The article highlights all of S. Dillon Ripley's accomplishments as Smithsonian Secretary from 1964 to 1982. The article also discusses Ripley's congressional hearings and his policies with antiwar demonstrators and with the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr.'s Poor People's Campaign. The additions of the Cooper-Hewitt, Renwick, Sackler, and Hirshhorn Museums are discussed. The article also delves into Ripley's childhood and the period of his life before his term as Secretary of the Institution, including his field work in India with Salim Ali, research on birds, especially rails, and tenure with the Office of Strategic Services
Going down Jericho Road : the Memphis strike, Martin Luther King's last campaign / Michael K. Honey
Author:
Honey, Michael K
Subject:
King, Martin Luther Jr. 1929-1968
Physical description:
xviii, 619 p., [16] p. of plates : ill ; 25 cm
Type:
Books
Place:
Tennessee
Date:
2007
C2007
Topic:
Sanitation Workers Strike, Memphis, Tenn., 1968
Strikes and lockouts--Sanitation
Contents:
Labor and civil rights -- A plantation in the city -- Dr. King, labor, and the civil rights movement -- Struggles of the working poor -- Standing at the crossroads -- On strike for respect -- Hambone's meditations : the failure of community -- Testing the social gospel -- Fighting for the working poor -- Minister to the valley : the poor people's campaign -- Baptism by fire -- Ministers and manhood -- Convergence -- Escalation : the youth movement -- "All labor has dignity" -- "Something dreadful" -- Jericho Road is a dangerous road -- Chaos in the bluff city -- "The movement lives or dies in Memphis" -- State of siege -- Shattered dreams and promised lands -- "A crucifixion event" -- Reckonings -- "We have got the victory" -- Epilogue : how we remember King
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, Washington, D.C., 1963
Peace movements
Restrictions:
Access by appointment only. Contact the Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections at 202-633-7322 for additional information
Notes:
The online images represent only a selection of this collection
Diana Davies is a well-known photographer of folk performers and festivals. Davies photographed the Smithsonian Folklife Festival in its earlier years. Born in 1938, Davies grew up in Maine, the Catskills, New York City, and Boston. Her grandparents were local union organizers and Debs socialists; one grandfather was a gandy dancer with the railroad, and her grandmother was a textile worker in Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania. Davies finds that her family background was later expressed in her own activist efforts
Davies left high school at 16, and worked sweeping out coffeehouses, which gave her the opportunity to listen to music while she worked. She became interested in theater and music. In Greenwich Village, she began doing some sound technician work, and then got interested in photography. She taught herself how to develop and print photographs in a darkroom, and began photographing in theaters, shooting from behind the scenes. Her theater photos are at Smith College in Northampton, where she presently lives. In the early 1960s, she began working with the editors of Broadside Magazine, Sis Cunningham and Gordon Friesen. She developed an interest in human rights work, which grew from her contact with Sis and Gordon, and also her own family background. She also worked as a photographer in a wide range of settings, including night clubs, weddings, and doing portrait photography. This led her to work for major national and international media including the New York Times, covering such events as the war in Biafra, and traveling to Mexico, Cuba, and Portugal on assignment
Davies' folk photographs represent about one-quarter of her body of work; her other major photographic work includes the Civil Rights Movement, the Peace Movement, and theater. Davies began photographing at the Newport Folk Festival in 1964, which she covered for a number of years. She knew Ralph Rinzler, and found him a vibrant, alive person excited by all aspects of culture. He introduced her to Bessie Jones from the Georgia Sea Islands, and in 1966 she made a photographic journey to the islands. Her work from this trip is included in the collection. Davies has also been a musician. She became involved with the punk rock movement of the 1970s, and felt that there was a connection between the hard-hitting songs from the punk world and the songs being published in Broadside Magazine. In 1975, she became part of a folk/punk women's band in Boston, and later moved to Western Massachusetts. In addition to being a photographer and musician, Davies is also a writer. She wrote a play entitled "The Witch Papers" in 1980, which was produced in Boston and other locations. The play was a vehicle for her human rights activism, comparing the technology of inquisition with labor sweatshops. In 1998, her play "The War Machine" was produced in Amherst, Mass. She lives in Northampton, and enjoys and participates in street performance, which she describes as the "most essentially communicative stuff you can come up with."
Summary:
The Diana Davies photographs consist of images taken by Diana Davies at various stages of her career. Locations include the Festival of American Folklife, the Newport Folk Festival, the Philadelphia Folk Festival, the Poor People's Campaign, various peace marches and outdoor performances, New York City, and the Georgia Sea Islands. The collection includes contact sheets, negatives, photographic prints, and slides
Cite as:
Diana Davies photographs, Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections, Smithsonian Institution
North American B-25J-20-NC (TB-25N) Mitchell "Carol Jean"
Manufacturer:
North American Aviation Inc.
Materials:
All-aluminum and stressed aluminum skin airframe construction; fabric-covered ailerons, elevators, and rudders.
Type:
CRAFT-Aircraft
Country of Origin:
United States of America
Date:
1940-1945
Credit Line:
Donated by Dr. John F. Marshall.
Inventory Number:
A19860003000
Rights:
Do not reproduce without permission from the Smithsonian Institution, National Air and Space Museum
Summary:
On March 11, 1939, the U.S. Army Air Corps requested bids from aviation companies interested in competing for a large contract to design and build a new medium bomber. Lt. General James H. Doolittle's Tokyo Raiders flew sixteen B-25 Mitchell bombers from the aircraft carrier "Hornet" to attack the Japanese home islands on April 18, 1942. The U. S. Army Air Forces, U. S. Navy, and five Allied nations operated the Mitchell during World War II. North American Aviation Inc. built 9,817 until production ended in 1945.
On March 11, 1939, the U.S. Army Air Corps requested bids from aviation companies interested in competing for a large contract to design and build a new medium bomber. Six months later, the Air Corps selected two bidders. They chose the Glenn L. Martin Company of Baltimore to produce the B-26 Marauder, then one of the most advanced and ambitious airplane designs in the world. To reduce the risk that unforeseen technical problems could delay the Marauder, the Air Corps staff also selected a design that promised robust but not extraordinary performance: the North American B-25.
Early in the project, North American Vice President and chief engineer, John Leland "Lee" Atwood suggested 'Mitchell' as the official name for the B-25. This was a tribute to General William "Billy" Mitchell. The U.S. Army court martialed Mitchell in 1925 for his vehement, public advocacy of air power. The B-25 Mitchell drew heavily on the NA-40, an earlier North American design. The general layout and engine type remained unchanged but designers tweaked the B-25 by lowering the wing and revising the cockpit to side-by-side seating.
The origin of the distinctive twin vertical fin and rudder layout on the B-25 remains obscure but may simply have been a designer's whim. Whatever the original intent, it made the Mitchell rock solid and controllable if an engine quit. This occurred frequently in combat. Depending on weight, the airplane could maintain altitude or even climb on a single engine but asymmetrical drag caused the B-25 to yaw into the dead motor. Two fins and rudders increased the pilot's ability to maintain control. Duplicate fins and rudders also added redundancy to a critical flight control (particularly in multi-engine aircraft) should enemy fire disable or destroy either vertical tail unit.
By 1940, most of American society believed war was inevitable and a feeling of urgency enveloped Air Corps planners. They directed North American to produce the B-25 based solely on calculated performance without first testing a pre-production prototype. This risky step sped delivery of 130 Mitchells to front line squadrons before the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor.
Both the B-25 and B-26 initially operated in the Pacific. In May 1943, Air Corps pilots and flight crew based in England flew their first combat missions in B-26 Marauders. Thereafter, this became the mainstay medium bomber in European operations. Deliveries of the B-25 Mitchell remained focused on the Pacific theater but the airplane also flew combat missions over Europe and the Mediterranean.
In the four months after Pearl Harbor, the Japanese scored one resounding victory after another. They appeared unstoppable. Then on April 18, 1942, Lt. Col. James H. Doolittle led sixteen B-25B Mitchell bombers on the famous raid against Japan and the offensive momentum began to shift in favor of America. The B-25 made this raid possible. It was the only bomber able to takeoff from an aircraft carrier with a useful bombload and fly the required distance.
Men and Mitchells for Doolittle's raid came from the first operational B-25 unit, the 17th Bombardment Group. Crews trained for several months and mechanics modified the B-25s to reduce weight and increase fuel capacity. A Japanese picket ship spotted Vice Admiral William F. Halsey's carrier task force bearing Doolittle's raiders before the ships could close to optimum range to launch the bombers. Doolittle chose to continue the mission and sixteen aircraft launched from the carrier Hornet and bombed Tokyo, Kobe, and Nagoya. Fifteen Mitchells ran out of fuel and crashed; one diverted to a safe landing at Vladivostok in the Soviet Union. Eleven crews bailed out and two crash-landed with their bombers. Three men died, seven were injured, and the Japanese captured eight. The attack inflicted minimal damage but it was a stunning psychological blow to the Japanese. At home, America went wild and morale soared for the first time since Pearl Harbor.
Throughout the war, the demands of combat flying proved that the B-25 was easy to fly and maintain. Crews liked it and by war's end, the Mitchell had served in the 5th, 7th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, and 14th U.S. Air Forces. The U.S. Navy flew more than 700 B-25s they designated the PBJ. Our wartime allies also flew the Mitchell. The Dutch operated more than 300 and under the great wartime aid program called Lend-Lease, the United States delivered various models of the B-25 to the following nations:
USSR - 870
Brazil - 29
Great Britain - 910
Mexico - 3
After the war, many countries received B-25s through various foreign-aid programs:
Argentina - 3
Brazil - 64+
Chile - 12
China - 100+
Colombia - 3
Cuba - 4
Dominican Republic - 1
Peru - 8
Uruguay - 16+
Venezuela - 14+
The North American plant at Kansas City, Kansas, built the National Air and Space Museum's B-25J-20-NC and delivered it to the United States Army Air Forces on November 14, 1944. The Army Air Forces assigned the Serial Number 44-29887 to this Mitchell. The bomber never saw combat but for the next seven years it flew at these bases and airfields:
November 1944 - To 586th AAF [Army Air Field] Base Unit (Ferrying Squadron, Air Transport Command), Lunken AP, Cincinnati, Ohio. [AP - aerial port for embarking and disembarking military aircraft]
December 1945 - To 1103rd AAF Base Unit (Caribbean Division, Air Transport Command), Morrison AAF, West Palm Beach, Florida.
July 1946 - To 4119th AAF Base Unit (Air Materiel Command, or AMC), Brookley AAF, Alabama.
November 1946 - Third Air Force Air Depot, AMC, Seattle MAP, Washington.
January 1951, the United States Air Force assigned the bomber to Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio.
In July 1953, the shooting war in Korea ended but the Cold War continued. U.S. Air Force staff directed the Hayes Aircraft Company in Birmingham, Alabama, to modify 380 B-25J aircraft, including 44-29887, for "specialized, advanced pilot training." More specific information about the new mission is not known but Hayes made the following modifications to each airplane:
a. Removed all armament and armor plate.
b. Modernized the lighting setup for the instrument panel.
c. Improved the oxygen system, radio, and interphone system.
d. Improved fire detection and fire extinguishing equipment.
e. Replaced original three-piece windshield with one-piece, wrap-around panel of safety glass, installed windshield wiper and deicing system.
f. Installed more soundproofing insulation and added interior trim and upholstery.
g. Enlarged front entrance hatch inside nose wheel well, added escape hatches.
h. On some airplanes, replaced "s-type" exhaust stacks with partial collector ring exhaust on upper 7 cylinders of each engine.
i. Added two passenger seats ahead of the bomb bay and five seats behind.
j. Lengthened the flight deck aft to the bomb bay.
k. Installed emergency mechanical release for main landing gear.
The company worked on these Mitchells from November 1953 to December 1954 and the Air Force redesignated each modified airplane a TB-25N.
After Hayes finished working on 44-22897, the U.S. Air Force reassigned the airplane to Wright-Patterson AFB, then to Eglin AFB, Florida. In November 1957, the government declared the Mitchell obsolete and sold it to Les Bowman Engineering, Long Beach, California, for $2777.
The Long Beach company registered the bomber with the Civil Aviation Authority (now the Federal Aviation Administration or FAA) as N10564. Louis Parsons, owner of Parsons Airpark in Carpinteria, California, bought the airplane in December 1957 and contracted with AiResearch Aviation in Los Angeles to modify the airplane to conduct fire bombing missions. In August 1958, AiResearch installed tanks holding 1209 gallons of the fire-fighting chemical borate and Parsons flew this "borate bomber" for several fire seasons. Parsons painted "E91" on this Mitchell.
In late July 1960 four B-25 bombers crashed while dropping borate on forest fires near Magic Mountain in southern California. Two crewmen died in each crash. This string of tragedies led the United States Forest Service (USFS) to ban the B-25 from fire bombing operations. Companies fighting fires with the B-25 protested and the USFS decided to study the type more closely. They selected N10564 for a series of flight tests conducted at Edwards AFB, California, in February 1962. The results confirmed the initial decision and B-25 fire-fighting operations never resumed.
Parsons sold the B-25 to Hemet Valley Flying Service in Hemet Valley, California, in May 1965. The new owner removed both engines and installed them in a Consolidated PBY Catalina flying boat. The Mitchell received new engines and Tallmantz Aviation of Santa Ana, California, bought it in October 1968. This bomber joined thirteen other rundown and nearly forgotten B-25s the Tallmantz company gathered from across the U.S. Tallmantz already owned three bombers that they flew as camera ships. They refurbished a total of eighteen Mitchells to airworthy condition and modified them to a "Hollywood" wartime configuration complete with functioning bomb bay doors, semi-original gun turrets, and squadron markings.
Early in 1969 eighteen B-25s flew to Guaymas, Mexico. This was the first squadron of Mitchell bombers to take to the air since World War II. The mission: to film Paramount Picture's movie adaptation of Joseph Heller's novel Catch-22. Studio effects artists painted the tail code "6Y" in white and a dancing girl on the left nose of the NASM B-25J. She wore a red bikini and blue skirt and her name, Luscious Lulu, appeared in red with white highlights. The camera pans briefly across this Mitchell as the movie opens. Paramount planned to film for six weeks but the production required three months to shoot and the bombers flew a total of about 1,500 hours. They appear on screen for twelve minutes.
Catch-22 opens with a mass takeoff of sixteen B-25s and all the stunt pilots involved considered this scene the most dangerous sequence to film. Four takes were required but no accidents occurred. The only fatality during the entire production happened when a cameraman fell from the tail of a Mitchell at altitude. Paramount released Catch-22 in June 1970 to sour reviews and the movie fared poorly at the box office.
This cinematic dud profoundly influenced the numbers of surviving B-25s. Sixteen of the eighteen bombers used in the film still fly and one of these airplanes remains in covered storage and protected from the elements in the NASM aeronautical collection.
Tallmantz sold most of the B-25 collection and DAVU Aviation in Santa Fe, New Mexico, bought the NASM Mitchell in January 1971. Title to the bomber transferred to Wings of Yesterday but the airplane remained in Santa Fe. Almost eight years later, Dr. John F. Marshall bought it and flew the B-25 to Williston Airport, near Ocala, Florida, in November 1979. Marshall painted "Carol Jean" beneath the left cockpit in honor of his wife.
Marshall continued to fly the bomber and it appeared regularly at airshows across the nation. Like many operators of World War II aircraft, Marshall campaigned the airshow circuit to educate as well as to entertain the public. "It's amazing to me that people don't know their history," he said. "Don't get me wrong. We have a heck of a lot of fun with the plane, but the main purpose of the Carol Jean is to teach people their heritage and instill patriotism."
Three rows of black bomb stencils painted beneath the left side of the cockpit document Carol Jean's career as an airshow queen. The location and date of each show appears inside each bomb symbol. During World War II, many bomber crews used the same symbology to record their combat missions.
In 1985 Marshall read of NASM's interest in acquiring a B-25 and decided that the bomber was ready for permanent retirement. Two days before he delivered the Mitchell to the Museum, Marshall determined to end his chapter in the history of this airplane with a sensational finale. In the afternoon of Saturday, November 16, 1985, with several friends as crew, Marshall buzzed low over the University of Florida football stadium during a home game against Kentucky. Seventy-two thousand fans witnessed "Carol Jean" pass the length of the field just above the light poles.
Al Alsobrook, vice president for university relations, compared Marshall's pass in the B-25 to a similar buzz job carried out years earlier by a military jet pilot. "All I remember [about the jet]," he said," is that I was scared quicker and it was over quicker." The flight stirred complaints to the Federal Aviation Administration. "My phone rang for 2 ½ hours," said Fred Williams, an FAA airworthiness inspector. "There were many, many people who were irate."
Marshall said there was "no malicious intent. . . It was a perfect day. We made several passes [away from the stadium] and the airplane felt good. We felt good, and it all fell together. . . It was a last hurrah - the airplane is going to the Smithsonian. She had a home in Florida, and we wanted to say goodbye."
On Monday, November 18, 1985, Marshall landed at Dulles Airport and taxied "Carol Jean" into Smithsonian custody.
Wingspan: 20.3 m (67 ft 7 in)
Length: 15.9 m (52 ft 11 in)
Height: 4.9 m (16 ft 4 in)
Weight: Empty, 8,766 kg (19,480 lb)
Gross, 15,750 kg (35,000 lb)
Engines: (2) Curtiss-Wright R-2600-13, 1,700 hp each
Reference and Further Reading:
Avery, Norm L. "B-25 Mitchell, The Magnificent Medium." St. Paul, Minn.: Phalanx Publishing, 1992.
Hickey, Lawrence J. "Warpath Across the Pacific: The Illustrated History of the 345th Bombardment Group During World War II." Boulder, Colo.: International Research and Publishing Corp., 1986.
Thompson, Scott A. "B-25 Mitchell in Civil Service." Elk Grove, Calif.: Aero Vintage Books, 1997.
"Catch-22." Paramount Pictures, 121 minutes, Mike Nichols, Director, screenplay by Buck Henry. Produced by John Calley and Martin Ransohoff, starring Alan Arkin, Art Garfunkel, Martin Balsam, and Martin Sheen. Videotape.
Let us march on! : selected civil rights photographs of Ernest C. Withers 1955-1968 / organized by the Massachusetts College of Art and the Department of African-American Studies, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts ; edited by Ronald W. Bailey and Michèle Furst ; preface by Margaret Walker
Author:
Withers, Ernest C
Bailey, Ronald W
Furst, Michèle
Massachusetts College of Art
Northeastern University (Boston, Mass.) Dept. of African-American Studies
Subject:
Withers, Ernest C Exhibitions
Physical description:
86 p. : ill. ; 22 x 28 cm
Type:
Exhibitions
Place:
United States
Date:
1992
C1992
20th century
Topic:
Civil rights movements--History--Exhibitions
Documentary photography
Call number:
TR647.W822 M4 1992
E185.53.B6 M37 1992
Notes:
Catalog of an exhibition at the Massachusetts College of Art, Nov. 9-Dec. 19, 1992
Contents:
Picturing the black experience and framing the civil rights photography of Ernest C. Withers / Ronald W. Bailey -- The Emmett Till murder trial, Sumner, Mississippi, 1955 -- School desegregation, Little Rock, Arkansas, 1957 -- Memphis, Tennessee in the 1950s and 60s -- Voter registration and the Tent City protest, Fayette County, Tennessee, 1960 -- James Meredith and the Mississippi Campaign, 1962 and 1966 -- Medgar Evers, 1925-1963 -- Montgomery Bus Boycott, Montgomery, Alabama, 1955 -- Sanitation Workers' Strike, Memphis, Tennessee, 1968 -- Assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Memphis, Tennessee, April 4, 1968 -- Poor People's Campaign, Marks, Mississippi and Washington, DC, 1968 -- Afterword / Ronald W. Bailey
Earth summit : conversations with architects of an ecologically sustainable future / by Steve Lerner
Conversations with architects of an ecologically sustainable future
Author:
Lerner, Steve
Commonweal (Organization) Sustainable Futures Group
Philippine Institute of Alternative Futures
Physical description:
xvi, 263 p. ; 22 cm
Type:
Books
Date:
1991
C1991
Topic:
Sustainable development
Economic development--Environmental aspects
Call number:
HC79.E5 L4 1991
Notes:
"A joint publication of Commonweal and Philippine Institute of Alternative Futures."
Contents:
The meshing of the world's economy and the earth's ecology / James MacNeill -- The case for reinventing technology to promote sustainable development / Jessica Tuchman Mathews -- Environmental economics dictate limits to growth / Herman Daly -- The promise of harnessing market forces to protect the environment / Fred Krupp -- Indigenous tree planting campaign takes root in Kenya / Gilbert Arum -- Building sustainable municipalities in Norway and Czechoslovakia / Gunnar Album -- Fuel efficient cook stoves for Zimbabwe / Sam Moyo -- A sustainable development project rises in a poor district in Montevideo / Alberto Villarreal -- Protecting the wilderness of western Canada / Mark Wareing -- Political organizing promotes sustainable development in the Philippines / Maximo T. Kalaw Jr -- Putting pressure on the World Bank to make its loans promote sustainable development / Bruce Rich -- The campaign to reform the multilateral development banks / Brent Blackwelder -- Tax pollution, not payrolls / Rafe Pomerance -- The art of lobbying international environmental negotiations / Frances Spivy-Weber
(cont.) Organizing an Asian regional coalition to promote sustainable development / Antonio B. Quizon -- Greenpeace pushes for a visionary response to global environmental problems / Roger Wilson -- Looking for an environmentally friendly model of development for Chile / Marisol Tovarias -- On global environmental issues, the people are leading and the leaders are following / Janet Brown -- The history of the Brundtland Commission and the origins of UNCED / Warren H. Lindner -- Creating the conditions for a sustainable future/ Michael Lerner
Courage to dissent : Atlanta and the long history of the civil rights movement / Tomiko Brown-Nagin
Author:
Brown-Nagin, Tomiko 1970-
Physical description:
xi, 578 p. ; 25 cm
Type:
Books
Place:
Georgia
Atlanta
United States
Date:
2011
20th century
Topic:
Segregation--Law and legislation--History
Segregation--History
Civil rights movements--History
Contents:
Pt. 1. A.T. Walden and pragmatic civil rights lawyering in the postwar era -- "Aren't going to let a nigger practice in our courts" : the milieu of civil rights pragmatism -- The roots of pragmatism : voting rights activism inside and outside the courts, 1944-1957 -- Housing markets, Black and White : negotiating the postwar housing crisis, 1944-1959 -- "Segregation pure and simple" : school, community, and the NAACP's education litigation, 1942-1958 -- More than "polite segregation" : Brown in public spaces, 1954-1959 -- pt. 2. The movement, its lawyers, and the fight for racial justice during the 1960s -- Seeking redress in the streets : the student movement's challenge to racial pragmatism and legal liberalism, 1960-1961 -- A volatile alliance : the marriage of lawyers and demonstrators, 1961-1964 -- Local people as agents of constitutional change : legal dead ends, the movement against "private" discrimination, and the countermobilization, 1963-1964 -- "New politics" : law, organizing, and a "movement of movements" in the Southern ghetto, 1965-1967 -- pt. 3. Questioning Brown : lawyers, courts, and communities in struggle -- A curious silence : community activism and the legal campaign to implement Brown, 1958-1971 -- An end to an "annual agony" : the backlash against Brown and busing, 1971-1974 -- "Bus them to Philadelphia" : a feminist lawyer and poor mothers crusade to redeem Brown, 1972-1980
Martin Luther King, the inconvenient hero / Vincent Harding
Author:
Harding, Vincent
Subject:
King, Martin Luther Jr. 1929-1968 Influence
King, Martin Luther Jr. 1929-1968 Religion
Physical description:
x, 146 p. : ill. ; 21 cm
Type:
Books
Place:
United States
Date:
1996
C1996
Topic:
Moral conditions
Contents:
1. The Inconvenient Hero: The Last Years of Martin Luther King, Jr. -- 2. Getting Ready for the Hero -- 3. Martin King, Burning Bushes, and Us: Revisiting the March on Washington -- 4. Beyond Amnesia: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Future of America -- 5. The Land Beyond: Reflections on King's "Beyond Vietnam" Speech -- 6. We Must Keep Going -- 7. Blessed Astronaut of the Human Race -- 8. Tell the Children
Summary:
In these eloquent essays, the noted scholar and activist Vincent Harding reflects on the forgotten legacy of Martin Luther King, Jr., and the meaning of his life today. Many of these reflections are inspired by the ambiguous message surrounding the official celebration of King's birthday. Harding sees a tendency to freeze an image of King from the period of his early leadership of the Civil Rights movement, the period culminating with his famous "I Have a Dream Speech." Harding writes passionately of King's later years, when his message and witness became more radical and challenging to the status quo at every level. In those final years before his assassination King took up the struggle against racism in the urban ghettos of the North; he became an eloquent critic of the Vietnam war; he laid the foundations for the Poor People's Campaign. This widening of his message and his tactics entailed controversy even within his own movement. But they point to a consistent expansion of his critique of American injustice and his solidarity with the oppressed. It was this spirit that brought him to Memphis in 1968 to lend his support to striking sanitation workers. It was there that he paid the final price for his prophetic witness
Food industry and trade--Moral and ethical aspects
Food industry and trade--Environmental aspects
Agriculture--Environmental aspects
Sustainable agriculture
Food--Marketing
Grocery trade
Contents:
Introduction : taking root -- rethinking school food in New Orleans -- Defining food justice --
I. An unjust food system -- 1. Growing and producing food -- Slavery in the fields -- Farmworkers at the margins -- The canary's song: chemicals in the factories and on the land -- Turning farms into factories -- Cows: "a great place to live" -- Swine: stench and sludge -- Chickens: the Tyson way --
2. Accessing food -- Grocery gaps -- Supersizing supermarkets -- Cars to carts -- The Tesco invasion -- Convenient calorie culture -- Eating out, fast, cheap, and more --
3. Consuming food -- Dismantling Malbouffe -- Downsizing cooking -- Health not on the label -- Overfed but poorly nourished -- Manipulating food choices --
4. Food politics -- The People's Department -- Farm Bill debates -- School food policies -- Taming hunger -- Cultivating change --
5. The food system goes global -- Chinese garlic in the United States, potato chips in China -- Black rice and Banana Republic -- Going global -- Wal-Mex takes over -- Globesity -- Food sovereignty: global struggles --
II. Food justice action and strategies -- 6. Growing justice -- The little farm in Paper City -- The battles in the fields -- Immigrants breaking ground -- Reinventing farming -- Urban farmers --
7. Forging new food routes -- A Philadelphia story -- At face value -- Farmers' markets for all? -- A share in the harvest: the CSA Model -- Scaling up: the Farm to School Program --
8. Transforming the food experience -- A slow food epiphany -- Going local -- Connecting with food -- A place-based food culture --
9. A new food politics -- Sowing the seeds of CFP -- Filling a vacuum: Food Policy Councils - State campaigns -- School food revolution -- Empowering the hungry --
10. An emerging movement -- Eat the view -- The multiple layers of food justice -- The change agenda -- Finding a voice
Summary:
In today's food system, farm workers face difficult and hazardous conditions, low-income neighborhoods lack supermarkets but abound in fast-food restaurants and liquor stores, food products emphasize convenience rather than wholesomeness, and the international reach of American fast-food franchises has been a major contributor to an epidemic of "globesity." To combat these inequities and excesses, a movement for food justice has emerged in recent years seeking to transform the food system from seed to table. In Food Justice, Robert Gottlieb and Anupama Joshi tell the story of this emerging movement
A food justice framework ensures that the benefits and risks of how food is grown and processed, transported, distributed, and consumed are shared equitably. Gottlieb and Joshi recount the history of food injustices and describe current efforts to change the system, including community gardens and farmer training in Holyoke, Massachusetts; youth empowerment through the Rethinkers in New Orleans; farm-to-school programs across the country; and the Los Angeles school system's elimination of sugary soft drinks from its cafeterias. And they tell how food activism has succeeded at the highest level: advocates waged a grassroots campaign that convinced the Obama White House to plant a vegetable garden. The first comprehensive inquiry into this-emerging movement, Food Justice addresses the increasing disconnect between food and culture that has resulted from our highly industrialized food system. --Book Jacket
Freedom's song [videorecording] : 100 years of African-American struggle and triumph
Author:
Neal, La Vonne Isabelle 1955-
Evers-Williams, Myrlie
Farmers Insurance Group
American Association of School Administrators
Association for the Study of African-American Life and History
University of Colorado at Colorado Springs College of Education
Physical description:
1 videodisc : sd., col. with b&w sequences ; 4 3/4 in. + lesson plans (64 p. : ill. ; 28 cm.) + timeline/resources (55 p. ; 28 cm.)
Type:
Videorecordings
Place:
United States
Date:
2006
C2006
20th century
Topic:
African Americans--History
African Americans--Social conditions
Race relations
History
Call number:
E185 .F74 2006
Notes:
Documentary
Title from disc label
"Made possible by Farmers Insurance Group in partnership with the American Association of School Administrators...sponsored by the Association for the Study of African-American Life and History"--Accompanying materials
Contents:
1900-1909, the Niagara Movement; [with lesson plan by Julie A. Armentrout; Rhonda Williams] -- 1910-1919, African Americans in World War I; [with lesson plan by Rhonda Williams] -- 1920-1929, the Tulsa race riots; [with lesson plan by Rhonda Williams] -- 1930-1939, African Americans during the Great Depression; [with lesson plan by Elaine A. Cheesman] -- 1940-1949, the Tuskegee Airmen; [with lesson plan by Elaine A. Cheesman] -- 1950-1959, Brown v. Board of Education; [with lesson plan by Julie A. Armentrout -- 1960-1969, the Poor People's Campaign; [with lesson plan by Rhonda Williams] -- 1970-1979, African American mayors; [with lesson plan by Clint Fisher] -- 1980-1989, an African American for president : [the Jesse Jackson campaign]; [with lesson plan by Clint Fisher; Julie A. Armentrout] -- 1990-1999, the Million Man March; [with lesson plan by Clint Fisher]
Summary:
Ten episodes, one for each decade of the 20th century, highlight stories in African American history from the 20th century that were either omitted from or marginally discussed in history textbooks to date. A mini biography, Someone you should know, follows each decade's story to highlight the life of a significant historical figure of the decade. Segments are accompanied by individual lessons plans. This documentary/lesson plans curriculum was created for educational use by the Curriculum Design Team in the College of Education at the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs headed by Dr. La Vonne I. Neal in collaboration with the Association for the Study of African American Life and History and Farmers Insurance Group. Using standards of the National Council for Social Studies and the culturally responsive teaching framework of Dr. Geneva Gay, each lesson combines historical scholarship with effective teaching methods
