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Unbound: Narrative Art of the Plains, March 12 to Dec. 4, 2016, NMAI New York

Creator:
National Museum of the American Indian  Search this
Type:
YouTube Videos
Uploaded:
2016-03-07T15:05:56.000Z
YouTube Category:
Education  Search this
Topic:
Native Americans;American Indians  Search this
See more by:
SmithsonianNMAI
Data Source:
National Museum of the American Indian
YouTube Channel:
SmithsonianNMAI
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:yt_A8Ar1xBXCZA

James E. Taylor scrapbook of the American West

Creator:
Taylor, James E., 1839-1901 (artist and collector)  Search this
Names:
Geological Survey (U.S.)  Search this
United States. Army  Search this
Buffalo Bill, 1846-1917  Search this
Crook, George, 1829-1890  Search this
Custer, George Armstrong, 1839-1876  Search this
Hickok, Wild Bill, 1837-1876  Search this
Juárez, Benito, 1806-1872  Search this
Kinman, Seth  Search this
Miles, Nelson Appleton, 1839-1925  Search this
Powell, John Wesley, 1834-1902  Search this
Red Cloud, 1822-1909  Search this
Richard, Louis  Search this
Sheridan, Philip Henry, 1831-1888  Search this
Sitting Bull, 1831-1890  Search this
Spotted Tail, 1823-1881  Search this
Photographer:
Barry, D. F. (David Francis), 1854-1934  Search this
Easterly, Thomas M. (Thomas Martin), 1809-1882  Search this
Eaton, E. L. (Edric L.), b. ca. 1836  Search this
Ebell, Adrian J. (Adrian John), 1840-1877  Search this
Gardner, Alexander, 1821-1882  Search this
Hillers, John K., 1843-1925  Search this
Jackson, William Henry, 1843-1942  Search this
M'Clees, Jas. E. (James E.)  Search this
O'Sullivan, Timothy H., 1840-1882  Search this
Pywell, Wm. R. (William Redish), 1843-1886  Search this
Vannerson, Julian, 1827-  Search this
Whitney, Joel E. (Joel Emmons), 1822-1886  Search this
Extent:
4 Tintypes
3 Chromolithographs
3 Lithographs (3 chalk-manner lithographs)
1 Print (photogravure)
118 Pages (Scrapbook)
685 Prints (circa, albumen)
80 Items (circa 80 relief prints (including woodcuts and wood engraving))
30 Items (circa 30 intaglio prints (including etchings and engravings))
Culture:
Apache  Search this
Pueblo  Search this
Tsitsistas/Suhtai (Cheyenne)  Search this
Cherokee  Search this
Niuam (Comanche)  Search this
Muskogee (Creek)  Search this
Apsáalooke (Crow/Absaroke)  Search this
Fox  Search this
A'aninin (Gros Ventre)  Search this
Kiowa  Search this
Modoc  Search this
Diné (Navajo)  Search this
Oglala Lakota (Oglala Sioux)  Search this
Anishinaabe (Chippewa/Ojibwa)  Search this
Omaha  Search this
Chaticks Si Chaticks (Pawnee)  Search this
Potawatomi  Search this
Indians of North America -- Plateau  Search this
Indians of North America -- Great Basin  Search this
Indians of North America -- Southwest, New  Search this
Ho-Chunk (Winnebago)  Search this
A:shiwi (Zuni)  Search this
Sauk  Search this
Shoshone  Search this
Ute  Search this
Indians of North America -- Great Plains  Search this
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Tintypes
Chromolithographs
Lithographs
Prints
Pages
Photographs
Newspapers
Woodcuts
Place:
Mexico
Taos Pueblo (N.M.)
California
Oregon
Fort Davis (Tex.)
New Mexico
Fort Snelling (Minn.)
Arizona
Texas
San Juan Pueblo (N.M.)
Zuni (N.M.)
Kansas
Colorado
Date:
circa 1863-1900
Summary:
Scrapbook entitled "Our Wild Indians in Peace and War: Surveys, Expeditions, Mining and Scenery of the Great West," compiled by James E. Taylor, possibly as a source for his own illustrations.
Scope and Contents:
Scrapbook entitled "Our Wild Indians in Peace and War: Surveys, Expeditions, Mining and Scenery of the Great West," compiled by James E. Taylor, possibly as a source for his own illustrations. The album includes photographs (mostly albumen with three tintypes), newsclippings, wood engravings, and lithographs, some of which are reproductions of Taylor's own illustrations and paintings. Photographs depict American Indians, US Army soldiers and scouts, historical sites, forts, and scenery. Some were made on expeditions, including the Hayden and Powell surveys, and created from published stereographs. Many of Taylor's illustrations are signed, and some are inscribed with dates and "N. Y." The scrapbook also includes clippings from newspapers and other written sources relating to illustrations and photographs in the album.
Biographical Note:
James E. Taylor (1839-1901) was an artist-correspondent for Leslie's Illustrated Weekly Newspaper from 1863-1883. Born in Cincinatti, Ohio, he graduated from Notre Dame University by the age of sixteen. Taylor enlisted in the 10th New York Infantry in 1861 and the next year was hired by Leslie's Illustrated newspaper as a "Special Artist" and war correspondent. In 1864 he covered the Shenandoah Valley campaign, and was later one of the illustrator-correspondents at the 1867 treaty negotiations at Medicine Lodge, Kansas. He soon earned the moniker "Indian Artist" because of his vast number of drawings of American Indians. In 1883 Taylor retired from Leslie's to work as a freelance illustrator. Colonel Richard Irving Dodge used Taylor's drawings to illustrate his memoir, "Our Wild Indians: Thirty-three Years' Personal Experience among the Red Men of the Great West" (1882).
Local Call Number(s):
NAA Photo Lot 4605
Related Materials:
The National Anthropolgical Archives holds additional photographs by photographers represented in this collection (including original negatives for some of these prints), particularly in Photo Lot 24, Photo Lot 37, Photo Lot 60, Photo Lot 87.

Additional photographs by Whitney, Gardner, and Barry held in National Anthropological Archives Photo Lot 80-18.

Julian Vannerson and James E. McClees photographs held in National Anthropological Archives Photo Lot 4286.

Pywell photographs held in National Anthropological Archives Photo Lot 4498.

O'Sullivan photographs held in National Anthropological Archives Photo lot 4501.

Additional Hillers photographs held in National Anthropological Archives Photo Lot 83-18 and Photo Lot 87-2N.
Provenance:
Donated or transferred by John Witthoft from the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, April 14, 1961.
Restrictions:
The collection is open for research.

Access to the collection requires an appointment.
Rights:
Contact the repository for terms of use.
Topic:
Church buildings  Search this
Mines and mineral resources  Search this
Dance  Search this
White River Massacre, Colo., 1879  Search this
Painting  Search this
Washita Campaign, 1868-1869  Search this
Mormon Church -- History  Search this
Indians of North America -- Southern states  Search this
Indians of North America -- Northeast  Search this
Genre/Form:
Photographs
Newspapers
Woodcuts
Tintypes
Citation:
MS 4605, James E. Taylor scrapbook of the American West, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Identifier:
NAA.MS4605
See more items in:
James E. Taylor scrapbook of the American West
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw33fa281bf-1e72-4f26-ae86-8c8389244b4e
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-naa-ms4605
Online Media:

Freedomways Vol. 9 No. 4

Published by:
Freedomways Associates, Inc., American, 1961 - 1985  Search this
Edited by:
John Henrik Clarke, American, 1915 - 1998  Search this
Esther Cooper Jackson, American, born 1917  Search this
Jack O'Dell, American, 1923 - 2019  Search this
John Devine  Search this
Illustrated by:
Elizabeth Catlett, Mexican and American, 1915 - 2012  Search this
Brumsic Brandon Jr., American, 1927 - 2014  Search this
Written by:
Ernest D. Kaiser, American, born 1916  Search this
Augusta Strong, American, 1934 - 1976  Search this
Mari Evans, American, 1923 - 2017  Search this
Dr. Carlton B. Goodlett, American, 1914 - 1997  Search this
Dr. W. D. Wright, American, born 1936  Search this
Edward P. Dozier, 1916 - 1971  Search this
Subject of:
Chief Joseph, 1840 - 1904  Search this
Medium:
ink on paper with metal
Dimensions:
H x W x D: 9 1/16 × 6 1/16 × 1/4 in. (23 × 15.4 × 0.7 cm)
Type:
magazines (periodicals)
Place printed:
New York City, New York, United States, North and Central America
Place depicted:
Viet Nam, Asia
Date:
1969
Topic:
African American  Search this
Activism  Search this
Black Press  Search this
Caricature and cartoons  Search this
Civil Rights  Search this
Education  Search this
Language  Search this
Literature  Search this
Medicine  Search this
Poetry  Search this
Politics  Search this
Vietnam War, 1961-1975  Search this
Credit Line:
Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Gift of Dr. Maurice Jackson
Object number:
2021.20.7
Restrictions & Rights:
Unknown – Restrictions Possible
Rights assessment and proper usage is the responsibility of the user.
See more items in:
National Museum of African American History and Culture Collection
Classification:
Documents and Published Materials-Published Works
Movement:
American Indian Movements
Chicano Movement / El Movimiento
Data Source:
National Museum of African American History and Culture
GUID:
http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/fd548b766a2-01ac-4404-ab67-804f6bf07135
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:nmaahc_2021.20.7
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MS 2531 James Mooney notebooks principally regarding Kiowa, Cheyenne, and Arapaho shield and tipi designs

Creator:
Mooney, James, 1861-1921  Search this
Artist:
Murphy, Charles (Cheyenne)  Search this
Sweezy, Carl, 1881-1953  Search this
Names:
Wolf Face (Cheyenne)  Search this
Extent:
15 Volumes (autograph documents, photographs, and graphite, ink, colored pencil, crayon, and watercolor drawings.)
Culture:
Tsitsistas/Suhtai (Cheyenne)  Search this
Kiowa  Search this
Inunaina (Arapaho)  Search this
Indians of North America -- Great Plains  Search this
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Volumes
Ledger drawings
Date:
bulk ca. 1903-1904
Scope and Contents:
Notes and drawings by Native artists relating to heraldry, as Mooney termed tipi and shield designs. Also some myths and linguistic data from these and other Plains tribes. The manuscript is a compilation of materials created over a period of years, assembled under the current number by the BAE archivist. Bound volumes (since disbound for lamination) were placed under this manuscript number; loose notes and drawings on the same topics were primarily assembled under manuscript number 2538.
Biographical / Historical:
James Mooney (1861-1921) was a self-taught ethnologist. He was employed by the Bureau of American Ethnology from 1885 until his death. In this capacity, he worked extensively among the Cherokee and Kiowa. Among the Kiowa his studies focused on pictorial calendars, the peyote religion, and heraldry, the term he used to refer to the designs on shields and painted tipis. In the course of his study of Kiowa and Cheyenne heraldry, he commissioned illustrations of shield and tipi designs, as well as miniature shields and tipis. For additional biographic information on James Mooney see: Christopher Winters, General Editor, International Dictionary of Anthropologists, Garland Publishing, 1991. Neil M. Judd, The Bureau of American Ethnology - A Partial History, University of Oklahoma Press, 1967. L.G. Moses, The Indian Man - A Biography of James Mooney, University of Nebraska Press, 1984.
Local Numbers:
NAA MS 2531

OPPS NEG 57,508-A---521-A

OPPS NEG 71-3046-A

OPPS NEG 71-3046

OPPS NEG 72-1801 CN-1818 CN
Local Note:
The John M. Seger Referred to in Vol VIII (and also in Mooney's peyote files) was a teacher of agricultural methods. Walter Campbell edited his autobiography, "Early Days among the Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians," Univ. of Okla. press. Genevieve Seger, his daughter, lives at Geary, Okla.; she may be a trustee of the Okla. Historical Soc. --Information from Althea Bass, here May 1959.
Mrs. J. H. Bass (Althea Bass) here May 6, 1959, thinks that the "Paul" referred to occasionally in Vols. III, IV, and V may be Paul Boynton, an interpreter who spoke both Cheyenne and Arapaho. His family still lives at El Reno. His father had something to do with the Agency. Paul Boynton is mentioned in one of the letters in Mooney corresponence for 1902-06 (Smithsonian Institution - Bureau of American Ethnology correspondence files.)
Date written on several pages by Mooney; almost certainly drawings done by same artist at same time and place as Ms. 2531, Vol. 10, identified by Mooney as "Drawn by Nakoim' eno = Bear Wings/alias Charles Murphy, Cheyenne Cantonment, Okla."
Album Information:
MS 2531
Topic:
War -- Cheyenne  Search this
Winter counts -- Kiowa  Search this
Cradles -- Kiowa  Search this
Clothing -- Kiowa  Search this
Names, Personal -- Kiowa  Search this
Shields -- Cheyenne  Search this
Camps -- Cheyenne  Search this
Sun Dance -- Cheyenne  Search this
Games -- Cheyenne  Search this
Hide preparation -- Cheyenne  Search this
Folklore -- Kiowa  Search this
Horse trappings -- Cheyenne  Search this
Music -- Kiowa  Search this
Language and languages -- Documentation  Search this
Genre/Form:
Ledger drawings
Citation:
Manuscript 2531, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Identifier:
NAA.MS2531
See more items in:
MS 2531 James Mooney notebooks principally regarding Kiowa, Cheyenne, and Arapaho shield and tipi designs
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw38a7004b3-148e-4a15-a445-5406d8e34621
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-naa-ms2531
Online Media:

James Mooney notebook on Kiowa heraldry

Creator:
Mooney, James, 1861-1921  Search this
Collection Creator:
Mooney, James, 1861-1921  Search this
Collection Artist:
Murphy, Charles (Cheyenne)  Search this
Sweezy, Carl, 1881-1953  Search this
Extent:
1 Item (volume of 53 leaves, including 4 drawings, graphite and watercolor, 38 x 26 cm.)
Culture:
Caddo  Search this
Kiowa  Search this
Apache  Search this
Kitchai Wichita  Search this
Indians of North America -- Great Plains  Search this
Indians of North America -- Southwest, New  Search this
Type:
Archival materials
Ledger drawings
Date:
1903-1904
Scope and Contents:
Bound volume containing James Mooney's notes, including 4 drawings of single figures by unidentified artist. A printed page number appears in black in the upper left corner of each verso. This is the same style of book as Volumes 1 and 2 of this manuscript. Contents include Kiowa Tipis, Apache Story, Ton'dohya Story, myths, notes on Kiowa language and songs, Caddo Notes, historical and ethnographic notes, Caddo vocabulary and grammatical notes, Kichai clans, 12 pages (on Negative Microfilm reel Number 25, 1963).
Arrangement:
Subgroup
Local Numbers:
NAA MS 2531, Volume 3
Place:
United States Oklahoma Territory.
United States Oklahoma.
Album Information:
MS 2531-03 000
Topic:
Language and languages -- Documentation  Search this
Indians of North America -- Southern states  Search this
Genre/Form:
Ledger drawings
Collection Citation:
Manuscript 2531, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
See more items in:
MS 2531 James Mooney notebooks principally regarding Kiowa, Cheyenne, and Arapaho shield and tipi designs
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw3dc56561d-7bdd-4447-aad1-773c88eb9db7
EDAN-URL:
ead_component:sova-naa-ms2531-ref1
Online Media:

Silver Horn pictorial calendar

Creator:
Silver Horn, 1860-1940  Search this
Collector:
Mooney, James, 1861-1921  Search this
Collection Creator:
Mooney, James, 1861-1921  Search this
Collection Artist:
Murphy, Charles (Cheyenne)  Search this
Sweezy, Carl, 1881-1953  Search this
Extent:
51 Drawings (visual works) (103 leaves, graphite, colored pencil, crayon, watercolor, and ink, 16 x 25 cm.)
Culture:
Kiowa  Search this
Indians of North America -- Great Plains  Search this
Type:
Archival materials
Drawings (visual works)
Ledger drawings
Date:
1904
Scope and Contents:
This pictorial record covers the years 1828-1904. It was produced by Silver Horn in 1904 when he was regularly employed as an artist by James Mooney. Alternating entries for summers (indicated by the forked center pole of the Medicine Lodge) and winters (indicated by a bare tree). Summers when no Medicine Lodge ceremony was held are marked by a tree in leaf. The drawings heavily annotated by James Mooney in an abbreviated script, often difficult to decipher.The volume consists of 51 drawings in a bound book of unruled leaves. The cover of the book is printed "SKETCH BOOK U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 9-895". It is inscribed in James Mooney's hand "No. 23. Kiowa colls. 1904. Nov. 14 James Mooney." One of the pages is inscribed "Hawgone" and several others are inscribed "Hangun", alternate versions of the Kiowa word for Silver Horn.
Arrangement:
Subgroup
Biographical / Historical:
Silver Horn, Haungooah in Kiowa (1860-1940). His name also appears as Hugone, Hangun or Hawgon. He was a member of a prominent Kiowa family. His residential band, led by his father Agiati (Gathering Feathers), actively opposed the governments efforts to confine the Kiowa to a reservation. Members of his family participated in the Red River War of 1874-1875 and were among the last Kiowa to surrender to the military. In 1891, Silver Horn enlisted in Troop L of the 7th U.S. Cavalry. He served with Troop L, which was part of broader experiment involving the enlistment of all-Indian troops, until 1894. In 1901, Silver Horn secured employment with James Mooney, an ethnologist with the Bureau of American Ethnology. Mooney was interested in the designs on Kiowa shields and tipis and hired Silver Horn to produce illustrations of the designs and models of the shields and tipis. The project provided Silver Horn with steady work between 1902 and 1904 and occasional employment between 1904 and 1906. Silver Horn also produced illustrations for Hugh Scott, an army officer and avocational ethnologist. Silver Horn was active in the religious life of the Kiowa. He was a Tsaidetalyi bundle keeper and participated in the Sun Dance, Ghost Dance, and Peyote religion. He was also a member of the Ohoma society. Silverhorn died on December 14, 1940. For additional biographic information on Silver Horn, see Candace Greene, Silver Horn: Master Illustrator of the Kiowas, University of Oklahoma Press, 2001.
Local Numbers:
NAA MS 2531 Vol. 7

NAA INV 08891700-08896700
Place:
United States Oklahoma Territory.
United States Oklahoma.
Album Information:
MS 2531-07 000
Genre/Form:
Ledger drawings
Collection Citation:
Manuscript 2531, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
See more items in:
MS 2531 James Mooney notebooks principally regarding Kiowa, Cheyenne, and Arapaho shield and tipi designs
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw3cdfd5d19-8149-42dd-a671-3f44293dced1
EDAN-URL:
ead_component:sova-naa-ms2531-ref10
Online Media:

Kiowa dictionary

Collector:
Mooney, James, 1861-1921  Search this
Collection Creator:
Mooney, James, 1861-1921  Search this
Collection Artist:
Murphy, Charles (Cheyenne)  Search this
Sweezy, Carl, 1881-1953  Search this
Extent:
1 Volume (166 pages )
Culture:
Kiowa  Search this
Niuam (Comanche)  Search this
Diné (Navajo)  Search this
Indians of North America -- Great Plains  Search this
Indians of North America -- Southwest, New  Search this
Type:
Archival materials
Volumes
Ledger drawings
Date:
undated
Scope and Contents:
Kiowa linguistic notes and lengthy vocabulary. List of personal names, 1 page. Mescal [peyote] origin story; Navaho and Comanche mescal story, 1 page.
Local Numbers:
NAA MS 2531 Vol. 4
Album Information:
MS 2531-04 000
Topic:
Language and languages -- Documentation  Search this
Navaho  Search this
Genre/Form:
Ledger drawings
Collection Citation:
Manuscript 2531, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
See more items in:
MS 2531 James Mooney notebooks principally regarding Kiowa, Cheyenne, and Arapaho shield and tipi designs
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw3abac890e-9326-4371-8a6f-d593867a184c
EDAN-URL:
ead_component:sova-naa-ms2531-ref6
Online Media:

James Mooney and Silver Horn notebook on Kiowa heraldry

Creator:
Mooney, James, 1861-1921  Search this
Artist:
Silver Horn, 1860-1940  Search this
Collection Creator:
Mooney, James, 1861-1921  Search this
Collection Artist:
Murphy, Charles (Cheyenne)  Search this
Sweezy, Carl, 1881-1953  Search this
Extent:
1 Volume (autograph documents and graphite, colored pencil, and watercolor drawings, 38 x 26 cm.)
Culture:
Kiowa  Search this
Indians of North America -- Great Plains  Search this
Type:
Archival materials
Volumes
Ledger drawings
Date:
ca. 1897-1904?
Scope and Contents:
Bound volume of 109 pages containing James Mooney's notes and descriptions of Kiowa shield and tipi designs, including 10 drawings by Silver Horn, dated 1904. Two of the drawings are on small pieces of paper which have been inserted between pages 65 and 66. A printed page number appears in black in the upper left corner of each verso. This is the same style of book as Volumes 2 and 3 of this manuscript. "Kiowa Heraldry, Mooney, 1897," title printed by hand on spine of original binding.
Local Numbers:
NAA MS 2531 Vol. 1
Place:
United States Oklahoma Territory.
United States Oklahoma.
Album Information:
MS 2531-01 000
Genre/Form:
Ledger drawings
Collection Citation:
Manuscript 2531, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
See more items in:
MS 2531 James Mooney notebooks principally regarding Kiowa, Cheyenne, and Arapaho shield and tipi designs
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw35be1d325-a741-418a-a38a-8def165fbcaf
EDAN-URL:
ead_component:sova-naa-ms2531-ref7
Online Media:

MS 39-c Kiowa drawings by Koba, Etahdleuh, and others

Artist:
Doanmoe, Etahdleuh, 1856-1888  Search this
Kobay, (Comanche chief)  Search this
Names:
Fort Marion artists  Search this
Extent:
25 Drawings (visual works) (graphite, colored pencil, crayon, ink, and watercolor; laminated)
5 Leaves (graphite and ink on ruled paper; laminated)
Culture:
Kiowa  Search this
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Drawings (visual works)
Leaves
Works of art
Ledger drawings
Drawings
Pictographs
Place:
North America
Date:
1875-1878
Scope and Contents:
The collection consists of twenty-five (25) drawings depicting warfare, courting, hunting, dances, a horse race, and an intertribal meeting. Also included are five (5) pages with pictographs representing various words and the rosters of the Fort Marion prisoners listing the prisoners' names and tribal affiliations. Several drawings are inscribed with the name of Koba, some with the name Etahdleuh. Most were probably drawn by Koba. All drawings have been laminated.

Please note that the contents of the collection and the language and terminology used reflect the context and culture of the time of its creation. As an historical document, its contents may be at odds with contemporary views and terminology and considered offensive today. The information within this collection does not reflect the views of the Smithsonian Institution or National Anthropological Archives, but is available in its original form to facilitate research.
Biographical Note:
Koba (Wild Horse) was born in 1848. During the Red River War he was a member of the Kiowa band that surrendered on February 18, 1875. Following his surrender, he was confined at Fort Sill, Indian Territory. He was accused of stealing horses and mules in Texas and participating in the August 22, 1874 skirmish at the Wichita Agency, one of the opening engagements of the Red River War. He was among the Kiowa prisoners who were incarcerated in Fort Marion in St. Augustine, Florida following the end of the conflict. He arrived at Fort Marion on May 21, 1875. After his release from Ft. Marion, Koba attended the Hampton Institute in Virginia. He arrived at Hampton on April 14, 1878. In June of 1879, he left Hampton to work on a farm in Lee, Massachusetts. He then enrolled in the Carlisle Institute in Pennsylvania, where he studied to be a tinsmith. He arrived at Carlisle on October 7, 1879. On September 10, 1880, Koba left Carlisle on what was intended to be a brief trip to Indian Territory. Although his health was failing, he was deemed fit to travel. He died of tuberculosis on September 24, 1880, only three days after arriving at his destination.
Etahdleuh (1856-1888) was also known as Etahdleeuh, Etadeleuh, Etahdleuh Doanmoe, Boy, and Boy Hunting. He was imprisoned at Fort Marion in St. Augustine, Florida from 1875-1878. After his release from Fort Marion, he attended the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute in Virginia, arriving in April, 1878. In 1879, he travelled to the Indian Territory to recruit pupils to attend the Carlisle Institute in Pennsylvania, where he would study and work on and off from 1879 to 1887. He made two extended trips back to the reservation during this period and from February to May 1880, he worked at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC. He was trained as a Presbyterian missionary and returned to the reservation in January 1888 to serve in this capacity.
Historical Note:
Fort Marion, also known as Castillo de San Marco, is a stone fortress in St. Augustine, Florida. Between 1875 and 1878, seventy-two prisoners from the southern plains were incarcerated in the fort. Captain Richard Pratt supervised the prisoners during their incarceration at Fort Marion. The prisoners consisted of 27 Kiowas, 33 Cheyennes, 9 Comanches, 2 Arapahos, and a single Caddo. With the exception of one Cheyenne woman, all the prisoners were men. They had been accused of participating in the recent Red River War, earlier hostilities, or both. With the exception of the wife and daughter of one of the Comanche men, the prisoners families were not allowed to accompany them to Fort Marion.
Local Numbers:
NAA MS 39C
Restrictions:
The collection is open for research.

Access to the collection requires an appointment.
Rights:
Contact the repository for terms of use.
Genre/Form:
Works of art
Ledger drawings
Drawings
Pictographs
Citation:
MS 39-c Kiowa drawings by Koba, Etahdleuh, and others, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Identifier:
NAA.MS39C
See more items in:
MS 39-c Kiowa drawings by Koba, Etahdleuh, and others
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw3a02dfcd2-f48e-456d-99e8-f97aa096cefe
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-naa-ms39c
Online Media:

MS 4656 Book of anonymous Kiowa drawings

Extent:
1 Volume (11.5 x 8.75 inches)
Container:
Box 4656
Culture:
Kiowa  Search this
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Moving Images
Volumes
Works of art
Ledger drawings
Place:
North America
Date:
circa 1875-1877
Scope and Contents:
The collection consists of a book of fourteen (14) drawings on eight (8) leaves of unruled paper in a commercial drawing book. The book was rebound by the Bureau of American Ethnology and the original covers are no longer visible. The drawings depict hunting, travelling, and camp scenes. The inside front cover is inscribed "Drawn by Buffalo Meat." The inside back cover is inscribed "Soaring Eegle [sic]." Buffalo Meat and Soaring Eagle were among the Cheyenne men imprisoned at Fort Marion. Although both men were artists, the drawings in this book are Kiowa, not Cheyenne.

Although the drawings were originally cataloged as Cheyenne by Buffalo Meat, neither Candace Greene nor Karen Daniels Petersen agree with this attribution. They note that the drawings can be identified as Kiowa based on elements of clothing, as well as shield and tipi designs. Furthermore, Greene compared the drawings with other works by Buffalo Meat and determined that they do not correspond with the artist's style. Both Greene and Petersen note that the drawings are the work of at least two artists. The inside of the front cover is inscribed, "Drawn by Buffalo Meat, Cheyenne." Petersen notes that the handwriting matches an inscription written inside the cover of MS 39-b, a drawing book that is known to have been collected at Fort Marion by George Fox, who inscribed the cover and captioned the drawings. (Candace Greene and Mike Jordan compared the inscriptions in MS 4656 and MS 39-b and agree that the handwriting is the same.) George Fox worked as an interpreter at Fort Marion until March 26, 1877. Consequently, the book dates between May 21, 1875, the date the prisoners arrived at Fort Marion, and March 26, 1877, the date George Fox departed.

Please note that the contents of the collection and the language and terminology used reflect the context and culture of the time of its creation. As an historical document, its contents may be at odds with contemporary views and terminology and considered offensive today. The information within this collection does not reflect the views of the Smithsonian Institution or National Anthropological Archives, but is available in its original form to facilitate research.
Historical Note:
Fort Marion, also known as Castillo de San Marco, is a stone fortress in St. Augustine, Florida. Between 1875 and 1878, seventy-two prisoners from the southern plains were incarcerated in the fort. Captain Richard Pratt supervised the prisoners during their incarceration at Fort Marion. The prisoners consisted of 27 Kiowas, 33 Cheyennes, 9 Comanches, 2 Arapahos, and a single Caddo. With the exception of one Cheyenne woman, all the prisoners were men. They had been accused of participating in the recent Red River War, earlier hostilities, or both. With the exception of the wife and daughter of one of the Comanche men, the prisoners families were not allowed to accompany them to Fort Marion.
Local Numbers:
NAA MS 4656
Restrictions:
The collection is open for research.

Access to the collection requires an appointment.
Rights:
Contact the repository for terms of use.
Genre/Form:
Works of art
Ledger drawings
Citation:
MS 4656 Book of anonymous Kiowa drawings, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Identifier:
NAA.MS4656
See more items in:
MS 4656 Book of anonymous Kiowa drawings
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw30ae8a6aa-15c7-452e-b5af-2547fc51becb
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-naa-ms4656
Online Media:

MS 39-a Book of drawings by an unidentified Cheyenne artist at Fort Marion, Florida

Artist:
Unknown  Search this
Fort Marion artists  Search this
Annotator:
Pratt, Richard Henry, 1840-1924  Search this
Extent:
1 Volume (disbound and laminated; 21 drawings on 23 leaves, graphite and colored pencil, 10.75 x 8.25 inches)
Culture:
Tsitsistas/Suhtai (Cheyenne)  Search this
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Volumes
Works of art
Drawings
Ledger drawings
Place:
Florida -- Fort Marion
North America
Date:
1875 August
Scope and Contents:
The collection consists of an artist's sketchbook, now disbound and laminated, containing scenes of daily life, dances, hunting, and a picture of birds. Individual leaves are numbered 1 through 23. The cover of the drawing book is inscribed in pencil "Drawn by Making Medicine, Cheyenne Prisoner, St. Augustine, Fla. Aug. 1875." Inscriptions on individual leaves are by the same hand, probably Lt. Richard Pratt.

Please note that the contents of the collection and the language and terminology used reflect the context and culture of the time of its creation. As an historical document, its contents may be at odds with contemporary views and terminology and considered offensive today. The information within this collection does not reflect the views of the Smithsonian Institution or National Anthropological Archives, but is available in its original form to facilitate research.
Historical Note:
Fort Marion, also known as Castillo de San Marco, is a stone fortress in St. Augustine, Florida. Between 1875 and 1878, seventy-two prisoners from the southern plains were incarcerated in the fort under supervision of Lt. Richard Pratt. The prisoners consisted of 27 Kiowas, 33 Cheyennes, 9 Comanches, 2 Arapahos, and a single Caddo. With the exception of one Cheyenne woman, all the prisoners were men. They had been accused of participating in the recent Red River War, earlier hostilities, or both. With the exception of the wife and daughter of one of the Comanche men, the prisoners families were not allowed to accompany them to Fort Marion.
Local Numbers:
NAA MS 39A

USNM Catalog 30664

PPS NEG 55,025 - 55,046
Restrictions:
The collection is open for research.

Access to the collection requires an appointment.
Rights:
Contact the repository for terms of use.
Genre/Form:
Works of art
Drawings
Ledger drawings
Citation:
MS 39-a Book of drawings by an unidentified Cheyenne artist at Fort Marion, Florida, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Identifier:
NAA.MS39A
See more items in:
MS 39-a Book of drawings by an unidentified Cheyenne artist at Fort Marion, Florida
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw3266715b7-2e7e-44a7-8203-5889d06bae7a
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-naa-ms39a
Online Media:

MS 39-b Making Medicine book of drawings

Artist:
Making Medicine, 1844?-1931  Search this
Annotator:
Fox, George W., 1853-1886  Search this
Creator:
Fort Marion artists  Search this
Extent:
1 Volume (disbound and laminated; 21 drawings on 22 leaves, graphite, colored pencil, and crayon, 11.25 x 8.5 inches)
Culture:
Tsitsistas/Suhtai (Cheyenne)  Search this
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Volumes
Ledger drawings
Works of art
Drawings
Place:
Florida -- Fort Marion
North America
Date:
circa 1875-1878
Scope and Contents:
The collection consists of an artist's sketchbook, now disbound and laminated, including twenty-one (21) drawings by Making Medicine of scenes of hunting, life at Fort Marion, wagons, trains, and camp life. The drawings are lettered A-U, and individually captioned by George Fox. Inside the front cover the words "Drawn by" and "Cheyenne" are in handwriting of George Fox; the name "Making Medicine" was written by the artist himself. The collection also includes a note from Fox (undated) and letter of transmittal from the donor, Mrs. Burnside (October 1923).

Please note that the contents of the collection and the language and terminology used reflect the context and culture of the time of its creation. As an historical document, its contents may be at odds with contemporary views and terminology and considered offensive today. The information within this collection does not reflect the views of the Smithsonian Institution or National Anthropological Archives, but is available in its original form to facilitate research.
Biographical Note:
Making Medicine, also known as O-kuh-ha-tuh or "Sun Dancer" and David Pendleton Oakerhater (1844?-1931) was a Cheyenne warrior who became one of the most prolific of the Native American artists at Fort Marion and first sergeant of the company of guards there. When the Fort Marion prisoners were released in the spring of 1878, Making Medicine went to New York to be educated in the Christian ministry. He took the name David Pendleton Oakerhater after the family that sponsored him (the family of Senator George Pendleton), was ordained an Episcopal deacon on 7 June 1881, and worked as a missionary among the Plains tribes for many years. In 1985, he was the first Native American Anglican to be designated by the Episcopal Church as a saint.
George W. Fox (1853-1886) worked as a trader with John "Jack" S. Evans at Fort Sill, Indian Territory, and became an interpreter for Comanche. From 1875 to March 1877, Fox worked with Richard H. Pratt (1840-1924) and prisoners of war from the southern plains at Fort Marion in St., Florida.
Historical Note:
Fort Marion, also known as Castillo de San Marco, is a stone fortress in St. Augustine, Florida. Between 1875 and 1878, seventy-two prisoners from the southern plains were incarcerated in the fort under supervision of Lt. Richard H. Pratt. The prisoners consisted of 27 Kiowas, 33 Cheyennes, 9 Comanches, 2 Arapahos, and a single Caddo. With the exception of one Cheyenne woman, all the prisoners were men. They had been accused of participating in the recent Red River War, earlier hostilities, or both. With the exception of the wife and daughter of one of the Comanche men, the prisoners families were not allowed to accompany them to Fort Marion.
Local Numbers:
NAA MS 39B

OPPS NEG 55,047-55,068
Related Materials:
A similar book of drawings by Making Medicine containing some of the same scenes and dated July 1876 is in the collection of the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum, Oklahoma City.
Restrictions:
The collection is open for research.

Access to the collection requires an appointment.
Rights:
Contact the repository for terms of use.
Genre/Form:
Ledger drawings
Works of art
Drawings
Citation:
MS 39-b Making Medicine book of drawings, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Identifier:
NAA.MS39B
See more items in:
MS 39-b Making Medicine book of drawings
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw3d7e870e8-45c3-43df-ae1e-d992a331b18f
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-naa-ms39b
Online Media:

MS 2538 James Mooney notes and drawings on Cheyenne and Kiowa heraldry

Creator:
Mooney, James, 1861-1921  Search this
Artist:
Big Horse, Hubble.  Search this
Silver Horn, 1860-1940  Search this
Murphy, Charles (Cheyenne)  Search this
Bianki  Search this
Lame Dog.  Search this
Extent:
50 Items (circa 50 drawings, pencil and crayon, 16 x 26 cm.-39 x 92 cm.)
Culture:
Tsitsistas/Suhtai (Cheyenne)  Search this
Niuam (Comanche)  Search this
Kiowa  Search this
Sioux  Search this
Inunaina (Arapaho)  Search this
Indians of North America -- Great Plains  Search this
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Ledger drawings
Date:
1902-1906
Scope and Contents:
Pencil and crayon drawings intermixed with Manuscript notes by Mooney. Oversize drawings identified as Cheyenne, Cheyenne or Arapaho, Kiowa, Dakota and Comanche. Typed list of these, with annotations made by Father Peter J. Powell during visit to National Anthropological Archives is included with master list of drawings in N.A.A. Many of the oversize drawings were preliminary sketches for the Cheyenne tipi curtain now on exhibit at the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois. Previously cataloged as "Kiowa and others." However, it was changed to the Cheyenne file after more complete identifications supplied by Karen D. Peterson and Father Powell showed that the majority of the drawings were Cheyenne.
Box I: Notes and drawings relating to men and horses in war paint, shields, tipis, shield tripods, lances and pennants. (Oklahoma) (March, 1902-April, 1906.) Pencil and crayon drawings intermixed with Manuscript notes by Mooney. 219 pages and slips (some with material on both sides.) List of owners of shields and tipis, in handwriting of unknown person, with Manuscript notes by both Karen D. Peterson and Father Peter J. Powell. (Washington, D.C.)(1968 ?-1971.) Manuscript document. 7 pages. According to list, 51 of the 80 owners have been identified as "Cheyenne" or "Cheyenne?"; 12 owners have been identified "Kiowa" or "Kiowa?"; 8 are unidentified; 3 each are Kiowa-Apache and Arapaho; and one each is Comanche, Crow and Ute.
The tipis are shown in finished drawings in Manuscript Number 2531, Volumes 9 and 10. The entire contents of boxes are discussed in detail in Manuscript Number 2531, volume 5; notations apparently refer to what pages in 2531, volume 5 discuss the subject of the drawing, e.g., the note "54-55a" on David Pendleton's shield. Drawings with notes have been separated by name of owner and filed alphabetically in sections on shields and tipis. Most of the drawings have Manuscript notes by Mooney as to owner, date, artist and place; for details see individual photo catalog cards to copy neg. nos. 72-1826 CN through 72-1926 CN, 72-1939 CN and and 72-1940 CN. A few drawings were also signed by the artists themselves. All the drawings which are dated, date between March, 1902 and April, 1906; the Administrative Reports of BAE-ARs for those years confirms Mooney's presence in Oklahoma from February 1902 until he left in April, 1906.
Box 2: Unidentified shield and tipi drawings. Many of the numbered pages are those cut by Mooney from his Kiowa volumes (Bureau of American Ethnology Manuscript Number 2531, Volumes 1-5). Oversize drawings: Tribes tentatively identified as Cheyenne, Cheyenne or Arapaho, Kiowa, Dakota, Comanche. 16 drawings. See typed list; copy filed with drawings, master copy inserted in Master copy of catalog of drawings, 11/71.
Local Numbers:
NAA MS 2538
Album Information:
NAA MS 2538 JMND-000
Topic:
Heraldry -- Cheyenne  Search this
Sioux  Search this
Genre/Form:
Ledger drawings
Citation:
Manuscript 2538, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Identifier:
NAA.MS2538
See more items in:
MS 2538 James Mooney notes and drawings on Cheyenne and Kiowa heraldry
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw387bf8ace-fd1d-4c7e-bfd8-4ad610c96f5f
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-naa-ms2538
Online Media:

Bianki drawing of his vision to the spirit world

Creator:
Bianki  Search this
Collection Creator:
Mooney, James, 1861-1921  Search this
Collection Artist:
Big Horse, Hubble.  Search this
Silver Horn, 1860-1940  Search this
Murphy, Charles (Cheyenne)  Search this
Bianki  Search this
Lame Dog.  Search this
Extent:
1 Drawings (visual works) (4 leaves, colored pencil, crayon, and graphite, 51 x 77 cm.)
Culture:
Kiowa  Search this
Indians of North America -- Great Plains  Search this
Type:
Archival materials
Drawings (visual works)
Ledger drawings
Date:
ca. 1903?
Scope and Contents:
Laminated. Drawings include prairie with many buffalo and horses; village; four dead women; two dead male relatives; two figures; group dancing ghost dance; a tipi where his family is feasting; Jesus Christ surrounding concentric semi-circles; two connected circles with rays emanating from them, on circle containing figure; village and dance circle; village around dance circle and group of blue lines, possibly representing animals; Jesus Christ with two crucified thieves; and lines, concentric circles, and buffalo skull.
Local Numbers:
NAA INV 08635301-08635302

NAA INV 08635401-08635402

NAA MS 2538
Local Note:
See BAE 14th AR, Part 2, for Reproduction and Explanation Of Drawing
Place:
United States Oklahoma Kiowa and Comanche Reservation.
Album Information:
NAA MS 2538 JMND-014
Genre/Form:
Ledger drawings
Collection Citation:
Manuscript 2538, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
See more items in:
MS 2538 James Mooney notes and drawings on Cheyenne and Kiowa heraldry
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw3907009b7-ca6e-4a22-826e-665a1f0c1c03
EDAN-URL:
ead_component:sova-naa-ms2538-ref14

Flying Out drawings of Cheyenne battles and a Silver Horn drawing of the Kiowa medicine lodge ceremony

Artist:
Flying Out  Search this
Silver Horn, 1860-1940  Search this
Names:
Field Museum of Natural History  Search this
Collector:
Mooney, James, 1861-1921  Search this
Depicted:
White Shield (Cheyenne)  Search this
Extent:
8 Drawings (visual works) (graphite, colored pencil, and ink; laminated)
Container:
Folder 233124
Culture:
Tsitsistas/Suhtai (Cheyenne)  Search this
Chaticks Si Chaticks (Pawnee)  Search this
Kiowa  Search this
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Graphic Materials
Drawings (visual works)
Works of art
Drawings
Place:
North America
Date:
circa 1904
Scope and Contents:
The collection consists of eight (8) drawings on large sheets of paper, now laminated. Seven are of Cheyenne battles and one is of preparations for a Kiowa ceremony. The sheets are inscribed with various notations in the hand of James Mooney, identifying some individuals depicted and naming the place and date of the fight. The Kiowa drawing (08600900) has been attributed to Silver Horn (Haungooah) on the basis of style. The authorship of the Cheyenne drawings is not certain, but they appear to be by one hand. One drawing (08600300) is inscribed "Flying Out del March 1906," which may be the name of the artist. The date is confusing, as the materials were entered into the Anthropology catalog book in May 1905.

Mooney's captions and numbers appear on the drawings. The significance of "Cheyenne Curtin" and "Elk River" prefaced to the numbers has not been determined. Notations on the drawings that depict the "Republican River" encounter refer to "Stone," probably a source giving an account of the battle. This source has not been identified. It is possible that the drawings were made later, from material that Mooney brought into the USNM in 1904. Or the drawings may have been copied from Mooney's Cheyenne specimen collection at Field Columbian Museum, Chicago.

Please note that the contents of the collection and the language and terminology used reflect the context and culture of the time of its creation. As an historical document, its contents may be at odds with contemporary views and terminology and considered offensive today. The information within this collection does not reflect the views of the Smithsonian Institution or National Anthropological Archives, but is available in its original form to facilitate research.
Biographical Note:
James Mooney (1861-1921) was a self-taught ethnologist. He was employed by the Bureau of American Ethnology from 1885 until his death. In this capacity, he worked extensively among the Cherokee, Kiowa, and Cheyenne. Among the Kiowa and Cheyenne, his studies focused on pictorial calendars, the peyote religion, and heraldry, the term he used to refer to the designs on shields and painted tipis. In the course of his study of Kiowa and Cheyenne heraldry, he commissioned many illustrations by native artists.
White Shield (nd) a.k.a. Young Black Bird White Shield, a Northern Cheyenne, was the son of Spotted Wolf and grandson of Whistling Elk. He fought side by side with his adopted brother Yellow Nose in the Rosebud fight. According to accounts of the battle, White Shield was fishing with his nephews when he heard the gunfire of Reno's attack on the south end of the village. He overtook Bobtail Horse and others who were the first to meet Custer in the fight. He was still living in 1908.
Silver Horn, Haungooah in Kiowa, was born in 1860. His name also appears as Hugone, Hangun or Hawgon. He was a member of a prominent Kiowa family. His residential band, led by his father Agiati (Gathering Feathers), actively opposed the governments efforts to confine the Kiowa to a reservation. Members of his family participated in the Red River War of 1874-1875 and were among the last Kiowa to surrender to the military. In 1891, Silver Horn enlisted in Troop L of the 7th U.S. Cavalry. He served with Troop L, which was part of broader experiment involving the enlistment of all-Indian troops, until 1894. In 1901, Silver Horn secured employment with James Mooney, an ethnologist with the Bureau of American Ethnology. Mooney was interested in the designs on Kiowa shields and tipis and hired Silver Horn to produce illustrations of the designs and models of the shields and tipis. The project provided Silver Horn with steady work between 1902 and 1904 and occassional employment between 1904 and 1906. Silver Horn also produced illustrations for Hugh Scott, an army officer and avocational ethnologist. Silver Horn was active in the religious life of the Kiowa. He was a Tsaidetalyi bundle keeper and participated in the Sun Dance, Ghost Dance, and Peyote religion. He was also a member of the Ohoma society. Silverhorn died on December 14, 1940.
Local Numbers:
NAA MS 233124
Related Materials:
The Cheyenne images were preliminary drawings made in planning production of a painted hide tipi liner in the collection of the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago (Cat. No. 96,808). Other drawings relating to the tipi liner are held by the National Anthropological Archives in MS 2538 James Mooney notes and drawings on Cheyenne and Kiowa heraldry.

The drawing of preparations for the Kiowa Medicine Lodge ceremony was a preliminary sketch for the hide painting now in the Department of Anthropology object collection, Cat. No. E229,894.
Restrictions:
The collection is open for research.

Access to the collection requires an appointment.
Rights:
Contact the repository for terms of use.
Genre/Form:
Works of art
Drawings
Citation:
Flying Out drawings of Cheyenne battles and a Silver Horn drawing of the Kiowa medicine lodge ceremony (MS 233134), National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Identifier:
NAA.MS233124
See more items in:
Flying Out drawings of Cheyenne battles and a Silver Horn drawing of the Kiowa medicine lodge ceremony
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw37458f9ab-266d-4c59-a83a-6b27fe1b2437
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-naa-ms233124
Online Media:

MS 1874 Kiowa drawings by Silver Horn and anonymous artists

Collector:
Mooney, James, 1861-1921  Search this
Artist:
Silver Horn, 1860-1940  Search this
Extent:
3 Drawings (visual works) (graphite and colored pencil)
Container:
Box 1874
Culture:
Kiowa  Search this
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Graphic Materials
Drawings (visual works)
Works of art
Ledger drawings
Place:
Oklahoma
North America
Date:
circa 1904
Scope and Contents:
The collection consists of three (3) drawings. The drawings depict a warrior, Haba's war gear and tipi, and an enlarged view of Haba's shield. One drawing has been attributed to Silver Horn. The drawings appear to be associated with James Mooney's research on Kiowa shield and tipi designs.

Please note that the contents of the collection and the language and terminology used reflect the context and culture of the time of its creation. As an historical document, its contents may be at odds with contemporary views and terminology and considered offensive today. The information within this collection does not reflect the views of the Smithsonian Institution or National Anthropological Archives, but is available in its original form to facilitate research.
Biographical Note:
Silver Horn, Haungooah in Kiowa, was born in 1860. His name also appears as Hugone, Hangun or Hawgon. He was a member of a prominent Kiowa family. His residential band, led by his father Agiati (Gathering Feathers), actively opposed the governments efforts to confine the Kiowa to a reservation. Members of his family participated in the Red River War of 1874-1875 and were among the last Kiowa to surrender to the military. In 1891, Silver Horn enlisted in Troop L of the 7th U.S. Cavalry. He served with Troop L, which was part of broader experiment involving the enlistment of all-Indian troops, until 1894. In 1901, Silver Horn secured employment with James Mooney, an ethnologist with the Bureau of American Ethnology. Mooney was interested in the designs on Kiowa shields and tipis and hired Silver Horn to produce illustrations of the designs and models of the shields and tipis. The project provided Silver Horn with steady work between 1902 and 1904 and occassional employment between 1904 and 1906. Silver Horn also produced illustrations for Hugh Scott, an army officer and avocational ethnologist. Silver Horn was active in the religious life of the Kiowa. He was a Tsaidetalyi bundle keeper and participated in the Sun Dance, Ghost Dance, and Peyote religion. He was also a member of the Ohoma society. Silverhorn died on December 14, 1940.
James Mooney (1861-1921) was a self-taught ethnologist. He was employed by the Bureau of American Ethnology from 1885 until his death. In this capacity, he worked extensively among the Cherokee and Kiowa. Among the Kiowa his studies focused on pictorial calendars, the peyote religion, and heraldry, the term he used to refer to the designs on shields and painted tipis. In the course of his study of Kiowa and Cheyenne heraldry, he commissioned illustrations of shield and tipi designs, as well as miniature shields and tipis.
Biographical note:
Haba was Silver Horn's half-brother and was also employed by James Mooney.
Local Numbers:
NAA MS 1874
Restrictions:
The collection is open for research.

Access to the collection requires an appointment.
Rights:
Contact the repository for terms of use.
Genre/Form:
Works of art
Ledger drawings
Citation:
MS 1874 Kiowa drawings by Silver Horn and anonymous artists, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Identifier:
NAA.MS1874
See more items in:
MS 1874 Kiowa drawings by Silver Horn and anonymous artists
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw365723e94-4168-44d7-a575-9b9b69ea59e6
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-naa-ms1874
Online Media:

Records of the Bureau of American Ethnology

Creator:
Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology  Search this
Extent:
245 Linear feet ((376 boxes and 10 map drawers))
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Date:
1878-1965
Summary:
The records in this collection embody the administrative functions of the Bureau of American Ethnology from 1879 to 1965. The collection consists of correspondence, card files, registers, official notices, annual and monthly work reports, research statements, research proposals, grant applications, personnel action requests, notices of personnel action, meeting minutes, purchase orders and requisitions, property records, biographical sketches, resolutions, newspaper clippings, reviews of publications, drafts of publications, circulars, programs, pamphlets, announcements, illustrations, cartographic materials, photographic prints, photographic negatives, bibliographies, and reprinted publications.
Scope and Contents:
The records in this collection embody the administrative functions of the Bureau of American Ethnology from 1879 to 1965. The collection consists of correspondence, card files, registers, official notices, annual and monthly work reports, research statements, research proposals, grant applications, personnel action requests, notices of personnel action, meeting minutes, purchase orders and requisitions, property records, biographical sketches, resolutions, newspaper clippings, reviews of publications, drafts of publications, circulars, programs, pamphlets, announcements, illustrations, cartographic materials, photographic prints, photographic negatives, bibliographies, and reprinted publications.

Correspondence comprises the bulk of this collection. A significant portion of this correspondence originates from the Bureau's duty to field inquiries regarding North American aboriginal cultures and respond to requests relating to the duplication of BAE library and archival materials. Inquiries and requests, received from all parts of the world, were submitted by colleagues, museum curators and directors, students, professors, amateur archaeologists, government agents, military officials, Smithsonian Institution officials, artists, and members of the general public. Other correspondence reflects the Bureau's day-to-day operations and internal affairs. Subjects discussed in this correspondence include research projects, field expeditions, annual budgets, personnel matters, the acquisition of manuscripts, the disbursement of specimens, and production of BAE publications. Correspondence is occasionally accompanied by announcements, circulars, programs, pamphlets, photographs, drawings, diagrams, bibliographies, lists, newspaper clippings, and maps. Also among these records are the card files and registers of incoming and outgoing correspondence maintained by early BAE administrative staff. For a list of correspondents, see the appendix to this finding aid, available in the NAA reading room.

The majority of illustrations, artwork, and photographs that appear in this collection are associated with BAE publications, including BAE Annual Reports, BAE Bulletins, Contributions to North American Ethnology and Smithsonian Institution, Miscellaneous Collection. Maps located among the collection originate, by and large, from BAE field expeditions and research projects. BAE staff also amassed great quantities of newspaper clippings that concerned BAE research or points of interest. Of particular note are three scrapbooks comprised of clippings that relate to "mound builders" and the work of the BAE's Division of Mound Explorations.

Also worthy of note are the various records relating to the 1903 investigation of the BAE. Records related to the investigation highlight the Smithsonian Institution's longstanding dissatisfaction with the internal management of the BAE, its concerns over the BAE's loose relationship with the parent organization, and displeasure with the manner in which BAE scientific research was developing. Other materials of special interest are the various administrative records covering the period 1929 to 1946 and 1949 to 1965. The majority cover personnel matters; however, others justify the work of the BAE and bear witness to growing concerns that the BAE would eventually be absorbed by the Department of Anthropology within the United States National Museum.
Arrangement:
The collection has been arranged into the following 12 series: (1) Correspondence, 1897-1965; (2) Cooperative Ethnological Investigations, 1928-1935; (3) Miscellaneous Administrative Files, 1929-1946; (4) Miscellaneous Administrative Files, 1949-1965; (5) Records Concerning the Photographic Print Collection, 1899-1919; (6) Records Concerning Employees; (7) Fiscal Records, 1901-1902 and 1945-1968; (8) Records Relating to the 1903 Investigation of the BAE; (9) Property Records and Requisitions; (10) Clippings; (11) Publications; (12) BAE Library Materials, Pamphlets and Reprints
Administrative History:
The Bureau of Ethnology was established by an act of the United States Congress on March 3, 1879, but it was largely the personal creation of the geologist and explorer Major John Wesley Powell. His earlier explorations of the Colorado River and Grand Canyon formed the basis of the Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region. While exploring the area, Powell became alarmed at what he perceived to be the decline of the aboriginal way of life due to rapid depopulation. In a letter to the Secretary of the Interior, he warned that "in a few years, it will be impossible to study…Indians in their primitive condition, except from recorded history" (Hinsley). He urged swift government action; the result of which was the appropriation of $20,000 (20 Stat. 397) to transfer all documents relating to North American Indians from the Department of Interior to the Smithsonian Institution and its Secretary's appointment of Powell as director of the newly established Bureau of Ethnology, a position he held until his death in 1902. In 1897, its name was changed to the Bureau of American Ethnology (BAE) to underscore the limits of its geographical reaches.

Under Powell, the BAE organized the nation's earliest anthropological field expeditions, in which the characteristics and customs of native North Americans were observed firsthand and documented in official reports. Images of Indian life were captured on photographic glass plate negatives, and their songs on wax cylinder recordings. Histories, vocabularies and myths were gathered, along with material objects excavated from archaeological sites, and brought back to Washington for inclusion in the BAE manuscript library or the United States National Museum.

The fruits of these investigations were disseminated via a series of highly regarded and widely distributed publications, most notably BAE Annual Reports, BAE Bulletins, and Contributions to North American Ethnology. BAE research staff also responded routinely to inquiries posed by colleagues, government agencies, and the general public on matters ranging from artwork to warfare. Moreover, the BAE prepared exhibits on the various cultural groups it studied not only for the Smithsonian Institution, but also for large expositions held nationwide.

In 1882 Powell, under instruction of Congress, established the Division of Mound Explorations for the purpose of discovering the true origin of earthen mounds found predominately throughout the eastern United States. It was the first of three temporary, yet significant, subunits supported by the Bureau. Cyrus Thomas, head of the Division, published his conclusions in the Bureau's Annual Report of 1894, which is considered to be the last word in the controversy over the mounds' origins. With the publication of Thomas' findings, the Division's work came to a close.

The course of BAE operations remained largely the same under Powell's successors: W.J. McGee (acting director) 1902; William Henry Holmes, 1902-1910; Frederick W. Hodge, 1910-1918; J. Walter Fewkes, 1918-1928; Matthew W. Stirling, 1928-1957; Frank H.H. Roberts, Jr., 1957-1964; and Henry B. Collins (acting director), 1964-1965. However, following a 1903 internal investigation of the Bureau's administrative activities, Smithsonian officials called for a broader scope of ethnological inquiry and greater application of anthropological research methodologies. The BAE responded in 1904 by expanding agency activities to include investigations in Hawaii, the Philippines, and the Caribbean.

The BAE extended its geographical reaches once again, in the 1940s, to include Central and South America. In 1943, the Institute of Social Anthropology (ISA) was established as an independent subunit of the Bureau for the purpose of developing and promoting ethnological research throughout the American Republics. The findings of ISA-sponsored investigations were published in the six volume series, Handbook of South American Indians (BAE Bulletin 143). Julian H. Steward, editor of the Handbook, was appointed director of ISA operations and held the position until 1946 when George M. Foster assumed responsibility. The ISA was absorbed by the Institute of Inter-American Affairs in 1952, thus terminating its relationship with the BAE.

In 1946 the BAE assumed partial administrative control of the recently established River Basin Surveys (RBS), its third and final autonomous subunit. The purpose of the RBS was to salvage and preserve archaeological evidence threatened by post-World War II public works programs, more specifically the rapid construction of dams and reservoirs occurring throughout the country. Excavations conducted under the RBS yielded considerable data on early North American Indian settlements, and subsequent deliberations on this data were published as reports in various BAE Bulletins.

In 1965, the BAE merged administratively with the Smithsonian Institution's Department of Anthropology to form the Office of Anthropology within the United States National Museum (now the Department of Anthropology within the National Museum of Natural History). The BAE manuscript library, also absorbed by the Department of Anthropology, became the foundation of what is today the National Anthropological Archives (NAA).

In its 86 year existence, the BAE played a significant role in the advancement of American anthropology. Its staff included some of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries' most distinguished anthropologists, including Jeremiah Curtain, Frank Hamilton Cushing, J.O. Dorsey, Jesse Walter Fewkes, Alice Cunningham Fletcher, Albert H. Gatschet, John Peabody Harrington, John N.B. Hewitt, William Henry Holmes, Ales Hrdlicka, Neil Judd, Francis LaFlesche, Victor and Cosmo Mindeleff, James Mooney, James Pilling, Matilda Coxe Stevenson, Matthew Williams Stirling, William Duncan Strong, and William Sturtevant. The BAE also collaborated with and supported the work of many non-Smithsonian researchers, most notably Franz Boas, Frances Densmore, Gerard Fowke, Garrick Mallery, Washington Matthews, Paul Radin, John Swanton, Cyrus Thomas, and T.T. Waterman, as well as America's earliest field photographers such as Charles Bell, John K. Hillers, Timothy O'Sullivan, and William Dinwiddie. Several of its staff founded the Anthropological Society of Washington in 1880, which later became the American Anthropological Association in 1899. What is more, its seminal research continues to be drawn upon by contemporary anthropologists and government agents through the use of BAE manuscripts now housed in the NAA.

Sources Consulted:

Hinsley, Curtis. Savages and Scientists: The Smithsonian Institution and the Development of American Anthropology, 1846-1910. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981.

McGee, WJ. "Bureau of American Ethnology." The Smithsonian Institution, 1846-1896, The History of its First Half-Century, pp. 367-396. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1897.

Sturtevant, William. "Why a Bureau of American Ethnology?" Box 286, Functions of the BAE, Series IV: Miscellaneous Administrative Files, 1948-1965, Records of the Bureau of American Ethnology, National Anthropological Archives.
Related Materials:
Additional material relating to BAE administrative affairs and research projects can be found among the National Anthropological Archives' vast collection of numbered manuscripts. Too numerous to list in this space, these include official correspondence, monthly and annual work reports, fiscal records, field notes, personal diaries, expedition logs, catalogues of specimens, vocabularies, historical sketches, maps, diagrams, drawings, bibliographies, working papers and published writings, among various other material. Most of these documents are dispersed throughout the numbered manuscript collection as single items; however, some have been culled and unified into larger units (e.g., MS 2400 is comprised of documents relating to the Division of Mound Explorations). Artwork and illustrations produced for BAE publications are also located among the NAA's numbered manuscript collection as well as its photograph collection (e.g., Photo Lot 78-51 and Photo Lot 80-6).

Photographs concerning BAE research interests can be found among the following NAA photographic lots: Photo Lot 14, Bureau of American Ethnology Subject and Geographic File ca. 1870s-1930s; Photo Lot 24, BAE Photographs of American Indians 1840s to 1960s (also known as the Source Print Collection); Photo Lot 60, BAE Reference Albums 1858-1905; and Photo Lot 85, BAE Miscellaneous Photographs 1895 to 1930. Other photographic lots include portraits of BAE staff and collaborators, namely Photo Lot 33, Portraits of Anthropologists and others 1860s-1960s; Photo Lot 68, Portraits of John Wesley Powell ca. 1890 and 1898; and Photo Lot 70, Department of Anthropology Portrait File ca. 1864-1921.

Additional materials in the NAA relating to the work of the BAE can be found among the professional papers of its staff, collaborators and USNM anthropologists. These include the papers of Ales Hrdlicka, John Peabody Harrington, Otis Mason, J.C. Pilling, Matthew Williams Stirling, and William Duncan Strong. Documents relating to the work of the BAE can be found among the records of the River Basin Surveys (1928-1969) and the Institute of Social Anthropology (1941-1952).

Records related to this collection can also be found in the Smithsonian Institution Archives (SIA). SIA accession 05-124 includes information regarding the 1942 transfer of six audio recordings related to the Chumash Indian language from the Bureau of American Ethnology to the National Archives, nine pages of Chumash translations, and "The Story of Candalaria, the Old Indian Basket-Maker." The Fiscal and Payroll Records of the Office of the Secretary, 1847 to 1942 (Record Unit 93), includes voucher logs, disbursement journals and daybooks of money paid out to the BAE from 1890 to 1910. BAE correspondence can also be found among the Records of the Office of the Secretary (Record Unit 776, accession 05-162). The Papers of William Henry Holmes, second director of the BAE, are also located among the SIA (Record Unit 7084).

Accession records concerning artifacts and specimens collected by the BAE are located in the registrar's office of the National Museum of Natural History.

Related collections can also be found at the National Archives and Records Administration. RG 57.3.1, the Administrative Records of the United States Geological Survey, includes register of applications for BAE ethnological expositions conducted between 1879-1882. RG 75.29, Still Pictures among the Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, includes 22 photographs of Arapaho, Cheyenne, Kiowa, Comanche, Navajo, and Apache Indians taken by William S. Soule for the BAE during 1868-1875. RG 106, Records of the Smithsonian Institution, includes cartographic records (106.2) relating to Indian land cessions in Indiana created for the First Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1881 (1 item); a distribution of American Indian linguistic stock in North America and Greenland, by John Wesley Powell, for the Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, ca. 1887 (1 item); a distribution of Indian tribal and linguistic groups in South America, 1950 (1 item); the Indian tribes in North America, for Bulletin 145, Bureau of American Ethnology, 1952 (4 items). Sound Recordings (106.4) include songs and linguistic material relating to the Aleut, Mission, Chumash, and Creek, gather by the BAE in 1912, 1914, 1930-41. Some include translations (122 items).
Provenance:
The Records of the Bureau of American Ethnology were transferred to the Smithsonian Office of Anthropology Archives with the merger of the BAE and the Department of Anthropology of the National Museum of Natural History in 1965. The Smithsonian Office of Anthropology Archives was renamed the National Anthropological Archives in 1968.
Restrictions:
The Records of the Bureau of American Ethnology are open for research.

Access to the Records of the Bureau of American Ethnology requires an appointment.
Rights:
Contact repository for terms of use.
Citation:
Records of the Bureau of American Ethnology, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Identifier:
NAA.XXXX.0155
See more items in:
Records of the Bureau of American Ethnology
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw391046c25-21e2-4334-a01f-9a6f734ae9cd
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-naa-xxxx-0155
Online Media:

Tichkematse and Etahdleuh drawings

Creator:
Tichkematse, 1857-1932  Search this
Etahdleuh, 1856-1888  Search this
Names:
Fort Marion artists  Search this
Extent:
29 Drawings (visual works)
Culture:
Tsitsistas/Suhtai (Cheyenne)  Search this
Kiowa  Search this
Osage  Search this
Niuam (Comanche)  Search this
Ute  Search this
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Drawings (visual works)
Works of art
Ledger drawings
Place:
North America
Date:
1879-1880
Scope and Contents:
The collection consists of twenty-nine (29) loose drawings on various types of paper, some double-sided, with scenes of warfare, hunting, and camp life. They were probably produced at different times during the period 1879-1880. Four are inscribed with the name Etahdleuh Doanmoe and the majority of the remainder with the name Tichkematse, plus other descriptive elements in the artists' hand. Two pencil drawings, which lack any identifying name, are in a Western style and may not be by either artist. In two instances, the figures in the drawing have been cut out and pasted to a new backing [08519400; 08601400].

Most of the images adhere to Plains conventions of close up views of encounters, but in three drawings, Etahdleuh used a more distant perspective to show a Kiowa village along the Washita River (08601800), a buffalo hunt (08601900), and a battle against US troops (08517900). Also unusual are two drawings by Tichkematse showing details of tipi life, including women cooking and children playing (08601500-08601600).

Please note that the contents of the collection and the language and terminology used reflect the context and culture of the time of its creation. As an historical document, its contents may be at odds with contemporary views and terminology and considered offensive today. The information within this collection does not reflect the views of the Smithsonian Institution or National Anthropological Archives, but is available in its original form to facilitate research.
Arrangement:
The drawings are unarranged. They have been ordered in the same sequence as the original cataloging under MS 290844-290845 when possible.
Biographical Note:
Tichkematse, or Squint Eyes (Quchkeimus), 1857-1932 was a member of the Southern Cheyenne. Together with other Southern Plains warriors he was held prisoner at Fort Marion in St. Augustine, Florida from 1875-78, during which period he and others became well known as artists. While imprisoned, he learned to speak English and to read and write. Upon release he attended school at the Hampton Institute in Virginia for about a year before coming to work at the Smithsonian Institution. During his time at the Smithsonian (1879-1880) he was trained to prepare bird and mammal specimens for study and display, participating in field expeditions to Florida and the American Southwest. He also served as a gallery guide, a source on Plains gesture language, and acquired cultural materials for the collections from Cheyenne friends and relatives, as well as producing drawings. Upon his return to Oklahoma (then Indian Territory), he served as an Army scout at Fort Supply.

Etahdleuh (1856-1888) was also known as Etahdleeuh, Etadeleuh, Etahdleuh Doanmoe, Boy, and Boy Hunting. He was imprisoned at Fort Marion in St. Augustine, Florida from 1875-1878. After his release from Fort Marion, he attended the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute in Virginia, arriving in April, 1878. In 1879, he traveled to the Indian Territory to recruit pupils to attend the Carlisle Institute in Pennsylvania, where he would study and work on and off from 1879 to 1887. He made two extended trips back to the reservation during this period. From February to May 1880, he worked at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC. He was trained as a Presbyterian missionary and returned to the reservation in January 1888 to serve in this capacity.

Edwin Porter Upham (1845-1918) was a museum assistant who worked with the Smithsonian Institution's archeology collections for forty years. Born in Massachusetts, he received a public education there before joining the army during the American Civil War. In 1878, he was hired as an assistant to Dr. Charles Rau, an archeologist at the Smithsonian. After Rau's death, Upham worked with Dr. Thomas Wilson, with whom he cowrote a book entitled Prehistoric Art; Or, The Origin of Art as Manifested in the Works of Prehistoric Man (1898). In 1906, Upham was appointed aide in the division of prehistoric archeology, a position he held until his death.
Related Materials:
Other drawings by Tichkematse are held by the National Anthropological Archives (NAA) in MS 7500, MS 39D2, and in Photo Lot R79-24. For other drawings by Etahdleuh in the NAA, see MS 39C and MS 39D2. Two photographs of Tichkematse in Photo Lot 24 (00438200 and 00438300) are attributed to this accession.
Restrictions:
The collection is open for research.

Access to the collection requires an appointment.
Rights:
Contact the repository for terms of use.
Genre/Form:
Works of art
Ledger drawings
Citation:
Tichkematse and Etahdleuh drawings (MS 290844), National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Identifier:
NAA.MS290844
See more items in:
Tichkematse and Etahdleuh drawings
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw37f24bc08-0fd2-4261-bf6b-06d5e82d4921
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-naa-ms290844
Online Media:

MS 3298 James Mooney diagram of Kiowa camp circle

Creator:
Mooney, James, 1861-1921  Search this
Extent:
1 Drawings (visual works) (ink and colored pencil, 29.5 x 34 inches)
Container:
Folder 3298
Culture:
Kiowa  Search this
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Graphic Materials
Drawings (visual works)
Works of art
Diagrams
Place:
North America
Date:
1904
Scope and Contents:
The collection consists of a drawing James Mooney depicting the arrangement of tipis and other structures during the Sun Dance and other tribal gatherings in the period 1865-1875.

Please note that the contents of the collection and the language and terminology used reflect the context and culture of the time of its creation. As an historical document, its contents may be at odds with contemporary views and terminology and considered offensive today. The information within this collection does not reflect the views of the Smithsonian Institution or National Anthropological Archives, but is available in its original form to facilitate research.
Biographical Note:
James Mooney (1861-1921) was an American ethnographer whose research focused on Native North Americans. Most of his knowledge of anthropology and ethnography was self-taught, largely through his field experience working with various Native communities. In 1885, Mooney began working for the Smithsonian Institution's Bureau of American Ethnology (BAE) under John Wesley Powell. There, he carried out ethnographic research for more than 30 years.
Local Numbers:
NAA MS 3298
Exhibit Note:
The diagram was displayed at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition held in St. Louis, Missouri in 1904. See MS 2351 James Mooney notebooks principally regarding Kiowa, Cheyenne, and Arapaho shield and tipi designs for a photograph of the exhibit case in which the diagram was displayed.
Related Materials:
The National Anthropological Archives holds additional material related to James Mooney's Kiowa research. Another drawing of a Kiowa Sun Dance camp circle is held by the NAA in MS 245079.
Restrictions:
The collection is open for research.

Access to the collection requires an appointment.
Rights:
Contact the repository for terms of use.
Genre/Form:
Works of art
Diagrams
Citation:
MS 3298 James Mooney diagram of Kiowa camp circle, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Identifier:
NAA.MS3298
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw355494271-8972-4461-819d-c8425191f8e6
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-naa-ms3298

Fort Marion drawings collected by Richard H. Pratt

Collector:
Pratt, Richard Henry, 1840-1924  Search this
Artist:
White Buffalo Head (Cheyenne)  Search this
Wo-Haw, 1855-1924  Search this
Addressee:
Minimic (Cheyenne)  Search this
Extent:
3 Drawings (visual works)
Culture:
Tsitsistas/Suhtai (Cheyenne)  Search this
Kiowa  Search this
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Drawings (visual works)
Ledger drawings
Pictographs
Works of art
Place:
North America
Date:
circa 1877
Scope and Contents:
The collection consists of three (3) drawings made by prisoners are Fort Marion and forwarded to the Smithsonian Institution by Richard Pratt.

Please note that the contents of the collection and the language and terminology used reflect the context and culture of the time of its creation. As an historical document, its contents may be at odds with contemporary views and terminology and considered offensive today. The information within this collection does not reflect the views of the Smithsonian Institution or National Anthropological Archives, but is available in its original form to facilitate research.
Historical Note:
Fort Marion, also known as Castillo de San Marco, is a stone fortress in St. Augustine, Florida. Between 1875 and 1878, seventy-two prisoners from the southern plains were incarcerated in the fort. Captain Richard Pratt supervised the prisoners during their incarceration at Fort Marion. The prisoners consisted of 27 Kiowas, 33 Cheyennes, 9 Comanches, 2 Arapahos, and a single Caddo. With the exception of one Cheyenne woman, all the prisoners were men. They had been accused of participating in the recent Red River War, earlier hostilities, or both. With the exception of the wife and daughter of one of the Comanche men, the prisoners families were not allowed to accompany them to Fort Marion.
Biographical Note:
White Buffalo Head's father, Minimic or Eagle Head, was a Cheyenne prisoner at Fort Marion, Florida.
Wohaw, also known as Wo-Haw, Beef, Gu hau de, and Wolf Robe, was a Kiowa born in 1855. He was accused of being a combatant in the Red River War of 1874 and 1875. On October 3, 1874, he surrendered at the Cheyenne-Arapaho Agency at Darlington, Indian Territory. He was transferred to Fort Sill, where he was held in the guard house. He was among the Kiowa warriors who were subsequently imprisoned at Fort Marion in San Augustine, Florida. Following his release in 1878, Wohaw returned to the Indian Territory, arriving in Anadarko on May 1, 1878. He served in the Indian Police between 1879 and 1880 and in Troop L of the 7th U.S. Cavalry from 1891 to 1895. He was a member of the Ohomah society and is believed to have been an adherant of the Ghost Dance and Peyote religions. Wohaw died in Oklahoma in 1924.
Richard Henry Pratt (1840-1924) was a United States Army officer and organizer of the Indian Division of the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute in Virginia. Pratt's theories about education of American Indians and their assimilation into American society led to the founding of the Carlisle School in 1879, where he served as superintendent until 1904.
Related Materials:
The National Museum of American History holds eight of the drawings donated by Pratt to the Smithsonian Institution (see 2008.0175.52-2008.0175.59).
Restrictions:
The collection is open for research.

Access to the collection requires an appointment.
Rights:
Contact the repository for terms of use.
Genre/Form:
Ledger drawings
Pictographs
Works of art
Citation:
Fort Marion drawings collected by Richard Pratt (MS 30740), National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Identifier:
NAA.MS30740
See more items in:
Fort Marion drawings collected by Richard H. Pratt
Archival Repository:
National Anthropological Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw3675d3135-a6f6-47b4-b20d-764a695ee995
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-naa-ms30740
Online Media:

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