Twelve species of Leptochela are described and illustrated, including L. hawaiiensis, new species, from Hawaii; L. irrobusta, new species, from the Red Sea to the Marshall and Samoa islands; and L. papulata, new species, from the Carolinas, Georgia, and the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Proboloura, new subgenus, is proposed for the types-species L. carinata Ortmann. The geographic distribution and sexual dimorphism of the species are discussed.