Search Results

Created by:

Voter Education Project, American, 1962 - 1968  Search this

Subject of:

Muhammad Ali, American, 1942 - 2016  Search this

Medium:

printing ink and ink on paper

Dimensions:

H x W: 22 3/4 × 15 1/2 in. (57.8 × 39.4 cm)

Type:

political posters

Place used:

Atlanta, Fulton County, Georgia, United States, North and Central America

Date:

1960s

Topic:

African American  Search this

Athletes  Search this

Boxing  Search this

Politics  Search this

Sports  Search this

Suffrage  Search this

U.S. History, 1961-1969  Search this

Credit Line:

Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture

Object number:

2014.63.42

Restrictions & Rights:

Unknown - Restrictions Possible

Rights assessment and proper usage is the responsibility of the user.

See more items in:

National Museum of African American History and Culture Collection

Classification:

Memorabilia and Ephemera

Data Source:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/fd5fd3056f7-6372-47ca-a0e2-fd09a2626abd

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmaahc_2014.63.42

Creator:

Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology  Search this

Extent:

245 Linear feet ((376 boxes and 10 map drawers))

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Date:

1878-1965

Summary:

The records in this collection embody the administrative functions of the Bureau of American Ethnology from 1879 to 1965. The collection consists of correspondence, card files, registers, official notices, annual and monthly work reports, research statements, research proposals, grant applications, personnel action requests, notices of personnel action, meeting minutes, purchase orders and requisitions, property records, biographical sketches, resolutions, newspaper clippings, reviews of publications, drafts of publications, circulars, programs, pamphlets, announcements, illustrations, cartographic materials, photographic prints, photographic negatives, bibliographies, and reprinted publications.

Scope and Contents:

The records in this collection embody the administrative functions of the Bureau of American Ethnology from 1879 to 1965. The collection consists of correspondence, card files, registers, official notices, annual and monthly work reports, research statements, research proposals, grant applications, personnel action requests, notices of personnel action, meeting minutes, purchase orders and requisitions, property records, biographical sketches, resolutions, newspaper clippings, reviews of publications, drafts of publications, circulars, programs, pamphlets, announcements, illustrations, cartographic materials, photographic prints, photographic negatives, bibliographies, and reprinted publications.

Correspondence comprises the bulk of this collection. A significant portion of this correspondence originates from the Bureau's duty to field inquiries regarding North American aboriginal cultures and respond to requests relating to the duplication of BAE library and archival materials. Inquiries and requests, received from all parts of the world, were submitted by colleagues, museum curators and directors, students, professors, amateur archaeologists, government agents, military officials, Smithsonian Institution officials, artists, and members of the general public. Other correspondence reflects the Bureau's day-to-day operations and internal affairs. Subjects discussed in this correspondence include research projects, field expeditions, annual budgets, personnel matters, the acquisition of manuscripts, the disbursement of specimens, and production of BAE publications. Correspondence is occasionally accompanied by announcements, circulars, programs, pamphlets, photographs, drawings, diagrams, bibliographies, lists, newspaper clippings, and maps. Also among these records are the card files and registers of incoming and outgoing correspondence maintained by early BAE administrative staff. For a list of correspondents, see the appendix to this finding aid, available in the NAA reading room.

The majority of illustrations, artwork, and photographs that appear in this collection are associated with BAE publications, including BAE Annual Reports, BAE Bulletins, Contributions to North American Ethnology and Smithsonian Institution, Miscellaneous Collection. Maps located among the collection originate, by and large, from BAE field expeditions and research projects. BAE staff also amassed great quantities of newspaper clippings that concerned BAE research or points of interest. Of particular note are three scrapbooks comprised of clippings that relate to "mound builders" and the work of the BAE's Division of Mound Explorations.

Also worthy of note are the various records relating to the 1903 investigation of the BAE. Records related to the investigation highlight the Smithsonian Institution's longstanding dissatisfaction with the internal management of the BAE, its concerns over the BAE's loose relationship with the parent organization, and displeasure with the manner in which BAE scientific research was developing. Other materials of special interest are the various administrative records covering the period 1929 to 1946 and 1949 to 1965. The majority cover personnel matters; however, others justify the work of the BAE and bear witness to growing concerns that the BAE would eventually be absorbed by the Department of Anthropology within the United States National Museum.

Arrangement:

The collection has been arranged into the following 12 series: (1) Correspondence, 1897-1965; (2) Cooperative Ethnological Investigations, 1928-1935; (3) Miscellaneous Administrative Files, 1929-1946; (4) Miscellaneous Administrative Files, 1949-1965; (5) Records Concerning the Photographic Print Collection, 1899-1919; (6) Records Concerning Employees; (7) Fiscal Records, 1901-1902 and 1945-1968; (8) Records Relating to the 1903 Investigation of the BAE; (9) Property Records and Requisitions; (10) Clippings; (11) Publications; (12) BAE Library Materials, Pamphlets and Reprints

Administrative History:

The Bureau of Ethnology was established by an act of the United States Congress on March 3, 1879, but it was largely the personal creation of the geologist and explorer Major John Wesley Powell. His earlier explorations of the Colorado River and Grand Canyon formed the basis of the Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region. While exploring the area, Powell became alarmed at what he perceived to be the decline of the aboriginal way of life due to rapid depopulation. In a letter to the Secretary of the Interior, he warned that "in a few years, it will be impossible to study…Indians in their primitive condition, except from recorded history" (Hinsley). He urged swift government action; the result of which was the appropriation of $20,000 (20 Stat. 397) to transfer all documents relating to North American Indians from the Department of Interior to the Smithsonian Institution and its Secretary's appointment of Powell as director of the newly established Bureau of Ethnology, a position he held until his death in 1902. In 1897, its name was changed to the Bureau of American Ethnology (BAE) to underscore the limits of its geographical reaches.

Under Powell, the BAE organized the nation's earliest anthropological field expeditions, in which the characteristics and customs of native North Americans were observed firsthand and documented in official reports. Images of Indian life were captured on photographic glass plate negatives, and their songs on wax cylinder recordings. Histories, vocabularies and myths were gathered, along with material objects excavated from archaeological sites, and brought back to Washington for inclusion in the BAE manuscript library or the United States National Museum.

The fruits of these investigations were disseminated via a series of highly regarded and widely distributed publications, most notably BAE Annual Reports, BAE Bulletins, and Contributions to North American Ethnology. BAE research staff also responded routinely to inquiries posed by colleagues, government agencies, and the general public on matters ranging from artwork to warfare. Moreover, the BAE prepared exhibits on the various cultural groups it studied not only for the Smithsonian Institution, but also for large expositions held nationwide.

In 1882 Powell, under instruction of Congress, established the Division of Mound Explorations for the purpose of discovering the true origin of earthen mounds found predominately throughout the eastern United States. It was the first of three temporary, yet significant, subunits supported by the Bureau. Cyrus Thomas, head of the Division, published his conclusions in the Bureau's Annual Report of 1894, which is considered to be the last word in the controversy over the mounds' origins. With the publication of Thomas' findings, the Division's work came to a close.

The course of BAE operations remained largely the same under Powell's successors: W.J. McGee (acting director) 1902; William Henry Holmes, 1902-1910; Frederick W. Hodge, 1910-1918; J. Walter Fewkes, 1918-1928; Matthew W. Stirling, 1928-1957; Frank H.H. Roberts, Jr., 1957-1964; and Henry B. Collins (acting director), 1964-1965. However, following a 1903 internal investigation of the Bureau's administrative activities, Smithsonian officials called for a broader scope of ethnological inquiry and greater application of anthropological research methodologies. The BAE responded in 1904 by expanding agency activities to include investigations in Hawaii, the Philippines, and the Caribbean.

The BAE extended its geographical reaches once again, in the 1940s, to include Central and South America. In 1943, the Institute of Social Anthropology (ISA) was established as an independent subunit of the Bureau for the purpose of developing and promoting ethnological research throughout the American Republics. The findings of ISA-sponsored investigations were published in the six volume series, Handbook of South American Indians (BAE Bulletin 143). Julian H. Steward, editor of the Handbook, was appointed director of ISA operations and held the position until 1946 when George M. Foster assumed responsibility. The ISA was absorbed by the Institute of Inter-American Affairs in 1952, thus terminating its relationship with the BAE.

In 1946 the BAE assumed partial administrative control of the recently established River Basin Surveys (RBS), its third and final autonomous subunit. The purpose of the RBS was to salvage and preserve archaeological evidence threatened by post-World War II public works programs, more specifically the rapid construction of dams and reservoirs occurring throughout the country. Excavations conducted under the RBS yielded considerable data on early North American Indian settlements, and subsequent deliberations on this data were published as reports in various BAE Bulletins.

In 1965, the BAE merged administratively with the Smithsonian Institution's Department of Anthropology to form the Office of Anthropology within the United States National Museum (now the Department of Anthropology within the National Museum of Natural History). The BAE manuscript library, also absorbed by the Department of Anthropology, became the foundation of what is today the National Anthropological Archives (NAA).

In its 86 year existence, the BAE played a significant role in the advancement of American anthropology. Its staff included some of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries' most distinguished anthropologists, including Jeremiah Curtain, Frank Hamilton Cushing, J.O. Dorsey, Jesse Walter Fewkes, Alice Cunningham Fletcher, Albert H. Gatschet, John Peabody Harrington, John N.B. Hewitt, William Henry Holmes, Ales Hrdlicka, Neil Judd, Francis LaFlesche, Victor and Cosmo Mindeleff, James Mooney, James Pilling, Matilda Coxe Stevenson, Matthew Williams Stirling, William Duncan Strong, and William Sturtevant. The BAE also collaborated with and supported the work of many non-Smithsonian researchers, most notably Franz Boas, Frances Densmore, Gerard Fowke, Garrick Mallery, Washington Matthews, Paul Radin, John Swanton, Cyrus Thomas, and T.T. Waterman, as well as America's earliest field photographers such as Charles Bell, John K. Hillers, Timothy O'Sullivan, and William Dinwiddie. Several of its staff founded the Anthropological Society of Washington in 1880, which later became the American Anthropological Association in 1899. What is more, its seminal research continues to be drawn upon by contemporary anthropologists and government agents through the use of BAE manuscripts now housed in the NAA.

Sources Consulted:

Hinsley, Curtis. Savages and Scientists: The Smithsonian Institution and the Development of American Anthropology, 1846-1910. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981.

McGee, WJ. "Bureau of American Ethnology." The Smithsonian Institution, 1846-1896, The History of its First Half-Century, pp. 367-396. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1897.

Sturtevant, William. "Why a Bureau of American Ethnology?" Box 286, Functions of the BAE, Series IV: Miscellaneous Administrative Files, 1948-1965, Records of the Bureau of American Ethnology, National Anthropological Archives.

Related Materials:

Additional material relating to BAE administrative affairs and research projects can be found among the National Anthropological Archives' vast collection of numbered manuscripts. Too numerous to list in this space, these include official correspondence, monthly and annual work reports, fiscal records, field notes, personal diaries, expedition logs, catalogues of specimens, vocabularies, historical sketches, maps, diagrams, drawings, bibliographies, working papers and published writings, among various other material. Most of these documents are dispersed throughout the numbered manuscript collection as single items; however, some have been culled and unified into larger units (e.g., MS 2400 is comprised of documents relating to the Division of Mound Explorations). Artwork and illustrations produced for BAE publications are also located among the NAA's numbered manuscript collection as well as its photograph collection (e.g., Photo Lot 78-51 and Photo Lot 80-6).

Photographs concerning BAE research interests can be found among the following NAA photographic lots: Photo Lot 14, Bureau of American Ethnology Subject and Geographic File ca. 1870s-1930s; Photo Lot 24, BAE Photographs of American Indians 1840s to 1960s (also known as the Source Print Collection); Photo Lot 60, BAE Reference Albums 1858-1905; and Photo Lot 85, BAE Miscellaneous Photographs 1895 to 1930. Other photographic lots include portraits of BAE staff and collaborators, namely Photo Lot 33, Portraits of Anthropologists and others 1860s-1960s; Photo Lot 68, Portraits of John Wesley Powell ca. 1890 and 1898; and Photo Lot 70, Department of Anthropology Portrait File ca. 1864-1921.

Additional materials in the NAA relating to the work of the BAE can be found among the professional papers of its staff, collaborators and USNM anthropologists. These include the papers of Ales Hrdlicka, John Peabody Harrington, Otis Mason, J.C. Pilling, Matthew Williams Stirling, and William Duncan Strong. Documents relating to the work of the BAE can be found among the records of the River Basin Surveys (1928-1969) and the Institute of Social Anthropology (1941-1952).

Records related to this collection can also be found in the Smithsonian Institution Archives (SIA). SIA accession 05-124 includes information regarding the 1942 transfer of six audio recordings related to the Chumash Indian language from the Bureau of American Ethnology to the National Archives, nine pages of Chumash translations, and "The Story of Candalaria, the Old Indian Basket-Maker." The Fiscal and Payroll Records of the Office of the Secretary, 1847 to 1942 (Record Unit 93), includes voucher logs, disbursement journals and daybooks of money paid out to the BAE from 1890 to 1910. BAE correspondence can also be found among the Records of the Office of the Secretary (Record Unit 776, accession 05-162). The Papers of William Henry Holmes, second director of the BAE, are also located among the SIA (Record Unit 7084).

Accession records concerning artifacts and specimens collected by the BAE are located in the registrar's office of the National Museum of Natural History.

Related collections can also be found at the National Archives and Records Administration. RG 57.3.1, the Administrative Records of the United States Geological Survey, includes register of applications for BAE ethnological expositions conducted between 1879-1882. RG 75.29, Still Pictures among the Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, includes 22 photographs of Arapaho, Cheyenne, Kiowa, Comanche, Navajo, and Apache Indians taken by William S. Soule for the BAE during 1868-1875. RG 106, Records of the Smithsonian Institution, includes cartographic records (106.2) relating to Indian land cessions in Indiana created for the First Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1881 (1 item); a distribution of American Indian linguistic stock in North America and Greenland, by John Wesley Powell, for the Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, ca. 1887 (1 item); a distribution of Indian tribal and linguistic groups in South America, 1950 (1 item); the Indian tribes in North America, for Bulletin 145, Bureau of American Ethnology, 1952 (4 items). Sound Recordings (106.4) include songs and linguistic material relating to the Aleut, Mission, Chumash, and Creek, gather by the BAE in 1912, 1914, 1930-41. Some include translations (122 items).

Provenance:

The Records of the Bureau of American Ethnology were transferred to the Smithsonian Office of Anthropology Archives with the merger of the BAE and the Department of Anthropology of the National Museum of Natural History in 1965. The Smithsonian Office of Anthropology Archives was renamed the National Anthropological Archives in 1968.

Restrictions:

The Records of the Bureau of American Ethnology are open for research.

Access to the Records of the Bureau of American Ethnology requires an appointment.

Rights:

Contact repository for terms of use.

Citation:

Records of the Bureau of American Ethnology, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution

Identifier:

NAA.XXXX.0155

See more items in:

Records of the Bureau of American Ethnology

Archival Repository:

National Anthropological Archives

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw391046c25-21e2-4334-a01f-9a6f734ae9cd

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-naa-xxxx-0155

Artist:

Unidentified Artist  Search this

Sitter:

Merle Oberon, 19 Feb 1911 - 23 Nov 1979  Search this

Laurence Olivier, 22 May 1907 - 11 Jul 1989  Search this

David Niven, 1 Mar 1910 - 29 Jul 1983  Search this

Medium:

Chromolithograph on paper

Dimensions:

Image: 99.1 × 64.3 cm (39 × 25 5/16")

Sheet: 104.1 × 69.4 cm (41 × 27 5/16")

Mount: 114.3 × 78.9 cm (45 × 31 1/16")

Type:

Print

Date:

c. 1939

Topic:

Home Furnishings\Furniture  Search this

Costume\Headgear\Hat  Search this

Costume\Jewelry\Watch  Search this

Imaginary  Search this

Home Furnishings\Lighting Devices\Lantern  Search this

Poster  Search this

Laurence Olivier: Male  Search this

Laurence Olivier: Literature\Writer  Search this

Laurence Olivier: Performing Arts\Performer\Actor\Stage actor  Search this

Laurence Olivier: Performing Arts\Performer\Actor\Movie actor  Search this

Laurence Olivier: Performing Arts\Performing arts director\Theater director  Search this

Laurence Olivier: Performing Arts\Performer\Actor\Television actor  Search this

Laurence Olivier: Performing Arts\Producer\Theater producer  Search this

Laurence Olivier: Oscar  Search this

Merle Oberon: Female  Search this

Merle Oberon: Performing Arts\Performer\Actor  Search this

David Niven: Male  Search this

David Niven: Literature\Writer  Search this

David Niven: Performing Arts\Performer\Actor  Search this

David Niven: Military and Intelligence\Army\Officer\British Army  Search this

Portrait  Search this

Credit Line:

National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; acquisition made possible through Federal support from the Asian Pacific American Initiatives Pool, administered by the Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Center

Object number:

NPG.2017.97

Restrictions & Rights:

Usage conditions apply

See more items in:

National Portrait Gallery Collection

Location:

Currently not on view

Data Source:

National Portrait Gallery

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/sm4a6db89b5-10f0-4ab2-957f-22452a7cf0ae

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:npg_NPG.2017.97

Collection Collector:

Archives Center, National Museum of American History  Search this

Collection Donor:

Becker, John M.  Search this

Gay Officers Action League. GOAL  Search this

Heritage of Pride (HOP)  Search this

Rohrbaugh, Richard  Search this

Atlantic States Gay Rodeo Association (ASGRA)  Search this

Collection Creator:

Hirsch, Leonard  Search this

Guest, Barbara  Search this

Barna, Joseph T.  Search this

Guest, Michael E.  Search this

Cruse, Howard, 1944-2019  Search this

Type:

Archival materials

Date:

1982-2016, undated

Scope and Contents:

This series contains correspondence, ephemera, news letters, HIV and AIDS information, programs, flyers, photographs and publications related to the Gay Officers Action League. This series also includes with its correspondence hate mail received by the GOAL and material related to a harassment incident that took place during the Pride march of 1990 in New York City. This series also contains a portrait of Sargeant Charles H. Cochrane, Jr. (1943-2008) founder of GOAL, painted by Chris Morano. The portrait was presented to Cochrane's family at the naming of Charles H. Cochrane Way, Greenwich Village, New York City, New York in 2016. The Cochrane family then donated it to GOAL who donated it to the Archives Center.

Collection Restrictions:

The collection is open for research use.

Researchers must handle unprotected photographs with gloves. Researchers must use reference copies of audio-visual materials. When no reference copy exists, the Archives Center staff will produce reference copies on an "as needed" basis, as resources allow.

Do not use original materials when available on reference video or audio tapes.

Collection Rights:

Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning copyright restrictions. Other intellectual property rights may apply. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.

Collection Citation:

Archives Center Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) Collection, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution

Identifier:

NMAH.AC.1146, Series 22

See more items in:

Archives Center Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender (LGBT) Collection

Archival Repository:

Archives Center, National Museum of American History

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep80635709d-fcb9-4bca-82b1-7f511fc5907c

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-nmah-ac-1146-ref1759

Collection Collector:

Archives Center, National Museum of American History  Search this

Collection Donor:

Becker, John M.  Search this

Gay Officers Action League. GOAL  Search this

Heritage of Pride (HOP)  Search this

Rohrbaugh, Richard  Search this

Atlantic States Gay Rodeo Association (ASGRA)  Search this

Collection Creator:

Hirsch, Leonard  Search this

Guest, Barbara  Search this

Barna, Joseph T.  Search this

Guest, Michael E.  Search this

Cruse, Howard, 1944-2019  Search this

Container:

Box 147

Type:

Archival materials

Date:

2016

Collection Restrictions:

The collection is open for research use.

Researchers must handle unprotected photographs with gloves. Researchers must use reference copies of audio-visual materials. When no reference copy exists, the Archives Center staff will produce reference copies on an "as needed" basis, as resources allow.

Do not use original materials when available on reference video or audio tapes.

Collection Rights:

Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning copyright restrictions. Other intellectual property rights may apply. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.

Collection Citation:

Archives Center Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) Collection, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution

See more items in:

Archives Center Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender (LGBT) Collection

Archives Center Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender (LGBT) Collection / Series 22: Gay Officers Action League (GOAL)

Archival Repository:

Archives Center, National Museum of American History

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep8cebf7046-1031-4790-81ac-c5d317f749ea

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-nmah-ac-1146-ref1864

Donor:

Little Manila Foundation  Search this

Extent:

4.33 Cubic feet (13 boxes)

Culture:

Filipino Americans  Search this

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Correspondence

Diaries

Photographs

Receipts

Date:

circa 1874-1980, undated

Summary:

Collection documents the lives of Filipino migrants in Stockton, California dating primarily from the 1920s to the 1970s and includes correspondence, photographic prints, military documents, financial records, books, wallets, and other ephemera.

Scope and Contents:

Collection consists of the archival materials from one steamer trunk and a plastic bin documenting the lives of Filipino migrants in Stockton, California dating primarily from the 1920s-1970s. These materials include correspondence, individual photographic prints and in albums from the Philippines and the United States, military documents, financial records, medical information, educational materials, books, wallets, Legionarios del Trabajo "Daguhoy" Lodge membership materials, greeting cards, and other forms of ephemera. Most of the correspondence is written in Visayan, the language spoken within the southernmost islands of Luzon in the Philippines. Some of these letters have been translated. A few of the photographs are identified but most have no information relating to the person(s) identity, location of where the image was taken or date.

The materials are arranged into twenty-three series. The first twenty-two series represent one person's story that was found in the contents of the containers. The last series relates to the Legionarios del Trabajo organization.

The collection is important for the study of early Filipino American agricultural workers. In addition to using these materials researchers should consult the three-dimensional objects that were also collected. These artifacts are stored onsite in the Museum's Division of Work and Industry and are part of the Asian Pacific American and agricultural collections. A steamer trunk, which was too large to house at NMAH, is currently stored off-site.

Arrangement:

Collection is arranged into twenty-three series.

Series 1: Enrique Andales, 1917-1937, undated

Series 2: Julian S. Arofo, 1950-1953

Series 3: A.T. Bastion, undated

Series 4: Julian Felicita Bernido, 1971

Series 5: Andres Salle Casinas, 1912-1980, undated

Series 6: Cesario Hotora Comparativo, 1925-1945, undated

Series 7: Hilario Samson Cuevas, 1925-1930, undated

Series 8: Vinancio Timosa Fellisarta, 1971

Series 9: Jose Madridejo Galinato, 1926-1949, undated

Series 10: Eufricino Janier, 1920-1929, undated

Series 11: Felimon Laga, 1922-1923, undated

Series 12: Seven Madrias, 1936-1938, undated

Series 13: Eusebio Maglente, 1920-1923, undated

Series 14: Epimaco Fariola Mansueto, 1874-1947, undated

Series 15: Sixto Olaco, 1921-1954, undated

Series 16: Anastacio Atig Omandam, 1924-1937

Series 17: Juan Campoco Pascual, 1936, 1948, undated Series 18: Julian Rogas, 1929-1936, undated

Series 19: Arcadio Simangca, 1961-1971

Series 20: Julio Saranza, 1971

Series 21: Pablo Mendoza Solomon, 1921-1971, undated

Series 22: Victoriano Yano, 1971

Series 23: Legionarios del Trabajo: Daguhoy Masonic Lodge, 1928-1935, undated

Historical:

The Filipino Agricultural Workers Collection documents the history of Filipinos and Filipinas in Stockton, California, from the 1910s to the 1980s. The materials were part of a trove of material discovered in 2005 in the Daguhoy Lodge—a Filipino fraternal society—by Antonio Somera, a former member of the Daguhoy Lodge. Somera discovered twenty-six suitcases, toolboxes, and wardrobe steamer trunks in the basement of the lodge. These containers held materials such as clothing, tools, and correspondence and other personal items; the containers were labeled with the names of Filipino individuals. Presumably, each container belonged to a single person who used the suitcase or steamer trunk to travel and store their materials. When the owners passed away, surviving members of the fraternal lodge packed the deceased's personal belongings into the steamer trunk or suitcase and it was put into long-term storage. No descendants of these individuals have been identified, nor have any descendants come forward to claim the objects.

A few years after discovering the containers and displaying them in the lodge's basement in a makeshift exhibition, Somera brought the trunks to the attention of Professor Dawn Bohulano Mabalon and filmmaker Dillon Delvo. At the time, Mabalon was a history professor at San Francisco State University. In 2013, she published Little Manila is in the Heart: The Making of the Filipina/o American Community in Stockton, California (2013), considered the authoritative account on Filipino Americans in Stockton. During this time, Delvo was working as a filmmaker in the Bay Area and earning his master's degree in Asian American Studies at San Francisco State University. Born and raised in south Stockton in Filipino families, Delvo and Mabalon had embarked on a long-term project to preserve the history of Filipinos and to organize communities in Stockton which is why Somera approached them regarding the trunks.

In 2000, Mabalon and Delvo created Little Manila Rising (LMR), a non-profit organization that aims to preserve the history of Filipino American history in Stockton. LMR was founded in response to the gradual destruction of historic buildings and sites that had housed one of the earliest and largest Filipino communities outside of the Philippines. LMR eventually purchased a building called Little Manila Center at 2154 South San Joaquin Street in Stockton, which serves as a multi-purpose community center for a variety of community-based projects. Delvo became the Executive Director of LMR in 2012 and continues to serve in this capacity in 2024. In 2018, Mabalon unexpectedly passed away due to an asthma attack.

As part of their vision of preserving the history of Filipino Americans in Stockton and the greater San Joaquin Delta region, both Mabalon and Delvo championed the preservation of the containers found in the Daguhoy Lodge's basement, particularly the steamer trunks which they recognized possessed important historical value. In 2019, Sam Vong, Curator of Asian Pacific American History in the National Museum of American History (NMAH) Division of Work and Industry, met with Delvo to explore the potential donation of the containers and their associated contents to the museum.

In the aftermath of their discovery, only one steamer trunk was opened and the contents cataloged, with the assistance of the Oakland Museum of California. The remainder were temporarily stored and displayed in the Little Manila Community Center on Hazelton Street. When Vong arrived in 2019 to meet Delvo and to evaluate the materials, the trunks were still locked; a locksmith was needed to avoid destroying the locks and to maintain the integrity of the objects. The locksmith was able to open all but three of the trunks. While most of the containers were in good condition, a few of the steamer trunks had suffered water damage due to flooding in the lodge's basement, resulting in mildew and mold.

After the trunks were opened, Vong created a preliminary inventory list. He identified each of the trunks with the name of an individual which were found in the trunk's contents. Because of the large volume of materials, Vong made additional trips to Stockton to complete the cataloging of objects and to make final selections of which containers to collect. The onset of the Covid-19 pandemic in early 2020 delayed the collecting process, and the project was put on hold until Covid-lockdown restrictions were eased in 2022. At that point, Vong returned to Stockon to reevaluate the objects for acquisition.

Although LMR had hoped to donate all of the steamer trunks and containers to the Smithsonian, space constraints at NMAH precluded that. Ultimately, Vong collected one steamer trunk and all its contents. Those objects are housed in the NMAH Division of Work & Industry. Both Delvo and Vong recognized that the personal papers, photographs, and other archival materials contained in each container presented an opportunity to document the work and lives of the individuals who had left these containers behind. After consulting with NMAH Archives Center staff, it was decided that the NMAH Archives Center would collect the archival materials found in each of the containers. Taken as a whole, the individual groups of documents form the Filipino Agricultural Workers Collection.

Each series in the collection represents a single person's story that was found in the contents of the containers. Each name in the series, however, does not necessarily correspond to a single steamer trunk or suitcase. For example, the archival materials in the Pablo Mendoza Solomon series (Series 21) were found in two suitcases and two steamer trunks. Vong surmises that two things may have happened when Solomon passed away: surviving lodge brothers may have salvaged all Solomon's personal belongings and placed them in various suitcases, or Solomon's materials may have been haphazardly thrown into various containers when the trunks were recovered from the flooding in the lodge's basement. Other series, such as Julian Felicita Bernido (Series 4), contain only a couple of documents nested within another person's belongings.

The former owners of the suitcases and steamer trunks in this collection were young men who emigrated from different parts of the Philippines to work as sakadas, or contract workers in Hawai'i. After completing their contracts, some Filipinos left Hawai'i for California in search of adventure and better economic opportunities. Many of these Filipinos migrated up and down the western coast of the United States such as California, Oregon, Washington, and Alaska, finding work as seasonal workers on farms, salmon canneries, and other agricultural sectors. Filipinos and Filipinas were indispensable to growers in the San Joaquin Delta region, considered one of the most fertile regions in the country, and where the city of Stockton is located.

Filipinos and Filipinas gravitated toward Stockton, where they established one of the largest Filipino American communities outside of the Philippines. The community included businesses, recreational halls, hotels, and homes, as well places of worship and fraternal lodges, such as the Daguhoy Lodge. This lodge was one among a handful of lodges in Stockton that was established by some of the earliest Filipino residents in Stockton.

The Daguhoy Lodge catered primarily to men, although some of the archival documents in this collection suggest that Filipinas had a visible and important presence in lodge activities. The lodge provided a space for members to hold social gatherings, community meetings, and a place for worship. The lodge also provided short-term and long-term lodging for its members and for migrant Filipino workers who came in and out of Stockton as they followed the path of seasonal agricultural work. As a result, Filipinos used the lodge to temporarily store their personal belongings such as suitcases and steamer trunks.

Related Materials:

Materials in the Archives Center, National Museum of American History

Warshaw Collection of Business Americana Subject Categories: World Expositions, NMAH.AC.0060

Underwood & Underwood Glass Stereograph Collection, NMAH.AC.0143

Alexander Alland, Sr., Photoprints, NMAH.AC.0204

Sam DeVincent Collection of Illustrated American Sheet Music, Series 8: Geography, NMAH.AC.0300

Duncan Family Yo-Yo Collection, NMAH.AC.807

Catherine Hann Papers, NMAH.AC.0921

Kamikawa, Omata and Matsumoto Families Papers, NMAH.AC.0924

Juanita Tamayo Lott Filipino American Photographs and Papers, NMAH.AC.0925

Bishop Mitsumyo Tottori Memorial Notebooks, NMAH.AC.0926

Division of Cultural History Lantern Slides and Stereographs, NMAH.AC.0945

Materials at Other Organizations

Sacramento Public Library, Sacramento Room Photograph Collection holdings include one photograph of the Legionarios Del Trabajo.

Separated Materials:

National Museum of American History, Divison of Work and Industry

The Asian Pacific American and the Agricultural collections contain one steamer trunk and its complete contents, along with agricultural implements and other materials found in the other containers from the basement of the Daguhoy Lodge. Associated accession numbers include 2021.0137 and 2022.0058.01.

Accession number 2021.0137.1, asparagus knife

Accession number 2021.0137.2, hair waver

Accession number 2021.0137.3, hook field knife

Accession number 2021.0137.6, pair of pruning shears

Accession number 2021.0137.7, vegetable knife

Accession number 2022.0058.01.01, steamer trunk

Accession number 2022.0058.01.1,1 brace

Accession number 2022.0058.02.1, band uniform jacket

Accession number 2022.0058.02.2, band uniform trousers

Accession number 2022.0058.03.2, band uniform trousers

Accession number 2022.0058.03.3, band uniform shirt

Accession number 2022.0058.03.4, band uniform cummerbund

Accession number 2022.0058.06.1, army jacket

Accession number 2022.0058.13, sleepwear

Accession number 2022.0058.14, thermal shirt

Accession number 2022.0058.15, sweater

Accession number 2022.0058.16, shirt

Accession number 2022.0058.22, collar

Accession number 2022.0058.26.1, fez

Accession number 2022.0058.28ab, pair of dress shoes

Accession number 2022.0058.29ab, pair of shin protectors

Accession number 2022.0058.30ab, pair of gloves

Accession number 2022.0058.31, flashlight

Accession number 2022.0058.33, lock

Accession number 2022.0058.34, ring

Accession number 2022.0058.35, cap

Accession number 2022.0058.36, straw hat

Accession number 2022.0058.37, Stetson hat

Accession number 2022.0058.38, bow tie

Accession number 2022.0058.43, thermos

Accession number 2022.0058.44, harmonica

Accession number 2022.0058.45, pillowcase

Accession number 2022.0058.46, pillowcase

Accession number 2022.0058.47, necktie

Accession number 2022.0058.61, tablecloth

Accession number 2022.0058.62, framed portrait

Accession number 2022.0058.63, certificate

Accession number 2022.0058.64, wallet

Accession number 2022.0058.65ab, pair of boots

San Joaquin County Historical Museum (SJCHM) has the steamer trunks that were not aquired by the National Museum of American History.

Provenance:

Collection donated by the Little Manila Foundation through Dillon Delvo, Executive Director, 2021.

Restrictions:

Collection is open for research.

Rights:

Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning copyright restrictions. Other intellectual property rights may apply. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.

Topic:

Agriculture -- California  Search this

Migrant workers  Search this

Tagalog language  Search this

Genre/Form:

Correspondence -- 20th century

Diaries

Photographs -- 20th century

Receipts -- 20th century

Citation:

Filipino Agricultural Workers Collection, Archives Center, National Museum of American History

Sponsor:

Processing and encoding funded by a grant from the FY23 Asian Pacific American Initiatives Pool.

Identifier:

NMAH.AC.1515

See more items in:

Filipino Agricultural Workers Collection

Archival Repository:

Archives Center, National Museum of American History

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep865b08d8d-170d-410c-9794-1f0f1f0b1388

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nmah-ac-1515

Artist:

James McNeill Whistler (1834-1903)  Search this

Medium:

Drypoint; ink on paper

Dimensions:

H x W (overall): 34.8 x 21.4 cm (13 11/16 x 8 7/16 in)

Type:

Print

Origin:

United States

Date:

1860

Topic:

drypoint  Search this

portrait  Search this

child  Search this

United States  Search this

American Art  Search this

Charles Lang Freer collection  Search this

Credit Line:

Gift of Charles Lang Freer

Accession Number:

F1892.5

Restrictions & Rights:

CC0

Related Online Resources:

Google Cultural Institute

See more items in:

Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Collection

Data Source:

Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ye37a1c8799-f1f4-4046-a0e9-0b7b72d3b9fb

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:fsg_F1892.5

Artist:

James McNeill Whistler (1834-1903)  Search this

Medium:

Drypoint; ink on paper

Dimensions:

H x W: 22.6 x 14.9 cm (8 7/8 x 5 7/8 in)

Type:

Print

Origin:

United States

Date:

1859

Topic:

drypoint  Search this

portrait  Search this

United States  Search this

American Art  Search this

Charles Lang Freer collection  Search this

cancelled plate  Search this

Credit Line:

Gift of Charles Lang Freer

Accession Number:

F1898.289

Restrictions & Rights:

CC0

Related Online Resources:

Google Cultural Institute

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Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Collection

Data Source:

Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ye300fd072e-2787-43fb-834c-188177a300bc

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:fsg_F1898.289

Artist:

James McNeill Whistler (1834-1903)  Search this

Medium:

Drypoint; ink on paper

Dimensions:

H x W: 34.8 x 21.4 cm (13 11/16 x 8 7/16 in)

Type:

Print

Origin:

United States

Date:

1860

Topic:

drypoint  Search this

portrait  Search this

United States  Search this

American Art  Search this

Charles Lang Freer collection  Search this

Credit Line:

Gift of Charles Lang Freer

Accession Number:

F1898.297

Restrictions & Rights:

CC0

Related Online Resources:

Google Cultural Institute

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Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Collection

Data Source:

Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ye3aaf949eb-8d30-4e08-805a-543c9eacd17a

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:fsg_F1898.297

Artist:

James McNeill Whistler (1834-1903)  Search this

Medium:

Drypoint; ink on paper

Dimensions:

H x W: 21.4 x 14 cm (8 7/16 x 5 1/2 in)

Type:

Print

Origin:

United States

Date:

1873

Topic:

drypoint  Search this

portrait  Search this

child  Search this

United States  Search this

American Art  Search this

Charles Lang Freer collection  Search this

cancelled plate  Search this

Credit Line:

Gift of Charles Lang Freer

Accession Number:

F1898.339

Restrictions & Rights:

CC0

Related Online Resources:

Google Cultural Institute

See more items in:

Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Collection

Data Source:

Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ye3b24d9bd6-5fb2-44aa-bc16-2a1bea42d561

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:fsg_F1898.339

Artist:

James McNeill Whistler (1834-1903)  Search this

Medium:

Drypoint; ink on paper

Dimensions:

H x W: 21.3 x 13.7 cm (8 3/8 x 5 3/8 in)

Type:

Print

Origin:

United States

Date:

ca. 1873

Topic:

drypoint  Search this

portrait  Search this

child  Search this

United States  Search this

American Art  Search this

Charles Lang Freer collection  Search this

cancelled plate  Search this

Credit Line:

Gift of Charles Lang Freer

Accession Number:

F1898.342

Restrictions & Rights:

Usage conditions apply

Related Online Resources:

Google Cultural Institute

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Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Collection

Data Source:

Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ye3809cbd9b-533a-43a6-bc58-d0e5f5eab92f

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:fsg_F1898.342

Artist:

James McNeill Whistler (1834-1903)  Search this

Medium:

Etching and drypoint; ink on paper

Dimensions:

H x W: 25.5 x 19.3 cm (10 1/16 x 7 5/8 in)

Type:

Print

Origin:

United States

Date:

1859

Topic:

etching (printing process)  Search this

portrait  Search this

man  Search this

United States  Search this

American Art  Search this

Charles Lang Freer collection  Search this

Credit Line:

Gift of Charles Lang Freer

Accession Number:

F1898.414

Restrictions & Rights:

CC0

Related Online Resources:

Google Cultural Institute

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Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Collection

Data Source:

Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ye37839482c-738e-4e27-84b6-267be79b288c

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:fsg_F1898.414

Artist:

Henry Wolf (1852-1916)  Search this

James McNeill Whistler (1834-1903)  Search this

Medium:

Wood engraving; ink on paper

Dimensions:

H x W: 18.9 x 15.8 cm (7 7/16 x 6 1/4 in)

Type:

Print

Origin:

United States

Date:

1903-04

Topic:

portrait  Search this

woman  Search this

United States  Search this

American Art  Search this

Charles Lang Freer collection  Search this

Credit Line:

Gift of Charles Lang Freer

Accession Number:

F1908.241.10

Restrictions & Rights:

Usage conditions apply

Related Online Resources:

Google Cultural Institute

See more items in:

Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Collection

Data Source:

Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ye3fc2843c9-28ce-4836-a4bf-50cac98324bc

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:fsg_F1908.241.10

Artist:

Henry Wolf (1852-1916)  Search this

James McNeill Whistler (1834-1903)  Search this

Medium:

Wood engraving; ink on paper

Dimensions:

H x W: 18.9 x 15.8 cm (7 7/16 x 6 1/4 in)

Type:

Print

Origin:

United States

Date:

1903-04

Topic:

portrait  Search this

woman  Search this

United States  Search this

American Art  Search this

Charles Lang Freer collection  Search this

Credit Line:

Gift of Charles Lang Freer

Accession Number:

F1908.241.11

Restrictions & Rights:

Usage conditions apply

Related Online Resources:

Google Cultural Institute

See more items in:

Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Collection

Data Source:

Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ye3c16fa091-cc10-4fad-a71b-2688d3693430

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:fsg_F1908.241.11

Artist:

Henry Wolf (1852-1916)  Search this

James McNeill Whistler (1834-1903)  Search this

Medium:

Wood engraving; ink on paper

Dimensions:

H x W: 18.9 x 15.8 cm (7 7/16 x 6 1/4 in)

Type:

Print

Origin:

United States

Date:

1903-04

Topic:

portrait  Search this

woman  Search this

United States  Search this

American Art  Search this

Charles Lang Freer collection  Search this

Credit Line:

Gift of Charles Lang Freer

Accession Number:

F1908.241.12

Restrictions & Rights:

Usage conditions apply

Related Online Resources:

Google Cultural Institute

See more items in:

Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Collection

Data Source:

Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ye34c048415-8f7f-4689-96c9-40ccefa1c07f

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:fsg_F1908.241.12

Artist:

Henry Wolf (1852-1916)  Search this

James McNeill Whistler (1834-1903)  Search this

Medium:

Wood engraving; ink on paper

Dimensions:

H x W: 18.9 x 15.8 cm (7 7/16 x 6 1/4 in)

Type:

Print

Origin:

United States

Date:

1903-04

Topic:

portrait  Search this

woman  Search this

United States  Search this

American Art  Search this

Charles Lang Freer collection  Search this

Credit Line:

Gift of Charles Lang Freer

Accession Number:

F1908.241.13

Restrictions & Rights:

Usage conditions apply

Related Online Resources:

Google Cultural Institute

See more items in:

Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Collection

Data Source:

Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ye397e8e54f-89c8-433a-9983-02eb7189cd39

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:fsg_F1908.241.13

Artist:

Henry Wolf (1852-1916)  Search this

James McNeill Whistler (1834-1903)  Search this

Medium:

Wood engraving; ink on paper

Dimensions:

H x W: 18.9 x 15.8 cm (7 7/16 x 6 1/4 in)

Type:

Print

Origin:

United States

Date:

1903-04

Topic:

portrait  Search this

woman  Search this

United States  Search this

American Art  Search this

Charles Lang Freer collection  Search this

Credit Line:

Gift of Charles Lang Freer

Accession Number:

F1908.241.14

Restrictions & Rights:

Usage conditions apply

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Google Cultural Institute

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Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Collection

Data Source:

Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ye384a9fa6c-74b0-4c30-8410-8d713a82044d

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:fsg_F1908.241.14

Artist:

Henry Wolf (1852-1916)  Search this

James McNeill Whistler (1834-1903)  Search this

Medium:

Wood engraving; ink on paper

Dimensions:

H x W: 18.9 x 15.8 cm (7 7/16 x 6 1/4 in)

Type:

Print

Origin:

United States

Date:

1903-04

Topic:

portrait  Search this

woman  Search this

United States  Search this

American Art  Search this

Charles Lang Freer collection  Search this

Credit Line:

Gift of Charles Lang Freer

Accession Number:

F1908.241.15

Restrictions & Rights:

Usage conditions apply

Related Online Resources:

Google Cultural Institute

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Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Collection

Data Source:

Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ye359544e32-521b-4973-9414-dd8494fceb09

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:fsg_F1908.241.15

Artist:

Henry Wolf (1852-1916)  Search this

James McNeill Whistler (1834-1903)  Search this

Medium:

Wood engraving; ink on paper

Dimensions:

H x W: 18.9 x 15.8 cm (7 7/16 x 6 1/4 in)

Type:

Print

Origin:

United States

Date:

1903-04

Topic:

portrait  Search this

woman  Search this

United States  Search this

American Art  Search this

Charles Lang Freer collection  Search this

Credit Line:

Gift of Charles Lang Freer

Accession Number:

F1908.241.16

Restrictions & Rights:

Usage conditions apply

Related Online Resources:

Google Cultural Institute

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Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Collection

Data Source:

Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ye33e2375d2-b88e-45a5-8db4-3dcddfc339c9

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:fsg_F1908.241.16

Artist:

Henry Wolf (1852-1916)  Search this

James McNeill Whistler (1834-1903)  Search this

Medium:

Wood engraving; ink on paper

Dimensions:

H x W: 18.9 x 15.8 cm (7 7/16 x 6 1/4 in)

Type:

Print

Origin:

United States

Date:

1903-04

Topic:

portrait  Search this

woman  Search this

United States  Search this

American Art  Search this

Charles Lang Freer collection  Search this

Credit Line:

Gift of Charles Lang Freer

Accession Number:

F1908.241.17

Restrictions & Rights:

Usage conditions apply

Related Online Resources:

Google Cultural Institute

See more items in:

Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Collection

Data Source:

Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ye389a519a1-4ce9-4110-9f0b-f0c7088f3290

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:fsg_F1908.241.17