during his tenure as national chairman of that organization. After being elected chairman of the Winnebago tribe, Reuben reorganized the tribe, centralizing its administration and improving funding and accountability. Reuben was involved with educational issues as well, serving on education committees for the National Congress of American Indians and the National Tribal Chairman's Association. He worked both nationally and internationally to help make more widely known issues of Indian health, education, and religious freedom.

Reuben began to renew his spiritual and cultural ties with the Native American Church in the 1970s and eventually became a Roadman for the church. With the help of Senator Daniel Inouye from Hawaii he fought judicial battles to legalize the importation of peyote from Mexico for use in sacramental ceremonies. In 1990, when the United States Supreme Court ruled that the sacred use of peyote was not protected by the Constitution, Reuben became the official spokesperson for the Native American Church to educate the public about church philosophy and history. He organized the Native American Religious Freedom Project to lobby for national legislation what would amend and strengthen the American Indian Religious Freedom Act.

Reuben had suffered a major heart attack in 1986, and by the early 1990s, his health was deteriorating. He died on June 28, 1993. Reuben did not live to see the results of his hard work on behalf of Native American religious freedom, Amendments to the American Indian Religious Freedom Act, which President Clinton signed into law in October, 1994. These amendments protected the religious use of peyote by Indians.

Provenance:

Collection donated by Kathy Snake in 2006.

Restrictions:

Access to NMAI Archive Center collections is by appointment only, Monday - Friday, 9:30 am - 4:30 pm. Please contact the archives to make an appointment (phone: 301-238-1400, email: nmaiarchives@si.edu).

Rights:

Single photocopies may be made for research purposes. Permission to publish or broadcast materials from the collection must be requested from the Archivist of the National Museum of the American Indian. Please submit a written request to NMAIArchives@si.edu. Copyright vested in Reuben A. Snake, Jr. has not passed to the National Museum of the American Indian; researchers are responsible for determining any other copyright questions.

Topic:

Peyote  Search this

Function:

American Indian Movement

Genre/Form:

Clippings

Writings

Biographies

Obituaries

Correspondence

Biography files

Interviews

Reports

Citation:

Identification of specific item; Date (if known); Reuben A. Snake, Jr. Papers, Box and Folder Number; National Museum of the American Indian Archives, Smithsonian Institution.

Identifier:

NMAI.AC.012

See more items in:

Reuben Snake papers

Archival Repository:

National Museum of the American Indian

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nmai-ac-012

Creator:

National Congress of American Indians  Search this

Names:

Arrow, Inc.  Search this

National Tribal Chairmen's Association  Search this

Native American Rights Fund  Search this

United Effort Trust  Search this

United States. American Indian Policy Review Commission  Search this

United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs  Search this

United States. Indian Claims Commission  Search this

Bronson, Ruth Muskrat  Search this

Curry, James E., 1907-1972  Search this

Deloria, Vine  Search this

Harjo, Suzan Shown  Search this

McNickle, D'Arcy, 1904-1977  Search this

Peterson, Helen L.  Search this

Snake, Reuben, 1937-1993  Search this

Tonasket, Mel  Search this

Trimble, Charles E.  Search this

Extent:

251 Linear feet (597 archival boxes)

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Photographs

Videotapes

Correspondence

Administrative records

Financial records

Audiotapes

Clippings

Date:

1933-1990

bulk 1944-1989

Summary:

The National Congress of American Indian (NCAI), founded in 1944, is the oldest nation-wide American Indian advocacy organization in the United States. The NCAI records document the organization's work, particularly that of its office in Washington, DC, and the wide variety of issues faced by American Indians in the twentieth century. The collection is located in the Cultural Resource Center of the National Museum of the American Indian.

Scope and Contents:

The records of the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) reflect the operations of its Washington, DC, headquarters and, in particular, the activities and responsibilities of its executive director. The papers primarily cover the period 1943 to 1990, although some documents pre-dating NCAI are present. The bulk of the material relates to legislation, lobbying, and NCAI's interactions with various governmental bodies. A large segment also concerns the annual conventions and executive council and executive committee meetings. Finally, the records also document the operations of the NCAI, including personnel, financial, and fundraising material. Materials found throughout the collection include letters, memoranda, handwritten notes, speeches, press releases, newspaper clippings, publications, minutes of meetings, transcripts, reports, agenda, programs, financial records, legislative materials, photographs, and sound recordings.

Arrangement:

The National Congress of American Indians records are arranged in 21 series:

Series 1 -- : NCAI Conventions and Mid-Year Conferences

Series 2 -- : Executive Council and Executive Committee Files

Subseries 2.1: Executive Council

Subseries 2.2: Executive Committee

Subseries 2.3: Executive Committee: Benefit Awards

Series 3 -- : Correspondence Files

Subseries 3.1: Name Files

Subseries 3.2: Chronological Files

Subseries 3.3: Miscellaneous Files

Series 4 -- : Tribal Files

Subseries 4.1: Individual Tribes, Bands and Reservations

Subseries 4.2: Intertribal Organizations

Subseries 4.3: Special Issues

Subseries 4.4: Miscellaneous Tribal Files

Series 5 -- : Records of Indian Interest Organizations

Subseries 5.1: Other Indian Organizations

Subseries 5.2: Non-Indian Support Groups

Subseries 5.3: General Indian Interest Groups

Series 6 -- : NCAI Committees and Special Issue Files

Subseries 6.1: Alaskan Natives

Subseries 6.2: Policy Conference

Subseries 6.3: Religious Freedom and Related Cultural Concerns

Subseries 6.4: Hunting and Fishing Rights

Subseries 6.5: Natural Resources and Indian Water Rights

Subseries 6.6: Nuclear Waste

Subseries 6.7: Solar Bank

Subseries 6.8: AIMS [American Indian Media Surveillance] Committee

Subseries 6.9: HCR 108 and Federal Termination Policies

Subseries 6.10: Emergency Conference of 1954

Subseries 6.11: Jurisdiction --NCAI Commission and Federal Legislation

Subseries 6.12: Law Enforcement

Subseries 6.13: Litigation Committee

Subseries 6.14: Annual Litigation Conference

Subseries 6.15: Trail of Broken Treaties Impact Survey Team

Subseries 6.16: Block Grants

Subseries 6.17: Health and Welfare

Subseries 6.18: Self-Determination and Education

Subseries 6.19: National Conference on Federal Recognition

Subseries 6.20: Economic and Reservation Development

Series -- 7: United Effort Trust (UET)

Subseries 7.1: NCAI and NTCA Joint Committee

Subseries 7.2: Issues

Subseries 7.3: Legislation

Subseries 7.4: News Releases

Subseries 7.5: Indian Organizations

Subseries 7.6: Inter-Tribal Organizations

Subseries 7.7: Non-Indian Organizations

Subseries 7.8: Tribes

Series 8 -- : Attorneys and Legal Interest Groups

Subseries 8.1: Attorneys

Subseries 8.2: Legal Interest Groups

Subseries 8.3: Legal Services

Series 9 -- : Federal Indian Policy and Legislation Files

Subseries 9.1: American Indian Policy Review Task Force

Series 10 -- : Bureau of Indian Affairs

Series 11 -- : State and Local Government Organizations

Series 12 -- : Census

Series 13 -- : General Alpha-Subject Files

Series 14 -- : Records of Charles E. "Chuck" Trimble

Series 15 -- : Records of Suzan S. Harjo

Subseries 15.1: Indian Claims: Eastern Land Claims

Subseries 15.2: Indian Claims: Statute of Limitations

Subseries 15.3: Conference on -- The Indian Reorganization Act - An Assessment and Prospectus Fifty Years Later

Subseries 15.4: Inter-American Indian Institute (IAII)

Subseries 15.5: Institute of American Indian Arts (IAIA)

Subseries 15.6: Institute of the American West (IAW)

Subseries 15.7: Common Cause

Subseries 15.8: Office Files

Series 16 -- : Fund Raising

Subseries 16.1: Gifts, Bequests, and Contributions

Subseries 16.2: Foundations

Subseries 16.3: General --Arrow and NCAI Fund

Series 17 -- : Business and Financial Records Files

Subseries 17.1: Personnel

Series 18 -- : "Give-Away" Files

Series 19 -- : Publications

Subseries 19.1: -- News/Sentinels -- and -- Sentinel Bulletin

Subseries 19.2: Other Publications

Series 20 -- : Photographs

Series 21 -- : Audio and Film Recordings

Biographical / Historical:

The National Congress of America Indians, which describes itself as the oldest and largest American Indian and Alaskan Native organization in the United States, was founded on November 16, 1944, in Denver, CO. NCAI was intended to serve as a link between individual tribal councils and the United States government, by defining and helping to crystallize Indian thought on the administration of Indian affairs. The Congress also aimed to educate the general public about Indians, preserve Indian cultural values, protect treaty rights with the United States, and promote Indian welfare.

At the first convention, delegates representing fifty tribes ratified the constitution and by-laws, drafted resolutions determining the direction of NCAI policy, and elected the organizations' first officers, with Oklahoma Supreme Court Justice Napoleon B. Johnson (Cherokee) as president. The officers, as well as eight elected council members, formed the Executive Council. The Council chose the Executive Director; Ruth Muskrat Bronson (Cherokee) was the organization's first director, from 1944-1948. "Persons of Indian blood" could join the organization either as individuals or as groups. In 1955, however, the constitution was revised to restrict group membership to recognized tribes, committees, or bands, and to make the Executive Council chosen by tribal representatives. These changes gave control of the organization to governing bodies of organized tribes, rather than individuals. A further amendment that year created a five-member Executive Committee, headed by the president, which had all the powers of the Executive Council between council meetings.

Conventions have been held annually in the fall since the formation of the NCAI in 1944. Since 1977, mid-year conferences have been held in May or June of each year, to allow more frequent and thorough discussion of issues. The resolutions passed at these conventions are the basis for all policy of the Executive Committee and Executive Director between meetings. The conventions are also used for informational sessions and meetings of standing and special committees of NCAI. One or two-day workshops may also be held on special topics or Congressional issues of particular concern.

NCAI created a tax-exempt arm in 1949 to accept charitable contributions and apply for grants, the NCAI Fund, which soon changed its name to ARROW, Inc. By 1957, however, ARROW had split off to become an independent organization, and NCAI started a new arm, again called the NCAI Fund. In the coming decades, the NCAI Fund would obtain grants from sources including the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of Veteran Affairs, Indian Health Service, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Ford Foundation, humanities councils and others, which they used for conferences, workshops, publications, and other projects.

In its early years, NCAI fought for the recognition of land claims of Alaska natives, the enfranchisement of Arizona and New Mexico Indians, the equitable settlement of tribal land claims, and the right of Indians to select their own attorneys. The NCAI lobbied vigorously for an Indian Claims Commission Bill, which became law in August 1946. NCAI's lobbying efforts on behalf of this act set the pattern for the organization's future role in legislative matters: keeping member tribes abreast of proposed legislation and ascertaining their views, and maintaining a presence in Congress through lobbying and testimony.

Beginning in 1954, the threat of termination pushed NCAI into a period of increased activity. Although some tribes were ready to terminate their relationship with the federal government, much of Indian Country felt threatened by the government's new stated policy. NCAI therefore organized an Emergency Conference of American Indians for February 1954 to protest this new termination policy. An agreement was forged at the conference between the NCAI and the Bureau of Indian Affairs to work together toward slowly liquidating the BIA. The termination period of the 1950s and 1960s, while challenging, saw NCAI increase in confidence and political acumen.

During the 1960s, a number of other activist Indian groups sprang up and began to dilute the singular influence which NCAI had commanded. Newer, more militant groups often considered themselves at odds with NCAI, which was increasingly perceived as conservative. As the number of Indian advocacy groups grew in the 1960s and 1970s, however, NCAI actively partnered with other organizations, particularly the National Tribal Chairmen's Association (NTCA) and Native American Rights Fund (NARF), on a variety of projects.

Charles E. "Chuck" Trimble (Oglala Dakota) served as Executive Director of NCAI in 1972 until 1977, when he resigned to lead the United Effort Trust, a project designed to fight white backlash to Indian rights. NCAI spent most of the next two years trying to find another permanent director. In 1979, Ronald P. Andrade (Luiseno-Diegueno) joined NCAI and unfortunately found a group that was demoralized and underfunded. He was able to return the organization to good health but left in 1982. Si Whitman (Nez Perce), his successor, remained at NCAI for less than a year.

Suzan Shown Harjo (Cheyenne-Creek) became director of NCAI on May 1, 1984. Prior to taking this postions, she had served as Congressional Liaison for Indian Affairs at the Department of the Interior during the Carter administration and as legislative liaison for the Native American Rights Fund, as well as working for NCAI during the mid-1970s. Harjo was also an active and published poet, as well as a frequent speaker at events around the country. The National Congress of American Indians was particularly active on Capitol Hill while Harjo was director, advocating for government-to-government status, the Tribal Government Tax Status Act of 1983, repatriation legislation, and economic development programs, among other issues. Harjo was herself very involved in the establishment of the National Museum of the American Indian in Washington, DC.

The NCAI Fund was very successful in receiving grants during this period, although they were chronically short of operating funds. Some of their most active projects during this period were the Indian and Native Veterans Outreach Program (INVOP), Inter-generational Health Promotion and Education Program (IHPEP), Environmental Handbook and related educational seminars, Solar Bank, nuclear waste disposal and transportation information sessions, and voter registration.

For years, NCAI's operating expenses had been funded by the Ford Foundation and the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). In 1985, the director of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, opposing the use of Federal monies to support outside organizations, began to block the payment for services due to the NCAI. This created a financial crisis from which the NCAI did not recover during Harjo's tenure, and it became the major issue for which she was not rehired in October 1989.

Following the 1989 Annual Convention, Wayne Ducheneaux (Cheyenne River Sioux) became President of NCAI and A. Gay Kingman (Cheyenne River Sioux) was appointed Executive Director. Their first efforts were focused on recovering the financial well-being of the organization, which meant that less attention was devoted to issues in Congress. One of the successful projects NCAI pursued during the next two years was organization and presentation of the Indian pre-conference of the White House Conference on Library and Information Science, which was held in early 1991.

The National Congress of American Indians is still active today, continuing its work of lobbying, support for tribal governments, and advocacy for American Indian issues.

Related Materials:

Other collections at the NMAI Archives Center that include information on the National Congress of American Indians include:

Arrow, Inc., and the American Indian Tribal Court Judges records, 1949-1999 (NMAI.MS.013) James E. Curry papers, 1935-1955 (NMAI.MS.015) National Tribal Chairmen's Association records, 1971-1978 (NMAI.MS.014) Helen L. Peterson papers, 1944-1992 (NMAI.MS.016) Reuben Snake papers, 1971-1996 (NMAI.MS.012)

Provenance:

The National Congress of American Indians designated the National Anthropological Archives (NAA) as its official repository in 1976. This collection was received by NAA in four accessions between 1976 and 1991. It was transferred from NAA to the National Museum of the American Indian Archive Center in 2006.

Restrictions:

Access to NMAI Archive Center collections is by appointment only, Monday - Friday, 9:30 am - 4:30 pm. Please contact the archives to make an appointment (phone: 301-238-1400, email: nmaiarchives@si.edu).

Rights:

Single photocopies may be made for research purposes. Permission to publish or broadbast materials from the collection must be requested from National Museum of the American Indian Archive Center. Please submit a written request to nmaiarchives@si.edu.

Topic:

Indians of North America -- Government relations -- 1934-  Search this

Indians of North America -- Politics and government  Search this

Indians of North America -- Social conditions -- 20th century  Search this

Indians of North America -- Legal status, laws, etc.  Search this

Indian termination policy  Search this

Alaska Natives -- Land tenure  Search this

Indians of North America -- Civil rights  Search this

Indians of North America -- Economic conditions -- 20th century  Search this

Radioactive wastes -- United States -- Management  Search this

Trail of Broken Treaties, 1972  Search this

Genre/Form:

Photographs

Videotapes

Correspondence

Administrative records

Financial records

Audiotapes

Clippings

Citation:

Identification of specific item; Date (if known); Collection Title, Box and Folder Number; National Museum of the American Indian Archive Center, Smithsonian Institution.

Identifier:

NMAI.AC.010

See more items in:

National Congress of American Indians records

Archival Repository:

National Museum of the American Indian

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nmai-ac-010

Creator:

Marmon, Lee Howard, 1925 -  Search this

Names:

Bolger, Ray  Search this

Eisenhower, Mamie Doud, 1896-1979  Search this

Hope, Bob, 1903-2003  Search this

Lewis, Lucy M.  Search this

Extent:

36 Photographic prints (black and white; color)

2 Contact sheets (2 contact sheets (9 photographs each), color)

Culture:

Indians of North America  Search this

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Photographic prints

Contact sheets

Portraits

Photographs

Place:

New Mexico

Date:

circa 1950-1987

Summary:

The Lee Howard Marmon photographic prints and contact sheets contain 36 color and black and white photographic prints and two color contact sheets of 9 images each. Subjects include Laguna and Acoma elders (1950-1965), publicity images of celebrities (1967-1973), Native American portraiture (circa 1987), the New Mexico pueblos and landscape, and the potter Lucy M. Lewis, her daughters, and their pottery (1987).

Arrangement note:

Prints: organized in folders; arranged numerically by image number

Biographical/Historical note:

Lee Howard Marmon was born as the second son of Lily and Henry "Hank" Marmon on September 25, 1925 in Laguna, New Mexico. Marmon's interest in photography was sparked when he took his first photograph at the age of 11 of an automobile accident on Route 66. Initially planning to attend the University of New Mexico to study geology, Marmon dropped out after several semesters to begin his World War II career as a Sergeant-Major on Shemya Island, Alaska in 1943. Marmon's service to the United States in the Aleutian chain lasted until 1946, after which he returned to Laguna.

Marmon retained an interest in photography and purchased his first professional camera, a 2¼ x 2¾ Speed Graphic. Later in his career, he would use a 4x5 Speed Graphic, a Rolleiflex, a Hasselblad Superwide, and a Hasselblad C model. When Marmon began photographing, he favored Kodachrome sheet film (ASA 8) and super speed B&W (ASA 100). As Marmon was learning this new hobby, his civilian life included employment as the Laguna postmaster and as a worker in his father's store, The Laguna Trading Post. Photography escalated from a hobby to a more serious pursuit after Marmon's father suggested that his son bring a camera along while making store deliveries in order to take portraits of the Laguna elders. These early black and white photographs, taken using fixed-lens cameras and natural light, became some of Marmon's most well-known images.

While Marmon mainly focused on documenting the traditions and lifestyles of the Laguna and Acoma Pueblos, a departure from this theme occurred when he moved from New Mexico to Palm Springs, California in 1966. As the official photographer for the Bob Hope Desert Classic Golf Tournament from 1967 until 1973, Marmon took publicity photographs of golfers participating in the competition along with celebrity entertainers and guests at the accompanying Bob Hope Ball. Marmon also worked as a freelance photographer throughout this time, contributing to publications such as Time Magazine and The Saturday Evening Post, working as a still photographer for Columbia Pictures, and completing a commission from President and Mrs. Nixon to photograph a collection of New Mexican Puebloan pottery.

Marmon moved back to Laguna in 1982, and in the following years he showed his work in a variety of venues, opened a bookstore called The Blue-Eyed Indian, and won an ADDY award for his contribution to the PBS documentary series, Surviving Columbus: The Story of the Pueblo People. In 2003, Marmon published a book, The Pueblo Imagination: Landscape and Memory in the Photography of Lee Marmon, in collaboration with his daughter, author Leslie Marmon Silko, and poets Joy Harjo and Simon Ortiz. The book was heralded as a success, collecting first place awards from The Mountains and Plains Bookseller's Association and from Independent Publisher Online.

After the publication of his book, Marmon's photographic activity began to diminish. His final show, Pueblo Faces and Places, was held in 2007 at the Sky City Cultural Center in Acoma, New Mexico. In recognition for achievements in the photographic field, Marmon was honored as the 88th Annual Inter-Tribal Ceremonial's "Living Treasure" of 2009, the first photographer to be given the award. Throughout his life, Marmon produced a great volume of work. In May of 2009, he donated his personal papers and over 65,000 photographs to the Center for Southwest Research and Special Collections (CSWR) at the University of New Mexico. From a humble beginning of taking photographs of village elders, Marmon eventually built a career out of saving the memories of the Laguna and Acoma tribes and is now one of the country's best-known Native American photographers.

Restrictions:

Researchers must contact the NMAI Archives for an appointment to access the collection. Contact information below.

Topic:

Laguna Indians  Search this

Acoma Indians  Search this

Genre/Form:

Portraits

Photographs

Citation:

Lee Howard Marmon photographic prints and contact sheets, circa 1950-1987, National Museum of the American Indian Archives, Smithsonian Institution (negative, slide or catalog number).

Identifier:

NMAI.AC.054

Archival Repository:

National Museum of the American Indian

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nmai-ac-054

Creator:

Craig, James  Search this

Photographer:

Harris & Ewing  Search this

Names:

Bacon Rind (Osage Indian), 1860-1932  Search this

Collier, John, 1884-1968  Search this

Extent:

1 Print (silver gelatin)

6 Negatives (glass)

6 Contact prints

Culture:

Pikuni Blackfeet (Piegan)  Search this

Osage  Search this

Indians of North America -- Great Plains  Search this

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Prints

Negatives

Contact prints

Date:

circa 1910-1935

Scope and Contents note:

Portraits of Bacon Rind, White Calf (probably Two Guns White Calf), Red Cloud Jeane, and a group portrait, probably of Oglala Indians. The collection also includes a vintage print by Harris & Ewing of Bureau of Indian Affairs Director John Collier seated with five American Indians around him. Two photocopied images of King George VI and his wife, one with Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt, probably during a visit to Washington, D.C. are also available with the collection.

Biographical/Historical note:

James Craig was a professional photographer in Washington, DC.

Local Call Number(s):

NAA Photo Lot 92-44

Location of Other Archival Materials:

Additional Harris & Ewing photographs held in National Anthropological Archives Photo Lot 8, Photo Lot 24, Photo Lot 77-80, Photo Lot 78-20, and Photo Lot 80-36.

Additional photographs of Bacon Rind held in National Anthropological Archives MS 4691, Photo Lot 90-1, and the BAE historical negatives.

Restrictions:

The collection is open for research.

Access to the collection requires an appointment.

Rights:

Contact the repository for terms of use.

Citation:

Photo Lot 92-44, James Craig photographs of Native Americans in Washington, DC, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution.

Identifier:

NAA.PhotoLot.92-44

Archival Repository:

National Anthropological Archives

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-naa-photolot-92-44

Collector:

Allen, George V.  Search this

Names:

Albuquerque Indian School  Search this

Castillo de San Marcos (Saint Augustine, Fla.)  Search this

Chilocco Indian School  Search this

Geological Survey (U.S.)  Search this

Haskell Indian Nations University  Search this

United States Indian School (Carlisle, Pa.)  Search this

Yankton Mission (Yankton Indian Reservation, S.D.)  Search this

American Horse, 1840-1908  Search this

Big Bow Chief  Search this

Bogy, Lewis V. (Lewis Vital), 1813-1877  Search this

Cushing, Frank Hamilton, 1857-1900  Search this

Harding, Warren G. (Warren Gamaliel), 1865-1923  Search this

Hough, Walter, 1859-1935  Search this

Iron Bull (Crow Indian chief)  Search this

Kelly, Luther S. (Luther Sage), 1849-1928  Search this

Mató-Tópe, Mandan chief, d. 1837  Search this

Mix, Charles E.  Search this

Monroe, Mark, 1930-  Search this

Moran, John, 1831-1903  Search this

Ouray  Search this

Red Cloud, 1822-1909  Search this

Red Dog (Oglala chief)  Search this

Red Shirt, 1845?-1925  Search this

Reilly, John James, 1838-1894  Search this

Reynolds, Joseph Jones, 1822-1899  Search this

Sitting Bull, 1831-1890  Search this

Spotted Tail, 1823-1881  Search this

Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1850-1915  Search this

Two Guns White Calf Blackfoot  Search this

Photographer:

Alvord, Kellogg, & Campbell  Search this

Bailey & Whitesides  Search this

Bailey, Dix, & Mead  Search this

Bennett & Brown  Search this

Black Hills View Company  Search this

Brooks Photo  Search this

Brubaker and Whitesides  Search this

C. Duhem & Bro.  Search this

Calfee & Catlin  Search this

Caswell & Davy  Search this

Copelin & Son  Search this

Cosand & Mosser  Search this

Cunningham & Co. (1880-1889)  Search this

D.D. Merrill, Randall & Co.  Search this

E. & H.T. Anthony (Firm)  Search this

Eaton, of Ralston, Oklahoma  Search this

Griffith & Griffith  Search this

Gurnsey & Illingworth  Search this

Hamilton and Hoyt  Search this

Hamilton and Kodylek  Search this

Hansard & Carden  Search this

Henry L. Shepard & Co.  Search this

Ingersoll View Company (St. Paul, Minnesota)  Search this

J.J. Reilly & Co.  Search this

Judd and McLeish  Search this

Keystone View Company  Search this

Kilburn Brothers  Search this

Lawrence & Houseworth  Search this

M.S. Mepham & Bro.  Search this

Martin's Gallery  Search this

Montgomery Ward.  Search this

Ramsour & Pennel  Search this

Reed & McKenney  Search this

Rodocker & Blanchard  Search this

Savage & Ottinger  Search this

Thomas Houseworth & Co  Search this

Underwood & Underwood  Search this

Universal Photo Art Co  Search this

Whitney & Zimmerman  Search this

Wittick & Bliss  Search this

Wittick & Russell  Search this

Young & Chase  Search this

Barker, George, 1844-1894  Search this

Barry, D. F. (David Francis), 1854-1934  Search this

Batchelder, B. P. (Benjamin Pierce), 1826-1891  Search this

Bates, Edw. (Edward)  Search this

Beaman, Edward O.  Search this

Bell, C. M. (Charles Milton), approximately 1849-1893  Search this

Bell, William, 1830-1910  Search this

Benecke, Robert  Search this

Bennett, H. H. (Henry Hamilton), 1843-1908  Search this

Bierstadt, Charles, 1819-1903  Search this

Blessing, S. T.  Search this

Blosser, J. A.  Search this

Bonine, Elias A., 1843-1916  Search this

Brockham, William (of Morris, Minnesota)  Search this

Brown, William Henry, 1844-1886  Search this

Brubaker, C. B.  Search this

Buehman, Henry, 1851-1912  Search this

Calfee, H. B. (Henry Bird), 1848-1912  Search this

Carbutt, John, 1832-1905  Search this

Carter, C. W., 1832-1918  Search this

Chamberlain, W. G. (William Gunnison)  Search this

Chase, D. B. (Dana B.)  Search this

Childs, B. F. (Brainard F.), ca. 1841-1921  Search this

Choate, J. N. (John N.), 1848-1902  Search this

Clark, George A. (George Alfred), 1936-  Search this

Climo, John Saunders  Search this

Cobb, William Henry, 1859-1909  Search this

Conklin, E (Enoch)  Search this

Cozzens, Samuel Woodworth, 1834-1878  Search this

Croft, Thomas  Search this

Cross, W. R. (William R.)  Search this

Currier, Frank, fl. 1890-1909  Search this

Curtis, Edward S., 1868-1952  Search this

Curtis, George E., 1830-1910  Search this

Cushing, W. H., fl. 1870-1889  Search this

Davis, S., fl. 1860-1880  Search this

Doremus, John P., 1827-1890  Search this

Eaton, E. L. (Edric L.), b. ca. 1836  Search this

Ebell, Adrian J. (Adrian John), 1840-1877  Search this

Eisenmann, Charles, b. 1850  Search this

Flanders, Dudley P.  Search this

Forsyth, N. A. (Norman A.), 1869-1949  Search this

Fouch, John H., 1849-1933  Search this

Gardner, Alexander, 1821-1882  Search this

Godkin, William R.  Search this

Goodell, Abner Cheney, 1831-1914  Search this

Graves, C. H. (Carleton H.), -1943  Search this

Gurnsey, B. H. (Byron H.), 1833-1880  Search this

Hamilton, J. H. (James H.)  Search this

Hart, Alfred A., 1816-1908  Search this

Hawkins, B.A.  Search this

Haynes, F. Jay (Frank Jay), 1853-1921  Search this

Hazeltine, M. M. (Martin Mason), 1827-1903  Search this

Heister, H. T., (Henry T.), -1895  Search this

Heller, Louis Herman, ca. 1839-1929  Search this

Heston, Wat  Search this

Hillers, John K., 1843-1925  Search this

Hook, W. E. (William Edward), 1833-1908  Search this

Huffman, L. A. (Laton Alton), 1854-1931  Search this

Illingworth, W. H. (William H.), 1842-1893  Search this

Immke, Henry W.  Search this

Ingalls, George W., 1838-1920  Search this

Jackson, William Henry, 1843-1942  Search this

Jacoby, W. H. (William H.), 1841-1905  Search this

Jarvis, J. F. (John F.), b. 1850  Search this

Johnson, W.S.  Search this

Kirkland, Geo. W. (George W.)  Search this

Knight, J. Lee  Search this

Landon, S. C. (Seth C.), b. 1825  Search this

Leonard & Martin  Search this

Line, A. A.  Search this

Little, H.N.  Search this

Marshall, William I. (William Isaac), 1840-1906  Search this

Martin, Alex (Alexander), 1841-1929  Search this

Maude, F. H. (Frederic Hamer)  Search this

Maynard, Hannah, 1834-1918  Search this

Maynard, Richard, 1832-1907  Search this

McIntyre, A. C. (Alexander Carson)  Search this

Meddaugh, J. E.  Search this

Mellen, Geo. E. (George Egbert), b. 1854  Search this

Mepham, Michael S.  Search this

Mitchell, Daniel S.  Search this

Morrow, Stanley J.  Search this

Muybridge, Eadweard, 1830-1904  Search this

Newcomb, C. H.  Search this

Nims, F.A.  Search this

O'Sullivan, Timothy H., 1840-1882  Search this

Palmer, A. A.  Search this

Parker, Joseph C.  Search this

Pierron, Geo. (George), b. 1816  Search this

Pollock, Charles, 1832-1910  Search this

Powers, F. F.  Search this

Raitt, T.G.  Search this

Randall, A. Frank  Search this

Rau, William Herman, 1855-1920  Search this

Rinehart, F. A. (Frank A.)  Search this

Rodocker, D. (David)  Search this

Rothrock, George H.  Search this

Rudy, W. Ira  Search this

Russell, Andrew J.  Search this

Rutter, Thomas H., 1837-1925  Search this

Savage, C. R. (Charles Roscoe), 1832-1909  Search this

Seaver, C. (Charles)  Search this

Sedgwick, S. J. (Stephen James)  Search this

Shipler, James William, 1849-1937  Search this

Soule, John P.  Search this

Stoddard, Seneca Ray, 1844-1917  Search this

Taber, I. W. (Isaiah West), 1830-1912  Search this

Thorne, G.W.  Search this

Thurlow, J., 1831-1878  Search this

Towne, Bertram C.  Search this

Trager, George E.  Search this

Upton, B. F. (Benjamin Franklin)  Search this

Watkins, Carleton E., 1829-1916  Search this

Weitfle, Charles, 1836-1921  Search this

Wendt, Julius M.  Search this

Whitney, Joel E. (Joel Emmons), 1822-1886  Search this

Williscraft, W.H.  Search this

Wittick, Ben, 1845-1903  Search this

Woodburn, J. R.  Search this

Zimmerman, Charles A., 1844-1909  Search this

Publisher:

Beal's Gallery  Search this

Continent Stereoscopic Company  Search this

Florida Club (Cooperative)  Search this

Union View Company  Search this

Webster & Albee (Rochester, N.Y.)  Search this

Smith, O. C.  Search this

Extent:

67 Lantern slides

26 Negatives (glass)

10 Negatives (nitrate)

6 Autochromes (photographs)

50 Stereographs (circa 50 printed stereographs, halftone and color halftone)

1,000 Stereographs (circa, albumen and silver gelatin (some tinted))

239 Prints (circa 239 mounted and unmounted prints, albumen (including cartes de visite, imperial cards, cabinet cards, and one tinted print) and silver gelatin (some modern copies))

96 Prints (Album :, silver gelatin)

21 Postcards (silver gelatin, collotype, color halftone, and halftone)

Culture:

Puyallup  Search this

Kumeyaay (Diegueño)  Search this

Anishinaabe (Chippewa/Ojibwa)  Search this

Tohono O'odham (Papago)  Search this

Kalispel (Pend d'Oreilles)  Search this

Indians of North America -- California  Search this

Taos Indians  Search this

Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)  Search this

Kickapoo  Search this

Laguna Indians  Search this

Pueblo Indians  Search this

Ho-Chunk (Winnebago)  Search this

Havasupai (Coconino)  Search this

Assiniboine (Stoney)  Search this

Isleta Pueblo  Search this

Mojave (Mohave)  Search this

Mewuk (Miwok)  Search this

Kwakwaka'wakw (Kwakiutl)  Search this

Arctic peoples  Search this

Akimel O'odham (Pima)  Search this

Piipaash (Maricopa)  Search this

Iroquois  Search this

Hopi Pueblo  Search this

Modoc  Search this

A:shiwi (Zuni)  Search this

Niimíipuu (Nez Perce)  Search this

Washo Indians  Search this

A'aninin (Gros Ventre)  Search this

Tonkawa  Search this

Diné (Navajo)  Search this

Yavapai  Search this

Ute  Search this

Sauk  Search this

Chaticks Si Chaticks (Pawnee)  Search this

Indians of North America -- Great Plains  Search this

Bannock  Search this

Shoshone  Search this

Cochiti Pueblo  Search this

Omaha  Search this

Indians of North America -- Southwest, New  Search this

Indians of North America -- Great Basin  Search this

Indians of North America -- Northwest Coast of North America  Search this

Choctaw  Search this

Sioux  Search this

Eskimos  Search this

Northwest Coast  Search this

Indians of North America -- Plateau  Search this

Tsitsistas/Suhtai (Cheyenne)  Search this

Numakiki (Mandan)  Search this

Sahnish (Arikara)  Search this

Tlingit  Search this

Indians of North America -- Northeast  Search this

Haida  Search this

Cree  Search this

Apsáalooke (Crow/Absaroke)  Search this

Acoma Pueblo  Search this

Quapaw Indians  Search this

Osage  Search this

Apache  Search this

Kaw (Kansa)  Search this

Umatilla  Search this

Shawnee  Search this

Fox Indians  Search this

Pomo  Search this

Indians of North America -- Southern States  Search this

Indians of North America -- Subarctic  Search this

Paiute  Search this

Seminole  Search this

Mi'kmaq (Micmac)  Search this

Niuam (Comanche)  Search this

Potawatomi  Search this

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Lantern slides

Negatives

Autochromes (photographs)

Stereographs

Prints

Postcards

Place:

Custer Battlefield (Montana)

Date:

circa 1860-1935

Scope and Contents note:

Photographs relating to Native Americans or frontier themes, including portraits, expedition photographs, landscapes, and other images of dwellings, transportation, totem poles, ceremonies, infants and children in cradleboards, camps and towns, hunting and fishing, wild west shows, food preparation, funeral customs, the US Army and army posts, cliff dwellings, and grave mounds and excavations. The collection also includes images of prisoners at Fort Marion in 1875, Sioux Indians involved in the Great Sioux Uprising in Minnesota, the Fort Laramie Peace Commission of 1868, Sitting Bull and his followers after the Battle of the Little Bighorn, and the aftermath of the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890.

There are studio portraits of well-known Native Americans, including American Horse, Big Bow, Four Bears, Iron Bull, Ouray, Red Cloud, Red Dog, Red Shirt, Sitting Bull, Spotted Tail, Three Bears, and Two Guns White Calf. Depicted delegations include a Sauk and Fox meeting in Washington, DC, with Lewis V. Bogy and Charles E. Mix in 1867; Kiowas and Cheyennes at the White House in 1863; and Dakotas and Crows who visited President Warren G. Harding in 1921. Images of schools show Worcester Academy in Vinita, Oklahoma; Chilocco Indian School; Carlisle Indian Industrial School; Haskell Instittue, and Albuquerque Indian School.

Some photographs relate to the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, 1876; World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, 1893; Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis, 1903; and Centennial Exposition of the Baltimore and Ohio Railraod, 1876. Expedition photographs show the Crook expedition of 1876, the Sanderson expedition to the Custer Battlefield in 1877, the Wheeler Survey of the 1870s, Powell's surveys of the Rocky Mountain region during the 1860s and 1870s, and the Hayden Surveys.

Outstanding single views include the party of Zuni group led to the sea by Frank Hamilton Cushing; Episcopal Church Rectory and School Building, Yankton Agency; Matilda Coxe Stevenson and a companion taking a photographs of a Zuni ceremony; John Moran sketching at Acoma; Ben H. Gurnsey's studio with Indian patrons; Quapaw Mission; baptism of a group of Paiutes at Coeur d'Alene Mission; court-martial commission involved in the trial of Colonel Joseph J. Reynolds, 1877; President Harding at Sitka, Alaska; Walter Hough at Hopi in 1902; and Mrs. Jesse Walter Fewkes at Hopi in 1897.

Biographical/Historical note:

George V. Allen was an attorney in Lawrence, Kansas and an early member of the National Stereoscope Association. Between the 1950s and 1980s, Allen made an extensive collection of photographs of the American West, mostly in stereographs, but also including cartes-de-visite and other styles of mounted prints, photogravures, lantern slides, autochromes, and glass negatives.

Local Call Number(s):

NAA Photo Lot 90-1

Restrictions:

The collection is open for research.

Access to the collection requires an appointment.

Rights:

Contact the repository for terms of use.

Topic:

Camps  Search this

Child care  Search this

Rites and ceremonies  Search this

Totem poles  Search this

Cookery  Search this

Wild west shows  Search this

Fishing  Search this

Hunting  Search this

Transportation  Search this

Dwellings  Search this

Funeral rites and ceremonies  Search this

Wounded Knee Massacre, S.D., 1890  Search this

Citation:

Photo Lot 90-1, George V. Allen collection of photographs of Native Americans and the American frontier, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution

Identifier:

NAA.PhotoLot.90-1

Archival Repository:

National Anthropological Archives

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-naa-photolot-90-1

Correspondent:

Mead, Margaret, 1901-1978  Search this

Boas, Franz, 1858-1942  Search this

Wallis, Ruth Sawtell, 1895-1978  Search this

Wagley, Charles, 1913-1991  Search this

Lopez, Salvador  Search this

Little, Kenneth  Search this

Wilson, Maggie  Search this

Whitecloud, Thomas St. Germain  Search this

Henry, Jules, 1904-1969  Search this

Hellman, Ellen  Search this

Haugen, Einar  Search this

Gough, Kathleen  Search this

Lewis, Oscar  Search this

Kaberry, Phyllis Mary, 1910-  Search this

Imes, Elmer Samuel, 1883-1941  Search this

Strong, William Duncan, 1899-1962  Search this

Steyn, Anna F.  Search this

Spier, Leslie, 1893-1961  Search this

Stefansson, Vilhjalmur, 1879-1962  Search this

Solecki, Ralph S.  Search this

Sparta, Francisco  Search this

Rubin, Joan  Search this

Rubin, Vera  Search this

Rodnick, David  Search this

Rogers, Edward S.  Search this

Ritzenthaler, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1911-1980  Search this

Roberts, Robert W.  Search this

Ramo, Arthur  Search this

Richards, Audrey  Search this

Preston, Richard J.  Search this

Verger, Pierre  Search this

Vennum, Thomas  Search this

Topash, Mary  Search this

Topash, Joe  Search this

Teskey, Lynn  Search this

Taylor, Beryl  Search this

Tanner, Helen Hornbeck  Search this

Densmore, Frances, 1867-1957  Search this

Quain, Buell H. (Buell Halvor), 1912-1939  Search this

Dunning, William  Search this

Douglas, William A.  Search this

Eggan, Fred, 1906-1991  Search this

Edmondson, Munro S.  Search this

Black, Mary B.  Search this

Benedict, Ruth, 1887-1948  Search this

Domengeaux, James  Search this

Feldman, Albert G.  Search this

Feder, Norman  Search this

Gacs, Ute  Search this

Franklin, John Hope  Search this

Ewers, John C. (John Canfield), 1909-1997  Search this

Erickson, Vincent O.  Search this

Falk, Minna R.  Search this

Faitlovitch, V.  Search this

Alberto Torres, Heloisa  Search this

Buck, Pearl  Search this

Bruce, Harold E.  Search this

Borri, Rina  Search this

Boggs, Stephen Taylor  Search this

Arensberg, Conrad M. (Conrad Maynadier), 1910-1997  Search this

Baldus, Herbert  Search this

Barnouw, Victor  Search this

Bateson, Mary Catherine  Search this

Lurie, Nancy Oestreich  Search this

Malherbe, E.G.  Search this

Marks, Eli S.  Search this

Masha, Louise  Search this

Maslow, Will  Search this

Masquat, Joseph M.  Search this

Mayer, Kurt B.  Search this

McWilliams, Carey  Search this

Bunche, Ralph J.  Search this

Carneiro, Edison  Search this

Chilver, E. M.  Search this

Chilver, Richard  Search this

Clifton, James A.  Search this

Colson, Elizabeth F.  Search this

Daveron, Alexander  Search this

Lowenfeld, Margaret, 1890-1973  Search this

Officer, James E.  Search this

Odum, Howard W.  Search this

Park, Alice  Search this

Paredes, Anthony  Search this

Paton, Alan, 1903-1988  Search this

Park, George  Search this

Prado, Idabel do  Search this

Peschel, Keewaydinoquay M.  Search this

Merwe, Hendrik W. van der  Search this

Murphy, Robert Francis  Search this

Messing, Simon D.  Search this

Neumann, Anita  Search this

Nef, Evelyn Stefansson  Search this

Nocktonick, Louise  Search this

Neumann, Walter  Search this

Creator:

Landes, Ruth, 1908-1991  Search this

Names:

Columbia University Research in Contemporary Cultures  Search this

Committee on Fair Employment Practices  Search this

Fisk University  Search this

Johnson, Charles S.  Search this

Landes, Ruth, 1908-1991  Search this

Park, Robert E.  Search this

Extent:

26.5 Linear feet ((63 document boxes and 1 oversized box))

Culture:

Anishinaabe (Chippewa/Ojibwa)  Search this

African American  Search this

Dakota (Eastern Sioux)  Search this

African  Search this

Acadians  Search this

Indians of North America -- Great Plains  Search this

Indians of North America -- Northeast  Search this

Jews -- American  Search this

Latinos -- California  Search this

Brazilians  Search this

Basques  Search this

American Indians  Search this

Afro-Brazilians  Search this

Africans  Search this

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Place:

Quebec -- Bilingualism

United Kingdom -- colored immigration

South Africa

Date:

1928-1992

Summary:

Most of Ruth Landes's papers relate directly or indirectly to Landes's American Indian research, her work in Brazil, and her study of bilingualism. There is also a considerable amount of material that relates to her experiences (sometimes fictionalized) at Fisk University. There is only small amount of material related to her other interests. Her collection also has material of and relating to the Brazilian folklorist and journalist Edison Carneiro. There is also noteworthy material concerning Herbert Baldus, Ruth Benedict, Elmer C. Imes, Charles S. Johnson, and Robert E. Park. There is a large amount of printed and processed materials in the collection, mainly in the form of newspaper clippings and a collection of scholarly papers.

Scope and Contents:

This collection is mainly comprised of the professional papers of Ruth Schlossberg Landes. Included are correspondence, journals, published and unpublished manuscripts of writings, research materials including field notes and reading notes, photographs, drawings, scholarly papers and publications by other scholars, and clippings from newspapers and periodicals.

Landes's field research on Candomblé in Brazil is well-represented in this collection, consisting of her field journals, writings, and photographs. Also present are Maggie Wilson's stories that were the basis for Landes's The Ojibwa Woman. Unfortunately, Landes was unable to locate her journals for her early research with the Ojibwa/Chippewa, Potawatomi, and Dakota. There are, however, field photographs of the Ojibwa/Chippewa and Potawatomi in the collection. There is also a great deal of her research on groups, especially minorities, in multilingual states with particular focus on the French of Quebec, Basques of Spain and the United States, Boers and Blacks of South Africa, the several socio-linguistic groups of Switzerland, and Acadians (Cajuns) of Louisiana. In the collection are several drafts of her unpublished manuscript on bilingualism, "Tongues that Defy the State." There is also a small amount of material about Black Jews of New York and considerable material about Landes's experience among African Americans when she taught briefly at Fisk University, including her unpublished manuscript "Now, at Athens," containing fictional and autobiographical accounts of her time at Fisk.

Reflections of other facets of Landes's professional activities are also included. Some materials concern her teaching activities, and there is also documentation of her work with the Fair Employment Practices Commission (a federal government agency during the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt) and a similar private organization which immediately succeeded the FEPA; Gunnar Myrdal's research into the plight of African Americans ("The Negro in America"); the Research in Contemporary Cultures project at Columbia University; and the American Jewish Congress.

Among Landes's correspondents are Ruth Benedict, Franz Boas, Margaret Mead, Ralph Bunche, Herbert Baldus, Edison Carneiro, Sally Chilver, Frances Densmore, Sol Tax, Elmer S. Imes, Charles S. Johnson, Robert E. Park, and Hendrik W. van der Merwe.

Arrangement:

The collection is organized into 6 series: (1) Correspondence, 1931-1991; (2) Research Materials, circa 1930s-1990; (3) Writings, circa 1930s-1990; (4) Teaching Materials, 1935-1975, undated; (5) Biographical and Personal Files, 1928-1988; (6) Graphic Materials, 1933-1978, undated

Biographical Note:

Ruth Schlossberg Landes was born on October 8, 1908 in New York City. Her father was Joseph Schlossberg, an activist in the Yiddish labor socialist community and one of the founders of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America. She studied sociology at New York University (B.A. 1928) and social work at the New York School of Social Work, Columbia University (M.S.W. 1929). While in graduate school, Landes studied Black Jews in Harlem for her master's thesis, a topic that developed her interests in anthropology.

After graduating in 1929, she worked as a social worker in Harlem and married Victor Landes, a medical student and son of family friends. Their marriage ended after two years when she enrolled in the doctoral program in anthropology at Columbia against her husband's wishes. She kept his surname due to the stigma of being a divorced woman.

At Columbia, Landes studied under Franz Boas and Ruth Benedict, her main advisor. Under the guidance of Benedict, Landes moved away from further study of African Americans to focus on Native American communities. Upon Benedict's suggestion, Landes studied the social organization of the Ojibwa in Manitou Rapids in Ontario from 1932 to 1936 for her Ph.D. fieldwork. Her dissertation, Ojibwa Sociology, was published in 1937. Landes also contributed "The Ojibwa of Canada" in Cooperation and Competition among Primitive Peoples (1937), a volume edited by Margaret Mead. In 1938, Landes published Ojibwa Women (1938), a book written in collaboration with Maggie Wilson, an Ojibwa interpreter and informant.

In addition to studying the Ojibwa in Ontario, Landes also conducted fieldwork with the Chippewa of Red Lake, Minnesota in 1933, working closely with shaman or midé Will Rogers. Her book, Ojibwa Religion and the Midéwiwin (1968) was based largely on her research with Rogers and Maggie Wilson. In 1935 and 1936, she undertook fieldwork with the Santee Dakota in Minnesota and the Potawatomi in Kansas. Like Ojibwa Religion and the Midéwiwin, her books on the Santee Dakota and Potawatomi were not published until several years later—The Mystic Lake Sioux: Sociology of the Mdewakantonwan Sioux was published in 1968 while The Prairie Potawatomi was published in 1970. In between her field research in the 1930s and the publication of The Prairie Potawatomi, Landes returned to Kansas to study the Potawatomi in the 1950s and 1960s.

Landes's plan to continue her studies with the Potawatomi in 1937 changed when Benedict invited her to join a team of researchers from Columbia University in Brazil. Landes was to conduct research on Afro-Brazilians in Bahia, Brazil, while Walter Lipkind, Buell Quain, and Charles Wagley studied indigenous people in the Amazons. To prepare for her research, Landes was at Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee in 1937 and 1938 to consult with Robert Park and Donald Pierson and to use the university's library collections of African and African American materials. During that time, Landes also held a teaching position at Fisk and lived in the non-segregated women's residence on campus. Landes later wrote "Now, at Athens," an unpublished memoir containing fictional and true accounts of her experiences at Fisk.

From 1938 to 1939, Landes conducted fieldwork on the role of Afro-Brazilian women and homosexuals in the Candomblé religion in Bahia, Brazil. Unable to move freely by herself in Brazil as a single woman, Landes was accompanied by Edison Carneiro, a Bahian journalist and folklorist. With Carneiro as her companion, Landes was allowed access to rituals and people that would have been closed off to her otherwise. Due to her association with Carneiro, a member of the Brazilian Communist Party, Landes was suspected of being a communist and was forced to leave Bahia early. Publications from her research in Brazil include "A Cult Matriarchate and Male Homosexuality" (1940) and City of Women (1947). She returned to Brazil in 1966 to study the effects of urban development in Rio de Janeiro. In 1967, a Portuguese translation of City of Women was published, a project that Carneiro had commissioned as the first director of the Ministry of Education and Culture's Special National Agency for the Protection of Folklore.

Landes returned to New York in 1939, working briefly as a researcher for Gunnar Myrdal's study of African Americans. Unable to obtain a permanent position at a university, she worked in several other short term positions throughout most of her career. During World War II, Landes was a research director for the Office of the Coordinator for Inter-American Affairs (1941) and consultant for President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Fair Employment Practices Committee on African American and Mexican American cases (1941-44). In 1945, Landes directed a program created by Pearl S. Buck and a group of interdenominational clergy to analyze pending New York anti-discrimination legislation. She moved to California the following year to work for the Los Angeles Metropolitan Welfare Council on a study of race and youth gangs. After her contract ended, she moved back to New York and was hired as a contract researcher for the American Jewish Congress (1948-50). She also participated in Columbia University's Research in Contemporary Cultures (1949-51), studying Jewish families. She coauthored with Mark Zborowski, "Hypothesis concerning the Eastern European Jewish Family." From 1951 to 1952, Landes spent a year in London, funded by a Fulbright fellowship to study colored colonial immigrants and race relations in Great Britain.

After her fellowship ended, Landes returned to the United States and held short term appointments at several universities. She taught at the William Alanson White Psychiatric Institution in New York (1953-54), the New School for Social Research in New York (1953-55), University of Kansas (1957, 1964), University of Southern California (1957-62), Columbia University (1963), Los Angeles State College (1963), and Tulane University (1964). At Claremont Graduate School, Landes helped to develop and direct the Claremont Anthropology and Education Program (1959-62).

It was not until 1965 that Landes obtained a permanent faculty position at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario; she was recruited for the position by Richard Slobodin. Due to Ontario's age retirement law, Landes was forced to retire in 1973 at the age of 65. She continued to teach part-time until 1977, when she became professor emerita.

Landes passed away at the age of 82 on February 11, 1991.

Sources Consulted

Cole, Sally. 2003. Ruth Landes: A Life in Anthropology. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.

Chronology

1908 October 8 -- Born Ruth Schlossberg in New York City

1928 -- B.A. in sociology, New York University

1929 -- M.S.W., New York School of Social Work, Columbia University

1929-1931 -- Social worker in Harlem Married to Victor Landes

1929-1934 -- Studied Black Jews in Harlem

1931 -- Began graduate work in anthropology at Columbia University

1932-1936 -- Studied the Ojibwa in Ontario and Minnesota (in field periodically)

1933-1940 -- Research Fellow, Columbia University

1935 Summer-Fall -- Studied the Santee Sioux (Dakota) in Minnesota

1935-1936 -- Studied the Potawatomi in Kansas

1935 -- Ph.D., Columbia University

1937 -- Instructor, Brooklyn College

1937-1938 -- Instructor, Fisk University

1938-1939 -- Studied Afro-Brazilians and Candomblé in Brazil, especially at Bahia

1939 -- Researcher on Gunnar Myrdal's study, "The Negro in America"

1941 -- Research Director, Office of Inter American Affairs, Washington, D.C.

1941-1945 -- Representative for Negro and Mexican American Affairs, Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC), President Franklin D. Roosevelt Administration

1944 -- Interim Director, Committee Against Racial Discrimination, New York

1946-1947 -- Researcher, study of Mexican American youth, gangs, and families, Los Angeles Metropolitan Council

1948-1951 -- Researcher, American Jewish Congress, New York

1949-1951 -- Research consultant, study on Jewish families in New York for Research in Contemporary Cultures Project, Columbia University

1951-1952 -- Fulbright Scholar, to study colored colonial immigration into Great Britain

1953-1954 -- Lecturer, William Alanson White Psychiatric Institution, New York

1953-1955 -- Lecturer, New School for Social Research, New York

1956-1957 -- Married to Ignacio Lutero Lopez

1957 Summer -- Visiting Professor, University of Kansas

1957-1958 -- Visiting Professor, University of Southern California

1957-1965 -- Consultant, California agencies (Department of Social Work, Bureau of Mental Hygiene, Department of Education, Public Health Department) and San Francisco Police Department

1958-1959 -- Director, Geriatrics Program, Los Angeles City Health Department

1959-1962 -- Visiting Professor and Director of Anthropology and Education Program, Claremont Graduate School

1962 -- Extension Lecturer, University of California, Los Angeles and University of California, Berkeley

1963 -- Extension Lecturer, Columbia University Extension Lecturer, Los Angeles State College

1963-1965 -- Consultant, International Business Machines (IBM)

1964 January-June -- Visiting Professor, Tulane University

1964 Summer -- Field work with Potawatomi in Kansas Professor, University of Kansas

1965-1975 -- Professor at McMaster University

1966 -- Studied urban development in Rio de Janeiro

1968-1975 -- Studied bilingualism and biculturalism in Spain, Switzerland, South Africa, United States, and Canada (in Spain and the United States concentrated on Basques)

1975 -- Became part-time faculty member at McMaster University

1977 -- Professor Emerita, McMaster University

1978 -- Award of Merit from the University of Wisconsin, Green Bay

1991 February 11 -- Died in Hamilton, Ontario

1991 -- Establishment of the Ruth Landes Memorial Research Fund at Research Institute for the Study of Man (RISM)

Related Materials:

Correspondence from Ruth Landes can be found in the William Duncan Strong Papers, the Leonard Bloomfield Papers, and MS 7369. The Ruth Bunzel Papers contains a copy of a grant application by Landes.

Provenance:

These papers were donated to the National Anthropological Archives by Ruth Landes in 1991.

Restrictions:

The Ruth Landes papers are open for research. The nitrate negatives in this collection have been separated from the collection and stored offsite. Access to nitrate negatives is restricted due to preservation concerns.

Access to the Ruth Landes papers requires an appointment.

Rights:

Contact the repository for terms of use.

Topic:

Language and languages -- Documentation  Search this

Midéwiwin  Search this

Bilingualism  Search this

Aging  Search this

Candomblé (Religion)  Search this

Citation:

Ruth Landes papers, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution

Sponsor:

The revision of this finding aid and digitization of portions of the collection were made possible through the financial support of the Ruth Landes Memorial Research Fund.

Identifier:

NAA.1991-04

See more items in:

Ruth Landes papers

Archival Repository:

National Anthropological Archives

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-naa-1991-04

Creator:

La Flesche, Francis, 1857-1932  Search this

Fletcher, Alice C. (Alice Cunningham), 1838-1923  Search this

Correspondent:

La Flesche family  Search this

Aldrich, Charles F.  Search this

Alexander, Hartley B.  Search this

Allen, James T.  Search this

Andrews, Gleorge L.  Search this

Armstrong, S.C.  Search this

Ashley, Robert H.  Search this

Atkins, John D.C.  Search this

Boas, Franz, 1858-1942  Search this

Bowditch, Charles P. (Charles Pickering), 1842-1921  Search this

Brinton, Daniel G. (Daniel Garrison), 1837-1899  Search this

Brown, George LeRoy  Search this

Burlin, Natalie Curtis, 1875-1921  Search this

Cadman, Charles Wakefield, 1881-1946  Search this

Copley, John T.  Search this

Dall, William Healey, 1845-1927  Search this

Dawes, E.S.  Search this

Densmore, Frances, 1867-1957  Search this

Dixon, Roland Burrage, 1875-1934  Search this

Dorsey, James Owen, 1848-1895  Search this

Dunbar, John Brown, 1841-1914  Search this

Ellinwood, F.F.  Search this

Farabee, William Curtis, 1865-1925  Search this

Farley, Caryl E.  Search this

Farley, Rosalie La Flesche  Search this

Farwell, Arthur  Search this

Fellowes, R.S.  Search this

Fewkes, Jesse Walter, 1850-1930  Search this

Fillmore, John Comfort, 1843-1898  Search this

Fillmore, L.H.  Search this

Fillmore, Thomas Hill  Search this

Freire-Marreco, Barbara W. (Barbara Whitchurch), 1879-1967  Search this

Gay, E. Jane  Search this

Griffith, Elmer C.  Search this

Guthrie, William Norman  Search this

Hale, Horatio, 1817-1896  Search this

Hall, C.C.  Search this

Hall, Charles Lemon, 1847-1940  Search this

Hearst, Phoebe Apperson, 1842-1919  Search this

Heth, H.  Search this

Hewett, Edgar L. (Edgar Lee), 1865-1946  Search this

Hewitt, J. N. B. (John Napoleon Brinton), 1859-1937  Search this

Hodge, Frederick Webb, 1864-1956  Search this

Holmes, William Henry, 1846-1933  Search this

Hough, Walter, 1859-1935  Search this

Jackson, Sheldon, 1834-1909  Search this

Johnston, Catherine M.  Search this

Kincaid, William  Search this

La Flesche, Joseph  Search this

Lummis, Charles Fletcher, 1859-1928  Search this

MacCurdy, George Grant, 1863-1947  Search this

Mason, Otis T., 1838-1908  Search this

Matthews, Washington, 1843-1905  Search this

McBeth, Kate C., 1832-1915  Search this

McBeth, Sue L., -1893  Search this

McCown, S.M.  Search this

McGee, W J, 1853-1912  Search this

McGuire, Joseph D. (Joseph Deakins), 1842-1916  Search this

Mead, Frances K.  Search this

Merriam, C. Hart (Clinton Hart), 1855-1942  Search this

Merrick, Fannie  Search this

Merrick, Jessie  Search this

Moon, Karl  Search this

Moore, Homer  Search this

Morgan, Caroline S.  Search this

Morgan, John T.  Search this

Murie, James R.  Search this

Myers, John L.  Search this

Nuttal, Maria Magdalena  Search this

Pepper, George H. (George Hubbard), 1873-1924  Search this

Petter, W.H.  Search this

Pettigrew, Frederick W., 1850-1901  Search this

Picotte, Susan La Flesche  Search this

Pratt, Richard Henry, 1840-1924  Search this

Price, Hiram  Search this

Proctor, Edna Dean, 1829-1923  Search this

Putnam, F. W. (Frederic Ward), 1839-1915  Search this

Quinn, Daniel  Search this

Robertson, Alice M.  Search this

Rogers, Emily F.  Search this

Sanborn, F. B. (Franklin Benjamin), 1831-1917  Search this

Seymour, Thomas Day  Search this

Spofford, Ainsworth Rand, 1825-1908  Search this

St. Cyr, Julia  Search this

Starr, Frederick  Search this

Stuart, James  Search this

Talbot, Emily  Search this

Teller, W.J.  Search this

Thaw, William  Search this

Tozzer, Alfred M. (Alfred Marston), 1877-1954  Search this

Wallaschek, Richard  Search this

Westcott, Edith  Search this

Wilkinson, G.W.  Search this

Wilkinson, Hattie M.  Search this

Willoughby, Charles Clark  Search this

Names:

Carr, Lucien, 1829-1915  Search this

Radin, Paul, 1883-1959  Search this

Extent:

19 Linear feet (50 boxes)

Culture:

Inunaina (Arapaho)  Search this

Sioux  Search this

A:shiwi (Zuni)  Search this

Ponca  Search this

Quechua  Search this

Quapaw Indians  Search this

Ho-Chunk (Winnebago)  Search this

Mexicans  Search this

Wichita  Search this

Zapotec  Search this

Muskogee (Creek)  Search this

Apache  Search this

Cherokee  Search this

Hopi Pueblo  Search this

Indians of North America -- California  Search this

Hitchiti Seminole  Search this

Indians of North America -- Great Plains  Search this

Indians of North America -- Southeast  Search this

Indians of North America -- Northeast  Search this

Tsitsistas/Suhtai (Cheyenne)  Search this

Caddo  Search this

Biloxi Indians  Search this

Omaha  Search this

Osage  Search this

Oto  Search this

Indians of North America -- Southwest, New  Search this

Ajachemem (San Juan de Capistrano Luiseño)  Search this

Chaticks Si Chaticks (Pawnee)  Search this

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Place:

Alaska

Date:

1873-1939

Summary:

These papers reflect the professional lives of Alice Cunningham Fletcher (1838-1923), an ethnologist with the Peabody Museum of Harvard and collaborator with the Bureau of American Ethnology, and Francis La Flesche (1856-1923), an anthropologist with the Bureau of American Ethnology. Due to the close professional and personal relationship of Fletcher and La Flesche, their papers have been arranged jointly. The papers cover the period from 1874 to 1939. Included in the collection is correspondence, personal diaries, lectures, field notes and other ethnographic papers, drafts, musical transcriptions, publications by various authors, maps and photographs.

Scope and Contents:

These papers reflect the professional lives of Alice Cunningham Fletcher (1838-1923), an ethnologist with the Peabody Museum of Harvard University and collaborator with the Bureau of American Ethnology, and Francis La Flesche (1856-1923), an anthropologist with the Bureau of American Ethnology. Due to the close professional and personal relationship of Fletcher and La Flesche, their papers have been arranged jointly. The papers cover the period from 1874 to 1939. Included in the collection is correspondence, personal diaries, lectures, field notes and other ethnographic papers, drafts, musical transcriptions, publications by various authors, maps and photographs.

The papers have been divided into three general categories: the papers of Alice Cunningham Fletcher, the papers of Francis La Flesche, and the ethnographic research of Fletcher and La Flesche. The first two categories represent personal and professional materials of Fletcher and La Flesche. The third section holds the majority of the ethnographic material in the collection.

Of primary concern are Fletcher and La Flesche's ethnological investigations conducted among the Plains Indians, particularly the Omaha and Osage. Fletcher's Pawnee field research and her allotment work for the Bureau of Indian Affairs among the Omaha, Nez Perce, and Winnebago are represented in the collection. A substantial portion of the ethnographic material reflects Fletcher and La Flesche's studies of Native American music. Much of the correspondence in the papers of Fletcher and La Flesche is rich with information about the situation of Omaha peoples in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Also included in the collection are documents related to Fletcher's work with the Archaeological Institute of America and the School for American Archaeology. Additionally, substantial amounts of Fletcher's early anthropological and historical research are found among her correspondence, lectures, anthropological notes, and early field diaries. La Flesche's literary efforts are also generously represented.

Arrangement:

The collection is divided into the following 3 series: 1) Alice Cunningham Fletcher papers, 1873-1925; 2) Francis La Flesche papers, 1881-1930; 3) Papers relating to the anthropological research of Alice Fletcher and Francis La Flesche, 1877-1939.

Series 1: Alice Cunningham Fletcher papers is divided into the following 10 subseries: 1.1) Incoming correspondence, 1874-1923 (bulk 1882-1923); 1.2) Outgoing correspondence, 1873-1921; 1.3) Correspondence on specific subjects, 1881-1925; 1.4) Correspondence between Fletcher and La Flesche, 1895-1922; 1.5) Publications, 1882-1920; 1.6) Organizational records, 1904-1921; 1.7) General anthropological notes, undated; 1.8) Lectures, circa 1878-1910; 1.9) Diaries, 1881-1922; 1.10) Biography and memorabilia, 1878-1925.

Series 2: Francis La Flesche papers is divided into the following 6 subseries: 2.11) General correspondence, 1890-1929; 2.12) Correspondence on specific subjects, 1881-1930; 2.13) Publications, 1900-1927; 2.14) Literary efforts, undated; 2.15) Personal diaries, 1883-1924; 2.16) Biography and memorabilia, 1886-1930.

Series 3: Papers relating to the anthropological research of Alice Fletcher and Francis La Flesche is divided into the following 12 subseries: 3.17) Alaska, 1886-1887; 3.18) Earth lodges, 1882, 1898-1899; 3.19) Music, 1888-1918; 3.20) Nez Perce, 1889-1909; 3.21) Omaha, 1882-1922; 3.22) Osage, 1896-1939; 3.23) Pawnee, 1897-1910; 3.24) Pipes, undated; 3.25) Sioux, 1877-1896; 3.26) Other tribes, 1882-1922; 3.27) Publications collected, 1884-1905, undated; 3.28) Photographs, undated.

Biographical / Historical:

Alice Cunningham Fletcher (1838-1923) was an ethnologist with the Peabody Museum of Harvard and collaborator with the Bureau of American Ethnology. Francis La Flesche (1856-1923) was an anthropologist with the Bureau of American Ethnology.

Chronology of the Life of Alice Cunningham Fletcher

1838 March 15 -- Born in Havana, Cuba

1873-1876 -- Secretary, American Association for Advancement of Women

1879 -- Informal student of anthropology, Peabody Museum, Harvard University

1881 -- Field trip to Omaha and Rosebud Agencies

1882 -- Assistant in ethnology, Peabody Museum, Harvard University

1882 -- Helped secure land in severalty to Omaha Indians

1882-1883 -- Begins collaboration with Francis La Flesche on the Peabody Museum's collection of Omaha and Sioux artifacts

1883-1884 -- Special Agent, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Omaha Agency

1886 -- Bureau of Education investigation of Alaskan native education

1887-1888 -- Special Disbursing Agent, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Winnebago Agency

1889-1892 -- Special Agent for allotment, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Nez Perce Agency

1890-1899 -- President, Women's Anthropological Society of America

1891-1923 -- Mary Copley Thaw Fellow, Peabody Museum, Harvard University

1892-1893 -- Department of Interior consultant, World's Columbian Exposition

1896 -- Vice-President, Section H, American Association for the Advancement of Science

1897 -- Collaborator, Bureau of American Ethnology

1899-1916 -- Editorial board, American Anthropologist

1900 -- Published Indian Story and Song from North America

1901-1902 -- Advisory committee, Anthropology Department, University of California at Berkeley

1903 -- President, Anthropological Society of Washington

1904 -- Published The Hako: A Pawnee Ceremony with James Murie

1904 -- Member, ethnology section, Louisiana Purchase Exposition

1905 -- President, American Folk-lore Society

1908-1913 -- Chair, Managing Committee of School of American Archaeology

1911 -- Honorary Vice-President, Section H, British Association for Advancement of Science

1911 -- Published The Omaha Tribe with Francis La Flesche

1913 -- Chair Emeritus, Managing Committee of School of American Archaeology

1915 -- Published Indian Games and Dances with Native Songs Arranged from American Indian Ceremonials and Sports

1923 April 6 -- Died in Washington, D.C.

Chronology of the Life of Francis La Flesche

1857 December 25 -- Born on Omaha Reservation near Macy, Nebraska

1879 -- Lecture tour, Ponca chief Standing Bear

1881 -- Interpreter, Senate Committee on Indian Affairs

1881-1910 -- Clerk, Bureau of Indian Affairs

1891 -- Informally adopted as Fletcher's son

1892 -- LL.B., National University Law School

1893 -- LL.M., National University Law School

1900 -- Published The Middle Five: Indian Boys at School

1906-1908 -- Marriage to Rosa Bourassa

1910-1929 -- Ethnologist, Bureau of American Ethnology

1911 -- Published The Omaha Tribe with Alice Fletcher

1921 -- Published The Osage Tribe, Part One

1922 -- Member, National Academy of Sciences

1922-1923 -- President, Anthropological Society of Washington

1925 -- Published The Osage Tribe, Part Two

1926 -- Honorary Doctor of Letters, University of Nebraska

1928 -- Published The Osage Tribe, Part Three

1932 -- Published Dictionary of the Osage Language

1932 September 5 -- Died in Thurston County, Nebraska

1939 -- Posthumous publication of War Ceremony and Peace Ceremony of the Osage Indians

Related Materials:

Additional material related to the professional work of Fletcher and La Flesche in the National Anthropological Archives may be found among the correspondence of the Bureau of American Ethnology (BAE) and the records of the Anthropological Society of Washington.

Sound recordings made by Fletcher and La Flesche can be found at the Library of Congress. The National Archives Records Administration hold the Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), including those relating to allotments in severalty for the Nez Perce by Alice Fletcher. The Nebraska Historical Society has diaries, letters and clippings regarding the La Flesche family, including correspondence of Francis La Flesche and Fletcher. The Radcliffe College Archives holds a manuscript account of Alice Fletcher's four summers with the Nez Perce (1889-1892). Correspondence between Fletcher and F. W. Putnam is also located at the Peabody Museum Archives of Harvard University.

Separated Materials:

Ethnographic photographs from the collection have been catalogued by tribe in Photo Lot 24.

Glass plate negatives from the collection have been catalogued by tribe in the BAE glass negatives collection (Negative Numbers 4439-4515).

Provenance:

The papers of Alice Cunningham Fletcher and Francis La Flesche have been received from an undocumented number of sources. Portions of Fletcher's ethnographic papers were donated to the archives by Mrs. G. David Pearlman in memory of her husband in 1959.

Restrictions:

The Alice Cunningham Fletcher and Francis La Flesche papers are open for research.

Access to the Alice Cunningham Fletcher and Francis La Flesche papers requires an appointment.

Rights:

Contact the repository for terms of use.

Topic:

Pipes -- American Indian  Search this

Earth houses  Search this

Music -- American Indian  Search this

Citation:

Manuscript 4558 Alice Cunningham Fletcher and Francis La Flesche papers, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution

Identifier:

NAA.MS4558

See more items in:

MS 4558 Alice Cunningham Fletcher and Francis La Flesche papers

Archival Repository:

National Anthropological Archives

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-naa-ms4558

Collector:

Dr. J. D. Rogers  Search this

Donor Name:

Jereldine (Jeri) Redcorn  Search this

Circumference - Widest Point Of Vessel:

ca. 63.5 cm

Diameter - Mouth Opening Of Vessel:

ca. 11 cm

Diameter - Base Of Vessel:

ca 6 cm

Culture:

Caddo  Search this

Object Type:

Vessel

Place:

Norman, Oklahoma, United States, North America

Accession Date:

30 May 2014

Collection Date:

1 Oct 2007

Topic:

Ethnology  Search this

Accession Number:

2060431

USNM Number:

E432917-0

See more items in:

Anthropology

Data Source:

NMNH - Anthropology Dept.

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/3b2c556be-c9f7-4d15-9bbc-29f6d99e7e1a

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmnhanthropology_10296258

Collector:

Dr. J. D. Rogers  Search this

Donor Name:

Jereldine (Jeri) Redcorn  Search this

Circumference - Widest Point Of Vessel:

ca. 68.5 cm

Diameter - Mouth Opening Of Vessel:

ca. 5.7 cm

Diameter - Base Of Vessel:

ca 9 cm

Culture:

Caddo  Search this

Object Type:

Vessel

Place:

Norman, Oklahoma, United States, North America

Accession Date:

30 May 2014

Collection Date:

1 Oct 2007

Topic:

Ethnology  Search this

Accession Number:

2060431

USNM Number:

E432918-0

See more items in:

Anthropology

Data Source:

NMNH - Anthropology Dept.

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/3f401dbb0-eb99-45b4-a387-92da9c3809f8

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmnhanthropology_10296259

Collector:

Dr. J. D. Rogers  Search this

Donor Name:

Jereldine (Jeri) Redcorn  Search this

Circumference - Widest Point Of Vessel:

ca. 68.5 cm

Diameter - Mouth Opening Of Vessel:

ca. 4.8 cm

Diameter - Base Of Vessel:

ca 10 cm

Culture:

Caddo  Search this

Object Type:

Vessel

Place:

Norman, Oklahoma, United States, North America

Accession Date:

30 May 2014

Collection Date:

1 Oct 2007

Topic:

Ethnology  Search this

Accession Number:

2060431

USNM Number:

E432919-0

See more items in:

Anthropology

Data Source:

NMNH - Anthropology Dept.

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/372a01b6e-03ab-4c05-8024-6563a94c77dc

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmnhanthropology_10296260

Collector:

Dr. Jean A. Jeancon  Search this

Donor Name:

Bureau Of American Ethnology  Search this

Culture:

North American Indian  Search this

Object Type:

Stone

Place:

Taos County, New Mexico, United States, North America

Accession Date:

1921

Topic:

Archaeology  Search this

Accession Number:

066156

USNM Number:

A574220-0

See more items in:

Anthropology

Data Source:

NMNH - Anthropology Dept.

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/3e77b1ca9-fab6-4317-b624-5f36e672f26a

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmnhanthropology_10108182

Collector:

Dr. Jean A. Jeancon  Search this

Donor Name:

Bureau Of American Ethnology  Search this

Culture:

North American Indian  Search this

Object Type:

Faunal Bone

Place:

Taos County, New Mexico, United States, North America

Accession Date:

1921

Topic:

Archaeology  Search this

Accession Number:

066156

USNM Number:

A574220-1

See more items in:

Anthropology

Data Source:

NMNH - Anthropology Dept.

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/3f81abc4c-e61b-4533-8d9a-59733f59ad28

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmnhanthropology_10108184

Collector:

James G. Swan  Search this

Donor Name:

James G. Swan  Search this

Diameter - Object:

5.71 cm

Width - , Of Band:

3 cm

3.17 cm

Width - Object:

3.4 cm

Culture:

Haida  Search this

Object Type:

Bracelet

Place:

Laskeek (Tanu), Queen Charlotte Islands (Haida Gwaii) / Louise Island, British Columbia, Canada, North America

Accession Date:

1876

Collection Date:

1875

Topic:

Ethnology  Search this

Accession Number:

004669

USNM Number:

E20251-2

See more items in:

Anthropology

Data Source:

NMNH - Anthropology Dept.

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/355ce375b-3a93-4a7c-a3c0-786d47821c53

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmnhanthropology_8550801