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Physical Description:

wood (overall material)

Measurements:

overall: 4 in x 13 3/8 in x 4 3/4 in; 10.16 cm x 33.9725 cm x 12.065 cm

Object Name:

Raven Rattle

rattle

Place made:

United States: Alaska

Date made:

ca 1860s

Subject:

Native Americans  Search this

ID Number:

MG.009256

Catalog number:

9256

Accession number:

1767

See more items in:

Medicine and Science: Medicine

Data Source:

National Museum of American History

GUID:

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ng49ca746b4-d059-704b-e053-15f76fa0b4fa

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:nmah_735476

Creator:

Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage  Search this

Type:

Blog posts

Smithsonian staff publications

Blog posts

Published Date:

Fri, 11 Aug 2023 19:24:00 GMT

Topic:

Cultural property  Search this

See more posts:

Festival Blog

Data Source:

Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:posts_a0656c2bd5129c1cf2ad97ee4c062f21

Creator:

Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage  Search this

Type:

Blog posts

Smithsonian staff publications

Conversations and talks

Blog posts

Published Date:

Thu, 31 Aug 2023 18:57:00 GMT

Topic:

Cultural property  Search this

See more posts:

Festival Blog

Data Source:

Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:posts_5e822ea5a49cbd0d6c16519215a365c8

Collection Creator:

Smithsonian Institution. Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage  Search this

Type:

Archival materials

Introduction:

The focus for the 1975 Native Americans program was the Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy: the Mohawk, Cayuga, Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca, and Tuscarora, tribal groups whose government had been in effect for hundreds of years and served as a model for our federal system. The Grand Council of the Iroquois Confederacy directly influenced the creation of the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution of the U.S. Never before had the Native American Festival presentation been so closely interrelated to American history.

The Grand Council was discussed in workshops in the Learning Center where a history in photographs was on display. Members of the Iroquois are a major force in the lacrosse industry - from creating sticks to providing the athletes. Lacrosse was played in competition in the Native Americans area daily, and lacrosse stick making was part of the craft demonstrations along with silversmithing, wood and bone carving, basketry, and beadwork. Iroquois singing and dancing took place daily. Friday evenings, visitors were invited to participate in social dancing. The friendship dance, round dance, rabbit dance and stomp dance were demonstrated.

Native American food that was demonstrated and sampled included fry bread, corn and sassafras tea. Festival presentations traced the role of maize from crop through harvest; from food preparation in soups and breads, to the use of husks by craftspeople in toys, dolls and ceremonial masks.

In the Learning Center participants from various other Eastern Indian tribes recounted their influence on European settlers, beginning in 1620 when the Wampanoag tribe welcomed the Pilgrims (greeting them in English), provided food for them during the first difficult winter on the New England coast, and then shared the first Thanksgiving. Narragansett representatives spoke about the architectural contributions and history of their people. The Passamaquoddy from Maine, known for their intricate quill work and importance to the early settlers as trappers and fishers, also discussed their role in American history.

Other Native Americans who participated in discussions were from the Shinnecock tribe of Long Island, New York; Indian Mountain Lookout Intertribal Native Americans, New York; the Lumbee, Haliwa and Coharie from North Carolina; Catawba from South Carolina; Tunica-Biloxi of Louisiana; Chippewa of Wisconsin; and Potowatomi of Michigan. These participants were all members of the Coalition of Eastern Native Americans (CENA), an organization whose purpose is to identify and assist in the socio-economic and organizational development of Eastern Native Americans. CENA includes non-reservation, urban and federally recognized tribes and groups.

Lucille Dawson served as program coordinator, assisted by Thomas Kavanagh. The multi-year program was shaped by the Native Americans Advisory Group, including Alfonso Ortiz, Louis Bruce, Dell Hymes, Rayna Green, Clydia Nahwooksy, William Sturtevant, and Barre Toelken.

Participants:

Six Nations, Iroquois participants

Cayuga

Sam Crogan, lacrosse player

Alisa Mike, dancer

Nancy Poodry, bead worker

Bill Printup, lacrosse player

Dean Printup, lacrosse player

Elwood Printup, lacrosse player

Gene Printup, lacrosse player

Elizabeth Silversmith, cook

Mohawk

Mary Adams, basket maker

Mike Adams, basket maker

Elwood Greene, silversmith

David Hill, lacrosse player

Stanley Hill, bone carver

Woody Hill, dancer

Allan Jock, dancer

Marshall Joseph, wood carver

Isabelle Skye, cornhusk worker

Beatrice Thomas, dancer

Russell Thomas, dancer

Margaret Terrence, basket maker

Cam Wilson, bone carver

Marge Wilson, cook

Wanda Wilson, dancer

Oneida

Irving Chrisjohn, cornhusk worker

Mrs. Chrisjohn, cornhusk worker

Onondaga

Paula Babcock, dancer

Kevin Hill, lacrosse player

Martin Jimmerson, dancer

Angie Miller, dancer

Huron Miller, singer, discussant, Buffalo, New York

Barry Powless, dancer

Irving Powless, Sr., 1906-1985, discussant

Irving Powless, Jr., discussant

Nancy Powless, dancer

Jacob Skye, dancer

Perry Williams, dancer

Debbie Williams, dancer

Ruby Williams, dancer

Guy Williams, dancer

Tim Williams, dancer

Seneca

Herbert Buck, singer

Lydia Buck, dancer

Sadie Buck, dancer

Herb Dowdy, 1919-1990, singer

Fidelia George, dancer

Helen Harris, dancer

Linda Harris, dancer

Steve Harris, dancer

Elijah Harris, dancer

Diosa Hill, dancer

Marty Jamerson, dancer

Darwin John, dancer

Edith John, cook

Coleen Johnny John, dancer

Kevin Johnny John, dancer

Mike Johnny John, dancer

Richard Johnny John, singer

Vera Miller, cook, bead worker

Ken Poodry, cradleboard maker

Eddie Scott, dancer

Elmer Shongo, 1929-1985, dancer, cook

Corbett Sundown, 1909-1992, discussant

Lloyd Thomas, 1946-, dancer

Marlene Thomas, dancer

Hazel Thompson, dancer

Phillip Thompson, dancer

Tuscarora

Joe Chrysler, lacrosse player

Orzey Cusick, lacrosse stick maker

Emma Greene, cook

Alvis Hewitt, 1931-1999, cook manager

Rick Hill, discussant

Nina Jacobs, dancer

Phillip Jacobs, lacrosse player

Bob Patterson, lacrosse player

Kevin Patterson, lacrosse stick maker

John Patterson, lacrosse stick maker

Helen Printup, cook

Mary Rickard, lacrosse stick maker

Ellene Rickard, lacrosse stick maker

Noreen Shongo, cook

Ron Smith, lacrosse player

Wilmer Wilson, 1925-2002, discussant

Coalition of Eastern Native Americans Participants

Aroostook Association

Terry Polchies, discussant

Catawba

Roger Trimnal, discussant

Chippewa

Delores Bainbridge, discussant

Elizabeth Cadotte, discussant

Haliwa

Linda Lynch, discussant

Archibald Lynch, discussant

Hassanamisco

Louise Wilcox, discussant

Indian Mountain Lookout Inter-Tribal Native Americans

Asenith D. Vogt, discussant

Lumbee

Arlene Locklear, 1952-1979, discussant

June Sampson, discussant

W.J. Strickland, discussant

Micmac

Tom Battiste

Mohegan

Virginia Daamon, discussant

Narragansett

Alberta Wilcox, discussant

Mary Brown, discussant

Potawatomi

Joe Winchester, discussant

Leroy Wesaw, 1925-1994, discussant

Shinnecock

Eva Smith, discussant

Alice Franklin, discussant

Tunica Biloxi

Rose Marie Pierite, 1900-1987

Wampanoag

Komi Oweant Haynes, 1958-, discussant

Collection Restrictions:

Access to the Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections is by appointment only. Visit our website for more information on scheduling a visit or making a digitization request. Researchers interested in accessing born-digital records or audiovisual recordings in this collection must use access copies.

Collection Rights:

Permission to publish materials from the collection must be requested from the Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections. Please visit our website to learn more about submitting a request. The Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections make no guarantees concerning copyright or other intellectual property restrictions. Other usage conditions may apply; please see the Smithsonian's Terms of Use for more information.

Collection Citation:

Smithsonian Folklife Festival records: 1975 Festival of American Folklife, Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections, Smithsonian Institution.

Identifier:

CFCH.SFF.1975, Series 6

See more items in:

Smithsonian Folklife Festival records: 1975 Festival of American Folklife

Archival Repository:

Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/bk512b5c4dc-6be5-47cb-809b-74a908534241

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-cfch-sff-1975-ref549

Creator:

Smithsonian Institution. Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage  Search this

Names:

Smithsonian Folklife Festival  Search this

Extent:

1 Cubic foot (approximate)

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Photographic prints

Audiocassettes

Notes

Slides (photographs)

Contracts

Video recordings

Plans (drawings)

Audiotapes

Business records

Digital images

Videotapes

Correspondence

Sound recordings

Negatives

Memorandums

Date:

June 30-July 8, 1973

Summary:

The Smithsonian Institution Festival of American Folklife, held annually since 1967 on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., was renamed the Smithsonian Folklife Festival in 1998. The materials collected here document the planning, production, and execution of the annual Festival, produced by the Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage (1999-present) and its predecessor offices (1967-1999). An overview of the entire Festival records group is available here: Smithsonian Folklife Festival records.

Scope and Contents note:

This collection documents the planning, production, and execution of the 1973 Festival of American Folklife. Materials may include photographs, audio recordings, motion picture film and video recordings, notes, production drawings, contracts, memoranda, correspondence, informational materials, publications, and ephemera. Such materials were created during the Festival on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., as well as in the featured communities, before or after the Festival itself.

Arrangement note:

Arranged in 5 series.

Missing Title

Series 1: Program Books, Festival Publications, and Ephemera

Series 2: Regional America: Kentucky

Series 3: Native Americans: Northern Plains Indians

Series 4: Old Ways in the New World

Series 5: Working Americans

Historical note:

The Festival of American Folklife, held annually since 1967 on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., was renamed the Smithsonian Folklife Festival in 1998.

The 1973 Festival of American Folklife was produced by the Smithsonian Division of Performing Arts and cosponsored by the National Park Service.

For more information, see Smithsonian Folklife Festival records.

Introduction:

In 1973, the Smithsonian Institution began preparing its multi-year commemoration of the Bicentennial of the American Revolution in 1976. Beginning with this year's Festival, the National Park Service of the U.S. Department of the Interior became co-sponsor of the Festival with the Smithsonian, and it was moved to the western part of the National Mall alongside the Reflecting Pool, between 17th and 23rd Streets, and between Constitution Avenue N.W. and Independence Avenue S.W. (see site plan). As explained by Secretary S. Dillon Ripley, "Themes and presentations for this Festival are a trial run for the themes around which our own celebration of America's 200th birthday will be organized."

The 1973 Festival ran from June 30 to July 8 and included four programs that initiated the Bicentennial preparations: Regional America featured the Commonwealth of Kentucky; Native Americans featured Northern Plains tribes; Working Americans featured the building trades; and Old Ways in the New World was inaugurated with two programs: Tribute to the Tamburashi presented Yugoslavian and Yugoslavian American traditions, and British Isles Music, Song, and Dance Traditions included participants from England, Scotland, Ireland and the U.S. Of these programs, Native Americans and Working Americans extended throughout the nine-day Festival, with the British Isles program running the first four days, the Tamburashi program running the first five days, and Kentucky featured for the last five days. During the Festival, evening concerts were presented on a stage at the base of the Lincoln Memorial; documentation of those concerts is found within each of the relevant programs whose musicians were featured.

The 1973 Festival was co-organized by the Smithsonian Institution, Division of Performing Arts (James R. Morris, Director; Richard Lusher, Deputy Director) and the National Park Service (Ronald H. Walker, Director). Ralph Rinzler was Director of Folklife Programs, with Gerald L. Davis serving as Associate Director and Kenneth S. Goldstein as Special Assistant to the Secretary on Folklore and Folklife.

The 1973 Program Book provided information on all of the programs, including a schedule and participant lists.

Shared Stewardship of Collections:

The Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage acknowledges and respects the right of artists, performers, Folklife Festival participants, community-based scholars, and knowledge-keepers to collaboratively steward representations of themselves and their intangible cultural heritage in media produced, curated, and distributed by the Center. Making this collection accessible to the public is an ongoing process grounded in the Center's commitment to connecting living people and cultures to the materials this collection represents. To view the Center's full shared stewardship policy, which defines our protocols for addressing collections-related inquiries and concerns, please visit https://doi.org/10.25573/data.21771155.

Forms Part Of:

Smithsonian Folklife Festival records: 1973 Festival of American Folklife forms part of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival records .

Smithsonian Folklife Festival records

Smithsonian Folklife Festival records: Papers

1967 Festival of American Folklife records - [Ongoing]

Related Archival Materials note:

Within the Rinzler Archives, related materials may be found in various collections such as the Ralph Rinzler papers and recordings, the Lily Spandorf drawings, the Diana Davies photographs, the Robert Yellin photographs, and the Curatorial Research, Programs, and Projects collection. Additional relevant materials may also be found in the Smithsonian Institution Archives concerning the Division of Performing Arts (1966-1983), Folklife Program (1977-1980), Office of Folklife Programs (1980-1991), Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies (1991-1999), Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage (1999-present), and collaborating Smithsonian units, as well as in the administrative papers of key figures such as the Secretary and respective deputies. Users are encouraged to consult relevant finding aids and to contact Archives staff for further information.

Restrictions:

Access to the Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections is by appointment only. Visit our website for more information on scheduling a visit or making a digitization request. Researchers interested in accessing born-digital records or audiovisual recordings in this collection must use access copies.

Rights:

Permission to publish materials from the collection must be requested from the Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections. Please visit our website to learn more about submitting a request. The Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections make no guarantees concerning copyright or other intellectual property restrictions. Other usage conditions may apply; please see the Smithsonian's Terms of Use for more information.

Topic:

Folk music  Search this

arts and crafts  Search this

Folklore  Search this

Folk art  Search this

Folk festivals  Search this

World music  Search this

Food habits  Search this

occupational folklore  Search this

Genre/Form:

Photographic prints

Audiocassettes

Notes

Slides (photographs)

Contracts

Video recordings

Plans (drawings)

Audiotapes

Business records

Digital images

Videotapes

Correspondence

Sound recordings

Negatives

Memorandums

Citation:

Smithsonian Folklife Festival records: 1973 Festival of American Folklife, Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections, Smithsonian Institution.

Identifier:

CFCH.SFF.1973

See more items in:

Smithsonian Folklife Festival records: 1973 Festival of American Folklife

Archival Repository:

Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/bk57d4b15d8-799d-49a4-a5d1-ef3b37c9cb80

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-cfch-sff-1973

Creator:

Coe, Ralph T., 1929-2010  Search this

Type:

Sound recordings

Video recordings

Citation:

Ralph T. Coe papers, 1928-2010, bulk 1950s-2010. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.

Topic:

Art -- Collectors and collecting  Search this

Museum directors  Search this

Native American artists  Search this

Theme:

Research and writing about art  Search this

Record number:

(DSI-AAA_CollID)16172

(DSI-AAA_SIRISBib)366561

AAA_collcode_coeralp

Theme:

Research and writing about art

Data Source:

Archives of American Art

EDAN-URL:

edanmdm:AAADCD_coll_366561

Creator:

Choate, J. N. (John N.), 1848-1902  Search this

Names:

Dickinson College  Search this

United States Indian School (Carlisle, Pa.)  Search this

Extent:

1200 Negatives (photographic) (circa, glass)

16 Printing plates (copper)

Culture:

Indians of North America  Search this

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Negatives (photographic)

Printing plates

Photographs

Date:

circa 1879-1902

Scope and Contents note:

Photographs by John N. Choate mostly documenting the United States Indian School in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. The images include portraits of students, parents, staff and other visitors, as well as interior and exterior images of the school, buildings, and classrooms. Choate also had a thriving commercial practice outside of the Indian School, producing studio portraiture as well many photographs of buildings, farms and industry in and around the town of Carlisle, as well as images of Dickinson College. Some of the photographs in the collection were made by other photographers and perhaps collected by Choate. A few copper plates prepared for publications are also included in the collection.

Biographical/Historical note:

John N. Choate (1848-1902) was a commercial photographer in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. The United States opened its first non-reservation government-supported school there in 1879 under the supervision of Lt. Richard Henry Pratt. Choate photographed almost every student upon arrival and during their school career, as well as school activities, staff, and visiting chiefs and families. Choate remained the primary photographer for the Carlisle Indian School until his death in 1902.

Local Call Number(s):

NAA Photo Lot 81-12

Reproduction Note:

Contact prints made by Smithsonian Institution, 1981.

Location of Other Archival Materials:

Additional Choate photographs held in National Anthropological Archives MS 4241, MS 4537, MS 4544, MS 4574, MS 4988, Photo Lot 73-8, and Photo Lot 90-1.

Restrictions:

The collection is open for research.

Access to the collection requires an appointment.

Rights:

Contact the repository for terms of use.

Genre/Form:

Photographs

Citation:

Photo lot 81-12, John N. Choate photographs of Carlisle Indian School, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution

Identifier:

NAA.PhotoLot.81-12

See more items in:

John N. Choate photographs of Carlisle Indian School

Archival Repository:

National Anthropological Archives

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw32a2d810e-9d1c-4c90-ac99-cc05b0622505

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-naa-photolot-81-12

Creator:

Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology  Search this

National Museum of Natural History (U.S.). Department of Anthropology  Search this

Extent:

18,000 Items (ca. 18,000 items)

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Photographs

Negatives

Prints

Works of art

Printed material

Date:

1840s-1960s

Scope and Contents:

The collections consists mostly of original and copy prints. There are also some negatives, artwork, photographs of artwork, and printed materials. Included is a large miscellany of ethnological, historical, and some archaeological subjects collected by the Bureau of American Ethnology from a wide variety of sources. To these have been added some photographs and other illustrative material acquired and sometimes accessioned by the Department of Anthropology of the United States National Museum/National Museum of Natural History. There are also prints of photographs from the archives' collection of glass negatives of Indians and the subject and geographic file. Although most of the material relates to North America, some images relating to historical events and to areas outside North America are included.

The relationship beween this collection and the National Anthropological Archives series of numbered manuscripts is close, for many of the accessions to the photographic collection were originally described in the catalog to the numbered manuscripts and are, hence, identified by a manuscript number. Today, the archives treat the two collections as separate entities, however, because there has been so much interfiling of uncatalog images among those with the manuscript numbers.

Arrangement:

The arrangement is complicated: (1) America north of Mexico, divided by geographic region and tribe based on George P. Murdock and Timothy J. O'Leary's scheme in Ethnographic Bilbiography of North America, 1975. The material is further subdivided by the organization that acted in the past as repository (Bureau of American Ethnology, United States National Museum [Department of Anthropology], National Museum of Natural History [Department of Anthropology], Smithsonian Office of Anthropology, and National Anthropological Archives). Thereunder it is divided into catalog unit or comparable categories generally based on provenance; (2) miscellany, historical and unidentified; (3) archaeology, arranged by geographic area; (4) Latin America; (5) material which did not lend itself to classification in categories given above and is identified by National Anthropological Archives catalog numbers.

Genre/Form:

Photographs

Negatives

Prints

Works of art

Printed material

Citation:

Photo lot 24, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution

Identifier:

NAA.PhotoLot.24

See more items in:

Photographs of Native Americans and Other Subjects

Archival Repository:

National Anthropological Archives

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw3e08670ad-b881-4c35-9eb8-e196b039e553

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-naa-photolot-24

Creator:

Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology  Search this

Extent:

245 Linear feet ((376 boxes and 10 map drawers))

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Date:

1878-1965

Summary:

The records in this collection embody the administrative functions of the Bureau of American Ethnology from 1879 to 1965. The collection consists of correspondence, card files, registers, official notices, annual and monthly work reports, research statements, research proposals, grant applications, personnel action requests, notices of personnel action, meeting minutes, purchase orders and requisitions, property records, biographical sketches, resolutions, newspaper clippings, reviews of publications, drafts of publications, circulars, programs, pamphlets, announcements, illustrations, cartographic materials, photographic prints, photographic negatives, bibliographies, and reprinted publications.

Scope and Contents:

The records in this collection embody the administrative functions of the Bureau of American Ethnology from 1879 to 1965. The collection consists of correspondence, card files, registers, official notices, annual and monthly work reports, research statements, research proposals, grant applications, personnel action requests, notices of personnel action, meeting minutes, purchase orders and requisitions, property records, biographical sketches, resolutions, newspaper clippings, reviews of publications, drafts of publications, circulars, programs, pamphlets, announcements, illustrations, cartographic materials, photographic prints, photographic negatives, bibliographies, and reprinted publications.

Correspondence comprises the bulk of this collection. A significant portion of this correspondence originates from the Bureau's duty to field inquiries regarding North American aboriginal cultures and respond to requests relating to the duplication of BAE library and archival materials. Inquiries and requests, received from all parts of the world, were submitted by colleagues, museum curators and directors, students, professors, amateur archaeologists, government agents, military officials, Smithsonian Institution officials, artists, and members of the general public. Other correspondence reflects the Bureau's day-to-day operations and internal affairs. Subjects discussed in this correspondence include research projects, field expeditions, annual budgets, personnel matters, the acquisition of manuscripts, the disbursement of specimens, and production of BAE publications. Correspondence is occasionally accompanied by announcements, circulars, programs, pamphlets, photographs, drawings, diagrams, bibliographies, lists, newspaper clippings, and maps. Also among these records are the card files and registers of incoming and outgoing correspondence maintained by early BAE administrative staff. For a list of correspondents, see the appendix to this finding aid, available in the NAA reading room.

The majority of illustrations, artwork, and photographs that appear in this collection are associated with BAE publications, including BAE Annual Reports, BAE Bulletins, Contributions to North American Ethnology and Smithsonian Institution, Miscellaneous Collection. Maps located among the collection originate, by and large, from BAE field expeditions and research projects. BAE staff also amassed great quantities of newspaper clippings that concerned BAE research or points of interest. Of particular note are three scrapbooks comprised of clippings that relate to "mound builders" and the work of the BAE's Division of Mound Explorations.

Also worthy of note are the various records relating to the 1903 investigation of the BAE. Records related to the investigation highlight the Smithsonian Institution's longstanding dissatisfaction with the internal management of the BAE, its concerns over the BAE's loose relationship with the parent organization, and displeasure with the manner in which BAE scientific research was developing. Other materials of special interest are the various administrative records covering the period 1929 to 1946 and 1949 to 1965. The majority cover personnel matters; however, others justify the work of the BAE and bear witness to growing concerns that the BAE would eventually be absorbed by the Department of Anthropology within the United States National Museum.

Arrangement:

The collection has been arranged into the following 12 series: (1) Correspondence, 1897-1965; (2) Cooperative Ethnological Investigations, 1928-1935; (3) Miscellaneous Administrative Files, 1929-1946; (4) Miscellaneous Administrative Files, 1949-1965; (5) Records Concerning the Photographic Print Collection, 1899-1919; (6) Records Concerning Employees; (7) Fiscal Records, 1901-1902 and 1945-1968; (8) Records Relating to the 1903 Investigation of the BAE; (9) Property Records and Requisitions; (10) Clippings; (11) Publications; (12) BAE Library Materials, Pamphlets and Reprints

Administrative History:

The Bureau of Ethnology was established by an act of the United States Congress on March 3, 1879, but it was largely the personal creation of the geologist and explorer Major John Wesley Powell. His earlier explorations of the Colorado River and Grand Canyon formed the basis of the Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region. While exploring the area, Powell became alarmed at what he perceived to be the decline of the aboriginal way of life due to rapid depopulation. In a letter to the Secretary of the Interior, he warned that "in a few years, it will be impossible to study…Indians in their primitive condition, except from recorded history" (Hinsley). He urged swift government action; the result of which was the appropriation of $20,000 (20 Stat. 397) to transfer all documents relating to North American Indians from the Department of Interior to the Smithsonian Institution and its Secretary's appointment of Powell as director of the newly established Bureau of Ethnology, a position he held until his death in 1902. In 1897, its name was changed to the Bureau of American Ethnology (BAE) to underscore the limits of its geographical reaches.

Under Powell, the BAE organized the nation's earliest anthropological field expeditions, in which the characteristics and customs of native North Americans were observed firsthand and documented in official reports. Images of Indian life were captured on photographic glass plate negatives, and their songs on wax cylinder recordings. Histories, vocabularies and myths were gathered, along with material objects excavated from archaeological sites, and brought back to Washington for inclusion in the BAE manuscript library or the United States National Museum.

The fruits of these investigations were disseminated via a series of highly regarded and widely distributed publications, most notably BAE Annual Reports, BAE Bulletins, and Contributions to North American Ethnology. BAE research staff also responded routinely to inquiries posed by colleagues, government agencies, and the general public on matters ranging from artwork to warfare. Moreover, the BAE prepared exhibits on the various cultural groups it studied not only for the Smithsonian Institution, but also for large expositions held nationwide.

In 1882 Powell, under instruction of Congress, established the Division of Mound Explorations for the purpose of discovering the true origin of earthen mounds found predominately throughout the eastern United States. It was the first of three temporary, yet significant, subunits supported by the Bureau. Cyrus Thomas, head of the Division, published his conclusions in the Bureau's Annual Report of 1894, which is considered to be the last word in the controversy over the mounds' origins. With the publication of Thomas' findings, the Division's work came to a close.

The course of BAE operations remained largely the same under Powell's successors: W.J. McGee (acting director) 1902; William Henry Holmes, 1902-1910; Frederick W. Hodge, 1910-1918; J. Walter Fewkes, 1918-1928; Matthew W. Stirling, 1928-1957; Frank H.H. Roberts, Jr., 1957-1964; and Henry B. Collins (acting director), 1964-1965. However, following a 1903 internal investigation of the Bureau's administrative activities, Smithsonian officials called for a broader scope of ethnological inquiry and greater application of anthropological research methodologies. The BAE responded in 1904 by expanding agency activities to include investigations in Hawaii, the Philippines, and the Caribbean.

The BAE extended its geographical reaches once again, in the 1940s, to include Central and South America. In 1943, the Institute of Social Anthropology (ISA) was established as an independent subunit of the Bureau for the purpose of developing and promoting ethnological research throughout the American Republics. The findings of ISA-sponsored investigations were published in the six volume series, Handbook of South American Indians (BAE Bulletin 143). Julian H. Steward, editor of the Handbook, was appointed director of ISA operations and held the position until 1946 when George M. Foster assumed responsibility. The ISA was absorbed by the Institute of Inter-American Affairs in 1952, thus terminating its relationship with the BAE.

In 1946 the BAE assumed partial administrative control of the recently established River Basin Surveys (RBS), its third and final autonomous subunit. The purpose of the RBS was to salvage and preserve archaeological evidence threatened by post-World War II public works programs, more specifically the rapid construction of dams and reservoirs occurring throughout the country. Excavations conducted under the RBS yielded considerable data on early North American Indian settlements, and subsequent deliberations on this data were published as reports in various BAE Bulletins.

In 1965, the BAE merged administratively with the Smithsonian Institution's Department of Anthropology to form the Office of Anthropology within the United States National Museum (now the Department of Anthropology within the National Museum of Natural History). The BAE manuscript library, also absorbed by the Department of Anthropology, became the foundation of what is today the National Anthropological Archives (NAA).

In its 86 year existence, the BAE played a significant role in the advancement of American anthropology. Its staff included some of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries' most distinguished anthropologists, including Jeremiah Curtain, Frank Hamilton Cushing, J.O. Dorsey, Jesse Walter Fewkes, Alice Cunningham Fletcher, Albert H. Gatschet, John Peabody Harrington, John N.B. Hewitt, William Henry Holmes, Ales Hrdlicka, Neil Judd, Francis LaFlesche, Victor and Cosmo Mindeleff, James Mooney, James Pilling, Matilda Coxe Stevenson, Matthew Williams Stirling, William Duncan Strong, and William Sturtevant. The BAE also collaborated with and supported the work of many non-Smithsonian researchers, most notably Franz Boas, Frances Densmore, Gerard Fowke, Garrick Mallery, Washington Matthews, Paul Radin, John Swanton, Cyrus Thomas, and T.T. Waterman, as well as America's earliest field photographers such as Charles Bell, John K. Hillers, Timothy O'Sullivan, and William Dinwiddie. Several of its staff founded the Anthropological Society of Washington in 1880, which later became the American Anthropological Association in 1899. What is more, its seminal research continues to be drawn upon by contemporary anthropologists and government agents through the use of BAE manuscripts now housed in the NAA.

Sources Consulted:

Hinsley, Curtis. Savages and Scientists: The Smithsonian Institution and the Development of American Anthropology, 1846-1910. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981.

McGee, WJ. "Bureau of American Ethnology." The Smithsonian Institution, 1846-1896, The History of its First Half-Century, pp. 367-396. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1897.

Sturtevant, William. "Why a Bureau of American Ethnology?" Box 286, Functions of the BAE, Series IV: Miscellaneous Administrative Files, 1948-1965, Records of the Bureau of American Ethnology, National Anthropological Archives.

Related Materials:

Additional material relating to BAE administrative affairs and research projects can be found among the National Anthropological Archives' vast collection of numbered manuscripts. Too numerous to list in this space, these include official correspondence, monthly and annual work reports, fiscal records, field notes, personal diaries, expedition logs, catalogues of specimens, vocabularies, historical sketches, maps, diagrams, drawings, bibliographies, working papers and published writings, among various other material. Most of these documents are dispersed throughout the numbered manuscript collection as single items; however, some have been culled and unified into larger units (e.g., MS 2400 is comprised of documents relating to the Division of Mound Explorations). Artwork and illustrations produced for BAE publications are also located among the NAA's numbered manuscript collection as well as its photograph collection (e.g., Photo Lot 78-51 and Photo Lot 80-6).

Photographs concerning BAE research interests can be found among the following NAA photographic lots: Photo Lot 14, Bureau of American Ethnology Subject and Geographic File ca. 1870s-1930s; Photo Lot 24, BAE Photographs of American Indians 1840s to 1960s (also known as the Source Print Collection); Photo Lot 60, BAE Reference Albums 1858-1905; and Photo Lot 85, BAE Miscellaneous Photographs 1895 to 1930. Other photographic lots include portraits of BAE staff and collaborators, namely Photo Lot 33, Portraits of Anthropologists and others 1860s-1960s; Photo Lot 68, Portraits of John Wesley Powell ca. 1890 and 1898; and Photo Lot 70, Department of Anthropology Portrait File ca. 1864-1921.

Additional materials in the NAA relating to the work of the BAE can be found among the professional papers of its staff, collaborators and USNM anthropologists. These include the papers of Ales Hrdlicka, John Peabody Harrington, Otis Mason, J.C. Pilling, Matthew Williams Stirling, and William Duncan Strong. Documents relating to the work of the BAE can be found among the records of the River Basin Surveys (1928-1969) and the Institute of Social Anthropology (1941-1952).

Records related to this collection can also be found in the Smithsonian Institution Archives (SIA). SIA accession 05-124 includes information regarding the 1942 transfer of six audio recordings related to the Chumash Indian language from the Bureau of American Ethnology to the National Archives, nine pages of Chumash translations, and "The Story of Candalaria, the Old Indian Basket-Maker." The Fiscal and Payroll Records of the Office of the Secretary, 1847 to 1942 (Record Unit 93), includes voucher logs, disbursement journals and daybooks of money paid out to the BAE from 1890 to 1910. BAE correspondence can also be found among the Records of the Office of the Secretary (Record Unit 776, accession 05-162). The Papers of William Henry Holmes, second director of the BAE, are also located among the SIA (Record Unit 7084).

Accession records concerning artifacts and specimens collected by the BAE are located in the registrar's office of the National Museum of Natural History.

Related collections can also be found at the National Archives and Records Administration. RG 57.3.1, the Administrative Records of the United States Geological Survey, includes register of applications for BAE ethnological expositions conducted between 1879-1882. RG 75.29, Still Pictures among the Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, includes 22 photographs of Arapaho, Cheyenne, Kiowa, Comanche, Navajo, and Apache Indians taken by William S. Soule for the BAE during 1868-1875. RG 106, Records of the Smithsonian Institution, includes cartographic records (106.2) relating to Indian land cessions in Indiana created for the First Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1881 (1 item); a distribution of American Indian linguistic stock in North America and Greenland, by John Wesley Powell, for the Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, ca. 1887 (1 item); a distribution of Indian tribal and linguistic groups in South America, 1950 (1 item); the Indian tribes in North America, for Bulletin 145, Bureau of American Ethnology, 1952 (4 items). Sound Recordings (106.4) include songs and linguistic material relating to the Aleut, Mission, Chumash, and Creek, gather by the BAE in 1912, 1914, 1930-41. Some include translations (122 items).

Provenance:

The Records of the Bureau of American Ethnology were transferred to the Smithsonian Office of Anthropology Archives with the merger of the BAE and the Department of Anthropology of the National Museum of Natural History in 1965. The Smithsonian Office of Anthropology Archives was renamed the National Anthropological Archives in 1968.

Restrictions:

The Records of the Bureau of American Ethnology are open for research.

Access to the Records of the Bureau of American Ethnology requires an appointment.

Rights:

Contact repository for terms of use.

Citation:

Records of the Bureau of American Ethnology, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution

Identifier:

NAA.XXXX.0155

See more items in:

Records of the Bureau of American Ethnology

Archival Repository:

National Anthropological Archives

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw391046c25-21e2-4334-a01f-9a6f734ae9cd

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-naa-xxxx-0155

Creator:

Harrington, John Peabody, 1884-1961  Search this

Names:

Geronimo, 1829-1909  Search this

Extent:

683 Linear feet

Culture:

Indians of Central America  Search this

Indians of North America  Search this

Indians of South America  Search this

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Sound recordings

Maps

Stats (copies)

Newspaper clippings

Printed material

Photographs

Botanical specimens

Field notes

Correspondence

Financial records

Personal records

Poetry

Writings

Date:

1907-1959 (some earlier)

Summary:

Harrington was a Bureau of American Ethnology ethnologist involved in the study of over one hundred American tribes. His speciality was linguistics. Most of the material concerns California, southwestern, northwestern tribes and includes ethnological, archeological, historical notes; writings, correspondence, photographs, sound recordings, biological specimens, and other types of documents. Also of concern are general linguistics, sign language, writing systems, writing machines, and sound recordings machines. There is also some material on New World Spanish, Old World languages. In addition, there are many manuscripts of writings that Harrington sketched, partially completed, or even completed but never published. The latter group includes not only writings about anthropological subjects but also histories, ranging from a biography of Geronimo to material on the history of the typewriter. The collection incorporates material of Richard Lynch Garner, Matilda Coxe Stevenson, and others. In his field work, Harrington seems sometimes to have worked within fairly firm formats, this especially being true when he was "rehearing" material, that is in using an informant to verify and correct the work of other researchers. Often, however, the interviews with informants (and this seems to have been the case even with some "rehearings") seem to have been rather free form, for there is a considerable intertwining of subjects. Nevertheless, certain themes frequently appear in his work, including annotated vocabularies concerning flora and fauna and their use, topography, history and biography, kinship, cosmology (including tribal astronomy), religion and philosophy, names and observations concerning neighboring tribes, sex and age division, material culture, legends, and songs. The fullness of such materials seems to have been limited only by the time Harrington had to spend with a goup and the knowledge of his informants.

Arrangement:

(Some of the titles are tentative). Papers relating to Alaska/Northwest Coast, including (1) Aleut; (2) Tlingit/Eyak; (3) Northern Athapascan (Beaver, Carrier, Chipewyan, Sarsi, Sekani, Cree); (4) Nicola/Thompson; (5) Lummi/Nespelem; (6) Duwamish; (7) Chimakum/Clallam; (8) Makah/Quileute; (9) Quinault/Chehalis/Cowlit; (10) Chinook/Chinook Jargon; (11) "Kwalhioqua-Tlatskanai"; (12) Tillamook, (13) Alsea/Siuslaw/Coos; (14) Southwest Oregon Athapascan (Chasta Costa, Chetco, Upper Coquille, "Gold Beach", Smith River, Tolowa, Tutini, Upper Umpqua), (14) Galice/Applegate; (15) Takelma, general and miscellaneous; (16) Klamath; (17) Wiyot/Yurok/Mattole; (18) Coast Yuki/Northern and Central Pomo/Kato; (19) Coast Miwok; (20) Lake and Coast Miwok/Southeastern Pomo/Wappo; (21) Nisenan/Northern Sierra Miwok; (22) Southern Pomo/Central Sierra Miwok; (23) Karok/Shasta/Konomihu; (24) Chimariko/Hupo; (25) Achomawi/Atsugewi/Wintu/Yana; (26) Chamariko/Achomawi/Atsugewi/Wintu/Yana; (27) Costanoan (Chocheno, Mutsun, Tumsen); (28) Salinan (Antoinano, Migueleno); (29) Yokuts (Chunut, Tachi, Wikchamni, Yawdanchi, Yawelmani, Koyeti); (30) general and miscellaneous; papers relating to southern California and the Basin area,

including (31) Chumash (Barbareno, Cruzeno, Ineseno, Obispeno, Purisimeno, Ventureno); (32) Chauilla; (33) Chemehuevi; (34) Gabrielino; (35) Juaneno; (36) Kitanemuk; (37) Luiseno; (38) Serrano; (39) Tubatulabal; (40) Diegueno; (41) Mohave/Yuma; (42) general and miscellaneous; papers relating to the Southwest, including (43) Apache; (44) Hopi; (45) Jemez; (46) Acoma/Laguna; (47) Cochiti; (48) Navaho; (49) Pima/Papago; (50) Illeta; (51) Taos; (52) Picuris; (53) Tewa; (54) Zuni; (55) general and miscellaneous; papers relating to the Plains, including (56) Comanche; (57) Caddo/Pawnee/Wichita; (58) Dakota/Lakota; (59) Hidatso/Mandan/Crow;

(92) general and miscellaneous; notes and writings on special linguistic studies, including (93) correspondence; (94) financial records; (95) personal records; (96) poetry; (97) newspaper clippings; (98) printed material/reprints/photostats/microfilm; (99) maps; (100) photographs (101) sound recordings; (102) botanical specimens

Joseph S. Danner, Edward S. Davis, Ella C. Deloria, Frances Densmore, Paul Desiardins, Lydia Dornherr, Harry W. Dorsey, Frederick Huntington Douglas, David C. Dozi, Edward P. Dozi, Robert Drak Aitken), Rose S. Gaffney, David E. Gales, S. H. Gapp, Clark M. Garber, Lucrlson Fenton, Jesse Walter Fewkes, Reginald G. Fisher, Barbara Freire-Marreco (see also Barbara Aitken), Rose S. Gaffney, David E. Gales, S. H. Gapp, Clark M. Garber, Lucretia Garcia, Maria Garcia, Paul Garcia, Walter C. Garwick, William Gates, Ja Gapp, Clark M. Garber, Lucretia Garcia, Maria Garcia, Paul Garcia, Walter C. Garwick, William Gates, James A Geary, Otto William Geist,

Richard H. Geoghegan, Harold S. Gladwin, Pliny Earle Goddard, T. R. Goodwin, Howard W. Gorman, Blanche C. Grant, George Grasty, Louis H. Gray, Alexander Grigolia, Alexandra Gromoff, F. A. Gross, Ruther Gruber, Erwin G. Gudde, Grace Guest, Ralph Gustafson, Berard Haile, Alfred Irving Hallowell, Howard M. Hamblin, Lucile Hamner, Adelaide Harrington, Arthur Harrington, Awona Harrington, Edmund Ross Harrington, Elliot Harrington, Mark Raymond Harrington, Robert Fleming Heizer, Marta Herrera (Orozoco), Melville Jean Herskovits, Edgar Lee Hewett, George Gustave Heye,

Thomas Willing Hicks, Willard Williams Hill, William B. Hill, Philip K. Hitti, Hulda R. Hobbs (Heidel), Frederick Webb Hodge, Robert Hofsinde, W. C. Holden, Nils Homer, R. B. Horsefield, James Hovey, Grace Hudson, John W. Hudson, William Hughes, Edward P. Hunt, George Hunt, Wayne Henry (Wolf Robe) Hunt, Arnold J. Jacobins, Jean Allard Jge, George M. Lamsa, William T. Linkins, Ralph Linton, Alan Lomax, Theodore R. Lonewolf, uis Kroeber, Benjamin T. Kurtz, Walter and Hilda Kurze, Oliver LaFarge, George M. Lamsa, William T. Linkins, Ralph Linton, Alan Lomax, Theodore R. Lonewolf,

Boas Long, Ivan Alexis Lopatin, Robert Harry Lowie, Charles F. Lummis, Phoebe Maddux, Frank Marashulo, Frank Marr, John Marr, Edna P. Marsh, Gordon H. Marsh, William B. Marye, Elizabeth Mason, John Alden Mason, Anna P. Mattinger, Wayne L. Mauzy, William Ralph Maxon, Parker McKenzie, F. Romero Mendez, Clinton Hart Merriam, E. Vigo Mestres, Truman Michelson, Harry E. Miller, Ralph L. Milliken, William S. Mills, Willie Miranda, Albert Mohr, Dionisia Mondragon, Manuel Mondragon, Lucy Montgomery, Harriet Moore, Mildred C. Moore, R. E. Moore, Rosalind Moore, Carlos Morales, Marion Moreno, Sylvanus Griswold Morley, Philip A. Munz, O. J. Murie,

Roy Nash, Mrs. W. J. Nichols, Eugene A. Nida, Frans M. Olbrechts, Cornelius Osgood, Asbjorn P. Ousdal, Charles F. Outland, Henry E. Parmenter, Elsie Clews Parsons, A. W. Payne, Ellen Peace, Elizabeth Wells Pearce, Arthur B. Perkins, Mrs. Rodolphe Petter, Kenneth L. Pike, Arnold R. Pilling, Nellie B. Pipes, I. J. Pitman, J. O. Prescott, Erik Kellerman Reed, Nathaniel Julius Reich, Jane Richardson, Arthur Stanley Riggs, Frank Harold Hanna Roberts, Jr., Helen H. Roberts, Clarence M. Ruth, Everett Sanders, Edward Sapir, Charles F. Saunders, F. H. Saville, Paul Schumacher, Donald Scott, Blanche Seeley, Ettie Seeley, Elizabeth Shepley Sergeant,

A. W. Setychell, Jessie Shaw, Anna O. Shepard, Frank T. Siebert, Rita Siedenberg, Albion M. Sitton, Nich Sivonen, H. D. Skinner, Mrs. N. P. Sloan, Clement Smith, Stella Smith, Jack Snow, Maria Soto, Frank Gouldsmith Speck, Robert F. Spencer, Marjorie Spinks, Waldo C. Spraque, Winifred Stamm, Moses Steinberg Marian Stirling, Matthew Williams Stirling, William Duncan Strong, Edgar Howard Sturtevant, Georgianna Barbara Such, John R. Swanton, Turkey Tayac, Douglass Taylor, Lincoln Thompson, Morjorie L. Tichy, Janet Tietjins, Bennie Tilden, J. R. R. Tolkien, W. Cameron Townsend, George L. Trager, Lovell B. Triggs, Edwin H. Tuttle,

Ruth Underhill, Richard Fowler Van Valkenburgh, Rosendo Vargas, Charles Frederick Voegelin, Paul Vogenitz, James W. Waldo, Paul A. F. Walter, Althea Warren, Fred Washington, Thomas Talbot Waterman, Edith White, Joseph J. White, Leslie A. White, Grace T. Whiting, Robert B. Whitsett, Benjamin Lee Whorf, H. E. Williams, William L. Wonderly, Arthur Woodward, Robert W. Young, and Father Zephyrin of the Santa Barbara Mission.

Restrictions:

The John Peabody Harrington papers are open for research.

Access to the John Peabody Harrington papers requires an appointment.

Rights:

Contact the repository for terms of use.

Topic:

Linguistics  Search this

Indians of North America -- Languages  Search this

Ethnomusicology  Search this

Ethnobotany  Search this

Toponymy  Search this

Language and languages -- Documentation  Search this

Genre/Form:

Sound recordings

Maps

Stats (copies)

Newspaper clippings

Printed material

Photographs

Botanical specimens

Field notes

Correspondence -- 1930-1950

Financial records

Personal records

Poetry

Writings

Citation:

John Peabody Harrington papers, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution

The preferred citation for the Harrington Papers will reference the actual location within the collection, i.e. Box 172, Alaska/Northwest Coast, Papers of John Peabody Harrington, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution.

However, as the NAA understands the need to cite phrases or vocabulary on specific pages, a citation referencing the microfilmed papers is acceptable. Please note that the page numbering of the PDF version of the Harrington microfilm does not directly correlate to the analog microfilm frame numbers. If it is necessary to cite the microfilmed papers, please refer to the specific page number of the PDF version, as in: Papers of John Peabody Harrington, Microfilm: MF 7, R34 page 42.

Identifier:

NAA.1976-95

See more items in:

John Peabody Harrington papers

Archival Repository:

National Anthropological Archives

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw31fe9575b-f7aa-4286-9787-0cfc495ab461

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-naa-1976-95

Creator:

Harrington, John Peabody, 1884-1961  Search this

Collection Creator:

Harrington, John Peabody, 1884-1961  Search this

Extent:

2.08 Linear feet ((6 boxes))

Culture:

Indians of North America -- British Columbia  Search this

Arctic peoples  Search this

Indians of North America -- Subarctic  Search this

Athapascan Indians  Search this

Sarsi Indians  Search this

Denésoliné (Chipewyan)  Search this

Tsattine Indians  Search this

Dakelh (Carrier)  Search this

Cree  Search this

Type:

Archival materials

Field notes

Dictionaries

Vocabulary

Date:

circa 1936-circa 1941

Scope and Contents:

This subseries of the Alaska/Northwest Coast series contains Harrington's Northern Athapascan research. This section comprises a comparative vocabulary, a comparative dictionary, and other miscellaneous linguistic material, with widely scattered ethnographic information. It combines some secondary source data with original notes which were compiled for the most part during a fieldtrip Harrington made with Robert W. Young to Alberta and British Columbia from October through early December 1939. The two men had corresponded extensively regarding Navajo in 1936 to 1938 and subsequently decided to determine its provenience through the study of languages closely related in vocabulary and construction at the northernmost end of what Harrington termed' 'the chicken-wishbone of Athapascan languages." The northern Athapascan languages for which they obtained data were Sarsi (Sarcee, Sar.), Cold Lake Chipewyan (Cl., Clchip.), Beaver, Carrier (Car.), Babine (Babin), and Sekani (Sekeney, Sek., Sikny, Sik.). They also elicited a short vocabulary in Cree from bilingual speakers, obtained during Harrington's survey of neighboring Canadian languages. The amount of comparative data was increased by the addition of original notes from the earlier work on Navajo and later (1940) work on Tlingit, Eyak, and Upper Umpqua. Harrington may have made these last additions as late as August of 1941 as suggested by the reference "Wn. Aug. 41." The Tlingit notes were subsequently removed to a separate section.

Local Numbers:

Accession #1976-95

Restrictions:

No restrictions on access.

Rights:

Contact the repository for terms of use.

Topic:

Athapascan languages  Search this

Sarsi language  Search this

Chipewyan language  Search this

Tsattine language  Search this

Carrier language  Search this

Babine language  Search this

Sekani language  Search this

Navajo language  Search this

Cree language  Search this

Language and languages -- Documentation  Search this

Linguistics  Search this

Ethnology  Search this

Genre/Form:

Field notes

Dictionaries

Vocabulary

Collection Citation:

John Peabody Harrington papers, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution

The preferred citation for the Harrington Papers will reference the actual location within the collection, i.e. Box 172, Alaska/Northwest Coast, Papers of John Peabody Harrington, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution.

However, as the NAA understands the need to cite phrases or vocabulary on specific pages, a citation referencing the microfilmed papers is acceptable. Please note that the page numbering of the PDF version of the Harrington microfilm does not directly correlate to the analog microfilm frame numbers. If it is necessary to cite the microfilmed papers, please refer to the specific page number of the PDF version, as in: Papers of John Peabody Harrington, Microfilm: MF 7, R34 page 42.

Identifier:

NAA.1976-95, Subseries 1.3

See more items in:

John Peabody Harrington papers

John Peabody Harrington papers / Series 1: Native American History, Language, and Culture of Alaska and the Northwest Coast

Archival Repository:

National Anthropological Archives

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw3a06241b5-54ee-4540-a1ea-3fe746563b15

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-naa-1976-95-ref12556

Creator:

Harrington, John Peabody, 1884-1961  Search this

Names:

Teit, James Alexander, 1864-1922  Search this

Collection Creator:

Harrington, John Peabody, 1884-1961  Search this

Extent:

0.41 Linear feet ((1 box))

Culture:

Indians of North America -- British Columbia  Search this

Indians of North America -- Plateau  Search this

Nlaka'pamux (Thompson River Salish)  Search this

Type:

Archival materials

Field notes

Vocabulary

Narratives

Manuscripts

Place:

Nicola River Valley (B.C.)

Date:

circa 1941-circa 1942

Scope and Contents:

This subseries of the Alaska/Northwest Coast series contains Harrington's research on Nicola and Thompson, consisting of comparative vocabulary, outline and notes for write-up, and notes from interviews regarding James A. Teit.

Vocabulary entries were not arranged by Harrington into his usual semantic categories, but were kept together by interview. Nicola terms were frequently elicited with their Thompson equivalents. Words cover animals, plants, geography, material culture, tribenames, and placenames. Also interspersed are a few phrases, notes and sketch maps from two placename trips, summaries of myths in English, and biographical data concerning the informants and others. One interview was based in part on a rehearing of Franz Boas' (1924) "Vocabulary of the Athapascan Tribe of Nicola Valley, British Columbia." At a later date (1942) comparative Athapascan data--Rogue River and Chasta Costa from Wolverton Orton (Wolv., RR, Wolve Chastac.) and Coquille from Coquille Thompson (Thomp.)--was added to these notes.

Harrington's write-up is little more than an outline for an article. It includes a section on informants and some vocabulary excerpted from the field notes. The designation "Nic. for write-up" is misleading as data for Thompson is also given throughout. Several references are made to information from published sources (Dawson 1892, Morice 1932).

During his last two days in Nicola Valley, Harrington visited Mrs. James A. Teit in order to copy Teit's manuscript "Notes on the Early History of Nicola Valley." This section contains notes on their discussions of Teit's work and local history. It also includes comments by an unidentified man Harrington met at Spence's Bridge as well as a photograph of Teit.

Biographical / Historical:

John P. Harrington's work in Merritt and Canford, British Columbia, during the summer of 1941 was part of a continuing effort to trace the origin and relationships of the Athapascan languages, which he often referred to comprehensively as "Chilcotin." In late August to early September--dates given are August 27, August 31, and September 1--he recorded data from speakers of the Lytton (L., Lyt., Upper Th.) dialect of Thompson River Salish, who also remembered a little Nicola Valley Athapascan (Nic., st. for stuwix-mux, southern Chilcotin).

He first worked with Billy Ernest (Billy), 80-year-old chief of the Canford Indians. He also conducted separate interviews with Mrs. Louey Jonah (Mrs. J.) and her husband (Mr. J.), an unidentified "Old Lady," and Louie Charlie, who gave remembered information from Johnny Jackson, said to have been a stuwix speaker, deceased for some five years. Harrington considered his best source of information to be Billy Ernest's sister, Matilda Shackler (Mat.), with whom he reheard much of the data. His interpreter for many of the sessions was Johnny Martin (Martin, Johnny). Nonlinguistic information was obtained from James A. Teit's widow and an unidentified "half-breed at Spence's Bridge."

Local Numbers:

Accession #1976-95

Restrictions:

No restrictions on access.

Rights:

Contact the repository for terms of use.

Topic:

Athapascan languages  Search this

Ntlakyapamuk language  Search this

Chastacosta language  Search this

Coquille language  Search this

Language and languages -- Documentation  Search this

Linguistics  Search this

Names, Geographical  Search this

Genre/Form:

Field notes

Vocabulary

Narratives

Manuscripts

Collection Citation:

John Peabody Harrington papers, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution

The preferred citation for the Harrington Papers will reference the actual location within the collection, i.e. Box 172, Alaska/Northwest Coast, Papers of John Peabody Harrington, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution.

However, as the NAA understands the need to cite phrases or vocabulary on specific pages, a citation referencing the microfilmed papers is acceptable. Please note that the page numbering of the PDF version of the Harrington microfilm does not directly correlate to the analog microfilm frame numbers. If it is necessary to cite the microfilmed papers, please refer to the specific page number of the PDF version, as in: Papers of John Peabody Harrington, Microfilm: MF 7, R34 page 42.

Identifier:

NAA.1976-95, Subseries 1.4

See more items in:

John Peabody Harrington papers

John Peabody Harrington papers / Series 1: Native American History, Language, and Culture of Alaska and the Northwest Coast

Archival Repository:

National Anthropological Archives

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw3ad0fd54b-237f-4901-baff-76c792b77787

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-naa-1976-95-ref12617

Creator:

Harrington, John Peabody, 1884-1961  Search this

Collection Creator:

Harrington, John Peabody, 1884-1961  Search this

Extent:

0.21 Linear feet ((1 box))

Culture:

Lummi  Search this

Nespelim Indians  Search this

Type:

Archival materials

Field notes

Vocabulary

Narratives

Date:

1942

Scope and Contents:

This subseries of the Alaska/Northwest Coast series consists almost entirely of vocabulary. Lummi terms are given with English translations and frequently with Nespelem equivalences. A few comparisons are provided in other Salishan languages. (George's paternal grandfather spoke Clallam.) Most of the words describe the natural world. There are small sections on astronomy, weather, and months, as well as a larger number of items pertaining to plants and animals. The placename data are keyed to a number of maps--probably to U.S.G.S. topographical maps of Whatcom County, Sumas, and Blaine Quadrangles, which were found elsewhere in the Papers. Information is also provided on the islands in the Georgia Straits. Some terms pertaining to material culture appear in the plant vocabulary section. Ethnographic notes and references to myths are interspersed throughout the material.

Biographical / Historical:

No date is given for John P. Harrington's study of Lummi. From the format of the notes it seems likely that the fieldwork was done in 1942--probably in January just after his return from Aleut territory. He worked primarily with Patrick George (referred to as, 'Chief ') and his cousin Julius A. Charles (shortened to Mr. Charles or Mr. Chas). Some of the work was done at George's home at Fish Point on the Lummi Indian Reservation. Part may have been done in nearby Bellingham, Washington. Addie George, a Nespelem woman acting as interpreter, was also present at the sessions. Limited amounts of nonlinguistic data were obtained from H. C. Banner, Sidney Jones, Carl Brandur, and an Icelandic couple, Mr. and Mrs. Westmann.

Local Numbers:

Accession #1976-95

Restrictions:

No restrictions on access.

Rights:

Contact the repository for terms of use.

Topic:

North Straits Salish language  Search this

Lummi dialect  Search this

Clallam language  Search this

Language and languages -- Documentation  Search this

Linguistics  Search this

Ethnology  Search this

Genre/Form:

Field notes

Vocabulary

Narratives

Collection Citation:

John Peabody Harrington papers, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution

The preferred citation for the Harrington Papers will reference the actual location within the collection, i.e. Box 172, Alaska/Northwest Coast, Papers of John Peabody Harrington, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution.

However, as the NAA understands the need to cite phrases or vocabulary on specific pages, a citation referencing the microfilmed papers is acceptable. Please note that the page numbering of the PDF version of the Harrington microfilm does not directly correlate to the analog microfilm frame numbers. If it is necessary to cite the microfilmed papers, please refer to the specific page number of the PDF version, as in: Papers of John Peabody Harrington, Microfilm: MF 7, R34 page 42.

Identifier:

NAA.1976-95, Subseries 1.5

See more items in:

John Peabody Harrington papers

John Peabody Harrington papers / Series 1: Native American History, Language, and Culture of Alaska and the Northwest Coast

Archival Repository:

National Anthropological Archives

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw3a4c67af6-a892-4957-ae53-467e15c430cd

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-naa-1976-95-ref12623

Creator:

Harrington, John Peabody, 1884-1961  Search this

Collection Creator:

Harrington, John Peabody, 1884-1961  Search this

Extent:

0.63 Linear feet ((2 boxes))

Culture:

Duwamish (Dwamish)  Search this

Indians of North America -- Northwest Coast of North America  Search this

Type:

Archival materials

Field notes

Vocabulary

Lecture notes

Maps

Place:

King County (Wash.)

Date:

1910

Scope and Contents:

This subseries of the Alaska/Northwest Coast series contains Harrington's Duwamish research. The materials primarily consist of field notes and lecture notes.

The field notes consist of small slips and 8" x 10" sheets on which Harrington recorded notes on phonetics, vocabulary, and some short sentences. A general vocabulary section--mostly nouns--covers geographical terms, animal names, material culture objects, and terms for age, sex, and religion. Each Duwamish (Duw.) word is followed by the English translation; a few comparisons are given in Snohomish and Clallam. There are larger vocabulary sections dealing with tribenames and placenames. The tribenames are Duwamish terms referring to the neighboring tribes of Puget Sound and the Olympic Peninsula--mostly other Salish groups. The placename category includes many etymologies as well as sketch maps and references to a "Big map" of Seattle Harbor.

Miscellaneous packets of field notes include biographical information on the Duwamish speakers he worked with and others, a partial bibliography, and notes labeled "< Meany." The latter were apparently personal communications from a professor at the university.

Harrington's lecture notes, evidently used for the course on "The Indians of the Northwest," contain a good deal of original field data. The notes, which were found in great disarray; have been arranged to follow fourteen categories outlined by Harrington on a heading sheet. The sections on history, potlatches, and material culture, in particular, include numerous excerpts from articles by Arthur A. Denny, Myron Eels, and Joseph A. Costello. Much of this secondary source data was checked over with an unspecified person, presumably William Rogers. His comments, labeled "Duw.," frequently appear at the bottom of a page. Notes on "The Indian placenames of King County," consist entirely of original data on places in the vicinity of Lake Washington, White River, and Cedar River. As in the corresponding vocabulary section, etymologies and sketch maps are included.

Biographical / Historical:

Johnn P. Harrington investigated the language and culture of the Duwamish (currently grouped with speakers of other Puget Sound Salish dialects as "Lushootseed") during the period June 17 to August 15, 1910 while residing in Seattle, Washington. He had come there to teach courses on "The Indians of the Northwest" and "The Science of Language" at the University of Washington summer school and to give a series of six popular lectures on "The Siberian Origin of the American Indian" under the auspices of the American Institute of Archaeology.

He studied the Duwamish language with Chief William Rogers at the reservation at Suquamish each weekend during the session. After its close, he made trips with Rogers and a man named Moore to Seattle and Renton ("homeland of the Duwamish") to record placenames. His interpreter in the work was Edward Percival.

Local Numbers:

Accession #1976-95

Restrictions:

No restrictions on access.

Rights:

Contact the repository for terms of use.

Topic:

Puget Sound Salish languages  Search this

Snohomish language  Search this

Clallam language  Search this

Language and languages -- Documentation  Search this

Linguistics  Search this

Ethnology  Search this

Names, Ethnological  Search this

Names, Geographical  Search this

Genre/Form:

Field notes

Vocabulary

Lecture notes

Maps

Collection Citation:

John Peabody Harrington papers, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution

The preferred citation for the Harrington Papers will reference the actual location within the collection, i.e. Box 172, Alaska/Northwest Coast, Papers of John Peabody Harrington, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution.

However, as the NAA understands the need to cite phrases or vocabulary on specific pages, a citation referencing the microfilmed papers is acceptable. Please note that the page numbering of the PDF version of the Harrington microfilm does not directly correlate to the analog microfilm frame numbers. If it is necessary to cite the microfilmed papers, please refer to the specific page number of the PDF version, as in: Papers of John Peabody Harrington, Microfilm: MF 7, R34 page 42.

Identifier:

NAA.1976-95, Subseries 1.6

See more items in:

John Peabody Harrington papers

John Peabody Harrington papers / Series 1: Native American History, Language, and Culture of Alaska and the Northwest Coast

Archival Repository:

National Anthropological Archives

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw3457aa78d-ee93-4b1b-af72-c4dbcee95cd1

EDAN-URL:

ead_component:sova-naa-1976-95-ref12636

Creator:

Kroeber, A. L. (Alfred Louis), 1876-1960  Search this

Addressee:

Hodge, Frederick Webb, 1864-1956  Search this

Extent:

31 Pages

Culture:

Luiseno  Search this

Snake  Search this

Ajachemem (San Juan de Capistrano Luiseño)  Search this

Barbareño Chumash (Santa Barbara)  Search this

Western Mono (Monache)  Search this

Paiute  Search this

Bannock  Search this

Ute  Search this

Cahuilla  Search this

Payómkawichum (Luiseño)  Search this

Shoshone  Search this

Tongva (Gabrielino Mission)  Search this

Tübatulabal (Kern River)  Search this

Serrano  Search this

Pala Band Luiseño (Agua Caliente)  Search this

Kawaiisu  Search this

Indians of North America -- California  Search this

Chumash  Search this

Indians of North America -- Great Basin  Search this

Kutzadika'a (Mono Paiute)  Search this

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Pages

Date:

1905

Scope and Contents:

Also letter to Frederick W. Hodge, with emendations to the manuscript. San Francisco, California. April 27, 1905. Autograph letter signed. 1 page. Includes discussion of "Current Tribal names that are Ambiguous. "Ute, Paiute, Shoshoni, Bannock, Snake; and sections on Gabrielino, Serrano, Luiseno, San Juan Capistrano, Agua Caliente, Cahuilla, Santa Barbara, Monachi, Kawaiisu, Tubatulabal.

Title page of manuscript carries A. note S. : F. W. H. [Hodge]: "This material has been extracted for the Dictionary of Tribes ["Handbook of American Indians," Bureau of American Ethnology-Bulletin 30, Washington, 1907, 1910] by Dr Swanton."

Local Numbers:

NAA MS 2108

Local Note:

typescript document with annotations

Topic:

Names, tribal -- Ute  Search this

Names, tribal -- Paiute  Search this

Names, tribal -- Shoshoni  Search this

Names, tribal -- Bannock  Search this

Names, tribal -- Snake  Search this

Language and languages -- Documentation  Search this

Mission Capistrano  Search this

Shoshone  Search this

Cupeno  Search this

Citation:

Manuscript 2108, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution

Identifier:

NAA.MS2108

Archival Repository:

National Anthropological Archives

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw373f6a8dc-42e8-4e85-8039-8a6ad3c8d170

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-naa-ms2108

Photographer:

Fly, C. S. (Camillus Sidney), 1849-1901  Search this

Hook, W. E. (William Edward), 1833-1908  Search this

Jackson, William Henry, 1843-1942  Search this

Parker, Joseph C.  Search this

Taber, I. W. (Isaiah West), 1830-1912  Search this

Tibbitts, H. C.  Search this

Artist:

Moran, Thomas, 1837-1926  Search this

Rogers, W. A. (William Allen), 1854-1931  Search this

Extent:

5 Prints (halftone)

3 Engravings

37 Prints (albumen)

Culture:

Isleta Pueblo  Search this

Indians of North America -- Southwest, New  Search this

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Prints

Engravings

Place:

Colorado

Yellowstone National Park

Arizona

Snake River (Idaho)

Shoshone Falls (Idaho)

California

Date:

circa 1850-1900

Scope and Contents note:

Scenic views of California, Colorado, Idaho, and Arizona. California images include Mount Shasta, San Francisco, Tehachapi Mountains, Coronado, San Isabell, San Jacinto, Toquich Canyon, and a government school in Agua Caliente. Additional photographs depict Yellowstone National Park and Yellowstone River; Shoshone Falls and Snake River, Idaho; Dragoon Mountains, Arizona; Garden of the Gods, Colorado; and an Isleta wine press.

Photographers include Camillus S. Fly, W. E. Hook, William Henry Jackson, Francis Parker, Rheas Brothers (San Diego View Company), Rifenburg and Murphy, I. W. Taber, and H. C. Tibbets. Additionally, there are photographs of Thomas Moran paintings, a William A. Rogers engraving of a Pueblo wind press, an engraving of Portsmouth Square in San Francisco in 1850, and a few other illustrations from publications.

Local Call Number(s):

NAA Photo Lot 29

Location of Other Archival Materials:

Additional Jackson photographs can be found in the National Anthropological Archives in Photo Lot 24, Photo Lot 37, Photo Lot 40, Photo Lot 60, Photo Lot 93, Photo Lot 143, Photo Lot 87-2P, Photo Lot 90-1, Photo Lot 92-3, the records of the Department of Anthropology, and the BAE historical negatives.

Additional Parker, Hook, and Taber photographs held in National Anthropological Archives Photo Lot 24 and Photo Lot 90-1.

The National Museum of the American Indian Archives holds Camillus S. Fly photographs and negatives from 1886.

See others in:

Photograph collection related to California and views of the west, circa 1850-1900

Restrictions:

The collection is open for research.

Access to the collection requires an appointment.

Rights:

Contact the repository for terms of use.

Citation:

Photo Lot 29, Photograph collection relating to California and views of the west, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution

Identifier:

NAA.PhotoLot.29

See more items in:

Photograph collection relating to California and views of the west

Archival Repository:

National Anthropological Archives

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw3bc809fcd-5c67-4a88-bb22-46cc289d7435

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-naa-photolot-29

Creator:

Harrington, M. R. (Mark Raymond), 1882-1971  Search this

Heye, George G. (George Gustav), 1874-1957  Search this

Donor:

Harrington, Marie Walsh  Search this

Extent:

2133 Negatives (photographic)

3 Lantern slides

174 Photographic prints (black & white)

Culture:

Mesoamerica  Search this

Southwest  Search this

Island Caribbean  Search this

Paiute  Search this

Achomawi (Pit River)  Search this

Alibamu  Search this

Anishinaabe (Chippewa/Ojibwa)  Search this

Cahuilla  Search this

Catawba  Search this

Chitimacha  Search this

Coushatta (Koasati)  Search this

Diné (Navajo)  Search this

Hopi Pueblo  Search this

Iroquois  Search this

Kiowa  Search this

Lenape (Delaware)  Search this

Maidu  Search this

Menominee (Menomini)  Search this

Miami  Search this

Mohegan  Search this

Nanticoke  Search this

Narragansett  Search this

Niantic  Search this

Niuam (Comanche)  Search this

Osage  Search this

Northern Paiute (Paviotso)  Search this

Pomo  Search this

Potawatomi  Search this

Sac and Fox (Sauk & Fox)  Search this

Seminole  Search this

Tolowa  Search this

Bribri  Search this

Chiricahua Apache  Search this

Eastern Band of Cherokee  Search this

Kickapoo [Oklahoma]  Search this

Kikapu (Mexican Kickapoo)  Search this

Mattaponi  Search this

Mississippi Choctaw  Search this

Oklahoma Delaware  Search this

Oklahoma Shawnee  Search this

Oneida  Search this

Onondaga  Search this

Pamunkey  Search this

Peoria  Search this

Seneca  Search this

Shinnecock  Search this

Sisitonwan Dakota (Sisseton Sioux)  Search this

Wyandot  Search this

Yara Taíno  Search this

Absentee Shawnee [Shawnee, Oklahoma-Pottawatomie County]  Search this

Cayuga [Six Nations/Grand River (Brantford, Ontario)]  Search this

Mississauga (Missisauga)  Search this

Munsee Delaware  Search this

Wyandotte [Oklahoma]  Search this

Gay Head Wampanoag  Search this

A:shiwi (Zuni)  Search this

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Negatives (photographic)

Lantern slides

Photographic prints

Negatives

Place:

Cuba

Texas

Arkansas

Louisiana

Northeastern States

Missouri

California

New Mexico

Tennessee

New York

Florida

Southern States

Nevada

Mexico

Great Basin

Southwestern States

Arizona

Canada

Ecuador

Date:

1899-1947

Summary:

Includes photographs of individual tribal members, artifacts; and the following archeological sites: Hawikku (Hawikuh), Zuni Pueblo, New Mexico; Mill Creek, Tehama County, California; Coachilla Valley, California; Sandal Cave, New Mexico; Eagle Canyon, Texas; Thea Heye Cave, Pyramid Lake, Nevada; Crown Peak, Chisos Mountains, Texas; Pueblo Grande, Nevada; Salt Caves, St. Thomas, Nevada; Chuckawalla Cave, Nevada; Lovelock Cave, Pershing County, Nevada; other sites in Nevada; cacti in Brewster County, Texas and California; archaeological sites in Arkansas, Florida, Missouri, New York, and Tennessee Collection also includes a variety of scenic shots in different states; shots of persons, identified and unidentified; personal photographs of Harrington, his son, and one of his wives (ELH); and photographs taken during his expeditions to Cuba and Ecuador. Includes photographs of the Alibamu, Apache, Catawba, Cherokee, Chitimacha, Choctaw, Chumash, Comanche, Delaware, Iowa, Iroquois, Kaw, Kickapoo, Kiowa, Klamath, Koasati, Maidu, Mattaponi, Mohegan, Nanticoke, Narragansett, Navajo, Niantic (Nyantic),Ojibwa (Chippewa), Osage, Paiute, Pamunkey, Peoria, Pit River, Potawatomi, Quapaw, Sac and Fox (Sauk and Fox), Seminole, Shawnee, Tolowa, Tulare, Wampanoag, Wichita, Wyandot, Yara, and Zuni tribes.

Arrangement note:

Collection arranged by format and item number.

Biographical/Historical note:

Mark Raymond Harrington was born on the campus of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor on July 6, 1882. He received his BS in 1907 and his MA in 1908 from Columbia University, where he studied under Franz Boas. He met George Heye while working at Covert's Indian store in New York in 1908 and Heye hired him shortly thereafter. Harrington spent from 1908-1911 visiting and collecting from tribes in the east and Midwest for Heye. From 1911-1915 Harrington was assistant curator at the University of Pennsylvania Museum. From 1916-1917 he conducted archeological surveys in Cuba and Arkansas, after which he spent a short time in the U.S. Army during the First World War. After his return in 1919 he started a series of archeological surveys in Tennessee, Arkansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, Nevada, and Texas. Harrington worked for George G. Heye as an archaeologist, ethnologist, field collector, and curator, primarily along the eastern seaboard, in the south, Midwest, west, Cuba and Ecuador, from 1908 to 1928. He then joined the staff of the Southwest Museum as curator until his retirement in 1964. He died in San Fernando, California on June 30, 1971. Harrington is the author of many books and several hundred articles. A partial bibliography can be found in the Mark Raymond Harrington manuscript collection in the archives of the National Museum of the American Indian, Cultural Resource Center, Suitland, Maryland.

General note:

NMAItest

Restrictions:

Access restricted. For information on this collection consult the NMAI photo archivist at 301-238-1400 or NMAIphotos@si.edu.

Rights:

Copyright restrictions apply. Contact archives staff for information.

Genre/Form:

Negatives

Photographic prints

Lantern slides

Identifier:

NMAI.AC.001.035

Archival Repository:

National Museum of the American Indian

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/sv4acadc0fb-6afe-4e43-9413-0684acc3dda5

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nmai-ac-001-035

Creator:

Churchill, Frank C. (Frank Carroll), 1850-1912  Search this

Churchill, Clara G.  Search this

Names:

United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs  Search this

United States. Department of the Interior  Search this

Extent:

3,710 Photographic prints (29 photograph albums)

3 Linear feet

1430 Negatives (photographic) (acetate)

325 Lantern slides (colored)

Culture:

Oklahoma Cherokee  Search this

Oklahoma Muskogee (Creek)  Search this

Osage  Search this

A:shiwi (Zuni)  Search this

Indians of North America  Search this

Sioux [Crow Creek]  Search this

Ponca  Search this

Chaticks Si Chaticks (Pawnee)  Search this

Oklahoma Seminole  Search this

Quapaw  Search this

Miami [Oklahoma]  Search this

Wyandotte [Oklahoma]  Search this

Tsitsistas/Suhtai (Cheyenne)  Search this

Ho-Chunk (Winnebago)  Search this

Eastern Shawnee [Quapaw Agency, Oklahoma]  Search this

Chaticks Si Chaticks (Pawnee)  Search this

Oto  Search this

Sioux [Crow Creek]  Search this

Chickasaw  Search this

Modoc  Search this

Kiowa  Search this

Kaw (Kansa)  Search this

Diné (Navajo)  Search this

Acoma Pueblo  Search this

Akimel O'odham (Pima)  Search this

Cahuilla  Search this

Chemehuevi  Search this

Cochiti Pueblo  Search this

Hopi Pueblo  Search this

Isleta Pueblo  Search this

K'apovi (Santa Clara Pueblo)  Search this

Kumeyaay (Diegueño)  Search this

Laguna Pueblo  Search this

Payómkawichum (Luiseño)  Search this

Mescalero Apache  Search this

Mojave (Mohave)  Search this

Ohkay Owingeh (San Juan Pueblo)  Search this

Picuris Pueblo  Search this

Piipaash (Maricopa)  Search this

Puye Pueblo  Search this

Quechan (Yuma/Cuchan)  Search this

San Carlos Apache  Search this

Taos Pueblo  Search this

Tohono O'odham (Papago)  Search this

Minnesota Chippewa  Search this

Lake Superior Chippewa  Search this

Potawatomi  Search this

Menominee (Menomini)  Search this

Pechanga Band Luiseño  Search this

Rincon Band Luiseño  Search this

Santa Ysabel (Santa Isabela) Diegueño  Search this

Pala Band Luiseño (Agua Caliente)  Search this

Yuit (Siberian Yup'ik)  Search this

Inupiaq (Alaskan Inupiat Eskimo)  Search this

Bering Strait Inupiaq  Search this

Alutiiq (Pacific Eskimo)  Search this

Tlingit  Search this

Eastern Band of Cherokee  Search this

Pikuni Blackfeet (Piegan)  Search this

Wahpetonwan Dakota (Wahpeton Sioux)  Search this

Seminole  Search this

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Photographic prints

Negatives (photographic)

Lantern slides

Photographs

Photograph albums

Place:

Utah

Alaska

Oklahoma

Washington

Florida

Montana

Arizona

Arkansas

Missouri

North Carolina

Minnesota

New Mexico

California

Date:

1880-1928

bulk 1899-1909

Summary:

The Frank C. and Clara G. Churchill collection includes photographic negatives, photo albums, lantern slides, journals, scrapbooks and other documents created and compiled by the Churchills over the course of Frank's career as a special agent and Indian Inspector for the Department of the Interior between 1899 and 1909. Initially assigned as a revenue collector to the Cherokee Nation and later as an Indian Inspector reviewing boarding schools, Frank's assignments took him all over the United States including Indian Territory (present day Oklahoma), Missouri, Texas, Nebraska, Kansas, South Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, California, Florida, North Carolina and Alaska. During this time the Churchills visited over 80 different Native communities shooting photographs and taking notes.

Scope and Contents:

The Frank C. and Clara G. Churchill collection includes 1430 photographic negatives, 29 photo albums containing 3710 photographic prints, 325 lantern slides, and 3 linear feet of journals, scrapbooks, and other documents created and compiled by the Churchills over the course of Frank's career as a special agent and Indian Inspector for the Department of the Interior between 1899 and 1909.

Series 1: Photographs in Indian Territory (Oklahoma): Muskogee, Tahlequah, Sulphur Springs and Other Assignments, 1899-1903, includes 11 photo albums and 357 negatives from Frank Churchill's original assignment as revenue collector to the Cherokee Nation. Locations include Indian Territory (Oklahoma) [bulk], Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, South Dakota, Arkansas, and Missouri. The Native communities visited and photographed in this series include— Oklahoma Cherokee, Oklahoma Muskogee (Creek), Quapaw, Osage, Miami, Wyandotte [Oklahoma], Tsitsistas/Suhtai (Cheyenne), Winnebago [Nebraska], Eastern Shawnee [Quapaw Agency, Oklahoma], Ponca, Chaticks Si Chaticks (Pawnee), Oto, Sioux [Crow Creek], Kaw (Kansa), Chickasaw, Modoc, Kiowa, Choctaw.

Series 2: Photographs in the Southwest and Midwest: Arizona, New Mexico, Califonia, Minnesota and Wisconsin, 1903-1907, includes 9 photo albums and 832 negatives from Frank Churchill's assignment as an Indian Inspector. Because the Churchills visited some of the same locations on multiple occasions, it has been hard to date some of the negatives. For that reason, all the negatives made in the Southwest have been included in this series, though there are two photo albums with Southwest photographs included in Series 4. Locations in this series includes Arizona, New Mexico, California, Minnesota and Wisconsin. The Native Communities visited and photographed in this series include—A:shiwi (Zuni), Diné (Navajo), Acoma Pueblo, Akimel O'odham (Pima), Cahuilla, Chemehuevi, Cochiti Pueblo, Hopi Pueblo, Isleta Pueblo, K'apovi (Santa Clara Pueblo), Kumeyaay (Diegueño), Laguna Pueblo, Luiseño (Luiseno), Mescalero Apache, Mojave (Mohave), Ohkay Owingeh (San Juan Pueblo), Picuris Pueblo, Piipaash (Maricopa), Puye Pueblo, Quechan (Yuma/Cuchan), San Carlos Apache, Taos Pueblo, Tohono O'odham (Papago).

Series 3: Photographs in Alaska and Oregon, 1905-1910 (bulk 1905), includes four photograph albums and 71 negatives from Frank Churchill's appointment as special agent, by President Roosevelt, to investigate the condition of the school & reindeer service and other affairs in Alaska in the summer and fall of 1905. Two of the albums were not made by the Churchills. The first of these (Box 20) includes photographs by William Hamilton and the second (Box 21) includes photographs by W. T. Lopp. Locations in Alaska include St. Lawrence Island, Nuwukmiut/Point Barrow, Teller, Diomedes Islands, Nome, Kotzebue, Wrangell, Port Clarence Bay, Unalaska Island and Baranof Island. There are a number of photographs aboard the U.S. Cutter "Bear" and aboard the mailboat "Georgia." Native communities photographed include—Yuit (Siberian Yup'ik), Inupiaq (Alaskan Inupiat Eskimo), Bering Strait Inupiaq [Diomedes], Alutiiq (Pacific Eskimo), Tlingit.

Series 4: Photographs in Arizona, Utah, North Carolina, Montana, North Dakota, Florida and Miscellaneous, 1907-1909, includes five photograph albums and 163 negatives from Frank Churchill's assignment at Indian Inspector. Because the Churchills visited some of the same locations in the Southwest (Arizona and Utah) on multiple occasions, it has been hard to date some of the negatives. For that reason, all the negatives made in the Southwest have been included in Series 3. Locations include Arizona, Utah, North Carolina, Montana, North Dakota and Florida. Native communities visited and photographed include-Diné (Navajo), Hopi Pueblo, Kaibab Paiute, Quechan (Yuma/Cuchan), Eastern Band of Cherokee, Pikuni Blackfeet (Piegan), Wahpetonwan Dakota [Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribe], Turtle Mountain Chippewa, Seminole. There is restricted material in Box 23 (Album P23380).

Series 5: Non-Native Photographs: Colorado Vacation, Lebanon, New Hampshire, and other Materials, 1898-1913, includes four photograph albums from vacations and other visits made by the Churchills unrelated to Frank's activities as Indian Inspector.

Series 6: Manuscripts: Journals, Documents and Scrapbooks, 1880-1928 (bulk 1899-1909), includes three linear feet of materials arranged in three subseries. Subseries 6.1, Clara Churchill, includes 16 journals, 12 scrapbooks and various other manuscript materials written and accumulated by Clara Churchill during their travels. Many of the journals include personal writings as well as several photographs that are duplicated in the photograph albums. The journals and scrapbooks encompass the full range of the Churchills' travels and include notes from Indian Territory, Southwest, Midwest, Southeast, Plains and Alaska. Subseries 6.2, Colonel Frank C. Churchill, includes official documents around Churchill's assignments as well as the reports Frank submitted back to the Secretary of the Interior (Box 41 and 42). Subseries 6.3, Churchill Museum and Miscellaneous, includes catalogs and other notes related to the large collection of Native American objects amassed by Frank and Clara. Clara also collected other items such as shells, minerals, and sand.

Series 7: Lantern Slides for Lectures, 1899-1909, includes 325 hand colored glass lantern slides. These were made by the Churchills from existing negatives and used for lectures. Lantern slides #1-#121 include views photographed in Alaska in 1905. Sldes #122-#325 include an assortment of views from Oklahoma (Indian Territory), Nebraska, Montana, Minnesota, California, Arizona and New Mexico photographed between 1900 and 1909.

Arrangement:

The Frank C. and Clara G. Churchill collection has been arranged in seven series by material type and then chronologically. The first five series are then divided into subseries by "Photo Albums" and "Negatives." These include--Series 1: Photographs in Indian Territory (Oklahoma): Muskogee, Tahlequah, Sulphur Springs and Other Assignments, 1899-1903; Series 2: Photographs in the Southwest and Midwest: Arizona, New Mexico, California, Minnesota and Wisconsin, 1907-1907; Series 3: Photographs in Alaska and Oregon, 1905-1910 (bulk 1905-1905); Series 4: Photographs in Arizona, Utah, North Carolina, Montana, North Dakota, Florida and Miscellaneous, 1907-1909; Series 5: Non-Native Photographs: Colorado Vaction, Lebanon, New Hampshire, and other Materials.

Series 6: Manuscripts: Journals, Documents and Scrapbooks, 1880-1928, is arranged in three subseries. Subseries 6.1: Clara G. Churchill, Subseries 6.2: Frank C. Churchill, and Subseries 6.3: Churchill Museum and Miscellaneous. Series 7: Lantern Slides for Lectures, 1899-1909, is arranged in orginal number order from the Hood Museum at Dartmouth College.

Biographical / Historical:

Frank Carroll Churchill was born August 2, 1850 to Benjamin P. Churchill and Susanna Thompson in West Fairlee, Vermont. Frank was educated at Thetford Academy in Thetford, VT and worked as a clerk for D.C. Churchill & Co. in Lyme, NH between 1869-1870. Between 1870 and 1877, Churchill was employed by H.W. Carter as a wholesale merchant in Lebanon, New Hampshire. During this time, Churchill met Clara Corser Turner and they were married on June 11, 1874.

Clara G. (Turner) Churchill was born December 16, 1851, to Colonel Francis H. Corser and Sarah Hook (Perkins) Corser. Colonel Corser and his wife died young, and Clara was adopted by George and Abby H. Turner of Concord, New Hampshire. In 1877, in association with William S. Carter, Frank Churchill opened the business "Carter & Churchill" which was in this business for 21 years. Churchill held various political offices from 1879-91. He served as chairman of the Republican town committee of Lebanon and of the Republican State committee in 1890 and 1891. He served on the staff of Governor Natt Head in 1879 and 1880, with the rank of Colonel. He was chairman of the New Hampshire delegation at the Republican National Convention which nominated President Harrison and represented the Fourth District in the Executive Council in 1889-1890 during the administration of Governor David. H. Goodell.

In 1899 Frank was appointed revenue inspector for the Cherokee Nation in Indian Territory and was later appointed a special agent for the Interior Department to formulate a system of public schools in Indian Territory (Oklahoma) and across the Southwest. In 1905, he was appointed special agent, by President Roosevelt, to investigate the condition of the school & reindeer service and other affairs in Alaska and was reappointed Indian Inspector between 1905-1909. In 1909, Churchill resigned due to failing health and died November 5, 1912. Clara accompanied Frank on all his travels between 1899 and 1909 (see below chronology for full details) maintaining journals and writing articles for publication in "WHAT." Clara was also a painter, producing watercolors and hand-painting many of the photographs she and Frank made on their travels. Following Frank's death, Clara maintained their collection of Native artifacts and photographs in their home in Lebanon, New Hampshire. Clara died April 16, 1945, bequeathing the full collection to Dartmouth College.

Frank Churchill's assignments as Special agent and Indian Inspector from 1899-1909 took him all over the United States including Indian Territory (present day Oklahoma), Missouri, Texas, Nebraska, Kansas, South Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, California, Florida, North Carolina and Alaska. During this time the Churchills visited over 80 different Native communities. For more details, see the chronology below.

Travels in Indian Territory (Oklahoma) and other assignments, 1899-1903

1899, June 29 -- Churchills arrive in Muskogee, Indian Territory (Oklahoma).

1899, July-October -- Visit to Fort Gibson, Tahlequah, Sallisaw, and Vinita (Indian Territory/Oklahoma). Visit to Noel and South west City, Missouri. Visit to Chelsea and Coffeyville, Kansas. Visit to Fort Smith, Arkansas.

1899, November -- Visit Tahlequah while the Cherokee Nation legislature was in session.

1899, December -- Travel in Colorado.

1900, March -- Return to Muskogee and Fort Gibson.

1900, Sept 17-Oct 5 -- Dawes Commission in Vinita.

1901, Mar-Apr 3 -- Visit to the Quapaw Agency, Wyandotte Reservation and school, Modoc reservation and the town of Miami.

1901, April -- Visit to Denison, Texas. Visit to Checotah, Eufaula, South McAlester (Choctaw nation).

1901, Summer -- Visit to Pawhuska, Osage Nation.

1901, October -- Visit to Tishomingo, seat of government of the Chickasaws.

1902, January -- Trip to the Chickasaw Nation Visit to Anadarko, Indian Agency of the Kiowa, Comanche and Apache, Fort Sill, Wichita Mountains, and Lawton.

1902, May -- Frank is dispatched to Sioux City, Iowa.

1902, May-June -- Visit to Winnebago Agency, Omaha Agency, Santee Agency.

1902, July -- Visit to St. Paul, Minnesota and Eau Claire, Wisconsin, (Chippewa Falls). Frank is sent to Sulphur Springs, Texas, to author a report.

1902, August -- Churchills return to Muskogee, IT.

1902, September-October -- Trip to White Eagle, Ponca Agency for a month. Visit to Otoe school, Pawnee School, Shawnee, Sac and Fox reservations.

1902, November-December -- Visit to Crow Creek Agency.

1903, January -- Return to Sulpher Springs, Texas.

1903, March -- Visit to Pawhuska, Osage Nation.

1903, April -- Visit to Colorado.

1903, May-October -- Visit to 23 towns in Oklahoma (IT) with the Secretary of the Interior.

Travels in New Mexico, Arizona and California, 1903-1905

1903, November -- Frank receives orders to proceed to Zuni Pueblo, New Mexico.

1903, December 9 -- Visit to Zuni, followed by Canyon de Chelly, Hubbell's Ranch, Keams Canyon.

1903, December 21 -- Visit to Hopi Pueblo. Walpi, Polacca Day School, Oraibi, Shumopavi (Shungopavi/Songoopavi), Shipaulovi (Supawlavi) and Mishongnovi (Musungnuvi).

1903, December 28 -- Visit to Fort Defiance.

1904, January -- Travel in New Mexico. Visit to Gallup, Laguna Pueblo, Acomita, Paraje, Acoma, Albuquerque, Isleta Pueblo, Santa Fe, Ohkay Owingeh (San Juan Pueblo), K'apovi (Santa Clara Pueblo).

1904, February -- Visit to Sacaton, Akimel O'odham (Pima) Reservation and Casa Grande ruins in Arizona.

1904, March -- Visit to Lehi Day School, Salt River Day School, Phoenix Indian School, Gila River Crossing Day School and Maricopa Day School, Arizona.

1904, March 10-26 -- Visit to Fort Mojave and Chemehuevi.

1904, March 30-April -- Visit to Riverside, California, Sherman Institute and Perris School. Side trip to Yuma, Arizona.

1905, January-February -- Visit to Sulphur, IT.

1905, March -- Visit to Mescalero Apache Agency, San Carlos Apache Agency, Geronimo Settlement, Rice Station School at Talkalai.

1905, April 10-20 -- Return to Sherman Institute in Riverside, California. Visit to San Jacinto, Perris, Saboba, Cahuilla, San Manuella (Band of Mission Indians), Coachella, Torres Reservation, Martinez Reservation Day School, Cabazon Reservation, Protrero Reservation and Day School.

1905, April 22-May -- Visit to Temecula, Pechanga Day School, Pala Mission, Campo Reservation, Mission of San Luis Rey, Rincon Day School, Mesa Grande School, Santa Ysabel (Diegueno), Volcan Mountain Day School.

Travels in Alaska, 1905

1905, June -- Frank receives an assignment in Alaska.

1905, July -- Board the U.S. Revenue Cutter "Bear" in Nome. Visit to Reindeer Station in Teller, Cape Prince of Wales, Kotzebue Sound, Cape Thompson, Point Hope and Point Barrow.

1905, August -- Visit to Wainwright Inlet, return to Nome. Visit to Anvil Creek, Gologin (Golovin) Bay, St. Lawrence Island, Pribilof Islands (Seal Islands), St. George, Dutch Harbor and Unalaska.

1905, September -- Board the "Dora" anchored near Belkofski, Cold Bay, Karluk, Afgonak, and Kodiak. Stop in Homer, Seldovia and Seward. Visit to Sitka.

1905, September 28 -- Board the steamer "Georgia" to Juneau and Skagway via Hoonah.

1905, October -- Return to Lebanon, NH.

Travels in Arizona, New Mexico, Minnesota, Wisconsin, California and Utah, 1906-1907

1906, March-April -- Re-assigned to Southwest and arrive in Tucson, Arizona. Visit to San Xavier Mission, Tohono O'odham (Papago) reservation, Casa Grande, Sacaton, Maricopa, Gila Crossing, Salt River and Phoenix schools.

1906, May -- Return to New Mexico to visit Gallup and Zuni Day School.

1906, June -- Visit to St, Paul, Minnesota and the White Earth (Ojibwe) reservation and Wild Rice River School in Boliere.

1906, July -- Visit to Ashland, Wisconsin, Lac Courte Oreilles, Hayward, and Lac de Flambeau (La Pointe Agency.

1906, July-September -- Return to Lebanon, New Hampshire.

1906, September -- Visit to Fond du Lac (Winnebago Lake), Wabeno, and Carter, Wisconsin.

1906, October -- Visit to Phlox, Wausau, Minocqua, Star Lake, Bark River and Wausaukee, Wisconsin.

1906, November-December -- Visit to Keshena (Green Bay Indian School), Menominee Reservation and Ashland, Wisconsin.

1906, December-January -- Stay in Washington, DC.

1907, February -- Return to Albuquerque, New Mexico.

1907, March -- Visit to Santa Fe and various Pueblos (Cochiti, Tesuque, San Ildefonso, Ohkay Owingeh [San Juan], Toas and Picuris).

1907, April -- Return to Albuquerque, visit to Pueblos (Isleta, Laguna, Mesita, Acomita, Paraje, Acoma, Seama).

1907, April -- Visit to Phoenix, Arizona (Phoenix Indian School), Fort McDowell and Salt River Day School.

1907, May -- Visit to Sacaton, Maricopa, Casa Grande, and Yuma, Arizona.

1907, June -- Visit to Riverside (Sherman Institute), and Pomona, California.

1907, June-July -- Travel to Salt Lake City, Utah. Visit Panguitch, Orton, Kanab, Escalante and Marysvale, Utah.

1907, July-August -- Return to Arizona. Visit Flagstaff, Tuba Indian School, as well as Hopi Pueblo (Walpi, Moencopi, and Oraibi).

1907, September-October -- Return to Lebanon, NH.

Travels in North Carolina, Montana and Florida, 1907-1909

1907, October 22 -- Assigned to Cherokee, North Carolina, to make a new roll of the Eastern Band of Cherokee.

1907, November -- Arrive in Cherokee, North Caolina.

1908, February -- Visit to Robbinsville and Big Cove

1908, April -- Cherokee council meeting regarding Churchill's new roll.

1908, May -- Completes assignment in North Carolina.

1908, June-September -- Return to Washington, DC and Lebanon, New Hampshire.

1908, September-October -- Trip to Montana. Visit to Browning, Blackfeet Reservation, Harlem, Fort Belknap and Fort Peck.

1908, November -- Visit to Spirit Lake (Devil's Lake) and Wahpeton, and Fort Totten, North Dakota.

1908, December -- Visit to Morris, Minnesota.

1909, January -- Trip to Washington, DC for the inauguration of President Taft.

1909, February -- Visit to Carlisle, Pennsylvania.

1909, March-April -- Trip to Florida. Visit to Miami, Fort Lauderdale, Fort Myers, Tampa Bay, St. Petersburg, Gainesville, and St. Augustine.

1909, May -- Visit to Soco Creek and Cherokee, North Carolina.

1909, July -- Return to Lebanon, New Hampshire.

1909, August -- Resignation as Indian Inspector.

Related Materials:

A large collection of Native American cultural objects and archaeology bequeathed by Clara Churchill can still be found at the Hood Museum at Dartmouth College.

Provenance:

Frederick Dockstader, former director of the Museum of the American Indian (MAI), Heye Foundation, illegally removed the majority of the photographs (photo albums, negatives) and manuscript material (journals, reports) from the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College in 1955, before depositing them at the MAI. Those materials were officially gifted to NMAI in 2018 by the Hood Museum. Additional materials from the Churchill collection that remained at the Hood Museum (lantern slides, photographs, scrapbooks, journals) were donated in 2020. These materials have been noted in the finding aid.

Restrictions:

Access to NMAI Archives Center collections is by appointment only, Monday - Friday, 9:30 am - 4:30 pm. Please contact the archives to make an appointment (phone: 301-238-1400, email: nmaiarchives@si.edu).

Rights:

Single photocopies may be made for research purposes. Permission to publish or broadbast materials from the collection must be requested from National Museum of the American Indian Archives Center. Please submit a written request to nmaiarchives@si.edu.

Topic:

Boarding schools  Search this

Genre/Form:

Photographs

Photographic prints

Photograph albums

Negatives (photographic)

Citation:

Identification of specific item; Date (if known); Frank C. and Clara G. Churchill collection, NMAI.AC.058, National Museum of the American Indian Archives Center, Smithsonian Institution.

Identifier:

NMAI.AC.058

See more items in:

Frank C. and Clara G. Churchill collection

Archival Repository:

National Museum of the American Indian

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/sv45e31a2d8-afd7-4320-96c7-1f596f51c142

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-nmai-ac-058

Creator:

Coe, Ralph T., 1929-2010  Search this

Extent:

12.5 Linear feet

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Sound recordings

Video recordings

Date:

1928-2010, bulk 1950s-2010

Summary:

The papers of museum director, curator, writer, art historian, and collector Ralph T. Coe measure 12.5 linear feet and date from 1928 to 2010, with the bulk of the records dating from the 1950s to 2010. The papers consist of some biographical material; writings by Coe for essays, articles, and book chapters; exhibition material, most notably from Lost and Found Traditions: Native American Art 1965-1985 (1985-1986); records from Coe's tenure at the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art (1959-1982); Coe's association and membership records; files related to Coe's personal collection of Native American and European art; personal business records; printed material, photographs, and audiovisual material.

Scope and Contents:

The papers of museum director, curator, writer, art historian, and collector Ralph T. Coe measure 12.5 linear feet and date from 1928 to 2010, with the bulk of the records dating from the 1950s to 2010. Biographical material includes resumes, contact and address information, and some ephemera. Writings consist of notes, essays, articles, and book chapters written by Coe on collecting, Native American art, European art, and museology. Exhibition material, most notably from Lost and Found Traditions: Native American Art 1965-1985 (1985-1986), document Coe's involvement with various exhibitions as curator, consultant, and catalogue contributor. Records from Coe's time at the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art (1959-1982) include administrative papers and correspondence, some exhibition material, and papers related to Coe's resignation as director in 1982. Coe's association and membership records document his affiliation with various collections, government institutions, professional societies, and non-profit organizations. Coe's collector files consist of papers related to the purchase of Native American and European art for both himself and on behalf of Henry Bloch, as well as art loans from Coe's personal collection and tours held at his home. Personal business records consist of correspondence, receipts, bills, and tax information documenting Coe's various endeavors as an art consultant and valuator, guest speaker, and writer. Printed material includes clippings on a variety of topics, and ephemera from his travels to different communities, museums, galleries, and historic sites.

Arrangement:

This collection is arranged as 11 series.

Series 1: Biographical Material, 1944-2005 (11 folders, Box 1)

Series 2: Correspondence, 1928-2010, bulk 1955-2010 (1.5 linear feet, Box 1-2)

Series 3: Writings, 1982-2010 (0.5 linear feet, Box 2-3)

Series 4: Exhibition Material, 1973-2003 (2.4 linear feet, Box 3-5)

Series 5: The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, 1959-2010 (7 folder, Box 5-6)

Series 6: Association and Membership Records, 1977-2005 (0.8 linear feet, Box 6)

Series 7: Collector Files, 1953, bulk 1979-2010 (0.7 linear feet, Box 6-7)

Series 8: Personal Business Records, 1974-2006 (0.7 linear feet, Box 7-8)

Series 9: Printed Material, 1930, bulk 1950s-2000s (1.5 linear feet, Box 8-9)

Series 10: Photographs, circa 1960s-2000s (2.5 linear feet, Box 9-12, OV 14)

Series 11: Sound and Video Material, 1972-2007 (1.4 linear feet, Box 12-13)

Biographical / Historical:

Ralph T. Coe (1929-2010) was a museum director, art collector, writer, and art historian who primarily focused on contemporary Native American art, but also worked on European impressionism to some extent. He was born in Cleveland Ohio, received his bachelor's degree from Oberlin College in 1953, and then his M.A. from Yale University in 1957. His first position out of Yale was as an assistant curator for the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Coe then worked for the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri from 1959 to 1982.

In 1982 Coe was officially hired by the National Museum of American Art as a senior visiting scholar, working on an acquisition/exhibition project. This project ultimately produced the traveling exhibition, Lost and Found Traditions: Native American Art 1965-1985 (1985-1986), and established the largest collection of Native American contemporary art at the time. The project was funded by The American Federation of Arts (AFA) in conjunction with the American Can Corporation. It first opened at the American Museum of Natural History, New York City, in 1986, and then traveled for two years under the auspices of the AFA. The collection was showcased at the Renwick Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, and the Kulturhuset, Stockholm, Sweden, among others. Coe also published a book-length catalogue for the exhibit.

As an independent art historian and writer, Coe published essays, articles, and book chapters. Coe worked closely with the collections of Eugene V. Thaw and Henry Bloch, and functioned as both a committee and trustee member for several organizations including the American Federation of Arts, Association of Art Museum Directors, the National Endowment for the Arts, the Art Advisory Panel, the American Council for Cultural Policy, the Archives of American Art, and the Southwestern Association on Indian Affairs.

As an art collector, Coe consistently traveled throughout North America meeting with Native American artists and cultural representatives. Coe established a wide range of relationships with Native American communities from coast to coast as he collected their art and engaged with their cultural practices.

Provenance:

This collection was donated by the Ralph T. Coe Estate in 2013.

Restrictions:

This material is ACCESS RESTRICTED; permission; written permission is required. Contact Reference Services for more information.

Rights:

The Archives of American Art makes its archival collections available for non-commercial, educational and personal use unless restricted by copyright and/or donor restrictions, including but not limited to access and publication restrictions. AAA makes no representations concerning such rights and restrictions and it is the user's responsibility to determine whether rights or restrictions exist and to obtain any necessary permission to access, use, reproduce and publish the collections. Please refer to the Smithsonian's Terms of Use for additional information.

Occupation:

Art historians -- New Mexico -- Santa Fe  Search this

Arts administrators -- New Mexico -- Santa Fe  Search this

Topic:

Art -- Collectors and collecting  Search this

Museum directors  Search this

Native American artists  Search this

Genre/Form:

Sound recordings

Video recordings

Citation:

Ralph T. Coe papers, 1928-2010, bulk 1950s-2010. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.

Sponsor:

The processing of this collection received Federal support from the Smithsonian Collections Care and Preservation Fund, administered by the National Collections Program and the Smithsonian Collections Advisory Committee.

Identifier:

AAA.coeralp

See more items in:

Ralph T. Coe papers

Archival Repository:

Archives of American Art

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/mw9366aa0e7-6880-43dc-a231-72620ac2db8a

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-aaa-coeralp

Correspondent:

Basto, Arthur  Search this

Bauxar (Finkelstein), J. Joe  Search this

Beardsley, Richard K. (Richard King), 1918-1978  Search this

Barnett, Homer Garner, 1908-  Search this

Bartel, Brad  Search this

Bartlett, Katherine  Search this

Bass, George F.  Search this

Collins, Henry B. (Henry Bascom), 1899-1987  Search this

Chapman, Carl H. (Carl Haley), 1915-1987  Search this

Cheek, Anetta L.  Search this

Clark, M. Margaret  Search this

Clements, Forrest Edward  Search this

Bell, Earl H.  Search this

Bell, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1914-2006  Search this

Chambers, Moreau Browne Congleton  Search this

Champe, John L. (John Leland), 1895-  Search this

Antle, H.R.  Search this

Ayres, J.E.  Search this

Anderson, Duane  Search this

Angus, John A.  Search this

Bailey, John H.  Search this

Bennett, John William  Search this

Babcock, Willoughby M.  Search this

Baerreis, David A., 1916-1989  Search this

Fitzhugh, William W., 1943-  Search this

Adams, Richard E.W.  Search this

Barka, Norman F.  Search this

Adovasio, J. M.  Search this

Amsden, Charles  Search this

Deuel, Thorne, 1890-  Search this

Di Peso, Charles Corradino  Search this

DeJarnette, David Lloyd  Search this

Dellinger, Samuel Claudius  Search this

Day, H. Summerfield  Search this

Dean, Jeffrey S.  Search this

Davis, Edward Mott  Search this

Davis, Hester A., 1930-  Search this

Dworsky, Don  Search this

Dyck, Ian  Search this

Downer, Alan  Search this

Dumand, Don E.  Search this

Dixon, Keith A.  Search this

Dorrance, Frances  Search this

Dickson, Don F.  Search this

Dincauze, Dena F.  Search this

Cooper, Paul L. (Paul Lemen), 1909-1961  Search this

Cook, Persifor M.  Search this

Conner, Stuart W.  Search this

Colton, Harold Sellers, 1881-1970  Search this

Collier, Donald, 1911-1995  Search this

Cole, Fay-Cooper  Search this

Coggins, Clemency  Search this

Davidson, D. S.  Search this

Daugherty, Richard D.  Search this

Daniels, Helen Sloan  Search this

Cummings, Calvin R.  Search this

Culbert, T. Patrick  Search this

Cross, Dale R.  Search this

Cordell, Linda S.  Search this

Corbyn, Ronald C.  Search this

Greywacz, Kathryn B.  Search this

Green, Ernestene  Search this

Grayson, Donald K.  Search this

Goodyear, Albert C.  Search this

Goldschmidt, Walter, 1913-2010  Search this

Gladwin, Harold Sterling  Search this

Gladfelter, Bruce G.  Search this

Gilbert, William Harlen, 1904-1988  Search this

Gerald, Rex E.  Search this

Garvey, Robert R.  Search this

Gaines, Sylvia W.  Search this

Beals, Ralph L. (Ralph Leon), 1901-1985  Search this

Frost, Janet A.  Search this

Frost, Everett  Search this

Frison, George C.  Search this

Brew, J. O. (John Otis), 1906-1988  Search this

Breternitz, Donald A.  Search this

Buckner, John L.  Search this

Broadbent, Sylvia M.  Search this

Boudeman, Donald O.  Search this

Blossom, F.H.  Search this

Bray, Warwick  Search this

Brand, Donald Dilworth  Search this

Black, Glenn A. (Glenn Albert), 1900-1964  Search this

Birdsell, Joseph B.  Search this

Blom, Frans  Search this

Bliss, Robert Woods  Search this

Berlin, Heinrich  Search this

Bennett, Wendell Clark, 1905-1953  Search this

Berry, J. Brewton  Search this

Bernal, Ignacio  Search this

Ford, Richard I.  Search this

Fowler, Don D.  Search this

Fox, George R.  Search this

Fisher, Reginald G.  Search this

Fitting, James E.  Search this

Flannery, Kent Vaughn  Search this

Cahill, Edgar D.  Search this

Campbell, Elizabeth W.C.  Search this

Cate, William  Search this

Fewkes, Vladimir Jarolslav  Search this

Buikstra, Jane E.  Search this

Burrill, A.C.  Search this

Butler, Mary  Search this

Byers, Douglas S., 1903-1978  Search this

Farrand, William R.  Search this

Fejos, Paul, 1897-1963  Search this

Dyson, Robert H.  Search this

Edwards, Robert Q.  Search this

Eggan, Fred, 1906-1991  Search this

Ellis, H. Holmes  Search this

Ezell, Paul Howard  Search this

Fagan, Brian M.  Search this

Fairbanks, Charles H. (Charles Herron), 1913-1985  Search this

Ford, James Alfred, 1911-1968  Search this

Creator:

Barnett, Clifford  Search this

Society for American Archaeology  Search this

Eaton, Jack  Search this

McGimsey, Charles R.  Search this

Di Peso, Charles Corradino  Search this

Schwartz, Douglas W., 1929-  Search this

Wendorf, Fred  Search this

Steponaitis, Vincas P.  Search this

Goldstein, Lynne  Search this

Smith, Bruce David  Search this

Rippeteau, Bruce D.  Search this

Lipe, William D.  Search this

Names:

American Antiquity  Search this

Society for American Archaeology  Search this

Extent:

146.25 Linear feet (135 record storage boxes)

Type:

Collection descriptions

Archival materials

Date:

1935-2010

Summary:

The Society for American Archaeology (SAA) is an international membership organization founded in 1934 to advance research and training in archaeology and to promote the conservation of archaeological resources of the Americas. It publishes American Antiquity, one of the premiere journal of archaeology of North America, since 1935, and has hosted an Annual Meeting since that same year. Other areas of activity include the development of professional standards and ethics, promotion of the public's understanding of archaeology, advocacy for Federal legislation protecting archaeological resources, and encouragement of connections between professional and avocational archaeologists. The Society for American Archaeology records contain materials related to the ongoing administration, management, and interests of the SAA through mainly correspondence, reports, research, mailings, financial records, and program planning documents.

Scope and Contents:

The Society for American Archaeology (SAA) records contain administrative and professional correspondence, reports, surveys, publication records, journals, books, member and grant applications, programs, memorandums, contracts, ballots, mailings, research, notes, planning materials, certificates and awards, press releases, financial records, meeting minutes, teaching materials, sound recordings, video recordings, and photographs. These materials relate to a wide range of the SAA's activities including administration and management, finances, publishing, membership, awards, the Annual Meeting, public education, public archaeology, professional standards, government affairs and cultural property law, work with allied organizations, ethics, and special workshops.

Please note that the contents of the collection and the language and terminology used reflect the context and culture of the time of its creation. As an historical document, its contents may be at odds with contemporary views and terminology and considered offensive today. The information within this collection does not reflect the views of the Smithsonian Institution or National Anthropological Archives, but is available in its original form to facilitate research.

Arrangement:

The Society for American Archaeology records are arranged into 13 series: 1) Records of the Secretary-Treasurer and Secretary, 1934-1962; 2) Records of the Treasurer, 1935-1950; 3) President's correspondence, 1947-1948; 4) Executive Committee Meeting minutes, 1945-2003; 5) Records of Officers, 1950-2000; 6) Administrative records, 1934-2022; 7) Annual conference, 1935-2020; 8) Public and professional program committees, 1966-2016; 9) Government affairs, 1968-2021; 10)Affiliated and allied organizations, 1968-2005; 11) Special conferences, workshops, and projects, 1974-2006; 12) Published materials, 1983-2007; and 13) Photographs, 1985-2018

Historical note:

The Society for American Archaeology grew out of the Committee on State Archaeological Surveys of the National Research Council's Division of Anthropology and Psychology. Appointed in 1920 to "encourage and assist" eastern and midwestern states in the organization of archaeological surveys, the Committee came to act as a coordinating body and information clearinghouse for archaeologists and government agencies engaged in archaeological field work. The Committee expanded its activities and network through the 1920s but lacked long-term financial support. By 1933 its leaders identified the need for a permanent, independent organization to take up the work of the Committee and address the lack of standards, training, and communication among professional researchers and avocational archaeologists, which they saw as impediments to the preservation of archaeological data. Carl E. Guthe, then Chairman of the Committee, led the work of establishing the new organization.

In 1934, Guthe drafted a constitution and bylaws for the nascent group and distributed the documents among the Committee's network to solicit comments and generate interest among potential members. The Society for American Archaeology was formally established at an "organizational meeting" on December 28, 1934, when attendees approved Guthe's final version of the constitution and bylaws and elected the first cohort of officers: Arthur C. Parker, President; M. R. Harrington, Vice President; Carl E. Guthe, Secretary-Treasurer; W. C. McKern, Editor. In keeping with its goal of bridging the divide between professional and non-professional archaeologists, anyone with an interest in "furthering the objects of the Society" could apply for membership, regardless of professional affiliation. The SAA is governed by a constitution and bylaws which are voted on by members and implemented by an Executive Committee, referred to as the Council in the early years. The Executive Committee composition has varied through the years. Until the 1960s, most administrative duties were carried out by the Secretary, who assembled the minutes of Executive Committee meetings, circulated background materials among its members, and collected reports from SAA committees. The Secretary's office also acted as a "clearinghouse and advisory center on archaeological matters" for SAA members and the public. Without a true business headquarters, the Secretary's office essentially served as the SAA's central office, with the outgoing Secretaries passing on their files to the incoming Secretaries at the end of their terms.

In the 1960s, SAA began contracting with the business office of the American Anthropological Association (AAA) to manage its business operations. That arrangement lasted until the early 1980s, when AAA stopped providing business services to smaller organizations and offered SAA the option to become part of AAA. SAA members voted against merging with AAA, and in 1983 SAA contracted with Bostrom Management to administer its business affairs, an arrangement that included hiring a part-time Executive Director. In 1987, the Executive Committee enlisted a management consultant to conduct a business analysis and identify options for improving SAA's finances and administration. The result of this analysis, referred to as "The Evans Report," was circulated the following year, leading to a major reorganization that would occupy the Executive Committee through the early 1990s. Those efforts ultimately resulted in the establishment of a central office in Washington, D.C., and the hiring of SAA's first full-time Executive Director in 1992. It was during this intense period of reorganization that the structure and governance of SAA began to resemble that of the present day.

Works Consulted:

"Archival Sources Sought." Bulletin of the Society for American Archaeology 1, no 4 (September 1983): 5. https://documents.saa.org/container/docs/default-source/doc-publications/saa-bulletin/1983_volume-1/saa-bulletin-1-4_sept.pdf?sfvrsn=d6c0f71a_2

"Articles of Incorporation." SAA Records, Acc 1998-85, Box 4, folder: 1972 (mimeograph from Lehman/AAA) - Final box/folder location TBD. Society for American Archaeology records, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution.

"The Constitution of the Society for American Archaeology." American Antiquity 1, no. 2 (1935): 146–48. http://www.jstor.org/stable/276027.

"Constitution and By-Laws of the Society for American Archaeology." American Antiquity 13, no. 2 (1947): 198–200. http://www.jstor.org/stable/275700.

Dincauze, Dena F. "Office of the President: 52nd Annual Meeting." Bulletin of the Society for American Archaeology. 5, no. 3 (July 1987): 1-2. https://documents.saa.org/container/docs/default-source/doc-publications/saa-bulletin/1987/saa-bulletin-5-3.pdf?sfvrsn=30b9179d_4

Fowler, Don D, and Green, Dee. "Change in SAA Management Announced." Bulletin of the Society for American Archaeology 1, no 4 (September 1983): 1-4. https://documents.saa.org/container/docs/default-source/doc-publications/saa-bulletin/1983_volume-1/saa-bulletin-1-4_sept.pdf?sfvrsn=d6c0f71a_2

Goldstein, Lynne. "The Structure of the SAA." Bulletin of the Society for American Archaeology. 9, no. 8 (June 1988): 8. https://documents.saa.org/container/docs/default-source/doc-publications/saa-bulletin/1991/saa-bulletin-9-3_june.pdf?sfvrsn=b101aaac_2

Guthe, Carl E. "Prospectus." Department of Anthropology Records. Division of Archaeology. Office Files. Box 14, Museum-Misc. Lists - O. Folder: National Research Council [ca. 1932-1945], folder 2 of 2. Society for American Archaeology records, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution.

Guthe, Carl E. "Reflections on the Founding of the Society for American Archaeology." American Antiquity 32, no. 4 (1967): 433–40. https://doi.org/10.2307/2694072.

O'Brien, Michael J. and Lyman, R. Lee. "Gentle Persuasion: The National Research Council and Southeastern Archaeology." Journal of Alabama Archaeology 46, no. 1 (2000): 1-42. [https://cladistics.coas.missouri.edu/assets/pdf_articles/AlaA46.pdf]

Wendorf, Fred, and Raymond H. Thompson. "The Committee for the Recovery of Archaeological Remains: Three Decades of Service to the Archaeological Profession." American Antiquity 67, no. 2 (2002): 317–30. https://doi.org/10.2307/2694569.

"Society for American Archaeology." American Antiquity 34, no. 4 (1969): 499–506. http://www.jstor.org/stable/277764.

"The Society for American Archaeology Organization Meeting." American Antiquity 1, no. 2 (1935): 141–46. http://www.jstor.org/stable/276026.

"Organization of the Society for American Archaeology." Bulletin of the Society for American Archaeology 9, no. 2 (March 1991): 6. https://documents.saa.org/container/docs/default-source/doc-publications/saa-bulletin/1991/saa-bulletin-9-2_march.pdf?sfvrsn=75834181_2

Rice, Prudence M. "Surveying the Field." Bulletin of the Society for American Archaeology 10, no. 1 (January 1992): 3-4. https://documents.saa.org/container/docs/default-source/doc-publications/saa-bulletin/1992/saa-bulletin-10-1.pdf?sfvrsn=d095e8fd_2

List of abbreviations commonly referenced:

Includes abbrevations used throughout the Society for American Archaeology's records.

AAA - American Anthropological Association

AAAS - American Association for the Advancement of Science

AAM - American Alliance of Museums

AAQ - American Antiquity

ACHP - Advisory Council on Historic Preservation

ACOE - Army Corps of Engineers

AFFA - Association for Field Archaeology

AIA - Archaeological Institute of America

AIRFA - American Indian Religious Freedom Act

AM - Annual Meeting

A&PE - Archaeology and Public Education

ARPA - Archaeological Resources Protection Act

BLM - Bureau of Land Management

BOR - Bureau of Reclamation

CCONAS - Coordinating Council of National Archaeological Societies

CEHP - Centre for Environment, Heritage and Policy

CoAS - Council of Affiliated Societies

COPA - Committee on Public Archaeology

COSWA - Committee on the Status of Women in Archaeology

CRM - Cultural Resource Management

DCA - Departmental Consulting Archaeologist

DOI - Department of the Interior

GAC - Government Affairs Committee

ICOMOS - International Council on Monuments and Sites

LAQ - Latin American Antiquity

NCPTT - National Center for Preservation Technology and Training

NCSHPO - National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers

NEH - National Endowment for the Humanities

NHPA - National Historic Preservation Act

NPCC -National Preservation Coordinating Council

NPS - National Park Service

NSF - National Science Foundation

OSM - Office of Surface Mining

PEC - Public Education Committee

PMOA - Programmatic Memorandum of Agreement

ROPA - Register of Professional Archaeologists

SAA - Society for American Archaeology

SHA - Society of Historical Archaeology

SOPA - Society of Professional Archaeologists

Chronology:

Includes a concise chronology of SAA events related to the content of this collection.

1920: Committee on State Archaeological Surveys created by NRC/NAS

1934: Society for American Archaeology formally established

1935: First issue of -- American Antiquity

1935: First Annual Meeting of the SAA

1937: Committee on State Archaeological Surveys disbanded

1939: First issue of the -- SAA Notebook -- distributed to membership

1942: Last issue of -- SAA Notebook

1942: Revised and amended constitution, splitting the Secretary-Treasurer into two separate roles, and eliminates Fellow/Affiliate distinction (among other changes) is approved and takes effect.

1943: No Annual Meeting; executive business conducted by mail

1969: Membership applications now handled through the AAA business office rather SAA Secretary

1970: Major revision to constitution

1972: Incorporated in D.C.

1974: The Archeological and Historic Preservation Act (APHA) and "Moss-Bennett Act" passed, with goal of providing federal funding to mitigate destruction of archeological sites in specific circumstances.

1974: Arlie House Seminars held ("Six Seminars on the Future Directions of Archaeology")

1983: Resolved against merger with AAA (aka "the break with AAA")

1983: Change from AAA to Bostrom firm to manage business activities

1983: First issue of -- SAA Bulletin

1985: SAA and SOPA co-host the Conference on Reburial Issues

1988: Evans Report on Management announced

1989: Changes to Articles of Incorporation

1989: New Bylaws adopted that change the organizational structure of SAA

1989: SAA Hosts Anti-Looting Conference in Taos

1990: First issue of -- Latin American Antiquity

1990: Executive Board approves plan to establish in-house admin/operations office

1992: Transition to "independent home office" and hiring of full-time Executive Director

1993: Last year of last term in which Editor of -- American Antiquity -- is an Officer

1997: SAA, SOPA, and Society for Historical Archaeology (SHA) approve formation of Register of Professional Archaeologist (ROPA), which begins work in 1998.

1998: Executive Board name change to Board of Directors

2000: Last issue of -- SAA Bulletin

2001: Begin publishing -- The Archaeological Record

Restrictions:

Some material in Subseries 6.6: Membership, is restricted until 2070. Born digital media is restricted due to preservation concerns, contact the repository for further information.

Access to the Society for American Archaeology records requires an appointment.

Rights:

Contact the repository for terms of use.

Topic:

Scholarly periodicals  Search this

Professional associations  Search this

Archaeology  Search this

Public Education  Search this

Cultural property -- Repatriation  Search this

Citation:

Society for American Archaeology records, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution

Sponsor:

Funding for the processing of this collection was provided by the Society for American Archaeology

Identifier:

NAA.1980-55

Archival Repository:

National Anthropological Archives

GUID:

https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw3ccc0ebcc-5b11-45ba-84c1-b305f9db853d

EDAN-URL:

ead_collection:sova-naa-1980-55