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Islamic architecture : a world history

Type:
Books
Date:
2023
Data Source:
Smithsonian Libraries
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:siris_sil_1165995

Freer Medal Lecture and Award Ceremony: Honoring Gülru Necipoğlu

Creator:
Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery  Search this
Type:
Lectures
YouTube Videos
Uploaded:
2023-11-01T11:56:38.000Z
YouTube Category:
Education  Search this
Topic:
Art, Asian  Search this
See more by:
FreerSackler
Data Source:
Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery
YouTube Channel:
FreerSackler
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:yt_s_T9jk0-0oU

Bowl

Medium:
Earthenware painted over transparent glaze
Dimensions:
Diam: 32.4 cm (12 3/4 in)
Type:
Vessel
Origin:
Iran or Afghanistan
Date:
10th century
Period:
Samanid period
Topic:
ceramic  Search this
Samanid period (819 - 1005)  Search this
Afghanistan  Search this
Iran  Search this
earthenware  Search this
Arts of the Islamic World  Search this
Credit Line:
Purchase — Charles Lang Freer Endowment
Accession Number:
F1953.70
Restrictions & Rights:
Usage conditions apply
Related Online Resources:
Google Cultural Institute
See more items in:
Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Collection
Data Source:
Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery
GUID:
http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ye3f4fb972d-f6d2-43d7-8f57-652e74f19beb
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:fsg_F1953.70
Online Media:

Tile

Medium:
Stone-paste painted under clear glaze
Dimensions:
H x W: 20.7 x 20.8 cm (8 1/8 x 8 3/16 in)
Type:
Architectural Element
Origin:
Sultanabad, Iran
Date:
14th century
Period:
Il-Khanid dynasty
Topic:
ceramic  Search this
Il-Khanid dynasty (1256 - 1353)  Search this
Iran  Search this
Arts of the Islamic World  Search this
Myron Bement Smith collection  Search this
stone-paste  Search this
Credit Line:
Gift of Mrs. Myron Bement Smith
Accession Number:
F1973.15
Restrictions & Rights:
Usage conditions apply
Related Online Resources:
Google Cultural Institute
See more items in:
Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Collection
Data Source:
Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery
GUID:
http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ye3f5bb6816-142c-4074-98b3-6aa022323260
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:fsg_F1973.15

Myron Bement Smith Collection

Creator:
Smith, Myron Bement, 1897-1970  Search this
Names:
Aga-Oglu, Mehmet, 1896-1949  Search this
Ettinghausen, Richard  Search this
Field, Henry  Search this
Herzfeld, Ernst, 1879-1948  Search this
Kuban, Dogan  Search this
Moe, Henry Allen  Search this
Pope, Arthur Upham, 1881-1969  Search this
Former owner:
Blake, Marion Elizabeth  Search this
Extent:
192 Linear feet
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Date:
circa 1910-1970
Summary:
The Myron Bement Smith collection consists of two parts, the papers of Myron Bement Smith and his wife Katharine and the Islamic Archives. It contains substantial material about his field research in Italy in the 1920s and his years working on Islamic architecture in Iran in the 1930s. Letters describe the milieu in which he operated in Rochester NY and New York City in the 1920s and early 1930s; the Smiths' life in Iran from 1933 to 1937; and the extensive network of academic and social contacts that Myron and Katharine developed and maintained over his lifetime. The Islamic Archives was a project to which Smith devoted most of his professional life. It includes both original materials, such as his photographs and notes, and items acquired by him from other scholars or experts on Islamic art and architecture. Smith intended the Archives to serve as a resource for scholars interested in the architecture and art of the entire Islamic world although he also included some materials about non-Islamic architecture.
Scope and Contents:
The Myron Bement Smith Collection consists of two parts, the papers of Myron Bement Smith and his wife Katharine and the Islamic Archives. The papers include some biographic material about Myron but little about his wife. Information on his academic and professional experience is sketchy and his diaries and appointment books often contain only sporadic entries. The papers contain substantial material about his field research in Italy in the 1920s and his years working on Islamic architecture in Iran in the 1930s. Correspondence comprises the largest and most potentially useful part of the papers. Letters describe the milieu in which he operated in Rochester, NY and New York City in the 1920s and early 1930s; the Smiths' life in Iran from 1933 to 1937; and the extensive network of academic and social contacts that Myron and Katharine developed and maintained over his lifetime.

The Islamic Archives, formally entitled The Archive for Islamic Culture and Art, was a project to which Smith devoted most of his professional life. It includes both original materials, such as his photographs and notes, and items acquired by him from other scholars or experts on Islamic art and architecture. Most of the latter consists of photographs and slides. Smith intended the Archives to serve as a resource for scholars interested in the architecture and art of the entire Islamic world although he also included some materials about non-Islamic architecture. The core collection of the Archives consists of Smith's original photographs and architectural sketches of Iranian Islamic monuments made during his field research in the 1930s. He meticulously photographed the interior and exterior of monuments, including their decorative detail. Some of the photographic materials subsequently loaned, purchased, or donated to the Archives may enable scholars to document sites over time but in many cases the materials are poorly preserved or reproduced. A notable exception to this is the glassplate negatives and prints of 19th century Iranian photographer Antoin Sevruguin.
Arrangement:
The collection is arranged into 2 major series with further subseries. A third series inventories the outsized and miscellaneous materials.

Series 1: Papers

Subseries 1.1: Biographic Materials

Subseries 1.2: Professional Experience

Subseries 1.3: Notebooks, Journals and Appointment Books

Subseries 1.4: Correspondence

Subseries 1.5: Published and Unpublished Materials

Subseries 1.6: Italy Research 1925, 1927-1928

Subseries 1.7: Iran Research 1933-1937

Subseries 1.8: Katharine Dennis Smith Papers and Correspondence

Series 2: The Islamic Archives

Subseries 2.1: Islamic Archives History, Collection Information

Subseries 2.2: Resource Materials Iran

Subseries 2.3: Resource Materials Other Islamic World and General

Subseries 2.4: Myron Bement Smith Architectural Sketches, Plans and Notes, Iran, 1933-1937

Subseries 2.5: Myron Bement Smith Iran Photographs, Notebooks and Negative Registers

Subseries 2.6: Country Photograph File

Subseries 2.7: Lantern Slide Collection

Subseries 2.8: Myron Bement Smith 35 mm Color Slides

Subseries 2.9: Country 35 mm Color Slide File

Subseries 2.10: Myron Bement Smith Negatives

Subseries 2.11: Country Photograph Negatives

Subseries 2.12: Antoin Sevruguin Photographs

Series 3: Outsize and Miscellaneous Items

Subseries 3.1: Map Case Drawers

Subseries 3.2: Rolled Items

Subseries 3.3 Items in Freezer

Subseries 3.4 Smithsonian Copy Negatives
Biographical Note:
Myron Bement Smith was born in Newark Valley, New York in 1897 and grew up in Rochester, New York. He died in Washington D.C. in 1970. He showed an early interest in drawing, and after graduation from high school, he worked as a draftsman for a Rochester architect. He served in the US Army Medical Corps in France during World War I and on return again worked as an architectural draftsman. He studied at Yale University from 1922 to 1926, earning a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree. During summer vacations, he worked as draftsman or designer for architectural firms in New York City. After graduation, he received a John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation grant and spent two years in Italy doing research on northern Italian brick and stone work. He used photography as an tool for his research and published several well-illustrated articles. On return he joined an architectural firm in Philadelphia and in 1931 became a registered architect in New York. He enrolled in Harvard University graduate school in 1929 pursuing a Master of Fine Arts degree.

In April 1930, Smith was appointed Secretary of the newly created American Institute for Persian Art and Archaeology founded by Arthur Upham Pope and located in New York City. He had no prior academic or work experience in Islamic art or architecture, and his job entailed designing publications, arranging lectures, organizing exhibitions and fund raising. That summer he arranged an independent study course at Harvard University on Persian art and subsequently studied Persian language at Columbia University and attended graduate courses at the Institute of Fine Arts at New York University. His work and academic credentials enabled him to compete successfully for a research fellowship from the American Council of Learned Societies in 1933 to study Iranian Islamic architecture.

Accompanied by his new bride Katharine Dennis, Smith left for Iran in 1933. They suffered a horrendous motor vehicle accident in Iraq en route and required a lengthy recuperation in Lebanon and Cyprus. The Smiths eventually arrived in Isfahan, Iran, where they established their "Expedition House," as Smith called it, in a rented faculty house at Stuart College. Smith's research consisted of meticulous photographic documentation of Islamic monuments and architectural sketches and drawings of many of them. He concentrated on the Isfahan area but also documented monuments elsewhere in Iran. Smith outfitted his station wagon as a combination camper and research vehicle in which he and his staff traveled widely. Katharine sometimes traveled with him but generally she remained in Isfahan managing the household and logistics for the "expedition." The Smiths left Iran in 1937.

Smith published several articles about Iran's Islamic monuments based on his field research and in 1947 completed his PhD thesis for The Johns Hopkins University on the vault in Persian architecture. His professional career from 1938 until his death in 1970 consisted of a series of temporary academic positions, contract work and government or academic sponsored lecture tours and photographic exhibits. He had a long lasting relationship with the Library of Congress where he served as an Honorary Consultant from 1938 to 1940 and again from 1948 to 1970; from 1943 to 1944 he was Chief of the Iranian Section at the Library. Despite his lack of published material, Smith was well-known among academic, government and private citizens who worked, traveled or were otherwise interested Iran and the Islamic world.

Smith developed an extensive network of professional and social contacts that dated from his early student days and increased markedly during his time at the Persian Institute and later in Iran. He kept in touch with them and they touted him to others who were interested in Iran or Islamic art and architecture. This network served him well in realizing his ambition of creating a resource for scholars that relied on photographs to document Islamic architecture. The Islamic Archives began with his own collection of photographs from his Iran research and grew to include all manner of photographic and other materials not only on the Islamic world but also other areas. Creating and managing the Archives became the main focus of Smith's professional life and career. In 1967 he received a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities to revise his PhD thesis as a publishable manuscript but died before he could complete it.
Related Materials:
The Antoin Sevruguin Photgraphs

Ernst Herzfeld Papers

Lionel B. Bier Drawings

Lionel D. Bier and Carol Bier Photographs
Provenance:
Gift of Katherine Dennis Smith, transfered from National Anthropological Archives.
Restrictions:
Collection is open for research.
Rights:
Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository.
Topic:
Islamic architecture  Search this
Islamic Architecture-Turkey  Search this
Iran-description and travel  Search this
Iran-History 20th Century  Search this
Islamic Architecture-Middle East  Search this
Iran-social life and customs  Search this
United States-Social life and customs  Search this
Mosques  Search this
Architecture -- Iran  Search this
Citation:
The Myron Bement Smith Collection, FSA A.04. National Museum of Asian Art Archives. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Gift of Katherine Dennis Smith.
Identifier:
FSA.A.04
See more items in:
Myron Bement Smith Collection
Archival Repository:
Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/dc3c8c950fe-250b-40df-b8c7-bcf788073968
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-fsa-a-04
Online Media:

Ernst Herzfeld Papers

Topic:
Papyrus
Creator:
Herzfeld, Ernst, 1879-1948  Search this
Names:
Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum  Search this
Verlag Philipp von Zabern  Search this
Anistās Mārī, al-Karmilī, ab, 1866-1947  Search this
Becker, Carl Heinrich, 1876-1933  Search this
Bell, Gertrude Lowthian, 1868-1926  Search this
Berchem, Max van, 1863-1921  Search this
Herzfeld, Ernst, 1879-1948  Search this
Krefter, Friedrich, 1898-1995  Search this
Meyer, Eduard, 1855-1930  Search this
Sarre, Friedrich Paul Theodor, 1865-1945  Search this
Extent:
150 Linear feet (circa 30,000 items)
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Blueprints
Journals (accounts)
Photographs
Clippings
Notebooks
Drawings
Sketchbooks
Articles
Paper squeezes
Correspondence
Diaries
Sketches
Rubbings
Place:
Turkey
Mesopotamia
Bakun, Tall-e (Iran)
Iran
Iraq
Lebanon
Persepolis (Iran)
Pasargadae (Extinct city)
Taq-e Bostan Site (Iran)
Sāmarrāʼ (Iraq)
Syria
Date:
1903-1947
Summary:
An outstanding scholar in the field of Iranian studies, Ernst Herzfeld (1879--1948) explored all phases of Near Eastern culture from the prehistoric period to Islamic times. This collection documents Herzfeld's excavations at Samarra, Persepolis, Pasargadae, and Aleppo and includes correspondence; field notebooks; drawings; sketchbooks; inventories of objects; "squeeze" copies of architectural details; and photographs.
Scope and Contents:
Papers (1899--1962) of German born archaeologist Ernst Emil Herzfeld (1879--1948), a preeminent scholar of Near Eastern and Iranian studies. The collection measures 150 linear feet (circa 30,000 items) and documents Herzfeld's work as a pioneer in the field and sheds light on his excavations at Samarra, Persepolis, Pasargadae, and Aleppo. Formats include correspondence; field notebooks; drawings; sketchbooks; inventories of objects; "squeeze" copies of architectural details; and photographs.
Arrangement:
This collection is organized into seven series.

Series 1: Travel journals

Series 2: Sketchbooks

Series 3: Notebooks

Series 4: Photographic files 1-42

Series 5: Drawings and maps

Series 6: Squeezes

Series 7: Samarra Expedition
Biographical / Historical:
The Ernst Herzfeld Papers document the career of Ernst Herzfeld (1879--1948), a German architect, archaeologist, and historian of Islamic and Pre-Islamic studies. After training as an architect he studied archaeology under Delitzch from 1903 to 1906 at the excavations at Assur in Mesopotamia. A student of Latin, Greek, Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and Hebrew, Herzfeld received a doctorate in Humanistic Studies at universities in Munich and Berlin in 1907. His work with Friedrich Sarre to survey the monuments of the Tigris-Euphrates valleys resulted in landmark studies in architectural history, published in 1911 and 1920.

In 1920 Herzfeld was appointed to the chair of Historical Geography in Berlin and began his excavation at Samarra. Herzfeld's work there led to a six-volume publication. He published widely throughout his life on the sources of Islamic architecture and ornament, including the Royal Palace at Persepolis.

From 1934 until the end of his life Herzfeld spent his time producing many books and articles, lecturing, and working at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton (1936--1945.) Many of his works continue to be published post-humously.

1879 July 23 -- Born in Celle, Germany.

1897 -- Received diploma from Joachimsthaler Gymnasium, Berlin.

1897-circa 1898 -- Fulfilled military service.

circa 1899 -- Studied architecture at the Technical University and Assyriology, art history, and philosophy at the Friedrich-Wilhems Universität in Berlin.

1903 -- Passed exam in structural engineering.

1903-1905 -- Assistant to Walter Andrae (1875-1956) in Assur.

1905-1906 -- Traveled throughout Iran and Iraq.

1907 -- Excavation in Cilicia. Passed oral exam in February. Awarded doctorate in Humanistic Studies by Friedrich-Wilhems Universtät zu Berlin. After receiving Ph.D. traveled extensively in Syria and Iraq with Friedrich Sarre, director of the Islamic Museum in Berlin.

1910 -- Herzfeld and Sarre jointly publish, Iranische Felsreliefs (Berlin, 1910).

1911-1913 -- Field Director under direction of Sarre during expedition to Samarra.

circa 1914 -- Drafted into service in France and Poland during World War I. Sent to Iraq where he functioned as a surveyor.

1916 -- Father died.

1917 -- Appointed associate professor for Historical Geography and Art History of the Ancient Orient at Berlin. Along with Friedrich Sarre and others, founded the German-Persian Society to increase cultural and economic exchange between Germany and Persia.

1920 -- Appointed world's first full professor of Near Eastern Archeology. Begins excavation at Samarra.

1922 -- Mother died.

1923-1934 -- In Persia, where he completed many excavations and studies.

1928 -- Excavation at Pasargadae.

1931-1934 -- Appointed director of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago and moved to Persepolis.

1934 -- As grandson of Jews, Nazi legislation expelling state employees of Jewish descent forced Herzfeld to retire as a professor employed by the state. Moved to London.

1936 -- Delivered Lowell Lectures. Moved to Boston. Lectured on Iranian history and appointed a member of the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study.

1944 -- Retired from Princeton University.

1948 January 20 -- Died.
Provenance:
Ernst Herzfeld donated his papers to the Freer Gallery of Art in 1946.
Restrictions:
Collection is open for research.
Rights:
Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository.
Topic:
Ayyubids  Search this
Art of the Islamic World  Search this
Antiquities  Search this
History  Search this
Excavations (Archaeology)  Search this
Pottery  Search this
Description and Travel  Search this
Decoration and ornament  Search this
Ancient Near Eastern Art  Search this
Aerial photography  Search this
Abbasids  Search this
Religious buildings  Search this
Numismatics  Search this
Inscriptions  Search this
Architectural drawing  Search this
Genre/Form:
Blueprints
Journals (accounts)
Photographs
Clippings
Notebooks
Drawings
Sketchbooks
Articles
Paper Squeezes
Correspondence
Diaries
Sketches
Rubbings
Citation:
Ernst Herzfeld Papers. FSA.A.06. National Museum of Asian Art Archives. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Gift of Ernst Herzfeld, 1946.
Identifier:
FSA.A.06
See more items in:
Ernst Herzfeld Papers
Archival Repository:
Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/dc3d8456fbe-98f6-4159-bd2f-c485379b84a7
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-fsa-a-06
Online Media:

Ardabil (Iran): Sheikh Safi al-din Khanegah and Shrine Ensemble: Exterior View of Sheikh Safi Tomb

Topic:
Early Photography of Iran
Creator:
Sevruguin, Antoin, 1851-1933  Search this
Names:
Islamic Archives  Search this
Sevruguin, Antoin, 1851-1933  Search this
Smith, Myron Bement, 1897-1970  Search this
Collection Creator:
Smith, Myron Bement, 1897-1970  Search this
Extent:
1 Glass negative (b&w, 17.9 cm. x 23.8 cm.)
Type:
Archival materials
Glass negatives
Place:
Asia
Iran
Ardabīl (Iran)
Date:
1880-1930
Scope and Contents:
"Built between the beginning of the 16th century and the end of the 18th century, this place of spiritual retreat in the Sufi tradition uses Iranian traditional architectural forms to maximize use of available space to accommodate a variety of functions (including a library, a mosque, a school, mausolea, a cistern, a hospital, kitchens, a bakery, and some offices). It incorporates a route to reach the shrine of the Sheikh divided into seven segments, which mirror the seven stages of Sufi mysticism, separated by eight gates, which represent the eight attitudes of Sufism. The ensemble includes well-preserved and richly ornamented facades and interiors, with a remarkable collection of antique artefacts. It constitutes a rare ensemble of elements of medieval Islamic architecture." [Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Archives, Curatorial Research Assistant]
- Handwritten number (inked, probably by Antoin Sevruguin) reads, "187."
- Scratched handwritten number (inked, probably by Antoin Sevruguin) reads, "867."
- Handwritten information on slip of paper (from a 1943-1944 cash book, produced by the Bathni Brothers, Tehran) reads, "20) Tombeau de Sheikh." [Myron Bement Smith Collection, Subseries 2.1: Islamic Archives History, Collection Information]
- Myron Bement Smith handwritten caption in English reads, "47.P; Box 31.7: (P) [black-and-white print on hand]. Azarbaijan. Ardebil. Shrine of Sheikh Ishak Safi al Din. Facade." [Myron Bement Smith Collection, Subseries 2.1: Islamic Archives History, Collection Information; Box 60; Folder 44: 47 P: Antoine Sevruguin, glass negatives, Iran]
Arrangement:
According to Myron B. Smith handwritten document (Myron Bement Smith Collection, Subseries 2.1: Islamic Archives History, Collection Information; Box 60; Folder 44: 47 P Antoine Sevruguin, glass negatives, Iran), Antoin Sevruguin's 696 glass negatives, at the time of their acquisition, were arranged into 61 boxes without any apparent organization. Today they are housed in archival document boxes, essentially duplicating the original arrangement, and stored on shelves. This glass negative was included into "Box 31."
Biographical / Historical:
Antoin Sevruguin is one of the early pioneers of commercial photography in Iran. He arrived in Iran from Tbilisi, Georgia in the mid 1870s to set up shop in Ala al-Dawla street in Tehran. From the early days, Sevruguin's studio was trusted both by the Qajar court and by foreign visitors to Iran. Highly regarded for their artistic ingenuity outside Iran, Sevruguin's photographs of 'ethnic types,' architecture and landscape, and depictions of daily life of Tehran found their way into foreign travelogues, magazines and books. As such, he stands alone in a relatively large group of early Iranian photographers for being recognized and celebrated outside the boundaries of the country. Antoin Sevruguin passed away in 1933, leaving behind only a fraction of his large collection of glass negatives, which is currently in the Archives of the Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery.
Local Numbers:
FSA A.4 2.12.GN.31.07
General:
Title and summary note are provided by Shabnam Rahimi-Golkhandan, FSg curatorial research specialist.
Collection Restrictions:
Collection is open for research.
Collection Rights:
Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository.
Topic:
Architecture  Search this
Art of the Islamic World  Search this
Inscriptions  Search this
Inscriptions, Arabic  Search this
Religious buildings  Search this
Shrines  Search this
Genre/Form:
Glass negatives
Collection Citation:
The Myron Bement Smith Collection, FSA A.04. National Museum of Asian Art Archives. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Gift of Katherine Dennis Smith.
Identifier:
FSA.A.04, Item FSA A.4 2.12.GN.31.07
See more items in:
Myron Bement Smith Collection
Myron Bement Smith Collection / Series 2: The Islamic Archives / 2.12: Antoin Sevruguin Photographs / 2.12.01: Glass Plate Negatives / Glass Plate Negatives: Sets 1-61
Archival Repository:
Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/dc3c6fcbc02-e229-40f7-a624-251ee0168a13
EDAN-URL:
ead_component:sova-fsa-a-04-ref10257

Raymond A. Hare Photographs

Creator:
Hare, Raymond A.  Search this
Extent:
6 Linear feet (2300 photographs)
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Dye coupler transparencies
Photograph albums
Place:
Afghanistan -- Pictorial works
Yemen -- Pictorial works
Iraq -- Pictorial works
Egypt -- Pictorial works
Greece -- Pictorial works
Iṣfahān (Iran)
Africa, North -- Pictorial works
Turkey -- Pictorial works
Syria -- Pictorial works
Date:
1930s -1960s
Summary:
Ambassador Raymond A. Hare (1901-1994) created this collection to document the architecture, cities, and landscapes of the Middle East, including Afghanistan, Egypt, Greece, Iraq, Jordan, Israel and Palestine, Iran, Syria, Turkey, and Yemen.A photograph album of 90 silver-gelatin photographs depicts minarets in Cairo, Egypt, with annotations in Arabic and English describing the date and title of each minaret. Two portfolios of photographs presented to Ambassador Hare in 1965 by the senior staff of the U.S. Agency for International Development Mission to Turkey to commemorate his service as Ambassador to Turkey from 1961-1965. Included are 52 matted photographs, many signed by the photographer Ara Guler and dated and captioned, documenting the art and architecture of the Seljuks and the Armenians at the Armenian center of Ani. The slides, 1930s - 1960s, created by Hare document Islamic architecture and people and place views of North Africa, Turkey, Egypt, and Syria.
Arrangement:
Slides are arranged by county and city or country and subject, then by Hare's use of the materials. The prints are mounted in the albums in original order.
Biographical / Historical:
Ambassador Raymond A. Hare was born in 1901 in Martinsburg, West Virginia and raised in Manchester, Iowa and Boothbay Harbor, Maine. He received a B.A. from Grinnell College in 1924 and joined the Foreign Service in 1927. He retired in 1966 and throughout his career Hare served as U.S. ambassador to Egypt, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and the United Arab Republic. He also served as the director general of the U.S. Foreign Service (1956-1958) and was affiliated with the Middle East Institute in Washington, D.C. as its president (1966-1969), national chairman (1969-1976), and chairman emeritus starting in 1976. As an amateur photographer, Hare documented Islamic architecture during his extensive travels in the Middle East, especially in Egypt, Syria, and Turkey. Ambassador Raymond A. Hare died of pneumonia on February 9, 1994.
Restrictions:
Collection is open for research.
Rights:
Permission to reproduce and publish an item from the Archives is coordinated through the Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery's Rights and Reproductions department. Please contact the Archives in order to initiate this process.
Permission to reproduce and publish an item from the Archives is coordinated through the Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery's Rights and Reproductions department. Please contact the Archives in order to initiate this process.
Topic:
Islamic architecture  Search this
Genre/Form:
Dye coupler transparencies
Photograph albums
Citation:
Raymond A. Hare Photographs, FSA.A1989.03. National Museum of Asian Art Archives. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Gift of Raymond A. Hare, 1989.
Identifier:
FSA.A1989.03
See more items in:
Raymond A. Hare Photographs
Archival Repository:
Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/dc3b1c07d76-9971-4ae2-a2a4-f7eceb78bbf7
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-fsa-a1989-03
Online Media:

Photo album of Cairo Minarets

Creator:
Hare, Raymond A.  Search this
Collection Creator:
Hare, Raymond A.  Search this
Extent:
2,300 Photographs
Type:
Archival materials
Photographs
Photograph albums
Place:
Africa, North -- Pictorial works
Cairo (Egypt)
Date:
1930s - 1960s
Scope and Contents:
A photographic album of 90 silver-gelatin photographs depicts minarets in Cairo, Egypt, with annotations in Arabic and English describing the date and title of each minaret.
Arrangement:
Slides are arranged by county and city or country and subject, then by Hare's use of the materials. The prints are mounted in the albums in original order.
Biographical / Historical:
Ambassador Raymond A. Hare was born in 1901 in Martinsburg, West Virginia and raised in Manchester, Iowa and Boothbay Harbor, Maine. He received a B.A. from Grinnell College in 1924 and joined the Foreign Service in 1927. He retired in 1966 and throughout his career Hare served as U.S. ambassador to Egypt, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and the United Arab Republic. He also served as the director general of the U.S. Foreign Service (1956-1958) and was affiliated with the Middle East Institute in Washington, D.C. as its president (1966-1969), national chairman (1969-1976), and chairman emeritus starting in 1976. As an amateur photographer, Hare documented Islamic architecture during his extensive travels in the Middle East, especially in Egypt, Syria, and Turkey. Ambassador Raymond A. Hare died of pneumonia on February 9, 1994.
Local Numbers:
FSA A1989.03 2
Collection Restrictions:
Collection is open for research.
Collection Rights:
Permission to reproduce and publish an item from the Archives is coordinated through the Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery's Rights and Reproductions department. Please contact the Archives in order to initiate this process.
Permission to reproduce and publish an item from the Archives is coordinated through the Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery's Rights and Reproductions department. Please contact the Archives in order to initiate this process.
Topic:
Islamic architecture  Search this
Genre/Form:
Photograph albums
Collection Citation:
Raymond A. Hare Photographs, FSA.A1989.03. National Museum of Asian Art Archives. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Gift of Raymond A. Hare, 1989.
Identifier:
FSA.A1989.03, Series FSA A1989.03 2
See more items in:
Raymond A. Hare Photographs
Archival Repository:
Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Archives
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/dc35fc0a1da-9eb4-4a79-8d89-42634dbf154e
EDAN-URL:
ead_component:sova-fsa-a1989-03-ref1109
Online Media:

Souvenir de Djibbouti La Mosquée

Creator:
Vorperian  Search this
Extent:
1 Postcard (collotype., b&w, 9 x 14 cm.)
Container:
Volume 1
Type:
Archival materials
Postcards
Postcards
Picture postcards
Place:
Africa
Djibouti
Date:
circa 1910
Scope and Contents:
Printed caption on recto reads: "3 - Souvenir de Djibouti - La Mosquée."
Translated caption reads: "3 - Souvenir of Djibouti - The Mosque."
Additional printed text on recto reads: "Vorperian Edit,."
Local Numbers:
EEPA FT-22-01
General:
Title source: Postcard caption.
Provenance:
Alvin Pettit Productions (Kevin Jackson), 34 Astor Place, Jersey City, NJ 07304-2943; Purchase: PO-570-0000264303; 2012/09/18 EEPA 2013-001
Collection Restrictions:
Use of original records requires an appointment. Contact Archives staff for more details.
Collection Rights:
Permission to reproduce images from the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives must be obtained in advance. The collection is subject to all copyright laws.
Topic:
Religious buildings  Search this
Mosques  Search this
Islamic architecture  Search this
Genre/Form:
Picture postcards
Collection Citation:
African Postcard collection, EEPA 1985-014, Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives, National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution.
Identifier:
EEPA.1985-014, Item EEPA FT 2013-001-0269
See more items in:
African Postcard Collection
African Postcard Collection / Series 14: Djibouti (FT)
Archival Repository:
Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives, National Museum of African Art
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/xo7c8d5161c-553c-4c74-92e9-405a4099b0bc
EDAN-URL:
ead_component:sova-eepa-1985-014-ref4549

Mosque in the Northern Region Ghana

Creator:
C. B. C. (Accra)  Search this
Extent:
1 Postcard (halftone., col., 10.5 x 15 cm.)
Container:
Volume 1
Type:
Archival materials
Postcards
Postcards
Picture postcards
Place:
Ghana
Date:
[ca. 1983]
Scope and Contents:
Printed caption on verso reads: "Mosque in the Northern Region; Ghana."
Additional printed text on verso reads: "C.B.C. Box 3285, Accra - Ghana."
Manuscript message, address, and postmarked postage stamps on verso.
Local Numbers:
EEPA GH-22-02
General:
Title source: Postcard caption.
Provenance:
Roy and Brigitta Mitchell Collection; Donation; 2010; EEPA 2010-008.
Collection Restrictions:
Use of original records requires an appointment. Contact Archives staff for more details.
Collection Rights:
Permission to reproduce images from the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives must be obtained in advance. The collection is subject to all copyright laws.
Topic:
Religious buildings  Search this
Cultural landscapes  Search this
Mosques  Search this
Islamic architecture  Search this
Genre/Form:
Picture postcards
Collection Citation:
African Postcard collection, EEPA 1985-014, Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives, National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution.
Identifier:
EEPA.1985-014, Item EEPA GH 2010-008-3903
See more items in:
African Postcard Collection
African Postcard Collection / Series 20: Ghana (GH)
Archival Repository:
Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives, National Museum of African Art
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/xo78feeba87-dac6-4ccc-bd62-a481b74b3649
EDAN-URL:
ead_component:sova-eepa-1985-014-ref4613

Morocco MAROC (Scènes et Types) - Intérieur d'une maison Arabe

Extent:
1 Postcard (collotype., b&w, 14 x 9 cm.)
Container:
Volume 1
Type:
Archival materials
Postcards
Postcards
Picture postcards
Place:
Africa
Morocco
Date:
[ca. 1919]
Scope and Contents:
Translated caption reads: ''MOROCCO (Scenes and Characters) -Inside an Arab house."
Postmarked postage stamp on recto. Stamped text on verso reads: "Expéditeur; Charles Allonneau; Sous-Officier s'Etat-Major; Bureau de Recrutement; Casablanca (Maroc)."
Local Numbers:
EEPA MR-07-09
General:
Title source: Postcard caption.
Collection Restrictions:
Use of original records requires an appointment. Contact Archives staff for more details.
Collection Rights:
Permission to reproduce images from the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives must be obtained in advance. The collection is subject to all copyright laws.
Topic:
Cultural landscapes  Search this
Architecture -- Africa  Search this
Islamic architecture  Search this
Genre/Form:
Picture postcards
Collection Citation:
African Postcard collection, EEPA 1985-014, Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives, National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution.
Identifier:
EEPA.1985-014, Item EEPA MR 1995-0007-09
See more items in:
African Postcard Collection
African Postcard Collection / Series 30: Morocco (MR)
Archival Repository:
Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives, National Museum of African Art
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/xo7587a9664-192b-418d-9f8b-d9628cb1e2aa
EDAN-URL:
ead_component:sova-eepa-1985-014-ref6083

Morocco Palais arabe

Creator:
Lehnert & Landrock  Search this
Extent:
1 Postcard (monochrome, 9 x 14 cm.)
Container:
Volume 1
Type:
Archival materials
Postcards
Postcards
Picture postcards
Place:
Africa
Morocco
Date:
[ca. 1905]
Scope and Contents:
Picture postcard printed by: "Editeurs L& L."
Translated caption reads: ''Arab palace." In the foreground, corinthian columns supporting arches, in the background men leaning on a railing, walls decorated with mosaic.
Local Numbers:
EEPA MR-07-10
General:
Title source: Postcard caption.
Provenance:
I.U.: Indiana University collection; Donation.
Collection Restrictions:
Use of original records requires an appointment. Contact Archives staff for more details.
Collection Rights:
Permission to reproduce images from the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives must be obtained in advance. The collection is subject to all copyright laws.
Topic:
Cultural landscapes  Search this
Architecture -- Africa  Search this
Islamic architecture  Search this
Genre/Form:
Picture postcards
Collection Citation:
African Postcard collection, EEPA 1985-014, Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives, National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution.
Identifier:
EEPA.1985-014, Item EEPA MR 1995-0007-10
See more items in:
African Postcard Collection
African Postcard Collection / Series 30: Morocco (MR)
Archival Repository:
Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives, National Museum of African Art
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/xo7da884939-17ef-4589-84b8-c82bb40fdcf5
EDAN-URL:
ead_component:sova-eepa-1985-014-ref6084

Morocco FES - Zaouïa de Moulay-Idris. Le tronc des offrandes

Creator:
Lévy & Neurdein Réunis  Search this
Extent:
1 Postcard (b&w, 9 x 14 cm.)
Container:
Volume 1
Type:
Archival materials
Postcards
Postcards
Picture postcards
Place:
Africa
Morocco
Morocco, -- Fès-Boulemane Region, -- Fès, -- Zaouia Moulay Idriss II (Shrine of Moulay Idris II)
Date:
[ca. 1925]
Scope and Contents:
Picture postcard printed by Etablissements Lévy et Neurdein Réunis, 44, rue Letellier - Paris.
Translated caption reads: ''FES - Zaouïa of Moulay-Idris. Collection-box." View of a wall embellished with carved stones and mosaic, a lantern suspended from the ceiling.
Local Numbers:
EEPA MR-07-17

EEPA MR 1995-0007-17
General:
Title source: Postcard caption.
Provenance:
I.U.: Indiana University collection; Donation.
Collection Restrictions:
Use of original records requires an appointment. Contact Archives staff for more details.
Collection Rights:
Permission to reproduce images from the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives must be obtained in advance. The collection is subject to all copyright laws.
Topic:
Cultural landscapes  Search this
Architecture -- Africa  Search this
Historic sites  Search this
Islamic architecture  Search this
Genre/Form:
Picture postcards
Collection Citation:
African Postcard collection, EEPA 1985-014, Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives, National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution.
Identifier:
EEPA.1985-014, Item Collection LL 32
See more items in:
African Postcard Collection
African Postcard Collection / Series 30: Morocco (MR)
Archival Repository:
Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives, National Museum of African Art
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/xo7c941732b-efa1-4527-947e-fb990def4207
EDAN-URL:
ead_component:sova-eepa-1985-014-ref6091

Morocco FES - Zaouïa de Moulay-Idris. La fountaine

Creator:
Lévy & Neurdein Réunis  Search this
Extent:
1 Postcard (b&w, 9 x 14 cm.)
Container:
Volume 1
Type:
Archival materials
Postcards
Postcards
Picture postcards
Place:
Africa
Morocco
Morocco, -- Fès-Boulemane Region, -- Fès, -- Zaouia Moulay Idriss II (Shrine of Moulay Idris II)
Date:
[ca. 1925]
Scope and Contents:
Picture postcard printed by Etablissements Lévy et Neurdein Réunis, 44, rue Letellier - Paris.
Translated caption reads: ''FES - Zaouïa of Moulay-Idris. The fountain.'' In the left side wall decorated with mosaic and calligraphy with the fountain in a cavity, in the right side men taking water.
Local Numbers:
EEPA MR-07-18

EEPA MR 1995-0007-18
General:
Title source: Postcard caption.
Provenance:
I.U.: Indiana University collection; Donation.
Collection Restrictions:
Use of original records requires an appointment. Contact Archives staff for more details.
Collection Rights:
Permission to reproduce images from the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives must be obtained in advance. The collection is subject to all copyright laws.
Topic:
Cultural landscapes  Search this
Architecture -- Africa  Search this
Islamic architecture  Search this
Genre/Form:
Picture postcards
Collection Citation:
African Postcard collection, EEPA 1985-014, Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives, National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution.
Identifier:
EEPA.1985-014, Item Collection LL 33
See more items in:
African Postcard Collection
African Postcard Collection / Series 30: Morocco (MR)
Archival Repository:
Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives, National Museum of African Art
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/xo7a77093fa-0584-4850-af94-8525f3856917
EDAN-URL:
ead_component:sova-eepa-1985-014-ref6092

Morocco FES - Cour de la Médersa Bou-Anania

Creator:
Lévy & Neurdein Réunis  Search this
Extent:
1 Postcard (b&w, 9 x 14 cm.)
Container:
Volume 1
Type:
Archival materials
Postcards
Postcards
Picture postcards
Place:
Africa
Morocco
Morocco, -- Fès-Boulemane Region, -- Fès, -- Madrasa Bou Inania
Date:
[ca. 1925]
Scope and Contents:
Picture postcard printed by Etablissements Lévy et Neurdein Réunis, 44, rue Letellier - Paris.
Translated caption reads: ''FES - Courtyard of the Médersa Bou-Anania.''
Local Numbers:
EEPA MR-07-19

EEPA MR 1995-0007-19
General:
Title source: Postcard caption.
Provenance:
I.U.: Indiana University collection; Donation.
Collection Restrictions:
Use of original records requires an appointment. Contact Archives staff for more details.
Collection Rights:
Permission to reproduce images from the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives must be obtained in advance. The collection is subject to all copyright laws.
Topic:
Cultural landscapes  Search this
Architecture -- Africa  Search this
Islamic architecture  Search this
Genre/Form:
Picture postcards
Collection Citation:
African Postcard collection, EEPA 1985-014, Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives, National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution.
Identifier:
EEPA.1985-014, Item Collection LL 35
See more items in:
African Postcard Collection
African Postcard Collection / Series 30: Morocco (MR)
Archival Repository:
Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives, National Museum of African Art
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/xo726c4589a-cc77-431b-ad48-779fa6dc5d34
EDAN-URL:
ead_component:sova-eepa-1985-014-ref6093

Morocco FEZ - Salon arabe

Creator:
R. S. (Fès)  Search this
Extent:
1 Postcard (collotype., b&w, 14 x 9 cm.)
Container:
Volume 1
Type:
Archival materials
Postcards
Postcards
Picture postcards
Place:
Africa
Morocco
Morocco, -- Fès-Boulemane Region, -- Fès
Date:
[ca. 1910]
Scope and Contents:
Translated caption reads: ''FEZ - Arab room." In the foreground, view of View of an arcade and cavity in the wall where stands a marquetry coffee table with urn, sofa beds with pillows displayed on them, walls decorated with mosaic.
Picture postcard printed by Editions R.S. - Fez.
Local Numbers:
EEPA MR-07-26
General:
Title source: Postcard caption.
Provenance:
I.U.: Indiana University collection; Donation.
Collection Restrictions:
Use of original records requires an appointment. Contact Archives staff for more details.
Collection Rights:
Permission to reproduce images from the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives must be obtained in advance. The collection is subject to all copyright laws.
Topic:
Cultural landscapes  Search this
Architecture -- Africa  Search this
Islamic architecture  Search this
Genre/Form:
Picture postcards
Collection Citation:
African Postcard collection, EEPA 1985-014, Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives, National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution.
Identifier:
EEPA.1985-014, Item EEPA MR 1995-0007-26
See more items in:
African Postcard Collection
African Postcard Collection / Series 30: Morocco (MR)
Archival Repository:
Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives, National Museum of African Art
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/xo7ea505358-6c22-41f9-9f83-bc3c5dd14606
EDAN-URL:
ead_component:sova-eepa-1985-014-ref6100

Morocco FEZ - La porte de Bou-Jeloud

Creator:
R. S. (Fès)  Search this
Extent:
1 Postcard (collotype., b&w, 14 x 9 cm.)
Container:
Volume 1
Type:
Archival materials
Postcards
Postcards
Picture postcards
Place:
Africa
Morocco
Morocco, -- Fès-Boulemane Region, -- Fès, -- Bab Boujloud
Date:
[ca. 1910]
Scope and Contents:
Translated caption reads: ''FEZ - The gate of Bou-Jeloud." Men with donkeys standing in front of the entrance, view of minarets in the background.
Picture postcard printed by Editions R.S. - Fez.
Local Numbers:
EEPA MR-07-27
General:
Title source: Postcard caption.
Provenance:
I.U.: Indiana University collection; Donation.
Collection Restrictions:
Use of original records requires an appointment. Contact Archives staff for more details.
Collection Rights:
Permission to reproduce images from the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives must be obtained in advance. The collection is subject to all copyright laws.
Topic:
Cultural landscapes  Search this
Architecture -- Africa  Search this
Islamic architecture  Search this
Genre/Form:
Picture postcards
Collection Citation:
African Postcard collection, EEPA 1985-014, Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives, National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution.
Identifier:
EEPA.1985-014, Item EEPA MR 1995-0007-27
See more items in:
African Postcard Collection
African Postcard Collection / Series 30: Morocco (MR)
Archival Repository:
Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives, National Museum of African Art
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/xo778798a56-13cb-40e6-ac50-67d065692298
EDAN-URL:
ead_component:sova-eepa-1985-014-ref6101

Morocco FEZ - Sidi-Harazem (Le tombeau du Saint)

Creator:
R. S. (Fès)  Search this
Extent:
1 Postcard (collotype., b&w, 9 x 14 cm.)
Container:
Volume 1
Type:
Archival materials
Postcards
Postcards
Picture postcards
Place:
Africa
Morocco
Morocco, -- Fès-Boulemane Region, -- Sidi Harazem
Date:
[ca. 1910]
Scope and Contents:
Translated caption reads: ''FEZ - Sidi-Harazem (The tomb of the Saint)."
Picture postcard printed by Editions R.S. - Fez.
Local Numbers:
EEPA MR-07-28
General:
Title source: Postcard caption.
Provenance:
I.U.: Indiana University collection; Donation.
Collection Restrictions:
Use of original records requires an appointment. Contact Archives staff for more details.
Collection Rights:
Permission to reproduce images from the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives must be obtained in advance. The collection is subject to all copyright laws.
Topic:
Cultural landscapes  Search this
Architecture -- Africa  Search this
Islamic architecture  Search this
Genre/Form:
Picture postcards
Collection Citation:
African Postcard collection, EEPA 1985-014, Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives, National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution.
Identifier:
EEPA.1985-014, Item EEPA MR 1995-0007-28
See more items in:
African Postcard Collection
African Postcard Collection / Series 30: Morocco (MR)
Archival Repository:
Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives, National Museum of African Art
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/xo7e9a5918a-a81b-4194-9767-0f8467fbdca8
EDAN-URL:
ead_component:sova-eepa-1985-014-ref6102

Morocco FES - Porte de Bou-Jeloud

Creator:
Gurtner (Fès)  Search this
Extent:
1 Postcard (photograph., b&w, 14 x 9 cm.)
Container:
Volume 1
Type:
Archival materials
Postcards
Postcards
Picture postcards
Place:
Africa
Morocco
Morocco, -- Fès-Boulemane Region, -- Fès, -- Bab Boujloud
Date:
[ca. 1932]
Scope and Contents:
Translated caption reads: ''13. FES - The gate of Bou-Jeloud''. People walking under the arch of the gate, view of two towers in the background, possibly a minaret and bell tower. In the foreground, a veiled woman.
Picture postcard printed by Edition Photo Gurtner, Fes.
Manuscript message on verso reads: "...Fes passer les fêtes du 1er de l'an de cette ville mystérieuse et charmante nous vous adressons chers Amis nos voeux les plus affectueux pour 1932. Helena Audrée." Translated message reads: "... Fes, spending the New Year Eve in this mysterious and charming city, we are sending you, Dear Friends, our best wishes for 1932. Helena Audrée."Addressed to: ''Monsieur H. Bello- 166, Avenida da Liberdade - Lisbonne- Portugal''. Verso postmarked.
Local Numbers:
EEPA MR-07-30
General:
Title source: Postcard caption.
Provenance:
I.U.: Indiana University collection; Donation.
Collection Restrictions:
Use of original records requires an appointment. Contact Archives staff for more details.
Collection Rights:
Permission to reproduce images from the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives must be obtained in advance. The collection is subject to all copyright laws.
Topic:
Cultural landscapes  Search this
Architecture -- Africa  Search this
Islamic architecture  Search this
Genre/Form:
Picture postcards
Collection Citation:
African Postcard collection, EEPA 1985-014, Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives, National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution.
Identifier:
EEPA.1985-014, Item EEPA MR 1995-0007-30
See more items in:
African Postcard Collection
African Postcard Collection / Series 30: Morocco (MR)
Archival Repository:
Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives, National Museum of African Art
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/xo72fd43203-e623-4976-a0af-93973a5fe97e
EDAN-URL:
ead_component:sova-eepa-1985-014-ref6104

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